Front Psychiatry. I-2018 Apr 23; 9: 154. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00154. eCollection 2018.
Liu L1,2, Yao YW2, Li CR3,4, Zhang JT2, I-Xia CC5, Lan J1, I-SS1, Zhou N1, Fang XY1.
abstract
Isiphazamiso semidlalo ye-Intanethi (IGD) sibonakaliswa ukuntuleka kwengqondo nokuthinteka ngokomzwelo. Izifundo ezedlule zibike ngokwenzeka kwe-IGD kanye nokudangala. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olungelona olwedlule lokucabanga ngobuchopho luye lwagxila kakhulu ekusweleni kokuqonda kwe-IGD. Zimbalwa izifundo eziye zabhekana nokuqina phakathi kwe-IGD nezimpawu zokucindezelwa nezindlela ezingaphansi ze-neural. Lapha, sicubungule lolu hlelo ngokuhlelekile ngokuhlanganisa ucwaningo lwe-longitudinal, ucwaningo oluzosebenzisa isimo sokuphumula sombuso (i-rsFC) kanye nesifundo sokungenelela. Ukwenza imodeli kwe-Autoregress model-lagged kudathasethi yesikhathi eside yezitshudeni zasekolishi kubonise ukuthi ubukhulu be-IGD nokucindezelwa okuqagelayo. Ezingeni le-neural, abantu abane-IGD babonise i-rsFC ethuthukisiwe phakathi kwe-amygdala yangakwesobunxele ne-dorsolateral prewardal cortex (DLPFC), i-frontal ne-precentral gyrus, uma kuqhathaniswa nababambiqhaza bezokulawula, kanye nokuxhumeka kwe-amygdala-frontoparietal ekusekelweni okungahle kubikezelwe kulandela ukungenelela kwengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokungenelela, abantu abane-IGD bakhombise ukuncipha kokuxhumana phakathi kwe-amygdala yangakwesobunxele nesobunxele obuphakathi nabaphambili, njengoba kuqhathaniswa neqembu elingangeneleli. Lokhu okutholwe ndawonye kusikisela ukuthi i-IGD ingahle ihlotshaniswe eduze nokudangala; i-rsFC engahambisani phakathi kwamanethiwekhi wokulawula okuphathelene nemizwelo nokuphatha okuphezulu kungacindezelwa futhi kumelele ithagethi yokwelapha kubantu abane-IGD. Igama leRegistry: Indlela yokuziphatha nobuchopho kwe-IGD; I-URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/I-NCT02550405; Inombolo yokubhalisa: I-NCT02550405.
KEYWORDS:
amygdala; ukudangala; i-fMRI; inkinga yemidlalo ye-inthanethi; ukuxhumana kokusebenza kwesimo sokuphumula; i-cortex ye -gengenic yangaphandle
I-PMID: 29740358
I-PMCID: I-PMC5924965
I-DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00154
URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02550405;
Inombolo yokubhalisa: NCT02550405.
Isingeniso
Imilutha yokuziphatha kanye nokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwabelana ngezimpawu eziningi zomtholampilo kufaka phakathi ama-comorbidities afana nokudangala [1]. Umlutha we-Intanethi (IA) uthathwe njengomlutha wokuziphatha oziphethe kabi. Isifo semidlalo ye-Intanethi (IGD), njengendlela edume kakhulu ye-IA, sifakiwe kuhlelo lwesihlanu lwe-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) njengesimo esivumela ukuqhubeka kophenyo [2]. Izifo zengqondo ziye zaqokwa njengezigaba ezihluke ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ekuqalisweni kwe-Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), okumaka kwe-neurobiological of dysfunctions kwengqondo nemizwa kubhekwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlukanisweni kokuxilongwa futhi kungabiwa phakathi kwezimo ze-neuropsychiatric [3]. Ikakhulu, ukucabanga kobuchopho kunikeze ithuluzi elisebenzayo ekuboneni lezi zimaki ze-neural. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luhlole izisekelo ze-neural zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo njengokulawula okunganqunyelwe kokuthibela kanye nokwenza izinqumo okungalunganga ku-IGD [4, 5]. Kodwa-ke, ukungasebenzi kahle kwemizwelo (isb., Ukudangala) kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ze-neural kulesi sakhamuzi zahlala zingacaci kahle naphezu kokuqina okukhulu kwe-IGD nokudangala.
Izimpawu zokudangala zivame ukwenzeka kubantu abane-IA / IGD [6]. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kubike inani eliphakeme kakhulu leziguli ezinoxinzelelo kubantu abane-IA (26.3%) kunakulawulo olunempilo (i-11.7%) [7]. Izifundo ku-IGD futhi zabika ukuthambekela okuphezulu kokudabukisa kubantu abasengozini ye-IGD noma, kanye nokwehliswa kokudangala ngesikhathi sokuxoshwa ku-IGD [8-10]. Kodwa-ke, lokhu okutholakele kwesigaba esiphakeme akunakucacisa ukuqondana phakathi kwe-IA / IGD nokudangala [11, 12]. Ucwaningo oluzayo luzosiza ukuveza ngokwengeziwe ukuhlangana phakathi kwezimpawu ze-IGD nokucindezeleka.
I-FMRI yokuphumula ivele njengethuluzi elisetshenziswa kabanzi ukuphenya umsebenzi wobuchopho obuthintekayo [13, 14] nokungasebenzi kahle komgogodla ezinkingeni eziningi ze-neuropsychiatric, kufaka phakathi i-IGD kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okukhulu (MDD) [15, 16]. Ngokubalulekile, i-IGD ne-MDD zibonakala zabelana ngokushintshana kokusebenza kwesimo sokuphumula (i-rsFC) kwinethiwekhi yomzwelo, ehlanganisa i-amygdala kanye ne-cgenex cortex cortex (sgACC) yangaphakathi nethala. Ngokukhethekile, i-amygdala inomthelela ekutholakaleni nasekuhlanganiseni kolwazi oluhlukanisayo noluzimele nesikhuthazo esingokomzwelo, nasekwakheni nasekugcinweni kwememori emibi engapheli [11, 15, 17-19]. I-sgACC idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuvuswa komzimba ekuphenduleni esimweni esishukumisayo nakweminye imizwa [20, 21]. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubike ukusebenzisana okungalungile kwe-amygdala nezifunda zenethiwekhi yokulawula okuphezulu, kufaka phakathi i-cortex yangaphambili yangaphambili (i-PFC), kuhlangene nezimpendulo ngokweqile zokuvuselela okubi ku-MDD [22-24] no-IGD [25]. I-sgACC imaphakathi nomthethonqubo ohambelana [15, 22] kanye pathogenesis yokudangala [15, 26]. Ixhumene ne-sgACC ne-amygdala, i-PFC iyingxenye yesekethe yokulawula imisebenzi elawula imizwa [27]. Iziguli ze-MDD zikhombise ukuxhumana okuphezulu phakathi kwe-sgACC ne-dorsolateral / dorsomedial PFC, kuhlangene nokuqagela ngokweqile okuziqondisayo [28, 29]. Ukunyuka okuxhunyiwe kwe-sgACC-PFC kutholakele nakubantu abanomlutha wezidakamizwa [30, 31]. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-amygdala, i-sgACC, ne-PFC, kanye nobudlelwano babo nokucindezelwa nobunzima bokuthi umlutha kungaveze ama-phenotypes ama-neural abucayi we-IGD.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo zangaphambilini ziveze ukuthi ukungenelela kokuziphatha kuyasebenza ekuzisombululweni kobulukhuni bokuthi umlutha [32, 33] nezimpawu zokucindezelwa kubantu abane-IGD noma IA bebonke [34-36]. Ukuhlola ukuthi ukungenelela kokuziphatha kukuthinta kanjani ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi yomoya kanye nezinhlangano zayo nokuncipha kokudangala nezimpawu zomlutha kuzohlinzeka ngobufakazi obengeziwe ekusekelweni kwe-neural substrates eyabiwe ye-IGD nokucindezelwa.
Ocwaningweni lwamanje, sethula okutholakele ocwaningweni olude lweminyaka engu-4 ukuthola ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimpawu zokucindezeleka nokulutha kwe-IGD. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucacisa amanethiwekhi we-neural angaphansi kwengcindezi kubantu abane-IGD, senze ucwaningo lwesigaba se-rsFC sigxile kwi-amygdala ne-sgACC. Ekugcineni, sihlole ukuthi ukwelashwa okuziphatha kulungiswa kanjani ukudangala kanye nokulungiswa kokungasebenzi kwesekethe kuhlobene nokudana kwabantu abathile abane-IGD. Kususelwa kubufakazi bokuziphatha kwangaphambilini [11, 12, 37], sibonisa ubudlelwane obungaqediwe phakathi kobunzima besikhathi esidlule nobesikhathi esizayo kwezimpawu zokulutha / ze-inthanethi zokulutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusekelwe kwizifundo zangaphambilini ze-neuropsychiatric [25, 38], sicabange ukuthi abantu abane-IGD bazokhombisa izimpawu zokudangala futhi bashintshe i-rsFC ye-amygdala ne-sgACC ngezindawo zenethiwekhi yokulawula okuphezulu, ezingancishiswa ngokungenelela kokuziphatha kwe-IGD.
Izimpahla nezindlela
Abahlanganyeli
Ku-Study 1, imininingwane yaqoqwa njengengxenye yocwaningo lwesikhathi eside lokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi kwabafundi basekolishi eyunivesithi eseBeijing, kumagagasi amane, kusukela ngonyaka ka-2011. Kusetshenziswa ithuluzi lokuhlola eliku-inthanethi, iqembu labantu ekolishi lonyaka wokuqala abafundi babehlolwa minyaka yonke. Bonke ababambiqhaza banikeze imvume ebhalwe phansi ebhaliwe futhi banxeshezelwa ngokwezimali ngesikhathi sabo, ngokusho komthetho olandelwayo ovunyelwe yi-Institutional Review Board of the School of Psychology, eBeijing Normal University.
Abahlanganyeli be-Survey bafakiwe ocwaningweni kuphela uma bedlale imidlalo eku-inthanethi futhi bachitha ngokwesilinganiso ngaphezulu kwe-20% yesikhathi sabo sansuku zonke besebenzisa i-intanethi kwezemidlalo ngesikhathi ngasinye seminyaka emine elandelanayo lapho imininingwane yathathwa khona. Kwabafundi base-2,182 sebebonke, abesilisa abangama-1,619 (abesilisa besifazane abangama-1,253, abesilisa be-366) abahlangabezananga nemigomo yokufaka futhi abakhishwe kunhlolokhono. Isilinganiso sokukhishwa kwabesifazane (90.99%) sasiphezulu kunabesilisa (45.47%) (χ2 = 550.056, P <0.001). Ngakho-ke, kwenziwa inhlolovo evela kubafundi abangama-563 (abesifazane abangu-124 nabesilisa abangama-439) yocwaningo. Iminyaka yabo yobudala isukela eminyakeni eyi-16 kuye kwengama-21 (kusho ± SD = 18.31 ± .89) ngesikhathi 1.
Isifundo 2 no-3 zombili beziyingxenye yephrojekthi enkulu yokwakha nokuhlola ukungenelela kokuziphatha kwe-IGD. Ababambiqhaza baqashwa nge-Intanethi nezikhangiso ezithunyelwe emanyuvesi asendaweni, nalezi zindlela ezilandelayo zokufaka: (1) amaphuzu> 67 ku-CIAS [39]; (2)> 14 h ngesonto ebandakanyeka emidlalweni ye-Intanethi, okungenani unyaka ongu-1. Izindlela zokufakwa kwabahlanganyeli bokulawula okunempilo (HC) yilezi: (1) amaphuzu <60 ku-CIAS; (2) angakaze asebenzise ngaphezulu kwe-2 h ngesonto enza imidlalo ye-Intanethi. Bonke ababambiqhaza babengabesilisa abangakwesokudla. Izindlela zokukhishwa kwakungukusetshenziswa kwamanje noma kwangaphambilini kwezinto ezingekho emthethweni nokugembula (kufaka phakathi ukugembula ku-inthanethi), noma imuphi umlando wokugula ngengqondo noma ukugula kwemizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamanje kwemithi yokwelashwa kwengqondo, njengoba kuhlolwe yingxoxo ehleleke kancane. Inani labantu abangama-76 abane-IGD nama-HC angama-41 ababambe iqhaza eSifundweni 2. Kwisifundo 3, abantu abangama-63 abane-IGD baqashwa, phakathi kwabo abangu-44 bavuma ukubamba iqhaza ekulangazelelekeni kokuziphatha kokuziphatha (iqembu le-CBI +) kanti abanye abangu-19 babeseqenjini lokulawula (Iqembu le-CBI−) ngenxa yohlelo lwabo lomsebenzi. Abantu abangamashumi amabili nantathu ngaphakathi kweqembu le-CBI + babambe iqhaza ekuphumuleni-state fMRI ngaphambi nangemva kwe-CBI. I-CBI− eyishumi nesithupha kwayi-19 nayo iskenwe ngokufanayo ngasikhathi sinye. Izifundo 2 no-3 zamukelwa yiBhodi Yezokubuyekezwa Kwezikhungo zeLebhu Yokhiye Wombuso weCognitive Neuroscience and Learning eBeijing Normal University.
Izindlela
Nge-Study 1, 2, ne-3, silinganise ubulukhuni bokuthi umlutha we-Intanethi phakathi kwabadlala amakolishi besebenzisa i-Chinese Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS; 40), equkethe izinto ze-26 esikalini se-4-point Likert ehlola ubukhulu be-5 yezimpawu / imiphumela kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa okuphoqayo, ukuhoxa, ukubekezelelana, nezinkinga zobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nokuphathwa kwezempilo / isikhathi. Ukwethembeka nokuba semthethweni kwe-CIAS kuboniswe ngaphambili kubafundi basekolishi [40], nasekuhlolweni kwamanje, ama-alpha coefficients we-Cronbach alesi sikali ayengu-0.933-0.950 kuwo wonke amaphuzu wesikhathi. Ku-Study 1, silinganise izimpawu zokudangala sisebenzisa izinto eziyishumi nantathu ezivela kuhlu lweSyptom Checklist (SCL-90) [41]. Lezi zinto zilinganiswe ngesilinganiso esingu-1 (akukaze kube yiqiniso) kuye ku-4 (kuhlala kuyiqiniso). Ekuhlolweni kwamanje, ama-alpha coefficients we-Cronbach kulesi sikali ayengu-0.888-0.936 kuwo wonke amaphuzu wesikhathi. Ezifundweni 2 no-3, izimpawu zabahlanganyeli 'zokucindezeleka zilinganiswe kusetshenziswa i-Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [42].
Ukutholakala kwedatha ye-MRI
Kwi-Study 2 ne-3, ukutholakala kwedatha ye-MRI kanye nokulungiselela ngaphambili kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe esifundweni esedlule [33]. Kafushane nje, idatha ye-fMRI yokuphumula itholwe kwisithwebuli se-3.0 T Nokia Trio eBrain Imaging Center, eBeijing Normal University. Amapharamitha wedatha ye-EPI bekuyilokhu: isikhathi sokuphindaphinda = 2,000 ms, echo time = 30 ms, flip angle = 90 °, inkambu yokubukwa = 200 × 200 mm2, matrix yokutholwa = 64 × 64, usayizi we-voxel = 3.1 × 3.1 × 3.5 mm3, isilayi = 33, iphoyinti lesikhathi = 200. I-T1-wighted scan nayo yatholwa ngamapharamitha alandelayo: isikhathi sokuphindaphinda = 2,530 ms, echo time = 3.39 ms, flip angle = 7 °, field of view = 256 × 256 mm2, usayizi we-voxel = 1 × 1 × 1.33 mm3, inombolo yesiga = 144.
Ukunxenxa Ukungenelela Kokuzibandakanya (i-CBI)
I-CBI yathuthukiswa ngesisekelo sokungenelela kokuziphatha okwenziwe ngaphambili [33]. Izinqubo zengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezixhumene nokungasebenzi ngokomzwelo [43], ukufisa kungadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kwe-IGD. Ukungenelela okusiza abantu abathile ukubhekana nokunciphisa ukufisa kungakhuthaza imiphumela emihle futhi kuvikele ukubuyela emuva (bheka isigaba seZindlela Zezinto Ezongezekayo ngeminye imininingwane).
Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende
I-Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling
Kwi-Study 1, sisebenzise imodeli ye-autoregressive cross-lagged modelling (ACLM) ukuhlola ubudlelwane obude nobuphindayo phakathi kobunzima bokuthi umlutha nezimpawu ezicindezelayo. I-ACLM ilungele kahle ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu ezimbili ngesikhathi. Ku-ACLM, ipharamitha ye-autoregressive imele ukuthi isilinganiso sangaphambilini y y kahle kangakananit ubikezela isilinganiso sakamuva sika y(t + 1), futhi ipharamitha elahliwe ngesisekelo imele kanjani ukukala kwangaphambili zt ubikezela isilinganiso esizayo s(t + 1) ngaphezulu nangaphezulu kwesilinganiso sangaphambilini se-yt [44, 45]. I-ACLM isetshenziswe kabanzi ekuphenyeni ubudlelwano besikhashana bemitholampilo kubandakanya nezimpawu zokulutha [37, 46, 47]. Isethi yamamodeli we-autoregress cross-lagged bavivinya ku-Mplus 7.4 [48]. UMplus usebenzisa indlela ephelele yokulinganisa imininingwane (i-FIML) yokusingatha imininingwane elahlekile (bheka Izinto Zokungezelelwa ukuthola eminye imininingwane). I-SPSS 20.0 isetshenziselwe izibalo ezichazayo.
Isikhathi Sokuvivinya Ngaphakathi
I-ACLM ifake phakathi kwezimpawu eziyisishiyagalombili: ukudangala kanye nobunzima bokulutha e-Times 1, 2, 3, nase4. Ngasikhathi ngasinye, okuxhaswe yi-CIAS kwakha ukuguquguquka kobunzima bokwetha umlutha kwe-Intanethi, futhi ubukhulu bokudangala babukhonjiswa ngomaki wokuncipha we-SCL-90. Ukuhlola imiphumela ye-autoregressive ne-cross-lagged, sihlole ukuhlelwa, i-metric (okungukuthi, ukulayisha) kanye nokuhleleka kokungena ngokulandelana ngokulandelana. Siqhathanise imodeli ye-indices efanelekile yamamodeli amane ahlanganisiwe (Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1. Ukuqhathanisa amamodeli we-autoregressive model lagged.
I-Model 1 isebenze njengemodeli eyisisekelo ngaphandle kwezithiyo zokungena kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukuhanjiswa okungafunekiyo. Ku-Model 2, sihlole ukungena kwe-metric ngokunyanzela i-factor uploadings ukuthi ilingane nesikhathi sonke (Ithebula S2), ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abakhi bayaba nencazelo efanayo ngasikhathi ngasinye [50, 51]. Ku-Model 3, sinqande izindlela eziwela iziphambano zokuxineka kobunzima be-T (T) 
ubukhulu bokuthi umlutha (T + 1) kanye nobunzima bokulutha (T) usizi lokudangala (T + 1) ukuze lilingane isikhathi sonke, ngokulandelana. Ekugcineni, ku-Model 4, sicindezele izindlela zokuzitholela ezenzakalelayo ngayinye ngokudangala kanye nobunzima bokulutha ngasikhathi sinye ukuze silingane (Umdwebo 1). Sibe sesilinganisa ama-indices afanelekayo womodeli kuwo wonke amamodeli amane ngokulandelana ukukhetha imodeli enhle kakhulu. I χ2 inani, inkomba yokuqhathanisa efanelekayo (i-CFI), inkomba ye-Tucker-Lewis (TLI) kanye nephutha lesikwele sokusondela (i-RMSEA) kusetshenziswe ukuqhathanisa imodeli fit [49].
Umfanekiso we-1. Ukuhlaziywa kokubhalwe phansi kwesikhwele. Sibonisa ukungena kwe-metric, ukumiswa kokuhlangana, kanye nokufika kwe-povariance ngephutha kusikhathi sonke sisebenzisa izinhlamvu ezindleleni. Izinombolo ziyi-coefficients yomgwaqo ejwayelekile (*P <0.05; ***P <0.001).
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yezibalo zokuziphatha
Ku-Study 2, amasampula amabili tKwenziwe izivivinyo zokuqhathanisa umlutha nokudangala komoya phakathi kwamaqembu we-IGD ne-HC. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlukahluka (i-ANOVA) ngezinyathelo eziphindaphindwayo kusetshenziswe ekutadisheni i-3 ukuhlola imiphumela ye-CBI ezimfanelweni zemidlalo ye-Intanethi, neqembu (i-CBI + ne-CBI−) njengezinto eziphakathi nendawo, neseshini (isivivinyo sokuqala nesesibili) njenge into engaphakathi kwesihloko.
Ukuqaliswa kwedatha ye-MRI
Imininingwane yathuthukiswa futhi yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa inguqulo ye-DPABI 1.2 (http://rfmri.org/dpabi) kanye ne-SPM8 (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm). Amavolumu wokuqala e-10 alahliwe. Idatha ye-EPI yomuntu ngamunye ilungiswa isikhathi sesikhathi. Abahlanganyeli ukushintshwa kwekhanda labo okungaphezu kwe-3.0 mm ekuguqulweni noma 3 ° ngokujikeleza (izifundo ze-2 IGD) kukhishwe. Siphinde sanciphisa ukuhlangana okungahle kube khona kwekhanda ngokulungiswa kukaFriston-24. Siphinde sabhala nezimpawu ezivela ku-fluid ye-cerebrospinal kanye ne-white jambo ukuze sinciphise imiphumela engaba khona yezinto ezenziwe ngomzimba. Imininingwane ye-EPI yabe isenziwa yenziwa iqondiswe esikhaleni saseMontreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Isihlungi sendawo se-4 mm ububanzi obugcwele ngesigamu esiphezulu se-Gaussian kernel sisetshenzisiwe. Kamuva, kusetshenziswe isihlungi se-band pass temporal (0.01-0.10 Hz) ukwehlisa ukushayeka okuvama kakhulu nemisindo ephezulu.
Izibalo ze-rsFC
I-Bilateral subgenual ACC nembewu ye-amygdala zikhonjwe endaweni yokuxhumana esekwe ekuxhumaneni [52], nase-atlas yasendaweni yase Brodmann (indawo yase Brodmann 34, bona Umfanekiso S1). Uchungechunge lwesikhathi olulinganiselwe ngaphakathi kwembewu ngayinye lubuyiselwe kuma-voxels aphelele ebuchosheni ukukhiqiza amamephu wokuhlanganisa. Ama-coefficients we-Correlation aguqulelwe kwizikolo ze-Z nge-Fisher's r-to-z transform.
Siqhathanise i-rsFC yamaqembu e-IGD ne-HC ku-sgACC kanye ne-amygdala ye-Study 2, futhi saqhathanisa ushintsho lwe-rsFC phakathi kwamaqembu e-CBI + nama-CBI− ([rsFC kuskena kwesibili] - [rsFC ekuqaleni)) ku-Study 3 nababili -isampula t-Izivivinyo kanye namamephu we-umehluko weqembu alungiswa kusetshenziswa umbono we-Gaussian theory (the GRFT, voxel-level) P <0.001 kuhlanganiswe nezinga leqoqo P <0.05 ilungiswe ngephutha lokuhlakanipha komndeni).
Ngaphakathi kweqembu le-IGD eSifundweni 2, saqhubeka senza ukuhlaziywa kwe-ROI-based regression ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-BDI, amaphuzu e-CIAS, kanye ne-rs-FC, lapho i-ROI ikhonjwe kusuka ekuqhathaniseni okuphelele phakathi kweqembu. Sibike ukwenziwa kobuchopho obubalulekile ngaphakathi kwama-ROI njengoba kulungiswe nge-GRFT ngezinga le-voxel P <0.005 neleveli yeqoqo P <0.05 (PI-SVC-FWE <0.05).
Kwi-Study 3, ukuhlaziywa kwe-ROI-based regression kwenziwa ngaphakathi kweqembu le-CBI + ukuhlola ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinguquko kwi-BDI naku-CIAS amaphuzu futhi kwaguqulwa i-rsFC njengoba kukhonjwe kusampula-ezimbili t-Izivivinyo (izinga le-voxel P <0.005 neleveli yeqoqo P <0.05; PI-SVC-FWE <0.05).
Imiphumela
I-Study 1: Ucwaningo Olude Lokudana Kokudana Nokuphatheka Ngokweqile kuma-Gamers we-Intanethi
Ukuxhunyaniswa kwe-Bivariate kubonise ukuzinza okulinganiselayo kokuguquguqukayo okufanayo kumaza amane, ukuhlangana okubalulekile ngokufanayo phakathi kokuguquguqukayo ngaphakathi kwegagasi ngalinye, nokuhlangana okubalulekile kwe-longitudinal kumaza onke (bheka Ithebula S1). Ngokuqondile, kuwo wonke amagagasi amane, ubulukhuni bokuthi umlutha we-Intanethi ngaphambili kuhlotshaniswe nokudana okuphezulu kamuva (r's kusuka ku-0.19 kuya ku-0.27, P <0.01), kanye nokudangala okuphezulu phambilini bekuhlotshaniswa nobunzima obukhulu bokulutha kamuva (r's kusuka ku-0.25 kuya ku-0.30, P <0.01).
Ukuhlola ubudlelwano be-bidirectional phakathi kokulutha nokuqina kokudangala, okokuqala silingana ne-Model 1 ngaphandle kwezimali noma izithiyo. Imodeli elungele le modeli eyisisekelo yayiyinhle [χ2(210)
= 441.049, P <0.001, CFI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.044, SRMR = 0.070]. Imodeli 1 isebenze njengemodeli eyisisekelo yokuqhathanisa namamodeli acindezelwe kakhulu, lapho enye nenye yezindlela ezinqamulelayo ibinqunyelwe ukuthi ilingane kuzo zonke izilinganiso. Ngokuhambisana nemibono yethu, iModeli 2 ikhombise ukulingana okungcono kuneModeli 1 nge-RMSEA engcono kepha akukho mehluko obalulekile ku-χ2, Amanani we-CFI ne-TLI [Δχ2(12)
= 10.912, P > 0.05; ΔCFI <0.01, ΔTLI <0.01]. Ngakho-ke, ukuguquguquka kwamamethrikhi okulutha kwe-Intanethi kwasekelwa, okuphakamisa ukuthi ubunzima bokuba umlutha buyaqondwa futhi buhlolwe ngabadlali be-inthanethi ukuthi bafane kuyo yonke iminyaka ye-4. Okwesibili, iModeli 3 yayingcono uma iqhathaniswa neModeli 2, ene-RMSEA engcono kancane kepha i-CFI efanayo, i-TLI ne-χ2 inani. Okusho ukuthi, imiphumela emibi yobudlelwano bobabili [ukudangala / ubukhali bomsuka (T) ubugqi / ubukhali bokudangala (T + 1)] zazifana kuyo yonke iminyaka ye-4. Okulandelayo, i-Model 4 yehlukile kwi-Model 3 ku-χ2 kepha hhayi amanye ama-indices afanelekile (ΔCFI <0.01, ΔTLI <0.01, ΔRMSEA <0.01), okuphakamisa ukuthi umphumela ngamunye wokuzicindezela kokuguquguqukayo okubili wawuzinzile futhi ufana kuyo yonke iminyaka engu-4. Imodeli 4 ngakho-ke yakhethwa njengemodeli yokugcina yalolu cwaningo.
Ithebula 2 ibala imigqa ye-Model 1 ne-4, futhi ikhombisa ukuthi ubulukhuni bokulutha kwe-Intanethi nezimpawu zokucindezelwa kwaxhunyaniswa ngokufanele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthelela wokucindezelwa kobunzima bokuthi umlutha (β = 0.118, 0.126, 0.127) wawuphezulu kunomphumela wobunzima bokulutha ekucindezelekeni (β = 0.070, 0.066, 0.070). Ngokubambisana, le miphumela ihlinzeka ngezinyathelo zezibalo zokuhlangana okwesikhashana phakathi kokudangala kanye nobunzima bokuthi umlutha.
Ithebula 2. Ukulinganiswa kwepharamitha kwemodeli eyisisekelo ne-ARCL Model 6.
I-Study 2: Ama-Neural Correlates of Depression on Internet Gaming Disriers
I-Demographics kanye ne-Intanethi Yezimpawu Zokudlala ze-IGD ne-HC Subjects
Izifundo ze-IGD ne-HC bezingafani ngeminyaka, imfundo, noma ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nezindlela zokubhema ugwayi. Njengoba kulindeleke, izifundo ze-IGD zabika i-BDI ephezulu (8.78 ± 5.54 vs. 2.85 ± 3.64; t = 6.91, P <0.001) nezikolo eziphakeme ze-CIAS (78.46 ± 8.40 vs. 43.49 ± 9.64; t = 20.27, P <0.001), uma kuqhathaniswa nezihloko ze-HC (Ithebula S3).
Umehluko we-rsFC phakathi kwe-IGD ne-HC Subjects
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HC, izifundo ze-IGD zikhombise i-rsFC ephakeme kakhulu phakathi kwe-amygdala kwesokunxele ne-DLPFC (Umfanekiso 2 kanye neThebula 3). Kodwa-ke, akukho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kweqembu owabhekelwa imbewu efanele i-amygdala noma ye-sgacC eqondile. Ngokusebenzisa i-criterion enenkululeko ethe xaxa (ileveli ye-voxel) P <0.005 neleveli yeqoqo P <0.05), izifundo ze-IGD zikhombise i-rsFC ephakeme kakhulu phakathi kwe-sgACC yesobunxele kanye ne-DLPFC yangakwesokudla (Umdwebo S2 neThebula S4).
Umfanekiso we-2. Ukuxhumana kwesimo sokuphumula ezifundweni ze-IGD neze-HC (A) kanye nokuhlangana nokudangala eqenjini le-IGD (B).
Ithebula 3. Izindawo zembewu nezifunda ezibonisa umehluko obalulekile ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezifundo ze-IGD ne-HC (GRFT, level voxel) P <0.001 neleveli yeqoqo P <0.05).
Ubudlelwano Brain-Behavior
Ngaphakathi kweqembu le-IGD, isikolo sokudangala sasixhunyaniswa ngokungafanele ngokuxhumeka phakathi kwe-amygdala yangakwesokunxele ne-DLPFC (MNI: 57, 9, 30; r = −0.35; Umdwebo 2). Akukho ukuhlangana okubalulekile phakathi kobunzima bokuthi umlutha nobunzima be-amygdala — ukuxhumana kwe-DLPFC kwesokudla.
Study 3: Imiphumela Yokungenelela Kokuziphatha Okuphathelene Nokudana Kancane Nama-Neural Bases of Therapeutic ufanisi
I-Demographics ne-Inthanethi Yezimpawu Zokudlala
I-ANOVA enezinyathelo eziphindaphindwayo ikhombise iqembu (i-CBI + ne-CBI−) ngeseshini (ukuhlolwa kokuqala nokwesibili) ukuxhumana kobukhali be-IGD [F(1, 59) = 22.62, P <0.001] nesikolo se-BDI [F(1, 59) = 7.89, P <0.01] (Ithebula 4). Ngokuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula, iqembu lokungenelela libonise ukwehla okubalulekile kuwo womabili ama-CIAS nezikolo zokucindezelwa ngemuva kokwelashwa.
Ithebula 4. Ukuqhathanisa kokuhlukahluka okulinganisiwe phakathi kwe-CBI + neqembu le-CBI− ngamaphoyinti wesikhathi ngaphambi nangemuva kokungenelela.
Izinguquko ku-rsFC emaqenjini we-CBI + kanye ne-CBI−
Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu le-CBI−, iqembu le-CBI + libonise ukunciphisa kakhulu i-rsFC ye-amygdala kwesobunxele nge-grenus yangakwesokunxele ne-DLPFC, kulandela ukungenelela (Umdwebo 3A kanye neThebula 5). Kodwa-ke, akukho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kweqembu owabhekelwa imbewu efanele i-amygdala noma ye-sgacC eqondile. Nge-criterion enenkululeko ethe xaxa (ileveli ye-voxel) P <0.005 neleveli yeqoqo P <0.05), izifundo ze-CBI + zikhombise ukwehla kokuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-sgACC yangakwesobunxele kanye ne-postcentral gyrus yangakwesobunxele (Umdwebo S3 kanye neThebula S5).
Umfanekiso we-3. Imiphumela ekutadisheni i-3. Ukuqhathanisa kwezinguquko ze-rsFC ([rsFC ekuskenweni kwesibili] - [rsFC ngokwesisekelo]) phakathi kwamaqembu we-CBI + ne-CBI− ngaphezulu kwe-amygdala kwesobunxele ne-MFG, i-precentral gyrus ne-SFG (A); Ubudlelwano obubi phakathi kwe-FC of amygdala kwesobunxele ne-DLPFC kwesisekelo enamaphuzu wokushintsha kwesimo eqenjini le-CBI + (B); IScatterplot ikhonjiswa ngokuhlangana phakathi kwesikolo esishintshiwe se-BDI namanani we-beta weqoqo elisindayo kwisisekelo rsFC se-amygdala-DLPFC (C).
Ithebula 5. Izindawo zembewu nezifunda ezibonisa umehluko obalulekile ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwamaqembu we-CBI + ne-CBI− (GRFT, izinga le-voxel P <0.001 neleveli yeqoqo P <0.05).
Ubudlelwano Brain-Behavior
Noma kungekho ubudlelwano obalulekile phakathi kwezinguquko ze-rsFC kanye namazinga okucindezelwa noma ukuluthwa umlutha okwabonwa eqenjini le-CBI +, ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-amygdala kwesobunxele kanye ne-DLPFC kwesisekelo kuhlotshaniswe ngokungafanele nenqaku elishintshiwe lokudangala ([Post-Pre], MNI: I-42, 15, 27, r = 0.63; I-SVC; Imidwebo I-3B, C) eqenjini le-CBI +. Kodwa-ke, le nhlangano ibingabalulekanga lapho ilawulwa ukuqina kokucindezeleka okuyisisekelo.
Ingxoxo
Sihlole ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu zokudangala nokulutha kanye nezindlela zemvelo ezivunyelwe ngokuhlanganisa ucwaningo lwe-longitudinal, ucwaningo olusetshenzisanayo lokuphumula lokusebenza kombuso (i-rsFC) kanye nesifundo sokungenelela. Ngokuvamile, umlutha we-Intanethi kanye nokudangala kugcina ubudlelwane obuthile phakathi kwabadlali be-Intanethi njengoba umlutha nokucindezelwa okuningana kuthinta komunye nomunye esikhathini seminyaka eyi-4. Ngokuqhathanisa ngokuqondile abantu ngezifundo ze-IGD ne-HC, sithole ukuthi iqembu le-IGD likhombise ukucindezelwa okukhulu kanye ne-amygdala-DLPFC rsFC, ngamandla okuxhuma okuhlobene nokubandakanyeka okucindezelekayo eqenjini le-IGD. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abane-IGD bakhombise ukwehla kobukhulu bokudangala kanye ne-rsFC phakathi kwe-amygdala ne-DLPFC ngemuva kokuthola ukungenelela kokuziphatha kwe-IGD. Ukusebenzisana okuqubukayo phakathi kwamanethiwekhi wokulawula okungokomzwelo nokuphatha okuphezulu kungaba nomthelela kwizimpawu zokudangala ku-IGD, futhi ukungenelela okuqondiswe kulokhu kudluliselwa kungazinciphisa zombili lezi zimpawu zokulutha kwe-Intanethi nokucindezelwa. Ngokubambisana, lokhu okutholakele kunikela ukwesekwa okuqinile kokuthi umlutha wemidlalo ye-Intanethi kanye nezimpawu zokucindezeleka zihambisana kakhulu.
Imiphumela ihambisana ne-hypothesis ethi izimpawu zabadlali be-Intanethi zokulutha nokudakumba zithonywe ngokuzwana komunye nomunye. Ngokuqondile, ukucindezeleka / ukuqina komlutha we-Intanethi ngesikhathi esedlule kubikezela ukubhebhetheka komlutha / ukucindezeleka esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuba likhulu nokulutha kwengcindezi kubadlali be-inthanethi kuhlobene nokuqondiswa kabili, kuyahambisana nokutholakele kwezinye izinkinga zokulutha [53, 54]. Yize izifundo zangaphambilini ziveze ukudangala okuphezulu phakathi kwabadlali be-inthanethi [5, 16, 55, 56], kanye nobudlelwano bokuphindisela phakathi kokudangala nokuqina komlutha usebenzisa idatha ye-longitudinal [57], okutholwayo kwamanje kungokwokuqala ukukhombisa ubudlelwane obuzinzile be-bidirectional phakathi kwezimpawu zokucindezelwa kanye nomlutha kubadlali be-Intanethi. Ubudlelwano be-bidirectional bungadlula ngoba (1) abantu babhekana nosizi lwabo lomzwelo ngokudlala imidlalo ye-Intanethi [2, 58]; (2) ukugembula kwe-Intanethi okuqhubeka isikhathi eside kubangela ukudana ngenxa yokuntuleka noma ukuhoxa ebudlelwaneni bempilo yangempela [58, 59]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinto ezabiwe njengezehlakalo zemvelo, zenhlalo noma zokuphila kwangaphambilini zingakhulisa ubungozi bokudangala kanye ne-IGD, kanye nokuhlangana kwabo [58, 60]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthelela wokucindezelwa kobunzima bokuthi umlutha ubonakale uphakeme kunomthelela wokulutha ekucindezelekeni, okuyinkinga edinga ukuphenywa okwengeziwe.
Ezingeni le-neural, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HC, iqembu le-IGD likhombise i-rsFC ephakeme kakhulu phakathi kwe-amygdala yangakwesobunxele ne-DLPFC, eyayinomthelela omubi ekucindezelekeni kweqembu le-IGD. I-amygdala idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwemizwelo, ukuqashelwa, nokwakhiwa kwememori [11, 17, 19]. Ngokubalulekile, i-amygdala reacction ingahle ilungiswe yi-PFC, futhi ukuxhumana okungahambisani kahle kwe-neural phakathi kwalezi zifunda ezimbili kuye kwabonakala ekucindezelekeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphinda usebenze kwe-amygdala kungalungiswa yi-PFC, futhi ukusebenzisana okungahambisani kahle kwe-neural phakathi kwalezi zifunda ezimbili kuye kwabonakala ekucindezelekeni. Isibonelo, i-fokFC ebuthakathaka phakathi kwe-amygdala ne-PFC ikhonjisiwe ezifundweni zombuso zokuphumula zangaphambilini zokudangala [23, 24, 61], IGD [25], kanye nokusebenzisa kabi utshwala [62]. Ukuncipha kokuxhumana okusebenzayo kwe-PFC-amygdala ngesikhathi semisebenzi ehlobene nemizwelo kuye kwabikwa nakuMDD [27, 38, 63]. I-DLPFC isekela ukulawulwa kokuqonda kanye nokusebenzisekayo [64], nokushintshwa kokuxhumana okuguqukayo phakathi kwe-DLPFC ne-amygdala kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nobunzima noma ukuphazamiseka kusimiso somzwelo esingesihle. Ngokungafani nezifundo eziningi ezedlule kwi-MDD, okutholakele manje kukhombisa ukuxhumana kwe-amygdala-DLPFC okuphezulu. An okukhethekile Incazelo iwukuthi abahlanganyeli be-IGD bangaqhubeka nokudlala njengecebo lokuphamba ukuze baphunyuke emizweni engemihle [58, 61], ukubandakanya i-DLPFC ekuphathweni kwemizwelo engemihle, engahle ihlakaniphe kakhulu kubantu abane-IGD [65], okuhlobene nalabo abane-MDD. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izifundo ze-IGD ezinezimpawu eziphakeme zokucindezeleka zikhombisa ukuxhumana okuphansi phakathi kwe-amygdala ne-DLPFC, kuphakama ukuthi ubudlelwane phakathi kokudangala nokuxhuma kwe-amygdala-DLPFC kungenzeka kungabi ngokuqondile. Ngakho-ke, izifundo ze-IGD ezinezimpawu eziphansi zokucindezela zingakhulisa ukulawula kwangaphambili komsebenzi we-amygdala ukuphatha izinkinga zemizwelo, kepha ukushintshanisa okunjalo bekungaphumeleli noma kuphazamiseke kulabo abanezimpawu zokucindezela ezinzima. Ngokubambisana, ukuqondana kwezinguquko ekuxhumaneni okugxile e-amygdala kudinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe, ngokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwendlela, ubukhulu bokudangala, i-heterogeneity esebenzayo yezindawo ezingaphambi kwendawo, nemiphumela yokwelashwa kwemithi. ”
Kuhambisana nalokhu kusuka ekuhlaziyeni kwe-meta zokungenelela kokuziphatha ku-IGD [34], isifundo sokungenelela samanje sikhombise ukunciphisa okukhulu kumlutha we-Intanethi nezimpawu zokucindezelwa eqenjini le-CBI + ngemuva kokuthola ukungenelela kuqhathaniswa neqembu le-CBI−. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu le-CBI + libonise ukuthi i-rsFC incishisiwe ye-amygdala enezindawo ezingaphambili ze-cortical. Ngakho-ke, i-CBI ibukeka njengeyenza ukuthi ukuxhumeka kwe-amygdala-DLPFC kuncishiswe ngokuqondile ukushuba kwesishukumiso esingokomzwelo esibi, ukuze izifundo ze-IGD zidinga izinsiza ezingatheni zokuqonda zokulawulwa kwemizwa. Kuhlanganiswe ndawonye, lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi ukusebenzisana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-amygdala ne-DLPFC kungasebenza njengophawu lwe-neurobiological mark lwezimpawu zokucindezelwa ku-IGD kanye nokuhlosiwe kwabagxile ekungeneleleni kwemitholampilo.
Ngokuphikisana nokutholakele kusuka ku-MDD [15, 29, 64], alukho ushintsho olubalulekile lwe-sFACC olususelwe ku-sFCC olutholakele kubantu abane-IGD, noma umphumela we-CBI ekulungiseni i-rsFC phakathi kwe-sgACC ne-preortal cortex. Enye incazelo engenzeka ukuthi, ekutadisheni i-2 kanye ne-3, sikhipha izihloko ze-IGD ngokudangala okukhulu ukuze zilawule izinto ezingadangalisa, futhi ukungasebenzi kwe-sgACC kungenzeka kungabonakali kubantu abanokucindezeleka okungatheni. Okunye okungenzeka kuphathelene nezinqubo ezahlukahlukene ezenza kube nezimpawu zokucindezelwa eziphakeme ezifundweni ze-IGD neziguli ze-MDD, udaba okufanele luphinde luphenywe ngezifundo zabantu abane-diagnostic eyodwa kanye ne-comorbid. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi imiphumela ikhombisa amaphethini enethiwekhi afanayo phakathi kwe-sgACC ne-amygdala, ebihambisana nezifundo ze-MDD ezazidlulisela i-rsFC yenethiwekhi ebambekayo egcwele ku-cortex yangaphambili [23, 29].
Lolu cwaningo luveze ubudlelwano be-bidirectional phakathi kokudangala kanye nobunzima bokuthi umlutha kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ze-neural ku-IGD. Okungenani, lokhu okutholakele kunikela ubufakazi be-neural phenotype ebalulekile — i-RDoC engahle [3] —Ka-IGD. Le miphumela futhi ingakhanyisa ukukhanya okusha ekuthuthukisweni kokungenelela okusebenzayo kwe-IGD. Ukungasebenzi ngokomzwelo kufaka phakathi ukudangala kuthathwa njengento ebalulekile yokwelapha ekuluthweni imilingo ngenxa yokuhlangana kwayo nokubuyela emuva [66]. Ngokusekelwe ekutholakaleni kwamanje, ukudana, kanye nokunye ukungasebenzi ngokomzwelo kufanele kubhekwe lapho kuklanywa ukungenelela kanye nokuhlola imiphumela yokwelapha ye-IGD. Isibonelo, izindlela ezifana ne-real-time fMRI neuro-impendulo [67] ukuguqula i-rsFC ye-amygdala ne-sgACC kungahle kuhlomise zombili izimpawu ze-IGD nezimpawu zokucindezeleka futhi kuhambisane nokunye ukungenelela ukufeza imiphumela engcono.
Eminye imikhawulo kufanele iphawulwe. Okokuqala, i-Study 1 isebenzise ukukhishwa kwe-SCL-90, kanti i-Study 2 ne-3 basebenzise i-BDI ukukala ukudana. Yize womabili asetshenziswa kabanzi amathuluzi wokuhlola anezindawo ezinhle ze-psychometric, okutholakele kusafanele kuqinisekiswe ngezifundo kusetshenziswa ukulinganisa okungaguquki. Okwesibili, i-IGD ingenye yama-subtypes afundwe kakhulu e-IA. Kodwa-ke, umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukwenza lokhu okutholakele kwamanye amaqhinga we-IA (isib. Umlutha we-cybersexual) [68]. Okwesithathu, isifundo samanje sigxile kubantu abadala. Ukuthomba kungenye inkathi ebucayi yokwakhiwa kwe-IGD nezinkinga eziningi ezingokomzwelo, kufaka phakathi ukudangala [69]. Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sezifundo zesikhathi esizayo zokuhlola ukuqina phakathi kwe-IGD nokucindezelwa kanye nezindlela ezingaphansi ze-neural ezinganeni. Okwesine, okutholakele njengamanje akucacisi ubudlelwane bembangela phakathi kokudangala ne-IGD. Izifundo ezingaboni kabili, ezingakhethiwe, ezilawulwa yi-placebo zisebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-fMRI kanye nomuthi olwa namagciwane angabhekana ngqo nale nkinga. Okwesihlanu, esifundweni se-3, izifundo ze-IGD azizange zinikezwe ngezikhathi ezithile emaqenjini we-CBI + kanye ne-CBI−. Ngakho-ke, asinakukhipha ngaphandle kwezici ezididayo ezifana nesisusa sokuthola ukwelashwa kokutholakele kokuziphatha nokucabanga okukhona njengamanje. Ekugcineni, sinqume i-IGD ngokuya ngezikolo ze-CIAS nesikhathi sesikhathi semidlalo. Kodwa-ke, leyo ncazelo esekwe kwizimpawu ingaswela isisekelo esiqinile sezomqondo futhi ithwale ubungozi bokuziphatha okuvamile [70]. Ngakho-ke, amathuluzi amasha okuxilonga asuselwa encazelweni yokusebenza efanele ye-IGD futhi acubungule izindlela ezibalulekile ezikhethekile anconyelwe izifundo ezizayo.
Ekuphetheni, sisebenzisa inhlanganisela yocwaningo lwe-longitudinal, fMRI kanye nokungenelela kwezifundo, sabika ukuthi izimpawu zokuluthwa umlutha we-Intanethi nokucindezelwa zazihlotshaniswa kakhulu nethonya lokubuyisela phakathi kwabadlali be-Intanethi. Abantu abane-IGD bakhombise ukuxhumana okuphezulu kwe-amygdala-DLPFC, okwakuhlobene ngokungahambisani nezimpawu zokucindezelwa, futhi ukushintshwa okunjalo kanye nokuxhumana kwe-fronto-cingulate kwehlisiwe kulandela ukungenelela kokuziphatha kwe-IGD. Ngokubambisana, izimpawu zokucindezelwa okukhulu kanye nokungasebenzi komjikelezo we-fronto-cingulato-amgydala kufanele kubhekelwe ukuhlukaniswa kwezifo kwe-IGD nokuthuthukiswa kokungenelela kwe-IGD.
Iminikelo Yomlobi
I-J-TZ ne-X-YF babhekene nomqondo wokutadisha nokuklama; I-LL, i-C-CX, i-JL, ne-S-SM banegalelo ekuzibandakanyeni kokungenelela kanye nokutholwa kwedatha; I-Y-WY, i-LL, i-J-TZ, ne-CL basize ngokuhlaziywa kwedatha kanye nokutolika okutholakele; U-LL no-Y-WY babhala lo mbhalo wesandla. I-J-TZ, i-CL, kanye ne-X-YF bahlinzeka ngokubuyekezwa okubucayi kombhalo wesandla wokuqukethwe kwengqondo. Bonke ababhali babuyekeze kakhulu futhi bagunyaza uhlobo lokugcina lombhalo wesandla oluthunyelwe ukuze lushicilelwe.
Ukungqubuzana kwesitatimende senzalo
Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokungabikho kobudlelwane bezohwebo noma zezimali ezingase zithathwe njengokungqubuzana okungase kube khona.
Ukuvuma
Sibonga zonke izifundo ngokubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni lwethu. Lo msebenzi wesekwa yiNational Natural Science Foundation yaseChina (No. 31170990, No. 81100992, No. 31700966); Izikhwama Eziyisisekelo Zokucwaninga zamaNyuvesi Amaphakathi (cha. 2017XTCX04); isibonelelo se-NIH (cha. K02DA026990); kanye nesibonelelo esivela eChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2017M620655).
Izinto ezengeziwe
I-Supplementary Material yalesi sihloko ingatholakala ku-intanethi ku: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00154/full#supplementary-material
Okubhekwayo
I-1. UChamberlain SR, uLechner C, uStein DJ, uGoudriaan AE, van Holst RJ, Zohar J, et al. Ngaba umlutha wokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu? I-Eur Neuropsychopharmacol (2016) 26: 841-55. doi: 10.1016 / j.euroneuro.2015.08.013
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-2. I-American Psychiatric Association. I-Manual Yokuhlola Nezibalo Zezinkinga Zengqondo, i-5th Edn. I-Arlington, VA: I-American Psychiatric Association (2013).
I-3. Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS, Quinn K, et al. Ucwaningo Lwezindawo Zokucwaninga (i-RDoC): Ngokubhekelwa Uhlaka Olusha Lokuhlukaniswa Lokucwaninga Ngokwezinkinga Zengqondo. Am J Psychiatry (2010) 167: 748-51. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2010.09091379
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-4. U-Lin X, Zhou H, Dong G, uDu X. Ukuhlolwa okungenamngcele kubantu abaphethwe i-Intanethi kwemidlalo yokudlala: ubufakazi be-fMRI obuvela emsebenzini wokunciphisa isengozi. I-Prog Neuropsychopharmacol I-Biol Psychiatry (2015) 56: 142-8. doi: 10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2014.08.016
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-5. Liu L, Yip SW, Zhang JT, Wang LJ, Shen ZJ, uLiu B, et al. Ukwenza kusebenze kwe -ralral kanye ne-dorsal striatum ngesikhathi sokuphinda kwenziwe kabusha kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi. Umlutha we-Biol. (2017) 22: 791-801. doi: 10.1111 / adb.12338
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-6. Kaess M, Durkee T, Brunner R, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C, et al. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Internet kwe-pathological phakathi kwentsha yase-Yuropu: i-psychopathology nokuziphatha okuzilimazayo. I-Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2014) 23:1093–102. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0562-7
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-7. U-Ho RC, uZhang MW, uTsang TY, uToh AH, uPan F, uLu Y, et al. Ubudlelwano phakathi komlutha we-inthanethi kanye nokuqina kokusebenza kwengqondo: ukuhlaziya imeta. BMC Psychiatry (2014) 14:183. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-183
I-8. I-King, DL, kanye ne-Delfabbro, i-PH Ukuqonda kwengqondo kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi ebusheni. J Abnorm Child Psychol. (2016) 44:1635–45. doi: 10.1007/s10802-016-0135-y
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-9. I-Lin PC, i-Su CH, i-Yen JY, i-Ko CH. Ukuhlangana phakathi kwezimpawu zengqondo ze-comorbid nokuxolelwa kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi nabantu abadala abangafundi. I-Taiwanese J Psychiatry (2016) 30: 279-88. doi: 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2010.04.011
I-10. UStetina BU, uKothgassner OD, uLehenbauer M, uKryspin-Exner I. Ngaphandle kokukhanga kwemidlalo eku-inthanethi: ukucabanga kokuziphatha okulutha nokudangala emhlabeni wokudlala imidlalo online. IComp Hum Behav (2011) 27: 473-9. doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2010.09.015
I-11. I-DA yabeZizwe, uChoo H, uLiau A, uSim T, uLi D, uFung D, et al. Ukusetshenziswa kwevidiyo ye-pathological phakathi kwentsha: isifundo seminyaka emibili. Pediatrics (2011). 127:319–27. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1353
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-12. Young KS, Roger RC. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokudangala nokulutha kwe-Intanethi. ICyberPsychol Behav. (1998) 1: 25-8. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.1998.1.25
I-13. ISutherland MT, McHugh MJ, Pariyadath V, Stein EA. Ukubuyisela ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kwesimo kumlutha: izifundo ezifundwe nomgwaqo ongaphambili. I-Neuroimage (2012) 62: 2281-95. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2012.01.117
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-14. UZhang S, uLi CSR. Isilinganiso se-neural sokuzibandakanya kokuziphatha: umsebenzi osele wezinto eziphansi ze-oxygenation oxygen-factor I-Neuroimage (2010) 49: 1911-8. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.09.004
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-15. ICololly CG, u-Wu J, u-Ho TC, uHoeft F, u-Wolkowitz O, u-Eisendrath S, et al. Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kwesimo sokuphumula kwe-cortex yangaphandle ye-anterior cingrate kwentsha ecindezelekile. I-Biol Psychiatry (2013) 74: 898-907. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2013.05.036
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-16. Zhang JT, Yao YW, Li CSR, Zang YF, Shen ZJ, Liu L, et al. Ukushintshwa kokusebenza okuguquliwe kokusebenza kwesimo sokushintshana kwabantu abadala abasebancane abane-inthanethi yemidlalo yokuphazamiseka. Umlutha we-Biol. (2016a) 21: 743-51. doi: 10.1111 / adb.12247
I-17. I-Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damasio H, Damasio A. ukuqashelwa okungafanele kwesimo sezimpawu zobuso kulandela ukulimala okubangelwa yimbulunga yabantu e-amygdala. Nature (1994) 372:669–72. doi: 10.1038/372669a0
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
18. UGottfried JA, O'Doherty J, uDolan RJ. Ukufaka ikhodi inani lokubikezela lokuqagela ku-amygdala yomuntu kanye ne-orbitofrontal cortex. Isayensi (2003) 301: 1104-7. doi: 10.1126 / science.1087919
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-19. Ama-Phelps EA, LeDoux JE. Iminikelo ye-amygdala ekusebenzeni kwemizwelo: kusuka kumamodeli wezilwane kuya ekuziphatheni komuntu. I-Neuron (2005) 48: 175-87. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuron.2005.09.025
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-20. UZhang S, Hu S, Chao HH, Imibono JS, uLuo X, uFarr OM, et al. I-Ventromedial preortal cortex kanye nokulawulwa kwe-aricalal yomzimba. ISol Cogn Thinta i-Neurosci. (2013) 9: 900-8. doi: 10.1093 / scan / nst064
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-21. UZhang S, Hu S, Chao HH, uLuo X, uFarr OM, uLi CSR. Izixhumanisi ezihlanganisiwe zezimpendulo zokuziphatha kwesikhumba emsebenzini wokuqonda. I-Neuroimage (2012) 62: 1489-98. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2012.05.036
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-22. Kaiser RH, Andrews-Hanna JR, Wager TD, Pizzagalli DA. Ukudonswa kwenethiwekhi enkulu ngezinga elikhulu ekucindezelekeni okukhulu: ukuhlaziya ngemeta kokuxhumana kokusebenza kwesimo sokuphumula. I-JAMA Psychiatry (2015) 72: 603-11. I-doi: 10.1001 / jamapsychiatry.2015.0071
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-23. UTahmasian M, Knight DC, Manoliu A, Schwerthöffer D, Scherr M, Meng C, et al. Ukuxhunyaniswa okungaphakathi kwe-herrocampus ne-amygdala okugqagqene kule cortex ye-fronto-insular kanye ne-dorsomedial-prefrontal cortex. Front Hum Neurosci. (2013) 7: 639. doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2013.00639
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-24. Tang Y, Kong L, Wu F, Womer F, Jiang W, Cao Y, et al. Kwehliswe ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-amygdala kanye ne-cortex yangaphambi kwangaphambi kwangaphambi kokulashwa kweziguli ezinesifo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okucindezelayo: isifundo sokucabanga ngemibono sokuphumula sombuso sokuphumula. I-Psychol Med. (2013) 43: 1921-7. doi: 10.1017 / S0033291712002759
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-25. I-CH, i-Hsieh TJ, i-Wang PW, i- Lin WC, i-Yen CF, i-Chen CS, ne-al. Ubuningi bezindaba ezimpunga futhi kuphazamise ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kwe-amygdala kubantu abadala abane-disorder ye-inthanethi yokudlala. I-Prog Neuropsychopharmacol I-Biol Psychiatry (2015) 57: 185-92. doi: 10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2014.11.003
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-26. UHuebl J, Brücke C, Merkl A, Bajbouj M, Schneider GH, Kühn AA. Ukucutshungulwa kokukhuthazeka okungokomzwelo kuboniswa ngokuguquguquka komsebenzi webhendi ye-beta ku-cortex ye-anterior cingrate cortex ezigulini ezinokukhubazeka okulwa nokwelashwa. Umphakathi Khombisa Ukuthinta I-Neurosci. (2016) 11: 1290-8. doi: 10.1093 / scan / nsw038
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-27. I-Kong L, i-Chen K, i-Womer F, i-Ren L, i-Jiang W, iCao Y, et al. Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-amygdala ne-cortex yokuqala kubantu abasebenza ngemithi abanenkinga enkulu yokudangala. J Psychiatry Neurosci. (2013) 38: 417-22. doi: 10.1503 / jpn.120117
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-28. UHamilton JP, Chen G, Thomason ME, Schwartz ME, Gotlib IH. Ukuphenya kuqala kwe-neural ekuphazamisekeni okukhulu kokudangala: ukuhlaziya kwe-multivariate granger Causality kwedatha yokuphumula yesimo se-fmri yesikhathi sokuphumula. I-Mol Psychiatry (2011) 16: 763-72. doi: 10.1038 / mp.2010.46
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-29. Sheline YI, Intengo JL, Yan Z, Mintun MA. I-MRI esebenza ngokusebenza kwesimo ekucindezelekeni okungenasisekelo ikhuphule ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanethiwekhi nge-dorsal nexus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2010) 107: 11020-5. doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1000446107
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-30. ICamchong J, iMacDonald AW, iMueller BA, uNelson B, uSpecker S, uSlaymaker V, et al. Izinguquko ekuphumuleni kokuxhumeka kokusebenza okusebenzayo phakathi kokuxoshwa ekuphazamiseni ukusetshenziswa kokuphazamiseka: ukuqhathanisa kokuqhathanisa kwababuya kabusha nabaxwayi. Ukuphuza Utshwala Uxhomeke (2014) 139: 145-51. doi: 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2014.03.024
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-31. I-Camchong J, i-Stenger A, i-Fein G. I-sychrony yokuphumula kombuso kuma-alcohol ajwayelekile ahlala isikhathi eside. I-Express Clin Exp Exp. (2013) 37:75–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01859.x
I-32. UZhang JT, Ma SS, Li CSR, Liu L, Xia CC, Lan J, et al. Ukufuna ukungenelela kokuziphatha kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi: ukulungiswa kokuxhuma okusebenzayo kwe-ventral striatum. Umlutha we-Biol. (2018) 23: 337-46. doi: 10.1111 / adb.12474
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-33. UZhang JT, Yao YW, Potenza MN, Xia CC, Lan J, Liu L, et al. Umsebenzi we-neural wokuphumula oseshintshiwe kanye nezinguquko ezilandela ukungenelela kokuziphatha ngokungenasidingo kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi. Sci Rep. (2016b) 6: 28109. doi: 10.1038 / srep28109
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-34. UWinkler A, Dörsing B, Rief W, Shen Y, Glombiewski JA. Ukwelashwa kokulutha kwe-inthanethi: ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta. Clin Psychol Rev. (2013) 33: 317-29. doi: 10.1016 / j.cpr.2012.12.005
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
35. Deng LY, Liu L, Xia CC, Lan J, Zhang JT, Fang XY. Ukulangazelela ukungenela kokuziphatha ekuthuthukiseni umdlalo we-inthanethi wabafundi basekolishi: isifundo eside. Front Psychol. (2017) 8: 526. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2017.00526
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-36. Yao YW, Chen PR, Chiang-shan RL, Hare TA, Li S, Zhang JT, et al. Ukwelashwa okungokoqobo okuhlanganisiwe nokuzindla kwengqondo kunciphisa ukufakwa kokuzimisela okuphakathi kokuthile kubantu abadala abasebasha abane-inthanethi yokudlala imidlalo. IComp Hum Behav. (2017a) 68: 210-6. doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2016.11.038
I-37. Liang L, Zhou D, Yuan C, Shao A, Bian Y. Ubulili umehluko ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi komlutha we-inthanethi nokucindezelwa: isifundo esinezigaba ezisencane kwabasebasha baseChina. IComp Hum Behav. (2016) 63: 463-70. doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2016.04.043
I-38. Siegle GJ, Thompson W, Carter CS, Steinhauer SR, Thase ME. Khuphula i-amygdala futhi kunciphise izimpendulo zangaphambi kokuqala kwe-dorsolateral BOLD ekucindezelekeni okungathandeki: izici ezihlobene nezizimele. I-Biol Psychiatry (2007) 61: 198-209. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2006.05.048
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-39. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen SH, Yang MJ, Lin HC, Yen CF. Imibandela ehlongozwayo yokuxilonga kanye nethuluzi lokuxilonga nokuxilonga lokulutha kwe-Intanethi kubafundi basekolishi. I-Comp Psychiatry (2009) 50: 378-84. doi: 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2007.05.019
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-40. I-Chen CY, i-Huang MF, i-Yen JY, i-Chen CS, uLiu GC, uYen CF, no-al. Izixhumanisi zobuchopho zokuvinjwa kokuphendula kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi. I-Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2015) 69: 201-9. doi: 10.1111 / pcn.12224
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-41. UDerogatis LR, uLipman RS, uCovi L. Umbiko we-SCL-90: umbiko wesilinganiso sokuphuma kwesilinganiso. Psychopharmacol Bull. (1973) 9: 13-28.
I-42. U-Beck AT, uWard CH, uMendelson M, uMock J, u-Erbaugh J. Luhlelo lokulinganisa ukudangala. I-Arch Gen Psychiatry (1961) 4: 561-71. doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-43. UKober H, Mendesiedlecki P, Kross EF, Weber J, Mischel W, Hart CL, et al. Indlela yangaphambili-yesiteji ibeka umthetho wokucabanga wokukhanuka. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2010) 107: 14811-6. doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1007779107
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-44. I-Bast J, Reitsma P. Matewu imiphumela ekufundeni: ukuqhathanisa amamodeli wokukhula kwe-latent kanye namamodeli we-simplex anezindlela ezihlelekile. I-Multivariate Behav Res (1997) 32:135–67. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr3202_3
I-45. I-Curran PJ, iBollen KA. Okuhamba phambili komhlaba womabili: ukuhlanganisa amamodeli we-autoregressive kanye ne-latent curve. Ku-Collins LM naku-Sayer AG, abahleli. Izindlela Ezintsha Zokuhlaziywa Kwezinguquko. IWashington, DC: I-American Psychological Association (2001). k. I-107-135.
I-46. Jun S. Ubudlelwano obude obuthathekile phakathi kokuluthwa umakhalekhukhwini kanye nezimpawu ezicindezelayo phakathi kwentsha yaseKorea. IComp Hum Behav (2016) 58: 179-86. doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2015.12.061
I-47. Ingoma TM, An JY, Hayman LL, Kim GS, Lee JY, Jang HL. Ukuhlaziywa kweminyaka emithathu ye-patoregressive cross-lagged paning oncence on uncence inicotine kanye nokuhogela okuphakathi. I-Healthcare Informatics Res. (2012) 18: 115-24. doi: 10.4258 / hir.2012.18.2.115
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-48. UMuthén L. Umhlahlandlela Womsebenzisi kaMplus. (2012). ILos Angeles, CA: IMuthén neMuthén 1998–2010.
I-49. UCheung GW, uRensvold RB. Ihlola izinkomba zokulunga-zezilungele ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kokulinganiswa. Sakhiwo se-Equ Model Multidiscpl J. (2002) 9:233–55. doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
I-50. UCiarrochi J, uParker P, uKashdan T, izulu P, uBarkus E. Ithemba nenhlala-kahle yokomoya. Isifundo seminyaka emithandathu sokuhlukanisa iziphikiso, izixhumanisi nemiphumela. [Ukushicilelwa kwe-inthanethi kwangaphambili]. J. Posit. Psychol. (2015). 10: 520-32. doi: 10.1080 / 17439760.2015.1015154
I-51. I-Steenkamp JBEM, iBaumgartner H. Ihlola Ukulinganiswa Kokulinganisa ekucwaningweni komthengi we-Cross-National. J. Consum. Res. (1998) 25: 78-107. doi: 10.1086 / 209528
I-52. Neubert FX, Mars RB, Sallet J, Rushworth MF. Ukuxhumana kwembula ubudlelwane bezindawo zobuchopho zokufunda eziqondiswa ngumvuzo nokwenza izinqumo ku-cortex yomuntu kanye nenkawu. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2015) 112: E2695-704. doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1410767112
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
53. UChaiton MO, uCohen JE, u-O'Loughlin J, uRehm J. Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwezifundo ezinde mayelana nokuhlangana phakathi kokudangala nokubhema kwabasakhulayo. I-BMC Impilo Yomphakathi (2009) 9:356. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-356
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-54. UGilman SE, u-Abraham HD. Ucwaningo olude lwe-oda lokuqalwa kokuncika kotshwala kanye nokudangala okukhulu. Ukuphuza Utshwala Uxhomeke (2001) 63:277–86. doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00216-7
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-55. I-Tortolero SR, i-Peskin MF, iBaumler ER, iCuccaro PM, i-Elliott MN, uDavies SL, et al. Umdlalo wevidiyo onobudlova wosuku nosuku udlala nokucindezelwa kwentsha ye-preadolescent. I-Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. (I-2014) 17: 609-15. doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2014.0091
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-56. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen SH, Wang PW, Chen CS, Yen CF. Ukuhlolwa kwezindlela zokuxilonga zokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi kwi-DSM-5 phakathi kwabadala abasebasha eTaiwan. J Psychiatr Res. (2014) 53: 103-10. doi: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2014.02.008
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-57. I-Cho SM, uSung MJ, uShin KM, uLim KY, uShin YM. Ingabe i-psychopathology ebuntwaneni ibikezela umlutha we-intanethi ezinganeni zentsha? I-Psychiatry Yezingane Hum. (2013) 44:549–55. doi: 10.1007/s10578-012-0348-4
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-58. I-Rappeneau V, i-Bérod A. Ukucabanga kabusha kokucindezelwa njengengozi yokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa: imininingwane evela kumamodeli we-rodent. Neurosci Biobehav. IsAm. (2017) 77: 303-16. doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2017.04.001
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-59. Choi J, Cho H, Kim JY, DJ Jung, Ahn KJ, Kang HB, et al. Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kwi-prefrontal cortex kuhlobanisa ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-Internet yokudlala ingxabano kanye nemizwa ecindezelekile. Sci Rep (2017) 7:1245. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01275-5
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-60. UKendler KS, Prescott CA, Myers J, Neale MC. Ukwakheka kwezici zengozi zofuzo nezemvelo zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuvamile nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane. I-Arch Gen Psychiatry (2003) 60: 929-37. doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.60.9.929
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-61. UPannekoek JN, Werff SJA, Meens PH, Bulk BG, Jolles DD, Veer IM, et al. Ukuxhunywa kokusebenza kwesimo sokuphumula okuphathelene ne-Aberrant ekuxhumaneni kwe-limbic kanye ne-salience kwinsha ecindezelekile emitholampilo ecashile. J Child Psychol Psychiatry (2014) 55: 1317-27. doi: 10.1111 / jcpp.12266
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-62. I-Hu S, i-Ide JS, i-Chao HH, i-Zhornitsky S, i-Fischer KA, u-W W, no-al. Ukubuyisela ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kwesimo se-amygdala nenkinga yokuphuza kulabo abaphuza utshwala abangaxhomekeki. Ukuphuza Utshwala Uxhomeke (2018) 185: 173-180. doi: 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2017.11.026
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-63. Dannlowski U, Ohrmann P, Konrad C, Domschke K, Bauer J, Kugel H, et al. Ukwehliswa kwe-amygdala-coupling okuphambili ekucindezelekeni okukhulu: ukuzihlanganisa ne-MAOA genotype kanye nobunzima bokugula. I-Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. (2009) 12: 11-22. doi: 10.1017 / S1461145708008973
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-64. I-Mulders PC, i-van Eijndhoven PF, iSchene AH, i-Beckmann CF, i-Tendolkar I. Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kwesimo ekuphazamisekeni okukhulu okucindezelayo: isibuyekezo. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2015) 56: 330-44. doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2015.07.014
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-65. Yao YW, Liu L, Ma SS, Shi XH, Zhou N, Zhang JT, et al. Izinguquko ezisebenzayo nezihlelekile ze-neural ekuphazamisekeni kwemidlalo ye-Intanethi: ukubuyekeza okuhlelekile nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2017) 83: 313-24. doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2017.10.029
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-66. I-Li CR, iSinha R. Ukulawulwa kokuvinjezelwa kanye nokulawulwa kwengcindezi engokomzwelo: Ubufakazi be-neuroimaging bokungasebenzi kahle kwembambo ekulweni nomlutha we-psycho-stimulant. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2008) 32: 581-97. doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2007.10.003
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-67. I-Kirsch M, Gruber I, Ruf M, Kiefer F, Kirsch P. I-real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback inganciphisa ukubuyela emuva kwe-stueatal to the stimuli yotshwala. Umlutha we-Biol. (2015) 21: 982-92. doi: 10.1111 / adb.12278
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-68. UWryry A, uBillieux J. I-cybersex enobunzima: ukuqondisisa, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokwelashwa. Umlutha Behav. (2017) 64: 238-46. doi: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2015.11.007
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-69. UPaus T, Keshavan M, uGiedd JN. Kungani izinkinga eziningi zengqondo ziqhamuka ngesikhathi sokukhula kwengane? Nat Rev Neurosci. (2008) 9: 947-57. doi: 10.1038 / nrn2513
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
I-70. Kardefelt-Winther D, Heeren A, Schimmenti A, Rooij A, Maurage P, Carras M, et al. Singakuqonda kanjani ngokweqiniso ukulutha kokuziphatha ngaphandle kokuziphatha okuvamile? Addiction (2017) 112: 1709-15. doi: 10.1111 / engeza.13763
I-PubMed Abstract | Umbhalo ophelele we-CrossRef | -Google Scholar
Amagama agqamile: amygdala, ukudangala, i-fMRI, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi, ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kwesimo se-cortex
Ukucaphuna: Liu L, Yao YW, Li CR, Zhang JT, Xia CC, Lan J, Ma SS, Zhou N noFang XY (2018) I-Comorbidity phakathi kwe-Inthanethi Gaming Disorder and Depression :relationship ne-Neural Mechanisms. Ngaphambili. I-Psychiatry 9: 154. i-doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00154
Itholiwe: 26 January 2018; Yamukelwe: 04 April 2018;
Kushicilelwe: 23 Ephreli 2018.
Kuhlelwe ngu:
Yasser Khazaal, Université de Genève, Switzerland
Review yenziwe ngu:
Qinghua He, Iningizimu-ntshonalanga University, China
Aviv M. Weinstein, I-Ariel University, e-Israel
I-copyright © 2018 Liu, Yao, Li, Zhang, Xia, Lan, Ma, Zhou no Fang. Le i-athikili yokungena evulekile esatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwemigomo ye Ilayisense ye-Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY). Ukusetshenziswa, ukusatshalaliswa noma ukukhiqizwa kwamanye amaforamu kuvumelekile, uma ngabe abalobi bokuqala kanye nomnikazi we-copyright bekwakhiwa futhi ukuthi ukushicilelwa kokuqala kulo magazini kubhalwe, ngokuhambisana nomkhuba wokufundela wemfundo. Akukho ukusetshenziswa, ukusatshalaliswa noma ukukhiqizwa okuvunyelwe okungavumelani nale migomo.
* Ukuxhumana: Jin-Tao Zhang, [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
I-Xiao-Yi Fang, [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
†Ababhali laba banegalelo elilinganayo kulo msebenzi.