Bridie H Peters
abstract
Izinhloso: Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuhlose ukufingqa ucwaningo lokuhlola imiphumela yezempilo yezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi kubasebenzisi bayo. Igxile emandleni ezinto ezingcolile, umthelela ekuziphatheni kobulili nempilo yengqondo.
Izindlela: Izincwadi ezifanele eziphathelene nemiphumela yezempilo yezithombe zocansi ezi-inthanethi zahlaziywa. Izinsizakusebenza zitholwe kumininingwane yolwazi efana ne-PubMed ne-JSTOR.
Imiphumela: Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuthola ubufakazi obukhulu bamandla angaba umlutha wezithombe ezingcolile, kuqinisekisa ukubhekwa komlutha wezocansi njengokuxilongwa komtholampilo. Izithombe zocansi zingaphinde zihlakulele izinkolelo ezingezinhle, zithinte ukusebenza kocansi kwabasebenzisi bayo futhi zibambe iqhaza elithile ekuthuthukiseni isimilo sokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili. Impilo yengqondo kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubukeka sengathi zinobudlelwano obuqondile.
Iziphetho: Imiphumela yezempilo engaba khona yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile iyabanzi futhi isungulwe kahle. Njengoba unikezwe uhlobo oluyimfihlo lwale media, kungahle kube nemiphumela emtholampilo ebalulekile yalokhu okutholakele.
Background
Ukwanda kwe-Intanethi kukhuthaze ukukhula komlilo oshubile embonini yezithombe zocansi. [I-1] Izithombe zocansi zitholakala kalula futhi zisatshalaliswa kabanzi kunanini ngaphambili, zibalwa ngekota yazo zonke ukusesha kwe-inthanethi kanye ne-1.5% yawo wonke amawebhusayithi. [2] Nokho , lokhu kukhula akuzi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka. Ukutshala ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ukungaziphathi kahle nempilo yengqondo kuphakathi kokunye kokumangalelwa okwenziwe ngalo mboni. [I-1,3,4] Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi i-84% yabesilisa base-Australia kanye ne-23% yabesifazane abaneminyaka eyi-16-25 iminyaka isebenzisa le mithombo yezindaba nsuku zonke noma ngesonto, [5] uma lezi zinsolo zibamba amanzi, zingaba nomthelela omkhulu futhi osabalele. Ukubuyekezwa okulandelayo kuhlose ukufingqa ucwaningo ngemiphumela yezempilo yezithombe zocansi kubasebenzisi bayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kocansi okucindezelayo nokulutha
Kunempikiswano enkulu yokuthi ngabe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinamandla okulutha futhi uma kunjalo, ziyaqhathaniswa nalezo ezinye izinkinga zokulutha (isib. Utshwala, ukugembula okuphoqayo). [6] Lezi ziphazamiso zomlutha osimiswe kahle zibonakaliswa ngamaphethini wokucabanga ajwayelekile kanye nokuziphatha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi kepha akunamkhawulo ku: (a) ukuntuleka kokulawulwa kokulawula into / into yokuhlukumezeka; (b) imiphumela emibi evela ekusetshenzisweni (isib. ubudlelwano, ezenhlalo, izinkinga zomsebenzi noma zesikole); (c) ukungakwazi ukumisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo naphezu kwale miphumela emibi; kanye (d) nokugxila kakhulu entweni / entweni yokuhlukumeza. [7] Lezi zimpawu zisabikwa kakhulu ezigulini ezikhononda ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zocansi. [6]
Umlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile awukona njengamanje inkinga eyamukelekayo ngokomtholampilo e-DSM-V noma e-ICD-10, kepha-ke, ukwanda kwalokhu okutholakele kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kabanzi kokusetshenziswa kobucansi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengendlela esebenza ngayo yokuxilonga. Izifundo eziningi ezishiwo kuleli phepha ziye zaqasha iziguli okusolwa ukuthi zinale nkinga. Akukho ukuvumelana encazelweni yalokhu kuphazamiseka, kepha njengakwezinye izidakamizwa, amaphethini womcabango oshiwo ngenhla abalingiswa [7]. Ukuphikisana okukhona konke okuphikisana nokuqashelwa kokusetshenziswa kobuchopho kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengezinkinga zomtholampilo umcabango wokuthi lezi zimpawu zibonisa idrayivu enkulu yocansi kubantu abaningi futhi azihambisi umlutha we-pathological. [8] Ngenxa yale mpikiswano, abacwaningi bazamile ukudweba Ukuqhathanisa okuqondile phakathi kwalabo abane-Insurance Display Pornography Use osolwayo kanye nalabo abanomlutha wezinto lapho ukuphazamiseka kuchazwa futhi kusungulwa khona (isib. utshwala). Enye yezimpawu ezikhombisa ukuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa isifiso esandayo sezinto ngaphandle kokujabulisa ubumnandi kusuka ekusetshenzisweni kwaso. [I-6] Ku-fMRI neuroimury lokhu kungabonakala njengokuncipha kokuphendula kwe-striatal dopamine njengoba ubuchopho buba nokubekezelela imiphumela yabo. [9 ] Kutholwe imiphumela efanayo kakhulu ezigulini ezinomlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Isifiso sabo salo midiya sidlula kakhulu imiphumela emnandi esikuthola kubo [10] kanye nokushintshwa kwe-fMRI kufana nalezo ezigulini ezinolunye uhlobo lokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa. [I-11] Ucwaningo selutholakele ivolumu lezinto ezimpunga ku-caudate efanele futhi yamanzisa ukusebenza kwe-putamen kulezo okuphoqelela ukusebenzisa i-porn. [12] Lezi ziguli kungenzeka futhi zibe namazinga akhulayo wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, okusekela umbono wokuthi ukubekezelela ezocansi kungathuthukiswa. [13]
Okuphikisana kakhulu nalokhu okutholakele ukuthi ivolumu yokwehliswa kwesikhashana iyinto esetshenziswayo, hhayi umphumela wokusetshenziswa okungcolile kwezithombe zocansi. [I-12] Le modeli ithi abantu abanomthamo ophansi ngokwemvelo badinga izimpendulo ezengeziwe ngezimpendulo ze-dopaminergic. Ngakho-ke maningi amathuba okudla izindathane zocansi. Ngale modeli, labo abanokwehliswa kwevolumu yensimbi kufanele bakwazi ukufeza imiphumela ejabulisayo yezithombe zocansi, noma ngabe kudingeka okuningi. [I-12] Kodwa-ke, akubonakali sengathi lobu budlelwano obuhle bokulunga komthamo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Nenjabulo. [10] Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwe-fMRI lwelebhu luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukubukwa okuphindaphindiwe kwezithombe zocansi kungadala ukulawulwa okuphansi kwemigudu yokuthola umvuzo wobuchopho. [I-14] Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zingadlala indima enkulu ekulawulweni kwe-striatum. Ubudlelwano bokuphendula umthamo walokhu okutholakele busazokwakhiwa, futhi kuhlale kungacaci ukuthi lokhu okutholakele kukodwa kubasebenzisi bevolumu ephezulu noma labo abanezinye izici zobungozi bokulutha.
Izindima zobulili nokuziphatha kocansi
Elinye icala elenziwa mayelana nezithombe ezingcolile zobuchopho amandla alo okuqhakambisa isimo sengqondo nokuziphatha okungalungile, ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa. Ekubuyekezweni kwezifundo ze-135 ngalesi sihloko, kwatholakala ukuthi imithombo yezindaba yezocansi, okufakwe kuyo izithombe zocansi, yayihlotshaniswa ngqo nezinkolelo “zokuya ocansini… kanye nokubekezelela okukhulu udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane” kwabesilisa. [I-15] Le mithombo yezindaba ingadlala indima ekuhlakuleleni ukubukwa okusekela ukubonwa kwabantu besifazane, imibono yokhokho kanye nokuvumela ukuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane. [I-1] Le nhlangano yinhle kakhulu lapho ukutholakala kwezithombe zocansi kutholakala lapho usakhula (12-14 iminyaka). [I-16] Ucwaningo lwe-Longitudinal kule ndawo luyantula, ngakho-ke lokhu okutholakele kungavele kuphakamise ukuthi abantu abanale mibono basebenzise inani elikhulu lezithombe zocansi njengoba iqinisekisa izinkolelo zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma izithombe ezingcolile zobuchopho zizoba nendima ekuqhakambiseni isimo sobulili, ukuthi le mibono iqhubeka kanjani ukuthonya ukusebenzisana nabanye ayicaci futhi kunzima ukuyiqonda.
Ucwaningo lokuzama ukuthola umthelela wezithombe zocansi kuhlangane kakhulu. Umcabango ojwayelekile ngukuthi udlame olukhonjiswa ezintweni zalo luye lwenza izibukeli zihlukunyezwe ngokocansi, zikhuphula amandla azo okwenza ubugebengu bocansi. [17] Lo mbono wesekelwa ukutholwa kokuthi i-porn ingakhulisa ukwamukelwa kokudlwengulwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi emadodeni. [3,18] Leli thonya lodlame lwezocansi lubonakala likhulu futhi mhlawumbe lilinganiselwe kwabesilisa abanezinye izinto ezisengcupheni yokuziphatha kabi ngokobulili. [1] Lokhu kufaka phakathi: umlando wobudlova bemindeni, ukukhuliswa ngokwesiko okuqhakambisa ubukhosi besilisa nobulukhuni, izimo zengqondo ezemukela udlame nemibono engalingani yobulili. [I-19] Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwaba bantu abanobungozi obukhulu kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwabantu ukungena okuphoqelekile kokungena kobulili, ngomlomo nangokwedijithali, ukuphawula okunobudlova kanye nokuya ocansini nezilwane. [1] Lolu cwaningo lubekela inselelo impikiswano yendima ye-cathartic yezithombe zocansi - ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunganciphisa ukwanda kobugebengu bocansi olwenziwa kwabesilisa njengoba lezi zinhloso zocansi zingathi shu. wasebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Indima esebenzayo yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekukhuthazeni ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili isungulwe kahle kubantu abanezinye izinto ezingaba sengozini yokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, noma kunjalo, ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwezithombe zocansi kanye nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi kwabasebenzisi abaningi akuqinisekisiwe futhi kunempikiswano enkulu kakhulu. [20] Ngakho-ke, izithombe zocansi zingadlala indima ekwandiseni nasekuqinisekiseni isimo sengqondo esenza amadoda athile adlwengule abesifazane, noma kunjalo, kungaba nomthelela omncane kwabesilisa ngaphandle kwezinye izici zobungozi bokuziphatha okunobudlova ngokocansi. [1] Kukhona izithiyo eziningi zokucwaninga kulokhu. umbuzo, hhayi okumbalwa okukuhlukumeza ngokocansi kanye nemvelo egcwele yale media.
Ngenkathi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingaba nendima elinganiselwe ekuqhakambiseni isimilo sokuya ocansini emadodeni amaningi, ukwehliswa kwe-libido kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile kudlangile kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. [21] Ocwaningweni lwabesilisa abasebasha, i-16% yalabo abadla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngaphezu kwesonto elilodwa babike okuphansi isifiso sobulili, uma siqhathaniswa ne-0% yalabo abangazange. [22] Ezinye izinkinga zokusebenzelana kwezocansi ezihambisana nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zifaka ubunzima be-orgasming, kwehliswe ukuthokozela ukusondelana ngokobulili, ukwaneliseka okuncane kocansi nobuhlobo kanye nokuthanda izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ngaphambi komlingani wezocansi. c [23] Erectile dysfunction ibuye ihlotshaniswe ngokuqinile nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi futhi uma ikhona, kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kobudlelwano obuseduze bocansi, kodwa hhayi ngezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi. [10] Abesilisa abasebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobuchopho ukuvusa inkanuko yocansi kungenzeka ukuthi bayingxenye yalokhu okutholakele. Kodwa-ke, ukunqanyulwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kune-akhawunti eminingi erekhodwe njengokwelashwa okusebenzayo kweziguli ezingasebenzi ngocansi, kuphakamisa ukuthi kuyabamba iqhaza lesizathu kulokhu. [24,25] Olunye ucwaningo olude lutholile nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kunokubaluleka okubalulekile indima ekubikezelweni kwekhwalithi yomshado engeyinhle. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuzange kutholakale kuphela njengomkhiqizo wokunganeliseki emshadweni, kepha kuyimbangela yokugculiseka okunjalo. Lokhu kwabezindaba bekungumbikezeli wesibili omkhulu kunayo yonke yezimfanelo ezingezinhle emshadweni, kulandela ikhwalithi yomshado kuphela ekuqaleni kocwaningo. Le miphumela inyuka ngokuvama kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi futhi ibonakala isebenza kuphela kubayeni abasebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile hhayi amakhosikazi. [26]
Impilo yengqondo
Ngentshisekelo yethu eyandayo yomphakathi empilweni yengqondo, umthelela wobulili ezingcolile kule ndawo ucwaningwe kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlobene kakhulu nokuphazamiseka kwempilo yengqondo, isizungu, ukuzithemba okungajwayelekile kanye nekhwalithi yempilo encishisiwe. [5,27,28,29] Ucwaningo lwase-Australia lwentsha ye-914 lwathola ukuthi labo ababike izinkinga zempilo yezengqondo ezinyangeni zokugcina ze-6 babeyi-52% amathuba okuba babuke izithombe zocansi okungenani kanye ngesonto kunalabo abangazange. [I-5] Ukushaya indlwabu kuzithombe zocansi ezi-inthanethi nakho kube njalo kuhlobene kakhulu nokunganeliseki empilweni okungaxhunyiwe kuyo kanye nemizwa yokungaxhasi okuhle kwezenhlalo. [I-29] Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingadlala indima ebangelwa yilobu budlelwano, kepha ngokulinganayo, kungaba yindlela intsha eyehlose ukusiza ngayo imizwa yesizungu. Ukuthola isimo sobu budlelwano balobu buhlobo, ucwaningo olushicilelwe ekuqaleni konyaka kulo nyaka luthole ukuthi ukuvezwa ngenhloso yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ebusheni kwakuyinto ebikezela ukuqeda nokudangala nokuzethemba okuphansi empilweni yakamuva. [30] Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo olude uthole ukuthi ukuzethemba okuphansi nemizwa ecindezelayo kwabesilisa abasebasha kuyindlela yokuqagela ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuyimpoqo. [I-31] Izinga lokuthi impilo engemihle yezengqondo nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zikhuthazana alikacaci. Ukwanda kwemininingwane yale media kwenza izilingo ezinde zokulawula kulo mkhakha zibe nzima ukuqhuba. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lokuhlola izinzuzo zokwelapha zokupheliswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezigulini ezinezinkinga zempilo yengqondo lungasiza kakhulu emtholampilo.
Isiphetho
Ngenkathi ucwaningo oluningi olubheka imithelela yezempilo yezithombe zocansi alukabonakali, kusenokukhathazeka okuningana futhi okufanelekile okuphathelene nale mithombo yezindaba. Lo mkhakha uzohlomula kakhulu ezifundweni ezengeziwe zobude obude obucacisa futhi iqhaza lesizathu sokubuka ezocansi ekuthuthukiseni izindaba zezempilo ezibhekiswe ngenhla. Ukusetshenziswa okwedlulele kwalokhu kwabezindaba kusebenza njengezithiyo ezifundweni ezilawulwa kulo mkhakha, kodwa futhi kugcizelela isidingo sokucwaninga okuthe xaxa, uma kucatshangelwa imiphumela emtholampilo ebanzi engatholwa yilokho okutholakele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhakha ushintshe kakhulu kuleli khulu leminyaka ngokwanda kwe-inthanethi, futhi nemiphumela ephelele yalokhu isengabonakala.
Ukubonga
UKoshy Matthew noTim Hanna.
Izingxabano zesithakazelo
Akukho okushiwo.
Ukuxhumana
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