J. Castro-Calvo, V. Cervigón-Carrasco, R. Ballester-Arnal, C. Giménez-García,
Imibiko Yokulutha Okuluthayo, i-2021, 100345, ISSN 2352-8532,
Amazwana: Kubhalwe kahle impela, futhi kuyasiza ekuqondeni izifundo eziningi ze-neuropsychological ezikuhlu Ikhasi lezifundo zobuchopho ze-YBOP. Lokhu ukubuyekezwa kwezifundo zocansi ezingama-21 ezihlola “izinqubo” ezine ze-neuro-psychological eziguqulwa ekuluthweni yizidakamizwa nokuziphatha:
Imiphumela: Izifundo zazigxile ezinkambisweni ezine zokuqonda: ukubhekelela ukunaka, ukulawula okuvimbela, inkumbulo yokusebenza, nokwenza izinqumo. Ngamafuphi, i-PPU ihlobene (a) nokuchema okubhekiswe ezintweni ezithinta ezocansi, (b) ukulawula okungavinjelwe (ikakhulukazi, ezinkingeni zokuvimbela ukuphendula ngezimoto kanye hambisa ukunaka kude nezimo ezingasebenzi), (c) ukusebenza okubi kakhulu emisebenzini ehlola imemori yokusebenza, kanye (d) nokukhubazeka kokwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, izintandokazi zezinzuzo zesikhashana esifushane kunokuzuza okukhulu kwesikhathi eside, amaphethini wokukhetha ongacindezeli kunokungafani Abasebenzisi be-aerotica, bathambekele ekuthambekeleni ezenzweni zocansi, nokungalungi lapho behlulela amathuba kanye nobukhulu bemiphumela engaba khona ngaphansi kokungaqondakali).
"Ezingeni lezinkolelo, imiphumela yalokhu kubuyekezwa isekela ukubaluleka kwezakhi eziyinhloko zokuqonda ze-I-PACE model (Brand, 2016)".
I-PACE iyimodeli yokulutha izidakamizwa zokuziphatha, kufaka phakathi umlutha wezocansi: https://sciencedirect.com/
- Ukuziphatha okuluthayo kuxhunyaniswe ne-cue-reactivity nokulangazelela.
- Ukuziphatha okuluthayo kuhlotshaniswa nokuncipha kokulawulwa kokuvimbela.
- Ukuziphatha okujwayele ukwenziwa kunqubo yokuziphatha okuluthayo.
- Ukungalingani phakathi kwamasekethe e-fronto-striatal kunomthelela ekuziphatheni okuluthayo.
Okucashunwe ku-Intro:
Ngokuqondene nokucabanga kwayo nokuhlukaniswa kwayo, i-PPU ibhekwe njengohlobo oluthile lwe-Hypersexual Disorder (HD; I-Kafka, i-2010), njengendlela yokulutha ngokocansi (SA; URosenberg et al., 2014), noma njengokubonakaliswa kweCompulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD; I-Kraus et al., I-2018). Njengesibonelo sokubaluleka kwe-PPU eNingizimu Afrika, UWryry et al. (2016) bathole ukuthi ama-90.1% esampula yabangu-72 abayimilutha yezocansi abazibikile babika i-PPU njengenkinga yabo yezocansi eyinhloko. Lokhu kutholwa kuzwakala ngemiphumela evela esivivinyweni senkambu ye-DSM-5 ye-HD (Reid et al., 2012), lapho U-81.1% wesampula seziguli eziyi-152 ezifuna ukwelashwa kulesi simo ubike i-PPU njengokuziphatha kwabo okuyinkinga okuyisisekelo kwezocansi.
Amaphuzu avelele
- Abanye abantu babhekana nezimpawu ezisuselwa ekubukeni kwezithombe zocansi.
- Izinqubo zokuqonda zingahle zihlobene nokwakhiwa kwe-Problematic Pornography Use (PPU).
- Senze ukubuyekeza okuhlelekile kwezifundo ezingama-21 sihlola izinqubo zokuqonda ezihlobene ne-PPU.
- Sithole izinqubo ezi-4 zokuqonda ezifanele ekuthuthukiseni nasekulondolozeni i-PPU.
abstract
Isingeniso
Abanye abantu babhekana nezimpawu nemiphumela emibi etholakala ekuzibandakanyeni kwabo okuphikelelayo, okweqile, futhi okunenkinga ekubukeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (okusho ukuthi, Sebenzisa i-Problematic Pornography Use, PPU). Amamodeli akamuva ezethiyori aphendukele kuzinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuqonda (isib. Kulo mongo, ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwamanje kuhlose ukubuyekeza nokuhlanganisa ubufakazi obuzungeze izinqubo zokuqonda ezihlobene ne-PPU.
izindlelaUkubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwenziwa ngokulandela imihlahlandlela ye-PRISMA ukuhlanganisa ubufakazi maqondana nezinqubo zokuqonda ezihlobene ne-PPU. Sigcine futhi sahlaziya izifundo zokuhlola ezingama-21 ezikhuluma ngalesi sihloko.
Imiphumela: Izifundo zazigxile ezinkambisweni ezine zokuqonda: ukubhekelela ukunaka, ukulawula okuvimbela, inkumbulo yokusebenza, kanye nokwenza izinqumo. Ngamafuphi, i-PPU ihlobene (a) nokubandlulula okubhekiswe ezintweni ezithinta ezocansi, (b) ukulawulwa okungavimbeleki (ikakhulukazi, ezinkingeni zokuvimbela ukuphendula ngezimoto kanye nokususa ukunaka ezintweni ezingafanele), (c) ukusebenza okubi emisebenzini yokuhlola inkumbulo yokusebenza, kanye (d) nokukhubazeka kokwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, izintandokazi zokuzuza okuncane kwesikhashana kunokuthola inzuzo enkulu yesikhathi eside, amaphethini wokukhetha ongacabangi kunabasebenzisi be-non-erotica, ukuthambekela kokuthambekela ekubhekaneni nezenzo zocansi, nokungalungile lapho wehlulela amathuba nobukhulu bemiphumela engaba khona ngaphansi kokungaqondakali).
Isiphetho: Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kunikeza ukubuka konke okuningiliziwe kwesimo samanje solwazi maqondana nezici zokuqonda ezihlobene ne-PPU, futhi kukhomba izindawo ezintsha ezigunyaza ukuqhubeka nocwaningo.
Amagama angukhiye
1. Isingeniso
Ukufika kwe-Intanethi kuyishintshe kakhulu indlela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa ngayo (UKohut et al., 2020). Kulezi zinsuku, amadivayisi amaningi (isib. Ama-laptops, ama-PC, amathebulethi, ama-smartphone) avumela ukufinyelela okungaziwa nokukhululekile kokunhlobonhlobo kokuqukethwe kwezithombe zocansi, kusuka kunoma iyiphi indawo naku-24/7 (UDöring noMohseni, 2018). Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi neminyaka edlule, sibhale ukwanda okwandayo kwenani labasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi. Ngokuya ngemininingwane ye-traffic yewebhusayithi, I-Lewczuk, iWojcik, neGola (2019) kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kuka-2004 no-2016, inani labasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi online lenyuke ngo-310%. Lesi sibalo sihambisana nalokho okubikwe yi-Pornhub embikweni waso waminyaka yonke: phakathi kuka-2013 no-2019, inani lezivakashi ezibhaliswe kule webhusayithi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile likhule lisuka ku-14.7 laya ku-42 billion (I-Pornhub., 2013, I-Pornhub., 2019). Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngendlela egxile kumuntu lilinganisela ukuthi ukusabalala kwesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuzungeze i-92-98% emadodeni naku-50-91% kwabesifazane (IBallester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, García-Barba, Ruiz-Palomino, naseGil-Llario, 2021). Uma kuqhathaniswa nedatha eqoqwe eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kukhuphuke ngama-41% emadodeni naku-55% kwabesifazane abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18-25 ubudala (IBallester-Arnal, uCastro-Calvo, iGil-Llario, neGil-Juliá, ngo-2016). Lezi zibalo zivame ukwehla njengokusebenza kwesikhathi esibekiwe: kulayini, IGrubbs, iKraus, nePerry (2019) kutholakale ukuthi ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kusampula emele izwe lonke lase-US kwehle kusuka ku-50% (70% yamadoda; ama-33% wabesifazane) lapho kulinganiswa ngonyaka odlule kuya ku-31% (47% no-16% ngokulandelana) lapho kuhlolwe esikhathini esedlule inyanga, futhi ifike ku-20% (33% no-8%) lapho kulinganiswa esontweni eledlule.
Kunempikiswano enkulu maqondana nezinzuzo nezingozi ezingaba khona zalokhu kwanda kobuningi bezithombe zocansi, ikakhulukazi kwabasakhulayo nasebantwaneni (ukubukeza, bona I-Döring, 2009). Isibonelo, ezinye izifundo ziveza ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingaba yindlela ephumelelayo yokwanelisa isifiso sobulili (UDaneback, Ševčíková, Mänsson, noRoss, 2013), khokhela ukungabi nalwazi ngezocansi futhi uhlole ezocansi ngokuphepha (USmith, 2013), engeza okuhlukahlukene kubudlelwano bezocansi ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi (UDaneback, Træen, noMånsson, 2009), ukuphazamisa isithukuthezi nezinkinga zansuku zonke (IHald neMalamuth, 2008), noma ukusiza ekwelapheni ukungasebenzi okuthile kocansi (UMiranda et al., 2019). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingadala nezinkinga eziningi ezibangelwa 'izinhlobo zokuqukethwe kocansi okusetshenzisiwe' noma 'indlela okudliwa ngayo izithombe zocansi' (Owens, Behun, Manning, & Reid, 2012). I-porn ejwayelekile igxile enjabulweni yabesilisa, iqhubekisela phambili imicabango nezifiso zabesifazane ngemuva, futhi kuyaqabukela kuveza isimilo sokuziphatha kocansi (njengokusebenzisa ikhondomu ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini) (IGorman, Monk-Turner, & Fish, 2010). Okukhathaza kakhulu, izazi eziningi zithi izinto eziqukethe ezocansi ziya ngokuya zehlisa futhi zibe nobudlova kwabesifazane (ILykke & Cohen, 2015). Ngenkathi izifundo zakamuva ziphikisana nalokhu 'kuhlakanipha okwamukelekayo' (IShor & Seida, 2019), kukhona ukuvumelana maqondana neqiniso lokuthi izithombe zocansi zamanje (zombili ezingochwepheshe nezizimfundamakhwela) zivamise ukukhombisa ukubusa kwabesilisa ngokocansi (UKlaassen noPeter, 2015). Ngenxa yalokhu, kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingaba nomthelela omubi kwezocansi ngokuthi: (a) kukhuthaze isimo sengqondo sokuziphatha ngokobulili nokuziphatha okuhlukumezayo, (b) ukwenza lula ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha okuyingozi kwezocansi (isb. .), (c) ukudala izithombe namazinga omzimba angenangqondo okwenza ucansi, (d) ukwephula izindinganiso zendabuko zokuba nomfazi oyedwa nokwethembeka; noma (e) ukugqugquzela izintshisekelo ezingavamile zocansiUBraithwaite et al., 2015, I-Döring, 2009, UStanley et al., 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunenqwaba yocwaningo ekhulayo ekhombisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingaba yinkinga uma zenziwa ngokuhlukumeza ngokuya ngemvamisa, ubunzima, nokukhubazeka okusebenzayo. Ngakho-ke, enye yezingozi ezinkulu zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izimpawu nemiphumela emibi etholakala ekuzibandakanyeni okuqhubekayo, okweqile, nokuyinkinga kulo msebenzi (UDuffy et al., 2016, UWryry noBillieux, 2017).
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kuka-0.8% -8% wabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babonisa izimpawu nezimpawu ze-Problematic Pornography Use (ngemuva kwalokhu, i-PPU) (I-Ballester-Arnal et al., 2016, I-Bőthe et al., 2020, URoss et al., 2012). Izimpawu ezimaphakathi ezivela ku-PPU zifaka: (a) isikhathi esiningi nomzamo osetshenziselwe ukubuka / ukusesha izithombe zobulili ezingcolile; (b) ukungazithibi ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile; (c) ukwehluleka ukufeza izibopho zomndeni, zenhlalo, noma zomsebenzi; kanye (d) nokuphikelela ekuziphatheni kwezocansi naphezu kwemiphumela yako (Efrati, 2020, UWryry noBillieux, 2017). Kukhuthazwe yimibandela esetshenziswe kuma-Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), abanye ababhali bafaka nokubekezelelana, ukuzithiba, nokulangazelela njengezimpawu ezivamile phakathi kwalaba bantu (Allen et al., 2017, URosenberg et al., 2014). Noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ezifana nokuhoxa nokubekezelela kusengxoxweni (Inkanyezi, 2016b). Ngokuqondene nomqondo wayo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwayo, i-PPU ibhekwe njengohlobo oluthile lwe-Hypersexual Disorder (HD; I-Kafka, i-2010), njengendlela yokulutha ngokocansi (SA; URosenberg et al., 2014), noma njengokubonakaliswa kweCompulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD; I-Kraus et al., I-2018). Njengesibonelo sokubaluleka kwe-PPU eNingizimu Afrika, UWryry et al. (2016) bathole ukuthi ama-90.1% esampula yabangu-72 abayimilutha yezocansi abazibikile babika i-PPU njengenkinga yabo yezocansi eyinhloko. Lokhu kutholwa kuzwakala ngemiphumela evela esivivinyweni senkambu ye-DSM-5 ye-HD (Reid et al., 2012), lapho u-81.1% wesampula seziguli eziyi-152 ezifuna ukwelashwa ngalesi simo zibike iPPU njengokuziphatha kwabo okuyinkinga okuyisisekelo kwezocansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, UBőthe et al. (2020) bathole ukuthi abantu bahlukaniswe njengabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abanenkinga ngokusebenzisa indlela eqhutshwa yidatha abazuze ngokuhlelekile ngokulinganayo ku-HD; Ngempela, amaphuzu kulesi silinganiso acwaswa kangcono phakathi kwababandakanyeka kakhulu kodwa abangenankinga nabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi kunanoma yikuphi okunye okuguqukayo (kufaka phakathi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi). Ngenxa yalokhu, izitayela zamanje ekuziphatheni kocansi okungalawuleki zibheka i-PPU njengohlobo oluthile lweSA / HD / CSBD (okuvelele kakhulu impela) kunokuba njengesimo somtholampilo esizimele (I-Gola et al., 2020), futhi sicabanga nokuthi iziguli eziningi ezethula ne-SA / HD / CSBD zizokhombisa i-PPU njengokuziphatha kwabo okuyinkinga okuyisisekelo kwezocansi. Ezingeni elisebenzayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi iziguli eziningi ezethula nge-PPU zizotholakala zinelinye lala amalebula 'ajwayelekile' emitholampilo, kanti iPPU izovela njengesichazi kulolu hlaka lokuxilonga.
Umtimba omkhulu wemibhalo ngezinqubo zokuqonda ezingaphansi kwamaSUD (UKluwe-Schiavon et al., 2020) kanye Nemilutha Yokuziphatha (BAs)1 (isib. ukugembula [IHønsi, iMentzoni, iMolde, nePallesen, 2013], Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi okunenkinga [Ioannidis et al., 2019], ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo [I-Schiebener & Brand, 2017], noma ukusetshenziswa kwenethiwekhi yokuxhumana enenkinga [I-Wegmann & Brand, 2020]) unikeze ubufakazi maqondana nokufaneleka kwazo ngokuya ngokuqina nobukhali balezi zimo zokwelashwa. Emkhakheni wamaSUD, amanye amamodeli anethonya elikhulu (isb., Inqubo yenqubo ekabili [U-Bechara, i-2005] noma ithiyori yokukhuthaza ukuzwela [URobinson neBerridge, ngo-2001]) baphendukele kuzinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuqonda ukuze bachaze ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kokuziphatha okuluthayo. Emkhakheni we-BAs, imodeli ye-I-PACE (Umkhiqizo, Omncane, uLaier, uWölfling, noPotenza, 2016) uphakamise ukuthi izinqubo ezehlukene zokuqonda (isb., ukulawulwa kokuvimbela, ukuthatha izinqumo, njll.) kumaphakathi ekuthuthukisweni nasekugcinweni kwale mibandela. Ekuthuthukisweni okulandelayo kwale modeli, I-Brand et al. (I-2019) uphakamise ukuthi le modeli ingachaza nokuthuthukiswa nokunakekelwa kwe-PPU. Njengoba i-PPU ibhekwa njengokucaciswa kokuziphatha kwe-HD (I-Kafka, i-2010), Ukubaluleka kokukhubazeka kwengqondo lapho uchaza i-PPU kubuye kubonwe yimodeli yethiyori yakamuva ye-HD: umjikelezo weSexhavior (UWalton, uCantor, uBhullar, noLykins, 2017). Le modeli iphakamisa umqondo wokuthi 'abeyance kwengqondo' ukuchaza ezinye zezici ze-neuropsychological ngemuva kwe-HD. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka okusobala kokuhlola izinqubo zokuqonda ngemuva kwe-PPU, izifundo ezinamandla ezikhuluma ngalesi sici seziqale ukwenziwa eminyakeni yamuva nje. Lezi zifundo zokuqala zisekele ukubaluleka kwezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuqonda lapho kuchazwa i-PPU (isb. I-Antons & Brand, 2020); kodwa-ke, olunye ucwaningo luyadingeka ukuqinisekisa umnikelo wabo ekuthuthukiseni nasekulondolozeni i-PPU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wokubuyekeza kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezifundo ezisetshenziswayo kuze kube manje kuyadingeka ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya bonke ubufakazi obutholakalayo ngalesi sihloko. Kulo mongo, ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwamanje kuhlose ukubuyekeza nokuhlanganisa ubufakazi obuzungeze izinqubo zokuqonda ezihlobene ne-PPU. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi i-PPU ingabelana ngokufana nama-SUDs namanye ama-BA, sigxile kulokhu kubuyekezwa ezinkambisweni ezine zokuqonda ezihlobene kakhulu nalezi zimo: ukubhekela ukunaka, ukulawula okungavimbeli, inkumbulo yokusebenza nokwenza izinqumo (I-Wegmann & Brand, 2020).
I-2. Izindlela
Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwenziwa ngokuya nge-PRISMA (Izinto Ezikhethiwe Zokubika Zokubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile kanye nemihlahlandlela ye-Meta-Analyzes) (UMoher et al., 2009). Ngokunikezwa kwe-heterogeneity yezifundo ezifakiwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa, sinqume ukusebenzisa indlela esezingeni elifanele ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa kokutholakele okuyisisekelo ocwaningweni ngalunye (synthesis synthesis) (UPopay et al., 2006). Le ndlela iyelulekwa lapho izifundo ezifakiwe ekubukezweni zingalingani ngokwanele ukuvumela ezinye izindlela zokubala (isb. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta) noma isilinganiso sokubuyekeza sichaza ukufakwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zamadizayini ocwaningo (zombili izitatimende ziyasebenza kulokhu kubuyekezwa).
2.1. Ukubukezwa Kwezincwadi Nokukhethwa Kwezifundo
Ukusesha okuhlelekile kusetshenziselwe ukuhlanganisa ubufakazi maqondana nezinqubo zokuqonda ezihlobene ne-PPU. Izifundo bezifanelekile uma (1) behlola inqubo yokuqonda ngomsebenzi wokuhlola futhi (2) bexhumanisa imiphumela evela kulo msebenzi nesici esihlobene ngqo noma ngokungaqondile ne-PPU. Sifake izifundo ezakha ubudlelwano obulandelayo phakathi kwenqubo ethile yokuqonda ne-PPU: (a) izifundo eziqhathanisa izinqubo ezithile zokuqonda ezifundweni ezine-PPU nangaphandle kwayo; (b) ucwaningo oluqhathanisa izinqubo ezithile zokuqonda ezifundweni ezine-SA / HD / CSBD (ngaphandle kokuthi ucwaningo lucacise i-PPU njengokuziphatha okuyinkinga okuyisisekelo kwezocansi kwesilinganiso esikhulu sesampula kanye / noma lapho izici ezithile zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi –eg, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi- ake uhlukanise phakathi kwamaqembu); (c) izifundo ezenziwa kumasampula omphakathi ahlanganisa inqubo ethile yokuqonda nenkomba eqondile ye-PPU (isb., amaphuzu ezikalini ezihlola i-PPU); (d) izifundo ezenziwa kumasampula omphakathi ahlobanisa inqubo ethile yokuqonda nenkomba engaqondile ye-PPU (isib. kanye (e) nocwaningo olwenziwe kumasampula omtholampilo noma omphakathi ahlanganisa izinqubo ezithile zokuqonda nezinkomba ze-PPU ngemuva kokuchayeka ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile (isib.
Sithole izifundo ezifanelekile ngokusesha izifundo ezishicilelwe ezibikwe ngesiNgisi kusukela ngonyaka ka 2000 kuya kuOkthoba 2020, sisebenzisa izinjini zokusesha ezine: iPubMed, iPsycINFO, iWebhu yeSayensi neGoogle Scholar. Ukuhlonza ama-athikili afanele, sisebenzise inhlanganisela ehlukile yamagama alandelayo okusesha: “i-porn *” noma “izinto ezibeka obala ezocansi” noma “i-erotica” noma “ucansi oluku-inthanethi *” FUTHI “inqubo yokuqonda *” noma “imisebenzi yokuphatha” noma “ukunakwa” ukwenzelela * ”noma“ inkumbulo esebenzayo ”noma“ inhibition ”noma“ control inhibitory ”noma“ ukuthatha izinqumo ”. I-asterisk ngemuva kwegama lokusesha lisho ukuthi wonke amagama aqala ngaleyo mpande afakiwe kusesho lokutadisha. Ukuhlonza ama-athikili angeziwe, senze usesho oluhambisanayo sisebenzisa amagama asemqoka afana nalawa: “umlutha we-porn *” noma “ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi *” noma “ukulutha ngokocansi *” noma “ukuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual” noma “ukucindezela kokuziphatha ngokocansi”. Izifundo ezibuyiswe ngamagama amathathu okugcina (i-SA, i-HD, ne-CSBD) zifaka amasampula emitholampilo eziguli ezibika i-PPU njengezindawo zazo eziyinhloko zocansi, kepha neziguli ezibika ezinye izinkinga zocansi (isb. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezingxoxo ze-Intanethi noma izingcingo zewebhu zocansi, ukuphikelela nokungalawulwa izindaba ezingezona ezasemshadweni, ukujwayela ukucela abathengisa ngocansi, njll.). Ukulandela inqubo yokufakwa, izifundo ezihlola amasampula emitholampilo izinkinga zawo ezazingagxilile ku-PPU azifakwanga kulokhu kubuyekezwa.
I-flowchart echaza inqubo yokukhethwa kocwaningo iboniswa ku Umfanekiso we-1. Sekukonke, kuhlonzwe izifundo eziyi-7,675. Ngemuva kokususwa kwezimpinda, sathola amarekhodi angu-3,755. Ababhali ababili bokubuyekeza (i-JCC ne-VCC) bahlole izifushaniso nezihloko zokuqukethwe okufanele. Ziyi-23 kuphela zalezi zifundo ezakhonjwa njengokufanelekile. Ngemuva kokubuyekezwa kombhalo ophelele, sisuse lezi zihloko eziyi-12 (n= 11). Ukukhulisa inani lezifundo, siseshe uhlu lwezithenjwa zezindatshana ezifakiwe zemibhalo efanelekile, sathola amarekhodi ayi-10 engeziwe afakwa ekugcineni ngemuva kokubuyekezwa kombhalo ogcwele (n= 21).
Umfanekiso we-1. I-Flowchart yocwaningo lokuhlola kanye nenqubo yokukhetha.
2.2. Ukukhishwa kwedatha
Imininingwane elandelayo ikhishwe esifundweni ngasinye (bona Ithebula 1). Okokuqala, sibhale ngemininingwane ebifanele ukukhonjwa kwezifundo (ireferensi yombhali futhi usuku lokushicilelwa). Siphinde safaka imininingwane ebalulekile yokwenziwa kokutholakele kokubuyekezwa, okubandakanya i- izwe lapho kwenziwa khona isifundo futhi incazelo yesampula (isb. usayizi, ubulili nokusatshalaliswa kweminyaka, izici zesampula, njll.).
Ithebula 1. Ukubuka kafushane kwezifundo ezifakiwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa
| Ukuhlonza isifundo | Izwe | Incazelo yesampula | Isizinda sokuqonda | Umsebenzi / Paradigm | Ezinye izindlela | Okutholakele okuyinhloko |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U-Kagerer et al. (2014) | Germany | Abafundi abangama-87 bobulili obuhlukile: (a) abesifazane abangama-41 kanye (b) nabesilisa abangama-46 (Mage = 24.23) .Isampula engekho emtholampilo. | Ukuqashelwa kokukhetha | Umsebenzi we-Dot-probe (kufaka phakathi zombili izinto ezingathathi hlangothi nezingahambisani nezocansi); izinkuthazo zethulwe ama-500ms | Uhlu lwemibuzo mayelana nezocansi (SOQ) Inventory Inventory (SDI) Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS) Scence-Seeking Scale (SSSS) | (1) Ukufuna ukuzwa ngocansi kwakuhambisana kahle nokujwayela (r= .33) futhi kuhlanganiswe kabi nokuhlukaniswa kwesithombe (r= -. 24). Ngakho-ke, abafuna ukuzwa ubulili bathambekele ekuphenduleni ngokushesha emsebenzini we-dot-probe lapho ichashazi livela eduze kwesithombe socansi (uma kuqhathaniswa nesithombe esingathathi hlangothi), futhi bahlukanisa izithombe ezisheshayo ezibonisa ubulili emsebenzini wokuqondisa ulayini (ukubhekisisa ukunaka okwenziwa ocansini ukucubungula). (2) Ukuphoqeleka ngokocansi kwakungahlotshaniswa kakhulu nanoma iziphi izilinganiso zokuhlola, okusho ukuthi amaphuzu aphezulu kulokhu kuguquguquka awakwenzanga ukubhekelela ekubhekaneni nezenzo zocansi. |
| I-Doornwaard et al. (I-2014) | Netherlands | Abahlanganyeli abangu-123 abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 nengama-23 ubudala (Mage = 19.99): (a) abesifazane abangama-61 kanye (b) nabesilisa abangama-62. | Ukuqashelwa kokukhetha | Umsebenzi we-Dot Probe (kufaka phakathi zombili izinto ezingathathi hlangothi nezingahambisani nezocansi); izikhuthazi zethulwe ama-500ms | I-Ad Hoc Questionnaire ehlola ukuvezwa kokuqukethwe kwezocansi okuku-inthanethi | (1) Ababambiqhaza abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njalo babephendula ngokushesha umsebenzi wephenyo lamachashazi (ngaphandle kokuthi ichashazi livele eduze kwesithombe esingathathi hlangothi noma sezocansi). |
| UMechelmans et al. (2014) | i-United Kingdom | Amadoda angama-66 abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane: (a) Izindlela zokuhlangana ezingama-22 zokuziphatha ngocansi okuphoqelekile (i-CSB, egxile ekusetshenzisweni okuphoqelekile kwezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi online) (Mage = 25.14) kanye (b) nezilawuli ezinempilo ezingama-44 (Miminyaka = 24.16). | Ukuqashelwa kokukhetha | Umsebenzi we-Dot Probe (kufaka phakathi i-stimuli engathathi hlangothi, evusa inkanuko, futhi ecacile); intshisekelo yethulwe ama-150ms. | I-Impulsive Behaeve Scale (UPPS-P) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) State-Trait Anxcare Inventory (STAI) I-Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory- I-RAlcohol-Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) I-Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) ye-Internet Compulsive Internet Scale (CIUS Ukuhlolwa Kokufunda Kwabantu Abadala Kuzwelonke | (1) Izihloko ezine-CSB (i-PPU njengenkinga yazo eyinhloko yocansi) zazinokubhekela okukhulu ekunikezeni izifiso zocansi ezicacile (okuqukethwe kwezocansi) (p= .022) kepha hhayi ngezizathu ezingathathi hlangothi (p= .495). Ngokuyinhloko, izihloko ezine-CSB ziphendule ngokushesha emsebenzini we-dot-probe lapho ichashazi livela eduze kwesithombe esibekela obala ucansi (uma kuqhathaniswa nesithombe esingathathi hlangothi). (2) Lokhu kukhathalela kokunakwa kwakubonwa kuphela lapho ababambiqhaza bethulwa ngesikhuthazo sobulili ; lapho bethulwe ngesimo sezocansi (izinga eliphansi lokuchazeka), ababambiqhaza abane-CSB (i-PPU njengenkinga yabo eyinhloko yocansi) kanye namavolontiya anempilo aphendule ngokufanayo. |
| Banca et al. (I-2016) | i-United Kingdom | Amadoda angama-62 abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane: (a) Izindlela zokuhlangana ezingama-22 zokuziphatha ngocansi okuphoqelekile (i-CSB, egxile ekusetshenzisweni okuphoqelekile kwezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi online) (Mage = 25.14) kanye (b) nezilawuli ezinempilo ezingama-40 (Miminyaka = 25.20). | Ukuqashelwa kokukhetha | Umsebenzi we-Dot Probe (kufaka phakathi i-stimuli engathathi hlangothi, evusa inkanuko, futhi ecacile); intshisekelo yethulwe ama-150ms. | Umsebenzi wokubekisaUmsebenzi wokukhetha izinto ezintsha | (1) Izihloko ezinokuthandwa okukhulu kwezimo zocansi ezinesimo (ikakhulukazi, eziphoqelela ngokocansi ne-PPU) futhi zikhombise ukukhethwa kokunaka okwenziwe ngcono kwezinhloso zocansi (p= .044). (2) Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuthanda inoveli kuqhathaniswa nezisusa ezijwayelekile kwakungahlotshaniswa nokunaka kwezinhloso zocansi (p= .458). (3) Amazwana abalulekile: Lolu cwaningo luhlaziye kabusha idatha yocwaningo ngo UMechelmans et al. (2014). Ngakho-ke, ukuhlangana phakathi kwezifundo zombili ikakhulu kungenxa yalokhu kudlulela. Isizathu ngemuva kufaka isifundo ngu Banca et al. (I-2016) futhi ukuthi inikezela ngemininingwane eyengeziwe ebudlelwaneni phakathi kokukhetha ukunakwa nezinye izici ze-CSB. |
| UPekal et al. (2018) | Germany | Ababambiqhaza abayi-174: (a) abesifazane abangama-87 kanye (b) nabesilisa abangama-87 Ababambe iqhaza baba neminyaka ephakathi kweminyaka eyi-18-52 (Mage = 23.59) 8.9% wababambiqhaza besilisa kanye no-2.2% wabesifazane abahlolwe bathola ukubukwa kwezithombe zocansi ngokweqile futhi okuyinkinga. | Ukuqashelwa kokukhetha | Umsebenzi we-Visual Probe (kufaka phakathi zombili izinto ezingathathi hlangothi nezingahambisani nezocansi); izikhuthazi zethulwe ama-200 noma ama-2,000ms. | I-Short-version ye-Internet Addiction Test eguqulelwe ku-inthanethi ye-sex- (s-IATsex). Ukuvuswa kocansi nokulangazelela izilinganiso (okungukuthi, ukuvusa inkanuko ngokocansi kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu ngemuva kokuvezwa inkanuko yezocansi) | (1) Ukuchema okubhekiswe ezintweni ezithinta ezocansi (okungukuthi, izimpendulo ezisheshayo emsebenzini wokuhlola lapho umcibisholo uvela eceleni kwesimo socansi) wawuhambisana nobukhali bokulutha kwezithombe zocansi (r= .23), ukunxanela (okungukuthi, isifiso sokushaya indlwabu) (r phakathi kuka .18-.35), nokuvuka ngokweqile kocansi (r phakathi .11-.25). (2) Ubudlelwano obuphakathi kokunaka okubhekiswe ezenzweni zocansi nobukhali bokuba umlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babungaguquguquki kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane. (3) Ubudlelwano obuphakathi kokuchema okubhekiswe kuzisusa zocansi nobukhali bokuba umlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babungaphelele. okulamulelwe ngokulangazelela nangokuvusa ucansi ngokuzithoba. |
| U-Seok no-Sohn (2018) | INingizimu Korea | Abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abangama-45 (abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi): (a) Izindlela zomhlangano ezingama-23 zokuxilongwa kwesifo i-hypersexual (Miminyaka = 26.12; SD= 4.11) kanye (b) nezilawuli ezinempilo ezingama-22 (Miminyaka = 26.27; SD= 3.39) Kusetshenziswa izithombe zocansi ngesonto: Izikhathi ezingama-5.23 kubahlanganyeli abanobungqingili kanye no-1.80 emadodeni anempilo (p <.001; d= 3.2). | Ukulawulwa kokuvimbela (ikakhulukazi, ukunakekelwa kokulawulwa kokuvimbela). | Umsebenzi weStroop | Ukuhlolwa Kokulutha Umlutha Wezocansi-R (SAST-R) Inventory Yokuziphatha Ngokobulili Obufanayo (HBI) EPI-BOLD: izimpendulo ezincike ezingeni le-oxygen oxygen | (1) Abantu abanesifo se-hypersexual kanye nezilawuli ezinempilo bakhombise izikhathi ezifanayo zokuphendula lapho bephendula kuzo zombili izivivinyo ze-stroop ezihambisanayo nezingahambelani. (2) Abantu abanesifo se-hypersexual babengenembile kunezilawuli ezinempilo lapho bephendula izivivinyo ze-stroop ezingekho emthethweni (82% vs. 89% ; p<.05), kepha hhayi lapho uphendula izilingo ze-stroop ezihambisanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iziguli ezinobungqingili zivame ukuhlangabezana nezinkinga ezimweni ezidinga ukunganaki imininingwane engafanele engafanele. |
| U-Seok no-Sohn (2020) | INingizimu Korea | Abahlanganyeli besilisa abangama-60 (abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi): (a) Izindlela zokuhlangana ezingama-30 zokuxilongwa kobuxhakaxhaka obuyinkinga (Mage = 28.81) kanye (b) namadoda angama-30 aphilile (Mage = 27.41) Kusetshenziswa izithombe zocansi ngesonto: Izikhathi ezingama-5.23 kubahlanganyeli abanobungqingili kanye no-1.80 emadodeni anempilo (p <.001; d= 3.2). | Ukulawulwa kokuvimbela (ikakhulukazi, ukulawula okungavimbeli ezimotweni). | Umsebenzi weGo / No-Go (kusetshenziswa kuphela izikhuthazi ezingathathi hlangothi -izincwadi- kepha kuvezwe ngokungathathi hlangothi noma ngemuva kwezocansi) | I-MRISexual Testing Screening Testing esebenzayo (SAST-R) Inventory Yokuziphatha Ngokwe-Hypersexual (HBI) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | (1) Abahlanganyeli be-Hypersexual benze kabi kwi-Go / No-Go Task (okungukuthi, benze ukushiywa / ukukhomishini okuningi) kunokulawula okunempilo. (2) Umehluko phakathi kwabahlanganyeli abanobungqingili nokulawula okunempilo kugqame kakhulu ezivivinyweni zokungahambi (izilingo ku ukuthi yibaphi ababambiqhaza okufanele bavimbele izimpendulo) nalapho umsebenzi weGo / No-Go wethulwe kanye nesithombe socansi ngemuva (uma kuqhathaniswa nesizinda esingathathi hlangothi). (3) Ngokuqondene nezikhathi zokuphendula, abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo baphendula kancane ekuhlolweni kokuya ocansini ingemuva lalikhona (p <.05). |
| I-Antons and Brand (2020) | Germany | Abasebenzisi be-28 abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane (Miminyaka = 29.28; SD= 8.81): (a) abasebenzisi be-pornography abangenazinkinga abangu-10, (b) abanezinkinga eziyi-9, kanye (c) nabasebenzisi be-pathological abayi-9. | Ukulawulwa kokuvimbela (ikakhulukazi, amandla okulawula amandla angaphambi kwamandla). | Umsebenzi we-Stop-Signal (usebenzisa i-stimuli engathathi hlangothi-amachashazi anemibala ehlukile- ukukhombisa uhlobo lwesilingo, kanye nezimo ezingathathi hlangothi nezocansi njengezimo ezingemuva) | Isivivinyo Esifushane Sokulutha Umlutha se-Inthanethi siguqulelwe i-Internet Pornography (s-IATporn) Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-15) Functional MRI | (1) Ubukhali bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi (s-IATporn) kuhambisana nezikhathi zokuphendula ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesiginali yokumisa kokungathathi hlangothi (r= -. 49) nezocansi (r= -. 52) izimo. Ikakhulu, ukwanda kobukhali bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi kuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-stop-signal (okungukuthi, ukulawula okungcono kokuvimbela). (2) Ukulangazelela (okungukuthi, isifiso esinamandla sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile) okuhambisana nezikhathi zokuphendula ngesikhathi sokuma kwesiginali izilingo kepha kuphela esimweni sezithombe zocansi (r= -. 55). Nakulokhu futhi, ukunxanela okwandayo kwakuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesiginali (ie, ukulawula okungcono kokuvimbela). |
| U-Wang no-Dai (2020) | China | Abesilisa abangama-70 abesilisa nabesifazane: (a) 36 abanokuthambekela ekubhekaneni nokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi (TCA) (Mage = 19.75) kanye (b) nezilawuli ezinempilo ezingama-34 (HC). (Mage = 19.76) Izithombe zocansi zamasonto onke zisebenzisa: izikhathi ezingama-3.92 kubantu abane-TCA ne-1.09 ku-HC | Ukulawulwa kokuvimbela (ikakhulukazi, ukulawulwa kokuvimbela izimoto kanye nokwenziwa kwezimoto okulandelayo). | I-Two-Choice Oddball Paradigm (kufaka phakathi ukungathathi hlangothi kanye nezocansi) | Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ze-Inthanethi Zisebenzisa I-Scale (PIPUS) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)Okukhethekile isikali sokulinganisa izici ezahlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi nge-Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) Isikali Sokucindezeleka Sokuzilinganisela (SDS) Electroencephalography (EEG) | (1) Bobabili ababambiqhaza abane-TCA ne-HC bakhombise izikhathi zokuphendula kancane lapho bephendula i-Two-Choice Oddball Paradigm uma kukhulunywa ngezenzo zocansi (uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo ezingathathi hlangothi); Kodwa-ke, umehluko ngesikhathi sokuphendula phakathi kwazo zombili izinhlobo zezinto ezishukumisayo wawubonakala kakhulu ezigulini ezine-TCA. Okusho ukuthi, abantu abane-TCA babhekana nokulawulwa okuncane kokuvimbela lapho bebhekene nezimo zocansi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HC. |
| U-Laier et al. (2013) | Germany | Abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisaMiminyaka = 26.21; I-SD = 5.95) | Ukusebenza Kwememori | n-Back Task (Umsebenzi we-4-Back usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengezisusa) | Ukulinganisa ngokocansi nokulangazelela izilinganiso (okungukuthi, ukuvusa inkanuko ngokocansi kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu ngemuva kokuvezwa kuzimo zocansi) | (1) Ukusebenza emsebenzini we-4-back (isimo sezocansi) esihambisana nezinkomba zokuvusa ucansi nokulangazelela. Ngokuyinhloko, ukuvusa ucansi ngokuzithoba ngemuva kokubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zihambisana nenani lokweqa (r= .45), nokunxanela okuhambisana nenani lama-alamu angamanga (r= .45) (kuzo zombili lezi zimo, izinkomba zokusebenza kabi). Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu abakhombisa ukwenyuka kwezocansi ezithombeni ezingcolile bavame ukwenza kabi emsebenzini wokukhumbula. (2) Ukusebenza okujwayelekile esivivinyweni se-4 back kwabikezelwa kakhulu (R2= 27%) ngokusebenzisana phakathi kokuvuswa kocansi nokulangazelela ngemuva kokuvezwa inkanuko yobulili: ikakhulukazi, ababambiqhaza abakhombisa izinga eliphezulu lokulangazelela nokuvusa ucansi ngemuva kokuvezwa kocansi kwenziwa kabi esivivinyweni se-4-back. |
| I-Au neTang (2019) | China | Isifundo 1: 24 abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abaphakathi kweminyaka engu-19 nengama-27 ubudala (Miminyaka = 23.08; SD= 2.22) Isifundo 2: 27 abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 nengama-31 ubudala (Miminyaka = 23.0; SD= 3.15) | Imemori yokusebenza | Funda i-1: n-Back Task (3-Back Task using letters as stimuli) ngemuva kokungeniswa kwezimo zemizwa ezakhayo, ezingezinhle, zocansi, noma ezingathathi hlangothi zisebenzisa ama-videoclips. n-Back Task (Umsebenzi we-3-Back usebenzisa izinhlamvu, imibuthano enemibala, noma izithombe zocansi njengezisusa) ngemuva kokungeniswa kokuvuswa kocansi. | I-Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI) Imibuzo ehlukanisiwe yemibuzo (DEQ) Isifiso sobulili kanye nesifiso sokushaya indlwabu ngemuva kokuvezwa kokuqukethwe kocansi, kuhlolwe yi okukhethekile I-Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Izindlela zomzimba (umfutho wegazi, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, nokushisa) | I-Study1: (1) Ababambiqhaza abathola amaphuzu aphezulu ku-CSBI bakhombise ukunemba okunciphisiwe lapho bephendula isivivinyo se-3-back ngaphansi kwezimo ezine (rhlangothi= .52; rokuhle= .72; rkubi= .75; rubulili= .77). Ngokufanayo, amaphuzu aphezulu ku-CSBI ahambisana nesikhathi sokuphendula lapho uphendula isivivinyo se-3-back ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbili (rhlangothi= .42; rubulili= .41). Ngamafuphi, abantu abanezibalo eziphakeme ku-CSBI bavame ukwenza kabi kwimemori yokusebenza (ngokunemba isikhathi esengeziwe sokuphendula) ngaphandle kwesimo somzwelo.Isifundo 2: (2) Ababambiqhaza abathola amaphuzu aphezulu ku-CSBI bakhombise ukunemba okuncishisiwe lapho bephendula isivivinyo se-3-back kusetshenziswa izinto ezahlukene (rizithombe zobulili ezingcolile= .50; rizinhlamvu= .45; rimibuthano= .53). Ngokufanayo, amaphuzu aphezulu ku-CSBI ahambisana nesikhathi sokuphendula lapho uphendula isivivinyo se-3-back usebenzisa imibuthano enemibala njengesikhuthazi (r= .39). Ngamafuphi, abantu abanezibalo eziphakeme ku-CSBI babevame ukwenza kabi kwimemori yokusebenza (ngokunemba okuncane nokwengeza isikhathi sokuphendula) ngaphandle kohlobo lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezivivinyweni ze-3-back. |
| USinke et al. (2020) | Germany | Abesilisa abangama-69 abesilisa nabesilisa abenza ubungqingili: (a) Izindlela zokuhlangana ezingama-38 zokuxilongwa kwesifo sokuziphatha ngokocansi ngokweqile (Miminyaka = 36.3; SD= 11.2) kanye (b) nezilawuli ezinempilo ezingama-31 (Miminyaka = 37.6; SD= 11.7) Kusetshenziswa izithombe zocansi ngesonto: amaminithi angama-213 ngesonto kubahlanganyeli abane-CSBD vs. 49 ekulawuleni okunempilo (p <.. 001; d = 0.92). | Imemori yokusebenza | n-Back Task (1-Back and 2-Back task using letters) ngezithombe zocansi nezingathathi hlangothi ngemuva | I-Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI) I-versión ebukeziwe Yokuhlolwa Kokulutha Umlutha Wocansi (SAST-R) Ingxoxo Ehlelwe Ngendlela Elinganayo ehlola izici zocansiIsikali Sokuvimbela Ubulili kanye Nezilinganiso Zokuzijabulisa (SIS / SES) | (1) Iziguli nezilawuli ezinempilo azange kwehluke ekusebenzeni kwazo ku-1-Back and 2-Back Tasks (ukunemba nesikhathi sokuphendula) lapho imisebenzi yenziwa ngesithombe esingathathi hlangothi ngemuva. (2) Lapho i-1-Back kanye nemisebenzi ye-2-Back yenziwa ngesithombe socansi ngemuva, iziguli kanye nokulawulwa okunempilo kukhombisa umehluko omkhulu (p between .01-.03) ngokuya kwesikhathi sokunemba nesikhathi sokuphendula: ikakhulukazi, iziguli bezinganembi kangako (93.4% vs. 97.7% emsebenzini we-1-Back; 80.1% vs. 88.2% emsebenzini we-2-Back) kanye ikhombise ukukhuphuka kwezikhathi zokuphendula (668ms vs. 607ms in the 1-Back task; 727ms vs. 696ms in the 2-Back task). (3) Ngokuphambene nalokho, iziguli eziphoqelela ngokocansi zenze kangcono kunokulawula okunempilo emsebenzini olinganisa ukuqashelwa inkanuko yezocansi ihora eli-1 kamuva lomsebenzi we-1-Back and 2-Back (65.5% vs. 48.3% no-52% vs. 40%). Lo mphumela awuzange ubonwe ngezizathu ezingathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi iziguli ezine-CSBD zinekhanda elingcono futhi zikhumbula izinkomba zocansi, kepha hhayi ezenzelwe okungezona ezocansi (okungukuthi, inkumbulo yesikhathi eside engcono nokukhumbula izinqubo ezithile zocansi). |
| Ummeli (2008) | USA | Abahlanganyeli abangama-71: (a) abesilisa abangama-38 kanye (b) nabesifazane abangama-33 abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18-57 ubudala (Miminyaka = 23.4; SD= 7.7) .60% yabahlanganyeli besilisa kanye ne-39.5% yabahlanganyeli besifazane bahlukaniswa njengabasebenzisi be-erotica (okungukuthi, abasebenzisi be-erotica esikhathini esidlule futhi banesifiso sokubuka i-erotica ngokuzayo) | Ukwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, ukubambezeleka kwesaphulelo) | Imisebenzi yokubambezeleka nokubambezeleka (eyodwa ihlola isephulelo semali, enye ihlola isephulelo se-erotica). | Ucwaningo Lwemibono Yezocansi (SOS) Isikali Sokuphoqeleka Ngokobulili (SCS) Ukuvinjelwa Kwezocansi / Isivivinyo Sokuzijabulisa Ngocansi (SIS / SES) I-Erotica Consumption Scale (ECS) | (1) Kuzo zombili imisebenzi yezaphulelo yemali neye-eerotica, abasebenzisi be-eerotica bakhetha ukuqiniswa okuncane okutholakala ngokushesha kunabaqinisi abakhulu abahlinzekwe ngemuva kokubambezeleka okuthile. Ngokufanayo, abasebenzisi be-erotica bakhetha imiphumela emincane kodwa ethize kunemiphumela emikhulu kodwa engaqinisekile. (2) Emsebenzini wokunciphisa isiza, abasebenzisi abangewona ama-erotica bathambekele ekuboneni amathuba aphansi nemiphumela emikhulu ebambezelekile ngaphezu kwamathuba aphezulu nemiphumela esheshayo, okuphakamisa ukuthi imiphumela ye-erotica zaziphikisana nalaba babambiqhaza. (3) Amapharamitha amabili emisebenzi yokwehliswa kwe-erotica yayihlobene kakhulu ne-SCS (r= -. 41). ne-SOS (r= .38). Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukuphoqeleka ngokocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa namaphethini wokukhetha ongacabangi. Ngokumangazayo, i-erotophilia ihambisana kakhulu nephethini yokukhetha eguquguqukayo (okusho ukuthi abantu abathandanayo bathande ukukhetha imiphumela ebambezelekile ebambezelekile). |
| U-Laier et al. (2014) | Germany | Amadoda angama-82 abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abaphakathi kobudala obungu-18 no-54 (Miminyaka = 25.21; SDAbabambiqhaza babengabasebenzisi be-inthanethi be-inthanethi futhi bachitha amahora angaba ngu-6.23 ngeviki online ngenhloso yezocansi (SD= 1.30). | Ukwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, ukwenza izinqumo kungacaci) | Isivivinyo Sokugembula sase-Iowa (IGT) (kusetshenziswa izithombe zocansi nezingathathi hlangothi njengezisusa) | Izilinganiso zokuvusa ucansi ngaphambi nangemva kokuvezwa kuzimo zobulili ezingcolile. Uhlobo olufushane lwe-Internet Addiction Test olwenziwe nge-Internet sex- (s-IATsex).Okukhethekile uhlu lwemibuzo oluhlola izici ezahlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-inthanethi | (1) Ukusebenza esivivinyweni sokuGembula se-Iowa kwakungcono lapho izinhloso zocansi zihlotshaniswa nezinqumo ezizuzisayo futhi zimbi kakhulu lapho zihlotshaniswa nezinqumo ezingezinhle (d= .69). Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkanuko yezocansi ingahle iqondise ukwamukelwa kwendlela enenzuzo uma kuqhathaniswa lapho kunqunywa khona izinqumo. (2) Lo mphumela uncike ekuthambekeni kwabahlanganyeli kokuvuka lapho bevezwa yizimo zocansi. Kubantu ababika ukuthokozela okuphansi kocansi ngemuva kokuvezwa ezintweni zocansi, noma ngabe izinkanuko zocansi zihlobene nezinqumo ezizuzisayo noma ezingezinhle azizange zilinganise ukusebenza ku-Iowa Gambling Test. Kodwa-ke, kubantu ababika ukuvusa inkanuko ephezulu yezocansi ngemuva kokwethulwa kwezithombe zocansi, ukusebenza kwe-Iowa Gambling Test kwakukubi kakhulu lapho izithombe zocansi zihlotshaniswa nezinqumo ezingezinhle futhi zingcono lapho kuxhunyaniswa nezinqumo ezilusizo. |
| UMulhauser et al. (2014) | USA | Abahlanganyeli besilisa abangama-62: (a) iziguli eziyi-18 eziphakathi kweminyaka engu-18-68 ubudala (Miminyaka = 43.22; I-SD = 14.52) inqubo yokuhlangana ye-hypersexual disorder kanye (b) nokulawula okunempilo kwe-44 phakathi kweminyaka engu-18-44 ubudala (Miminyaka = 21.23; SD= 4.55) Zonke izifundo ze-hypersexual (100%) zibike i-PPU njengenkinga yabo eyinhloko yocansi. | Ukwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, ukwenza izinqumo kungacaci) | Isivivinyo Sokugembula sase-Iowa (IGT) | Isimilo sokuziphatha se-Hypersexual (HBI) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) | (1) Iziguli ezi-Hypersexual (PPU njengenkinga yazo eyinhloko yocansi) zazinamathuba amaningi okuthi zikhethe ama-deck anezinhlawulo zokulahlekelwa njalo kunokulawulwa okunempilo (p= .047), iphethini yokuphendula eholela ekusebenzeni okungalungile esivivinyweni sokugembula sase-Iowa. (2) Ukuphawula okujwayelekile: Ukukhethwa kweziguli ezi-hypersexual ngale ndlela yokuphendula kukhombisa ukungakwazi ukwenza izinqumo futhi, ezingeni eliphezulu lokuhleleka , imisebenzi engaphethwe kahle. |
| Schiebener et al. (2015) | Germany | Abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abangama-104 abesilisa nabesifazane abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18-50 (Mage = 24.29) .Isampula engekho emtholampilo. | Ukwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi egxile emigomweni nokuzilawula ngokwakho kokuziphatha) | I-Porn Porn Yomsebenzi Olinganisisiwe (BSTporn). | IBrief Symptom Inventory (BSI) .Inguqulo emfushane ye-Inthanethi Yokulutha Umlutha eguqulelwe ocansini lwe-Intanethi- (s-IATsex). | (1) Ukuhlangana okuhle phakathi kokungalingani kwe-BSTporn multitasking (ukunciphisa ukusebenza komsebenzi ngenxa yokutshalwa kwemali isikhathi esiningi [ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile] noma isikhathi esincane kakhulu [ukunganakwa] ukusebenza ezintweni ezingcolile zobulili) kanye nesikolo s-IATsex (r = .28) (2) Ukungalingani kwe-BSTporn multitasking kuchaze i-6% yokwehluka kwesivivinyo se-s-IATsex. (3) Ababambiqhaza abathole amaphuzu aphezulu ku-s-IATsex bathambekele ekusebenziseni ngokweqile noma ekungakunakekeli ukusebenza kwezisusa zocansi (okungukuthi, ukukhombisa okuncane ukusebenza okulinganiselayo emsebenzini wokuqonda). (4) Ukuphawula okujwayelekile: Ukuvezwa kokuqukethwe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubantu abakhombisa ukuthambekela ekubhekaneni nokuluthwa kocansi lwe-inthanethi kuhlobene nezinkinga zokulawulwa kwabaphathi ezimweni eziningi. |
| I-Snagowski neBrand (2015) | Germany | Abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisaMiminyaka = 23.79; SDBonke abahlanganyeli babengabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi. | Ukwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, ukuthambekela kokugwema indlela) | Indlela Yokugwema (i-AAT) ifaka phakathi zombili izinqubo ezingathathi hlangothi nezocansi.Imiyalo ehambisana nomsebenzi (donsa noma uphushe izikhuthazi ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwabo -ukuya ocansini nokungathathi hlangothi-). | Izilinganiso zokuvusa ucansi kanye nesidingo sokushaya indlwabu phambi kwesimo sezithombe zocansi. Uhlobo olufushane lwe-Internet Addiction Test olwenziwe nge-Internet sex- (s-IATsex). I-Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI) Scence Scale Scale (SES) | (1) Isikhathi esiphelele sokuphendula lapho uphendula uMsebenzi Wokugwema Indlela (okungukuthi, isilinganiso esingaqondile sokukhetha ukubhekela ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile) esihambisana ne-HBI (rinani eliphelele= .21; rukulahlekelwa kokulawula= .21; rimiphumela= .26), i-SES (r= .26), izinga lokuvusa ucansi phambi kwesimo sezocansi (r= .25) kanye nesifiso sokushaya indlwabu (r= .39). (2) Ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwezinga lobukhali bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (okungukuthi, amaphuzu e-s-IATsex) kanye nokuthambekela kokugwema ukubheka kwakungu-curvilinear: okungukuthi, abantu abanezibalo eziphakeme ku-s-IATsex babevame ukubonisa indlela eyeqisayo noma ukuthambekela kokugwema ngokweqile ezintweni ezingcolile zobulili. (3) Ekugcineni, ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwezinga lobukhali bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuthambekela kokugwema ukugwenywa buhlolwe yi-HBI ne-SES: zombili izindlela zokuthambekela nokugwema, lapho zihambisana namazinga aphezulu ukuthokozela ngokocansi kanye nocansi, kwaholela ekukhuleni okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. |
| UNigash et al. (2016) | USA | Isifundo 1: Abafundi be-123 abafundela phansi abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 nengama-27 ubudala (Mage = 20): (a) abesilisa abangama-32 kanye (b) nabesifazane abangama-91. Isifundo 2:37 sabafundi abenza iziqu eziphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 nengama-28 ubudala (Mage = 19): (a) amadoda angama-24 kanye (b) nabesifazane abayi-13. | Ukwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, ukubambezeleka kwesaphulelo) | Ukubambezeleka Kwemisebenzi Yokwenza Isaphulelo (ukuhlola isaphulelo semali). | Okukhethekile umbuzo ohlola imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi | Isifundo 1: (1) Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi i-1 ibikezele ukubambezeleka kwesaphulelo emasontweni amane kamuva (β= .21; p<.05; R2= 19%). Lokho wukuthi, ababambiqhaza ababika ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziningi babonise isephulelo esiphezulu semivuzo yesikhathi esizayo (okungukuthi, ukuthanda imivuzo emincane esheshayo kunemiklomelo emikhulu ebambezelekile) emasontweni amane kamuva Isifundo 2: (2) Ngemuva kokuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi izinsuku ezingama-21, ababambiqhaza babika ukuthi bancishisiwe amazinga okwehliswa kwesaphulelo (isb., akhombise ukwanda kokuncamelayo kokuzuza okubambezelekile). Lolu shintsho lwalulukhulu kunalolo olwabonwa ababambiqhaza beyeka ukudla abakuthandayo, okusho ukuthi imiphumela emihle yokusebenzisa ukuzithiba ekubambezeleni isaphulelo yayinkulu lapho ukungaziphathi kahle kwakuyizithombe zocansi. |
| USklenarik et al. (2019) | USA | Abesilisa abangama-58 abenza iziqu zabo bazibiza ngabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi (Miminyaka = 19.5; SD= 2.4) Ababambiqhaza abane bahlukaniswa njengabasebenzisi abanenkinga yezithombe zocansi. | Ukwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, ukuthambekela kokugwema indlela) | Indlela Yokugwema (i-AAT) ifaka phakathi zombili izinqubo ezingathathi hlangothi nezocansi.Imiyalo-engasebenzi-engasebenzi (donsa noma uphushe i-stimuli ngokuya ngomfanekiso wesithombe-okuvundlile vs. mpo-). | Izinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Zisebenzisa i-Scale (PPUS) Isikrini Esifushane Sezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile (BPS) | (1) Ukuhlobana phakathi kwezikolo ku-BPS kanye nesilinganiso sokwehlukaniswa kwendlela kwakukuhle futhi kubalulekile (r= .26). Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza bethola amaphuzu aphezulu ku-BPS (okungukuthi, ukubhekana nezinkinga ezengeziwe zokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi) bakhombise ukucwasana okunamandla maqondana nezenzo zocansi. (2) Ababambiqhaza abahlukaniswa njengabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanenkinga bakhombise ukucwasana okunamandla kwezindlela zocansi kunabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abangenayo inkinga. (p<.05). Ngokuyinhloko, abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanenkinga bakhombise ngaphezu kwe-200% yokuqhathanisa indlela enamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangenalesi simo. |
| ISklenarik, iPotenza, iGola, ne-Astur (2020) | USA | Abesifazane abangu-121 abenza iziqu zabo baziveza njengabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi (Miminyaka = 18.9; SD= 1.1). | Ukwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, ukuthambekela kokugwema indlela) | Indlela Yokugwema (i-AAT) ifaka phakathi zombili izinqubo ezingathathi hlangothi nezocansi.Imiyalo-engasebenzi-engasebenzi (donsa noma uphushe i-stimuli ngokuya ngomfanekiso wesithombe-okuvundlile vs. mpo-). | Inkinga Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zisebenzisa i-Scale (PPUS) Isikrini Esifushane Sezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile (BPS) ISnaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) Revised Social Anhedonia Scale- Ifomu Elifushane (R-SAS) | (1) Ukuhlangana phakathi kwezikolo ku-PPUS kanye nenqubo yokubheka ukukhetha kwakukuhle futhi kubalulekile (r= .19). Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza abathola amaphuzu aphezulu ku-PPUS (okungukuthi, ukubhekana nezinkinga eziningi zokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile) bakhombise ukucwasana okunamandla kokuya ocansini. |
| UKahveci et al. (2020) | Netherlands | Abafundi besilisa baseyunivesithi abangama-62 (Miminyaka = 24.47; SD= 6.42): (a) abasebenzisi be-porn abanempilo abangama-57 kanye (b) nabasebenzisi aba-5 abanenkinga. | Ukwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, ukuthambekela kokugwema indlela) | Indlela Yokugwema (i-AAT) kufaka phakathi izikhuthazi zabesifazane (zombili ezigqokile nezinqunu) .Imiyalo ehambisana nomsebenzi (donsela noma ucindezele isikhuthazi ngokusho kokuqukethwe -kugqokile kuqhathaniswa nokuhamba nqunu-). | Izinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Zisebenzisa iSikali (PPUS).Okukhethekile imvamisa yokukala ubukhulu nokuqina kokusetshenziswa kocansi. | (1) Ababambiqhaza ababika besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi babonisa ukucwasana okunamandla maqondana nezenzo zocansi (p= .02). Kodwa-ke, ubunzima bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (kulinganiswa nge-PPUS) abuzange buhambisane kakhulu nendlela yokukhetha (p= .81). (2) Abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abanezinkinga nabangeyona inkinga abangahlukile maqondana nokusondelana nezindlela zocansi (p= .46). |
Qaphela: Izifundo ezibuyekezwe kuleli thebula zihlelwa yisizinda sokuqonda esihloliwe (umbandela wokuqala) kanye nonyaka wokushicilelwa kocwaningo ngokwenyuka (umbandela wesibili)
Okuguqukayo okubili okulandelayo (isb isizinda sokuqonda sihloliwe esifundweni nase imisebenzi yokuhlola noma ama-paradigms asetshenzisiwe ekuhlolweni kwayo) kube nezici ezimaphakathi zalesi sibuyekezo. Ukuze sihlukanise ngezigaba izifundo ngokwesizinda sokuqonda, silandele intela yentela ehlongozwe ngu Ioannidis et al., 2019, I-Brand et al., I-2020. Ikakhulu, sehlukanise phakathi kwale mikhakha yolwazi elandelayo (kanye nezinqubo ezingaphansi): (a) ukwenzelela kokunaka; (b) ukulawulwa kokuvimbela (amandla okuvimbela amandla angaphambi kwamandla, ukulawulwa kokuvimbela izimoto, kanye nokulawulwa kokuvimbela ukunakekelwa); (c) inkumbulo esebenzayo; kanye (d) nokuthathwa kwezinqumo (ukubambezeleka kwesaphulelo, ukuthambekela kokugwema indlela yokwenza, nokwenza izinqumo kungacaci). Ngemuva kwalokho, sichaze i-paradigm yokuhlola esetshenziselwe ukuhlola lezi zizinda zokuqonda (uhlobo lomsebenzi, isikhuthazi esisetshenzisiwe, imiyalo).
Ukuze unikeze ukubuka konke okungahambi kahle kwezifundo ezibuyekeziwe, siphinde saqopha ukusetshenziswa kwe- izinyathelo zokuhlola ezengeziwe (izingxoxo, izikali zokuzibika, izinyathelo zezinzwa noma zengqondo, njll.). Ukuhluka okugcina kufakwe ikhodi ku- Ithebula 1 kufaka phakathi okutholakele okuyinhloko okutholakala ocwaningweni ngalunye. Ukukhishwa kwedatha nokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba kwenzeka ngezindlela ezilandelayo. Ekuqaleni, yonke imiphumela etholakele ocwaningweni ngalunye ikhonjwe kwizigaba zemiphumela neziphetho futhi yabekwa kumafomethi wombhalo. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwenziwa ukuhlaziywa okujulile ukukhomba okutholakele okuhambisana nezinhloso zocwaningo. Lokhu okutholakele kufakiwe ithebula le-1, kanti imininingwane engaphandle kwalokhu kubuyekezwa yayingafakwanga.
I-3. Imiphumela
3.1. Izici zokutadisha
Ithebula 1 kufingqa izifundo ezifakiwe ekubuyekezweni. Ngokuqondene nosuku lokushicilelwa, ngaphezu kwesigamu sezifundo ezibukeziwe (66.66%; n= 14) zashicilelwa eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Izifundo zenziwa emazweni ayisithupha nasemazwekazini amathathu: iYurophu (57.14%; n= 12), eNyakatho Melika (23.80%; n= 5), nase-Asia (19.04%; n= 4).
Ngokuya ngosayizi wesampula nokumelwa, izifundo ezifakiwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa zihlolisise inani labahlanganyeli be-1,706. Ukusatshalaliswa kwababambiqhaza kwezocansi nobudala bekungalingani neze: kuphela yi-26.20% yabahlanganyeli kwakungabesifazane (n= 447), nezifundo eziyi-15 (71.42%) kuhlolwe kuphela ababambiqhaza besilisa. Ucwaningo oluningi luhlolisise ababambiqhaza abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-30 ubudala (Miminyaka = 25.15). Ngokuya ngobulili, izifundo eziyi-12 (57.14%) zihlolisise kuphela abahlanganyeli bobulili obuhlukile. Ngokuqondene nezici zesampula, ama-52.38% ezifundo (n= 11) kubikwe ukuhlolwa kwamasampuli emitholampilo, kufaka phakathi inani leziguli ezingama-226 ezitholwe zinePPU.
Okwezizinda ezinengqondo izifundo ezigxile kuzo, i-42.85% (n= 9) kubhekwe ukwenziwa kwezinqumo, 23.80% (n= 5) ukubhekelela ukunakwa, 19.04% (n= 4) ukulawula okuvimbela, kanye no-14.28% (n= 3) inkumbulo esebenzayo. Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo zokuhlola ezihambisanayo, ama-76.19% ezifundo (n= 16) kulawulwa izikali zokuzibika ukuze kuhlolwe ubukhona be-PPU noma izimpawu ze-SA, HD, noma i-CSBD, i-38.09% (n= 8) kufaka nezinyathelo zezinye izindlela zokuya ocansini (isb., Ukuheha / ukuvimbela ezocansi), 28.57% (n= 6) kulinganiswa ukungabi namandla, kanye no-19.04% (n= 4) usebenzise imibiko yokuzihlola ukuhlola izimpawu zengqondo.
3.2. Ukuchema okubhekiwe
Ukuchema okubhekwayo kuchazwa ngokuthi “ukuthambekela kwezinye izisusa zokucutshungulwa ngokukhetha, ngakho-ke kuthathwa ukunakwa"(I-Kagerer ne-al., I-2014). Le nqubo yokuqwashisa ichaza okubalulekile lapho kucutshungulwa izinto ezincintisanayo: ngenxa yokuthi izinsiza zethu zokunaka zikhawulelwe, ukucutshungulwa ngobunono obukhulu kucutshungulwa ngokukhetha. Lesi yisimo sezikhuthazi ezifanele ukusinda kwezinhlobo (isb., Izinto ezibonisa usongo olungaba khona). Njengoba kuhlongozwe ngamamodeli wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okunakwa ngabantu (I-Yorzinski, iPenkunas, iPlatt, ne-Coss, 2014), lokhu kukhathalela okunakwa kuqala kubekiwe ngokwemvelo: ngakho-ke, wonke umuntu wabelana ngalesi simo. Kodwa-ke, umehluko owehlukile ebunyameni bezinto ezithile oye wabonwa nawo, uthonye ukwabiwa kokunakwa phakathi kwesikhuthazo esincintisanayo. Lesi yisenzeko esifundwe kabanzi kuma-SUDs (Inkambu, uMarhe, noFranken, 2014). Ukuthambekela kokukhetha ukucubungula izindlela ezihlobene nezidakamizwa kubhalwe phansi ngezinto eziningi (ICox, Fadardi, & Pothos, 2006). Lezi zifundo zikhombisa ukuthi abantu abane-SUDs bayaqaphela futhi bahlanganyele ezintweni ezihlobene nezidakamizwa kalula kunabasebenzisi abangezona izidakamizwa, nokuthi izinkomba ezihlobene nokulutha ziba ngaphezu kwezinye izinto. Muva nje, ubandlululo olubhekiswe ezintweni ezihlobene nokulutha luye lwaboniswa kuma-BA ahlukahlukene, njengokugembula (UHønsi et al., 2013), Ukudlala, noma ukusebenzisa amanethiwekhi omphakathi okunenkinga (I-Wegmann & Brand, 2020). Umbono wokukhuthaza ukugqugquzela usetshenziselwe ukuchaza ukubandlulula okuyisisekelo maqondana nezindlela ezihlobene nokulutha (URobinson neBerridge, ngo-2001). Ngokwale mbono, izinqubo zokuhlelwa kwemikhuba yakudala zichaza ukuthi izindlela zokulutha umlutha zigcina ziphakamisa ukunaka: ikakhulukazi, ukubhangqwa okuphindaphindwayo kwezindlela ezithile zokulutha nemiphumela etholakala ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa kuholela ekwandeni kwesibindi salezi zinto, ngaleyo ndlela 'ukubamba 'ukunakwa futhi uhehe ikakhulukazi futhi' ufune '.
I-paradigm ethandwa kakhulu yokuhlola lokhu kucwasana kokuqashelwa okungazi lutho kungumsebenzi we-dot-probe (van Rooijen, Ploeger, & Kret, 2017). Kulo msebenzi, izinto ezimbili (isib. Amagama, izithombe, ubuso) zethulwa ngasikhathi sinye isikhathi esifushane (imvamisa, <500ms) ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zesikrini sekhompyutha. Enye yalezi zinto ezikhuthazayo ukungathathi hlangothi ngokomzwelo (isb., Izinto zasekhishini), kanti enye inesikhuthazo okufanele sikhiphe ukunakekela (isib. Ibhodlela lewayini emsebenzini ohlobene namachashazi). Ngokushesha ngemuva kokunyamalala kwalezi zinto, into engathathi hlangothi (a 'ichashazi') yethulwa esikhaleni esasihlala kwesinye salezi zinto, futhi ababambiqhaza kufanele bacindezele inkinobho yokuphendula ngokushesha lapho bebona le nto. Ukuchema okunakwa kukalwa ngezikhathi zokuphendula: ababambiqhaza kucatshangwa ukuthi bazophendula ngokushesha lapho 'ichashazi' livela eduze kwesikhuthazo ababesibheka (isb.ukukhuthaza ukunakwa ezingeni eliqondile). Ekubuyekezeni kwethu, izifundo ezine zisebenzise umsebenzi we-dot-probe ukuhlola ukunakwa kwe-PPU. Ezimbili zalezi zifundo zisebenzise ukwakheka kokuhlola okufanayo (ukungathathi hlangothi uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo zocansi kanye nama-500ms wesethulo eshukumisayo)I-Doornwaard et al., 2014, I-Kagerer ne-al., I-2014), kanti abanye ababili basebenzise ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi (ukufakwa kwezinhlobo ezintathu zezinto ezishukumisayo [okusobala, okuvusa inkanuko, nokungathathi hlangothi] kanye nama-150ms wesethulo sokukhuthaza) (I-Banca et al., 2016, I-Mechelmans et al., 2014). Ucwaningo olulodwa luhlolisise umkhombe wokubhekela ukunakekelwa kweparadigm yokuhlola ehlukile (okungukuthi, umsebenzi wokuhlola obonakalayo; I-Pekal, i-Laier, i-Snagowski, i-Stark, ne-Brand, i-2018), futhi izifundo ezimbili zazibandakanya imisebenzi ehambisanayo yokuhlola ezinye izici zokunaka: umsebenzi wokusesha amagama ukukala ukunakwa okukhethiwe (I-Doornwaard et al., 2014) nomsebenzi wokulinganisa umugqa wokulinganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba (I-Kagerer ne-al., I-2014).
Okutholakele okususelwe kuzo zonke izifundo ezibuyekeziwe kusikisela ukuthi abantu abane-PPU, abasebenzisa kakhulu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, noma abanezici ezihlobene ne-PPU basethubeni lokunaka ukubhekelwa kwezocansi. Esampuleni yamadoda angama-46 nabesifazane abangama-41 abesilisa nabesifazane, U-Kagerer et al. (2014) bathole ukuthi abafuna ukuzwa imizwa yezocansi bathambekele ekuphenduleni ngokushesha emsebenzini we-dot-probe lapho ichashazi livela eduze kwesithombe socansi, futhi bahlukanise ngokushesha izithombe ezibonisa ucansi emsebenzini wokuqondisa umugqa. I-Doornwaard et al. (I-2014) bathole ukuthi ababambiqhaza abadla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njalo (abasebenzisi abalinganiselayo nabaphezulu bezithombe zocansi nabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi eziphansi) bebephendula ngokushesha umsebenzi wephenyo lamachashazi, ngaphandle kokuthi ichashaza livele eduze kwesithombe esingathathi hlangothi noma sezocansi. Ocwaningweni oluqhathanisa iziguli ezingama-22 ezine-CSBD (i-PPU njengenkinga yazo eyinhloko yocansi) kanye nezilawuli ezinempilo ezingama-44, zangaphambili zabonisa ukubandlulula okukhulu ekunikezeni inkanuko yezocansi (I-Mechelmans et al., 2014). Ngokuphawulekile, lokhu kukhathalela kokunaka kwabonwa kuphela lapho ababambiqhaza bethulwa ngezisusa zocansi; lapho yethulwa nge-stimulus erotic (okungukuthi, izinga eliphansi lokuzichaza) noma ukugqugquzela okungathathi hlangothi, ababambiqhaza abane-CSBD kanye namavolontiya anempilo baphendule ngokufanayo. Ukuhlaziya idatha kusuka kulolu cwaningo, Banca et al. (I-2016) ithole ukuthi izihloko ezinokuthandwa okukhulu kwezimo zocansi ezinesimo (ikakhulukazi, lezo ezine-CSBD ne-PPU) nazo zikhombise ukukhethwa kokunaka okwenziwe ngcono kwezocansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuthanda inoveli ngokuqhathanisa nokujwayela okungajwayelekile kwakungahlotshaniswa nokunaka kwezinhloso zocansi. Ngakho-ke, baphetha ngokuthi ukubandlulula ekubhekaneni nezenzo zobulili kuhlotshaniswa nokuthandwa okukhulu kwezinkomba ezifakwe ezithombeni zobulili, kodwa hhayi ngokuthanda okungajwayelekile. Lesi siphetho sihambisana nombono wokhuthazo lokukhuthaza (URobinson neBerridge, ngo-2001), Ukuphakamisa ukuthi ukubhekelela ukunakekelwa kwezidakamizwa kungumphumela wezinqubo zokulungisa izinto zakudala; kodwa-ke, kuyaphikisana nokutholakele ocwaningweni olwenziwe ngu U-Kagerer et al. (2014), Okutholile ubudlelwano phakathi kokuchema nokunaka ukufuna imizwa yezocansi (ukukhetha okuthandwa yintsha). Ekugcineni, UPekal et al. (2018) ithole ukuthi ukubandlulula ekubhekaneni nezenzo zocansi kwakuhambisana nokuqina kokulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukulangazelela (okusho, ukufisa ukushaya indlwabu lapho kuvezwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile), nokuvuswa kocansi okuzithobayo. Lokhu okutholakele bekungaguquguquki kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane, futhi kwahlukaniswa kancane ngokufisa nokuvusa inkanuko yobulili (okungukuthi, umphumela wokunaka ukubhekabheka ukuluthwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile wakhuliswa yi-cue-reactivity nokulangazelela).
I-3.3. Ukulawula i-inhibitory
Ukulawulwa kokuvimbela kudlala indima enkulu uma kukhulunywa ngokulawula ukusebenza komuntu njengoba kubhekwa njengokuzibophezela ekucindezeleni imicabango, izenzo, nemizwelo ekuphenduleni izidingo zemvelo: lapho isimilo esithile singasasebenzi noma siyingozi (ikakhulukazi kulokhu okulandelayo) Ukulawulwa kokuvimbela kuvumela ukuma nokukufaka esikhundleni sokunye - ukuziphatha okuguquliwe- ukuziphatha (IVerbruggen neLogan, ngo-2008). Ukulawulwa kwe-inhibitory okuntulayo kuvame ukutholakala ezimeni eziningi zengqondo, kufaka phakathi ama-SUDs (U-Bechara, i-2005kanye nama-BA (I-Brand et al., I-2016, 2019). Ucwaningo lokuhlola luthole amazinga amathathu okulawulwa kokuvimbela (IChamberlain neSahakian, 2007, UHoward et al., 2014): (a) ukulawula okuvimbela izimoto (okungukuthi, amandla okubamba izimpendulo ezingakaqalwa); (b) amandla okulawula amandla angaphambi kwamandla (okungukuthi, amandla okucindezela izimpendulo esezivele zibangelwe); futhi (c) ukunakekelwa kokulawulwa kokuvimbela (okungukuthi, amandla okucindezela ukucubungula okungahambelani kokuqonda kanye nokususa ukunaka kude nezici ezibalulekile kodwa ezingabalulekile zalesi simo).
Ukulawulwa kwe-motor inhibitory ngokuvamile kukalwa nge-go / no-go paradigm. Kulomsebenzi, izifundo zethulwa ngochungechunge lwezinto ezishukumisayo futhi ziyalelwa ukuba ziphendule ngokushesha okukhulu lapho kwethulwa i-'gus stimulus ', futhi zibambe izimpendulo zazo lapho kwethulwa i-'no-go stimulus' (isb.,cindezela inkinobho yokuphendula lapho umugqa ovundlile uvela esikrinini ” futhi “Ungacindezeli inkinobho yokuphendula lapho kuvela umugqa omile esikrinini”). Kulo msebenzi, ukuvinjelwa okungaphendulwanga kokuphendula kukalwa ngenombolo yokweqiwa (ababambiqhaza behluleka ukuphendula 'ekulingweni kokuya') namakhomishini (ababambiqhaza behluleka ukuvimbela impendulo 'esivivinyweni sokungahambi'). Ekubuyekezeni kwethu, yisifundo esisodwa kuphela esisebenzise lo msebenzi ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-PPU nokulawulwa kokuvimbela izimoto (Seok & Sohn, 2020). Kulolu cwaningo, ababambiqhaza (amadoda angama-30 ahlangabezana nenqubo yokuxilongwa kwe-HD kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zamasonto onke okuphawulekayo vs. amadoda angama-30 aphilile abika ukusetshenziswa kocansi okulingene) aqedele inguqulo eguquliwe yalomsebenzi lapho okwethulwa khona (izinhlamvu) ezingathathi hlangothi isizinda esingathathi hlangothi noma sezocansi. Ababhali bathola ukuthi iziguli ezine-HD kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okwandisiwe kwamasonto onke kwenziwa kabi emsebenzini wokuhamba / wokuhamba kunokulawulwa okunempilo, ikakhulukazi 'ezivivinyweni ezingahambi' (lezo ezidinga ukuvinjelwa) nalapho umsebenzi wethulwa kanye nezithombe zocansi ku isizinda. Ngakho-ke, baphethe ngokuthi iziguli ezine-HD zibonakala zithambekele ekuhlangabezaneni nezinkinga ngokuvinjelwa kokuphendula ngezimoto, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuvinjelwa kufanele kwenzeke ngesikhathi sokuvezwa kwezimpawu zocansi.
I-paradigm ethandwa kakhulu ukukala ukulawulwa kokuvimbela amandla okuqala kungumsebenzi wokumisa isignali. Kumsebenzi wesignali yokumisa, izifundo zivamise ukwenza umsebenzi wokuphendula okhethwayo (isb., “cindezela u-'R 'ngemuva kokwethulwa kombuthano obomvu no-'B' ngemuva kokwethulwa kombuthano oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka”). Ngesikhathi sezilingo ezithile (okungukuthi, 'izivivinyo zesiginali yokuma'), izifundo zethulwa ngesiginali yokumisa ngemuva kokwethulwa kwesikhuthazi (isb., Isinali lokuzwa) elibonisa ukuthi kufanele livimbele impendulo esivele iqalile ku-stimuli. Kulomsebenzi, ukuvinjelwa kwempendulo yezimoto ezinamandla kuqala kukalwa ngenombolo yamaphutha ekhomishini nesikhathi sokumiswa kwesiginali (ie, isilinganiso sesikhathi esithathiwe ukucindezela impendulo ebingavamise ukwenziwa) (IVerbruggen neLogan, ngo-2008). Ekubuyekezeni kwethu, isifundo esisodwa kuphela esihlolisise ukulawula amandla okuvikela amandla angaphambilini ku-PPU (I-Antons & Brand, 2020). Lolu cwaningo luthole ukuthi ubukhali bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi (kulinganiswa nge-S-IATporn –isikali sokuhlola izimpawu zokulutha-) nokulangazelela (okungukuthi, isifiso esinamandla sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile) okuhambisana nezikhathi zokuphendula ngesikhathi 'sokulingwa kwamasignali' kuzo zombili izindlela nezimo zocansi. Ngokumangazayo, ukwanda kobukhali bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi kanye nokulangazelela kwakuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo (okungukuthi, ukulawula okungcono kwamandla okuvimbela izimoto). Ababhali bachaze lokhu okutholakele okuphikisanayo ngokusikisela ukuthi izihloko ezinesimo esiphakeme kakhulu sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ezisetshenziswayo kanye nokulangazelela kungenzeka ukuthi zenze ukubekezelelana okuthile ezithombeni ezingcolile, okusho ukuthi ukuvezwa kwalokhu okuqukethwe bekungaphazamisi kangako.
Ukulawulwa kokuvimbela ukunakwa kuvame ukulinganiswa nge-classical Stroop paradigm. Kulo msebenzi, ababambiqhaza bayalwa ukuba baqambe umbala wefonti wamagama ahlukene anemibala. Abahlanganyeli bayakhuthazwa ukuthi baphendule ngokushesha okukhulu, ngenkathi isikhathi sokuphendula namaphutha kukalwa njengezinyathelo zomphumela. Umbala wefonti wegama elinombala ungahle uhlangane (isb. Igama elithi 'BLUE' kufonti eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) noma okungavumelekile (isb., Igama elithi 'BLUE' kufonti ebomvu), nezihloko zivame ukwethula izikhathi zokuphendula ezibambezelekile namaphutha andile kulokhu okulandelayo isimo. Ukulawulwa kokuvimbela ukunakwa kubalwa njengomehluko phakathi kokusebenza kwezihloko ezimeni ezihambisanayo nezingahambelani. Kulesi sibuyekezo, isifundo esisodwa kuphela esisebenzise le paradigm ukuhlola ukunakekelwa kokulawulwa kokuqapha kusampula yeziguli ezinemigomo yomhlangano wePPU yokuxilongwa kwe-HD (Seok & Sohn, 2018). Lolu cwaningo luthole ukuthi abantu abane-HD nezilawuli ezinempilo bakhombise izikhathi ezifanayo zokuphendula lapho bephendula umsebenzi we-stroop, kepha okwedlule bekunganembi kangako lapho bephendula izivivinyo ze-stroop ezingekho emthethweni. Lokhu okutholakele kufanele kuthathwe njengokuqala, kepha baveza ukuthi iziguli ezine-HD zingahlangabezana nezinkinga ezithile zokususa ukunakwa kude nezimo ezingafanele. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zibhekane nokuthi ngabe lezi zinkinga ziyanda yini uma kusetshenziswa izinto ezingokobulili njengeziphazamisayo.
3.4. Inkumbulo esebenzayo
Imemori yokusebenza iyadingeka ukugcina izinto engqondweni ngenkathi kwenziwa imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, njengokucabanga, ukuqonda, noma ukufunda (I-Baddeley, 2010). Kuchazwa ngokuthi “uhlelo lokugcina okwesikhashana kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa ulwazi olugciniwe 'oluku-inthanethi' olwenzeka ngesikhathi semisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokuqonda"(Owen et al., 1998, k. 567) futhi kufaka phakathi izinto ezimbili ezimaphakathi: ingxenye yememori (enqunyelwe ezenzakalweni ezenzeka esikhathini esifushane-- futhi kwesinye isikhathi ilinganiswa nomqondo 'wesitolo sememori sesikhashana esifushane'--) nengxenye yokusebenza (edingekayo ekuqondeni, ekuxazululeni izinkinga, nokwenza izinqumo) (I-Cowan, i-2014). Ezingeni elisebenzayo, abantu abanememori yokusebenza engcono basebenza kahle kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane / izimfuno zamanje zemvelo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okwedlule; Ngokuphambene nalokho, abantu abanokushoda kwememori yokusebenza bavame ukungakunaki okuhlangenwe nakho okwedlule lapho bethatha izinqumo zamanje, bevumela isifiso sokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okukhanukayo ngaphandle kokucabanga ngemiphumela emibi engaba khona. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukukhubazeka kwememori yokusebenza kwandisa ubungozi bokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuyinkinga okuningi, kufaka phakathi ama-SUDs (IKhurana, Romer, Betancourt, & Hurt, 2017kanye nama-BA (Ioannidis et al., 2019).
The nUmsebenzi wokubuyela emuva ungenye yama-paradigms athandwa kakhulu wokuhlola inkumbulo yokusebenza (U-Owen, McMillan, Laird, noBullmore, 2005). Kulo msebenzi, ababambiqhaza bayalwa ukuba babheke uchungechunge lwezinto ezakhayo (isb. Amagama noma izithombe) futhi baphendule noma nini lapho kwethulwa umfutho omusha ofana nalowo owethulwe n izilingo ngaphambili. Ukufunwa kokuqonda okudingekayo ukwenza lo msebenzi kuyanda njengomsebenzi we n izilingo ezidingekayo ukukhunjulwa: imisebenzi lapho abahlanganyeli kudingeka baphendule kwisikhuthazi esethulwe okubili (2-back) noma izilingo ezintathu ngaphambili (3-back) kubhekwa njengokuyinkimbinkimbi. Izihloko kufanele zikhombise ukuthi ngabe isikhuthazi ngasinye sethulwe phambilini noma cha, futhi inkumbulo yokusebenza ihlolwa ngezikhathi zokuphendula nokunemba kwempendulo (UMeule, 2017). Kulesi sibuyekezo, sithole izifundo ezintathu sisebenzisa i- nUmsebenzi wokubuyisela emuva ukukala imemori yokusebenza ku-PPU. Imisebenzi yokuhlola esetshenziselwa ukuhlola lesi sizinda sokuqonda yayihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundo: ISinke, i-Engel, iVit, uHartmann, iHillemacher, iKneer, neKruger (2020) kuqhathaniswa nokusebenza kwe-1-back kanye nomsebenzi we-2-back ngenkathi ababambiqhaza bethulwa ngesizinda esingathathi hlangothi noma sezocansi I-Au neTang (2019) ngisebenzise umsebenzi we-3-back ngemuva kokungeniswa kwezimo ezingokomzwelo ezinhle, ezingezinhle, zocansi, noma ezingathathi hlangothi; futhi I-Laier, Schulte, neBrand (2013) wenza umsebenzi we-4-back kufaka nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengezisusa. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kwehluka okuphawulekayo, imiphumela yayihambisana kakhulu: ababambiqhaza abasebenzisa kakhulu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye / noma iziguli ezine-PPU (izigaba ezimbili ezizimele kepha ezihlobene) bavame ukwenza okubi kakhulu emisebenzini ehlola imemori yokusebenza, ikakhulukazi lapho lesi sizinda sokuqonda sihlolwa ngesikhathi sethulwa izinkanuko zobulili ezihambisanayo. U-Laier et al. (2013) ithole ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi ngokuzithoba ngemuva kokubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokulangazelela i-porn (izici ezimbili eziyisisekelo ze-PPU) ezihambisana nezinkomba ezihlukile zokungasebenzi kahle kwememori yokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zinguquko ezimbili kwabikezela i-27% yomehluko ekusebenzeni komsebenzi we-4-back. I-Au neTang (2019) ukuqinisekisile ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanezinkinga ezinkulu zokuphoqeleka ngokocansi benza kabi kwimemori yokusebenza (ukunemba okuncane nesikhathi esengeziwe sokuphendula), ngaphandle komongo womzwelo nohlobo lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo nisivivinyo -back. Ekugcineni, USinke et al. (2020) ithole ukuthi iziguli ezine-CSBD zenze kabi kunokulawula okunempilo lapho i- nUkuhlolwa kwe-back kwenziwa ngesithombe socansi ngemuva, kepha hhayi lapho umsebenzi wenziwa ngesithombe esingathathi hlangothi ngemuva. Ngokuphawulekile, lolu cwaningo luthole ukuthi iziguli eziphoqelela ngokocansi zenze kangcono kunokulawula okunempilo emsebenzini wokulinganisa ukuqashelwa kwesikhathi eside kwezenzo zocansi, okuphakamisa ukuthi iziguli ezine-PPU zingaba nekhanda / ukukhumbula okungcono kwezimpawu zocansi yize kunezinkinga zesikhashana esifushane ngememori yokusebenza.
3.5. Ukwenza isinqumbo
Ukwenza izinqumo kungenye yezinqubo ezisemqoka kakhulu zokuqonda njengoba kuthonya ezicini eziningi zokuziphatha okugxile emigomweni. Ngamafuphi, ukuthatha izinqumo kuchazwa njengamandla okukhetha ukukhetha okulungile kubhekwa yonke imininingwane etholakalayo (Ioannidis et al., 2019). Abantu abanokukhubazeka kokuthatha izinqumo bavame ukukhombisa ukuthanda izinzuzo ezincane zesikhashana kunokuthola inzuzo enkulu yesikhathi eside, ukuthambekela kokuthambekela ekubhekaneni nezisusa zokwehliswa (isib. , zivame ukungabi naphutha lapho zahlulela amathuba nobukhulu bemiphumela engaba khona, futhi zivame ukubekezela ekuphenduleni kwazo ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi. Ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ukuthi lezi zici ziyejwayelekile kubantu abane-SUDs (U-Bechara, i-2005, U-Ernst noPaulus, 2005) nama-BA (isb., ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo kwi-Intanethi; I-Schiebener & Brand, 2017), okwenza okuyisisekelo 'sokuqonda' kwezinye zezinkinga zabo zokuzilawula.
Njengoba kuchazwe ngamamodeli wamuva wezemfundiso, ukuthatha izinqumo kwenzeka ngezinyathelo ezahlukahlukene ezibandakanya ukusebenza okuhlukile kokuqonda okusebenzayo (U-Ernst noPaulus, 2005). Isinyathelo sokuqala sokwenza izinqumo (okungukuthi, ukuhlolwa nokwakheka kokuncamelayo phakathi kwezinketho ezingaba khona) kuthonywa ukuthandwa kwemivuzo emincane esheshayo kunemivuzo emikhulu ebambezelekile (isb., Isaphulelo). Ukwehliswa kuhlolwe ngemisebenzi yesaphulelo. Le misebenzi ilinganisa “izinga lapho umuntu ehlisa khona amandla okokuqinisa njengomsebenzi wokubambezeleka noma okungenzeka ukukuthola"(Ummeli, 2008, p. 36). Kuma-classical 'task discounting task', ababambiqhaza banikezwa isimo lapho kufanele benze khona ukukhetha (isib. “ufuna i-1 € manje noma i-10 € kusasa?”). Ekuvivinyweni kokuqala, ababambiqhaza bavame ukukhetha izinzuzo ezinkulu ezibambezelekile. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, inani elincane elinyukayo lenyuka ngokuhlelekile (1 €, 2 €, 3 €…) futhi, ngesikhathi esithile (isib., 8 € manje noma ngo-10 € kusasa), abantu bavame ukushintshela kumphumela osheshayo ngaphezulu umphumela obambezelekile. 'Kumsebenzi wokuncishiswa kwamathuba', amathuba okuthola imiphumela ethile iyashintsha ngokuqhubeka kwesilingo (isb.,ingabe ukhetha i-1 € ngokuqinisekile noma i-10 € enethuba elingu-25%?”). Kulesi sibuyekezo, izifundo ezimbili zisebenzise le misebenzi ukuhlola isaphulelo ku-PPU. Isifundo esisodwa silinganise ukubambezeleka nokubambezeleka kwamathuba kokubili imali ne-eerotica (Ummeli, 2008), kanti okunye kukalwa kuphela ukwehliselwa ukubambezeleka kwemali (UNegash, uVan, uSheppard, uLambert, noFincham, ngo-2016). Ummeli (2008) ithole ukuthi kuyo yomibili imisebenzi yokuphungula ukubambezeleka kwemali kanye ne-eerotica, abasebenzisi be-eerotica bakhetha ukuqiniswa okuncane okutholakala ngokushesha kunabaqinisi abakhulu abahlinzekwe ngemuva kokubambezeleka okuthile. Ngokufanayo, abasebenzisi be-erotica bakhetha imiphumela emincane kodwa ethize kunemiphumela emikhulu kepha engaqinisekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lapho ukuziphatha ngokocansi kwakuyinkinga kuhambisana nesaphulelo. Sekukonke, abasebenzisi be-eerotica (ikakhulukazi, labo abakhombisa izimpawu eziningi ze-PPU) bathambekele ekuboniseni amaphethini wokukhetha ongacabangi kunabasebenzisi be-non-erotica. Ngokufanayo, UNigash et al. (2016) ithole ukuthi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kulinganiswa ngesikhathi i-1 ibikezele ukubambezeleka kwesaphulelo emasontweni amane kamuva: futhi, ababambiqhaza ababika ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babonisa isephulelo esiphezulu semivuzo yesikhathi esizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathole ukuthi ngemuva kokuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile izinsuku ezingama-21, ababambiqhaza babike amazinga anciphisiwe okuphuza ukubambezeleka (okungukuthi, akhombise ukwanda kokuncamelayo kwabo ukuthola inzuzo ezinde). Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukukhubazeka kokwenza izinqumo okuhlobene ne-PPU kungahle kube yilahleko yesikhashana etholakala ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi eziqhubekayo, futhi ukuzithiba ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaba nomthelela omuhle esikhathini esimaphakathi kuleli khono lokuqonda.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokwenza izinqumo siphinde sithonywe enye inqubo yokuqonda: sondela ekuqondeni kwesikhuthazi. Ukuchema kwendlela kuchazwa ngokuthi “ukuthambekela kwesenzo okusebenza ngokuzenzakalela ukusondela ezinkomba ezihlobene nomvuzo"(IKahveci, van Bocstaele, Blechert, neWiers, 2020, k. 2). Iparadigm ethandwa kakhulu yokuhlola lesi sici ngumsebenzi wokugwema indlela (AAT). Ku-AAT, ababambiqhaza basebenzisa induku yokudlala ukudonsa izinto ezithile ezethulwe esikrinini sekhompiyutha bebhekise kubo (ukusondela kokukhetha) noma ukududula kude (ukugwema ukukhetha). Ukusetshenziswa kwenduku yokudlala (okungukuthi, ukunyakaza ngokomzimba) kanye nokufakwa kwesici sokusondeza (okungukuthi, ukunyakaza okubukwayo) kuthuthukisa umphumela wokusondela / wokugwema isikhuthazi. Endabeni ye-PPU, izifundo zigxile ekubhekeleni izindlela zokuya ocansini: ikakhulukazi, izifundo ezine zisebenzise i-AAT ukuhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kokuchema nezindlela zokuya ocansini ne-PPU. Izifundo ziyehluka ngokuya ngesikhuthazi esisetshenzisiwe nohlobo lwemiyalo enikezwe ababambiqhaza. Ngokuqondene nesikhuthazo, izifundo ezintathu zazibandakanya zombili izinto ezingathathi hlangothi nezocansi (ikakhulukazi izithombe), kanti isifundo sesine sasihlanganisa kuphela nezenzo zocansi. Ngokuqondene nemiyalo yomsebenzi, izifundo ezimbili zisebenzise 'imiyalo engasebenzi' (donsela noma ucindezele izikhuthazi ngokuya ngomumo wesithombe-ovundlile uqondile mpo)) (ISklenarik et al., 2019, 2020) kanye nemiyalo emibili esetshenzisiwe 'ephathelene nomsebenzi' (donsa noma uphushe izikhuthazi ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwabo -ukuya ocansini kuqhathaniswa nokungathathi hlangothi noma ukugqokile nqunu-) (UKahveci et al., 2020, I-Snagowski neBrand, 2015). Lo mehluko ungachaza eminye yemiphumela engahambelani etholakala kulezi zifundo. Esifundweni kubandakanya nabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abesilisa abayi-123, I-Snagowski neBrand (2015) bathole ubudlelwane be-curvilinear phakathi kokuthambekela kokugwema indlela nobukhali bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile: ikakhulukazi, abantu abane-PPU bakhombise indlela eyeqisayo noma ukuthambekela kokugwema ngokweqile ekubhekaneni nezenzo zocansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uchungechunge lwezifundo olwenziwe nguSklenarik et al. uphakamise ukuthi, kokubili kwabesilisa (2019) nakwabesifazane (2020), ubukhali bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kukhombisile ubudlelwane obuqondile (hhayi i-curvilinear) nobandlululo lwendlela yokuya ocansini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabesilisa kepha hhayi kwabesifazane, abantu abane-PPU bakhombise ukukhetha okunamandla maqondana nezenzo zocansi kunabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abangenayo inkinga: ikakhulukazi, abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanenkinga bakhombise ukwedlula indlela ye-200% enamandla kunabantu abangenayo i-PPU. Ekugcineni, UKahveci et al. (2020) bathole ukuthi abantu ababika besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi babonisa ukucwasana okunamandla maqondana nezenzo zocansi; Kodwa-ke, ukuqina kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (kulinganiswa nge-Problematic Pornography Use Scale -PPUS-) akuzange kuhambisane kakhulu nokukhetha okusetshenziswayo, futhi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abanenkinga nabangeyona inkinga abangahlukile maqondana nezindlela zokubhekela ubulili. Lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi imvamisa -kodwa hhayi ubucayi- bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungahle kube yinto esemqoka lapho ubikezela ukubandlulula kwezindlela zobulili.
Isinyathelo sesibili sokwenza izinqumo sisho ukukhethwa nokwenziwa kwesenzo (U-Ernst noPaulus, 2005). Kulesi sinyathelo, ukuhlolwa kobungozi, ubukhulu bomvuzo, kanye namathuba emiphumela ehlukile kuyisici esiyinhloko sokwenza izinqumo. Lezi zici zingahlolwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbili: ubungozi obunobungozi kanye nobungozi obuyindida (I-Schiebener & Brand, 2017). Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi azikho izifundo ezihlolisise ukuthatha izinqumo 'ngaphansi kwengozi' ku-PPU, sizogxila ekuthathweni kwezinqumo 'ngaphansi kwengozi engaqondakali'. Kule misebenzi, abantu abanikezwanga imininingwane ecacile mayelana namathuba emiphumela emihle / emibi etholakala ekukhetheni kwabo ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi; ngakho-ke, kufanele izinqumo zabo zokuqala bazisekele 'emizweni' futhi, lapho benza umsebenzi, bangafunda imithetho ebekiwe esinqumweni ngasinye ngokusebenzisa impendulo yangezikhathi ezithile (okusho, ukufunda okubuyela emuva ngokungaguquki) (Bechara, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 2005). Umsebenzi odume kakhulu wokuhlola lesi sici yi-Iowa Gambling Test (IGT). Ku-IGT, ababambiqhaza banikezwa i-2000 € ngenkomba yokuthi kufanele bakhulise izinzuzo zabo phakathi nomsebenzi. Ababambiqhaza bakhetha amakhadi ezindaweni ezine ezilele phansi: amadokodo u-A no-B ayingozi (ukuzuza okuphezulu kepha nokulahleka okukhulu kakhulu), kanti ama-C no-D anenzuzo (ukuzuza okulinganiselwe nokulahleka okuncane) (IBuelow neSuhr, 2009). Ukukhetha amakhadi kusuka kumadeski A / B kuholela ekulahlekelweni okuphelele, kanti amakhadi asuka emakhoneni C / D aholela ekuzuzeni okuphelele. Ngakho-ke, abantu abanamakhono afanele okwenza izinqumo bathambekele ekukhetheni amakhadi ngokukhetha kumakhekhe C / D (USteingroever, Wetzels, Horstmann, Neumann, & Wagenmaker, 2013). Kulesi sibuyekezo, sithole izifundo ezimbili ezilinganisa ukwenza izinqumo ngokungacaci nge-IGT. UMulhauser et al. (2014) usebenzise i-classical version ye-IGT ukuqhathanisa ukwenza izinqumo kusampula yeziguli eziyi-18 ezine-HD (i-PPU njengenkinga yokuqala yezocansi) nezilawuli ezinempilo ezingama-44. Laba bacwaningi bathole ukuthi iziguli ezi-hypersexual kungenzeka ukuthi zikhethe ama-deck anezinhlawulo zokulahlekelwa njalo, iphethini yokuphendula eholela ekusebenzeni kabi ku-IGT. I-Laier, i-Pawlikowski, neBrith (i-2014) ngisebenzise inguqulo eguquliwe ye-IGT lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zezinto ezishukumisayo (ezingathathi hlangothi nezithombe zocansi) zanikezwa enye ideski elinenzuzo noma elibi. Bavivinye isampula labasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abangenayo inkinga, bathola ukuthi ukusebenza ku-IGT kwakungcono lapho izifiso zocansi zihlotshaniswa nezinqumo ezizuzisayo futhi zimbi kakhulu lapho zihlotshaniswa nezinqumo ezingezinhle (okungukuthi, izinkomba zocansi ezinesimo sokwenza izinqumo). Lo mphumela walungiswa ukusetshenziswakwabantu ngabanye kokuqukethwe kocansi: kubantu ababika ukuvuswa kocansi okuphezulu ngemuva kwesethulo sezithombe zocansi, ithonya lezenzo zocansi ekwenzeni izinqumo lalilikhulu. Ngokufingqa, lezi zifundo ezimbili ziphakamisa ukuthi abantu abakhombisa ukuphinda basebenze okuphezulu phambi kwesimo sezocansi noma nge-PPU bakhombise ukwenza izinqumo ezimbi, ikakhulukazi uma le nqubo iqondiswa yizimpawu zocansi. Lokhu kungachaza ukuthi kungani laba bantu behlangabezana nezinkinga ukulawula indlela abaziphatha ngayo kwezocansi naphezu kwemiphumela ebanzi ehlukahlukene ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.
I-4. Ingxoxo
Ephepheni lamanje, sibukeza futhi sihlanganise ubufakazi obutholwe ezifundweni ezingama-21 eziphenya ngezinqubo zokuqonda ezingaphansi kwe-PPU. Ngamafuphi, i-PPU ihlobene nalokhu: (a) ukubhekela ukunaka ezintweni ezithinta ucansi, (b) ukulawulwa kokuvimbela okungasebenzi (ikakhulukazi, ezinkingeni zokuvimbela ukuphendula ngezimoto kanye nokususa ukunaka kude nezimo ezingafanele), (c) ukusebenza okubi emisebenzini ukuhlola inkumbulo yokusebenza, kanye (d) nokukhubazeka kokwenza izinqumo (ikakhulukazi, izintandokazi zokuzuza okuncane kwesikhashana kunokuzuza okukhulu kwesikhathi eside, amaphethini wokukhetha ongacabangi kunabasebenzisi be-non-erotica, indlela yokuthambekela ekubhekaneni nezenzo zocansi, nokungalungile lapho ukwahlulela amathuba nobukhulu bemiphumela engaba khona ngaphansi kokungaqondakali). Okunye kwalokhu okutholakele kususelwa ezifundweni ezenzelwa amasampula emitholampilo eziguli ezine-PPU noma ngokuxilongwa kwe-SA / HD / CSBD ne-PPU njengenkinga yazo eyinhloko yocansi (isib. UMulhauser et al., 2014, ISklenarik et al., 2019), okuphakamisa ukuthi lezi zinqubo zokuqonda ezihlanekezelwe zingakha izinkomba 'ezizwelayo' ze-PPU. Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi lokhu kuphazamiseka kwezinqubo zokuqonda kungasiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezithombe eziqukethe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezihluke kakhulu, njengabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi kanye nabangewona abasebenzisi (isb. Ummeli, 2008) noma abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi eziphansi ngokuqhathanisa nabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abalinganiselayo / abaphezulu (isb. I-Doornwaard et al., 2014). Kodwa-ke, olunye ucwaningo luye lwathola nokuthi lokhu kukhetha kuhambisana nezinkomba ezingezona ezesifo zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (isb., Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi) (isb. UNegash et al., 2016) noma ngezinkomba ze-PPU kumasampula angewona awemitholampilo (isb. ISchiebener, iLaier, neBrand, 2015), okuphakamisa ukuthi lezi zinqubo kungenzeka zingabi izinkomba 'ezithile' ze-PPU. Lokhu kubabaza usizo lwabo lokwehlukanisa phakathi kokubandakanyeka okuphezulu kepha okungenazinkinga ne-PPU, inkinga engazange ihlolwe yizifundo ezibuyekeziwe futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi kwenziwe olunye ucwaningo.
Ezingeni lethiyori, imiphumela yalokhu kubuyekezwa isekela ukubaluleka kwezakhi eziyinhloko zokuqonda zemodeli ye-I-PACE (I-Brand et al., I-2016, 2019). Kodwa-ke, izifundo azihambelani uma kukhulunywa ngokuveza ukuthi 'lapho izimo' ukusilela kokuqonda kuthonya khona i-PPU. Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi abantu abane-PPU bathola ukusebenza okungalungile kuzinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuqonda ngokungakhathalekile uhlobo lwesisusa esisetshenzisiwe ekuhloleni kwayo (isb. I-Au neTang, 2019, Ummeli, 2008), Okuphakamisa ukuthi ukusilela kokuqonda 'kuyisikhuthazo-esingacacisi' futhi kwakha isimo sokwakha izinkinga zokuzilawula (ngokujwayelekile). Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kuvela ikakhulu lapho abantu abane-PPU bethulwa ngezisusa zocansi (isb. I-Mechelmans et al., 2014, Seok no-Sohn, i-2020), okuphakamisa ukuthi ukushiyeka kwengqondo kungahle 'kuchazeke ngokukhethekile' futhi kube yinto ebucayi yokuthuthukisa izinkinga zocansi (ikakhulukazi). Ekugcineni, ezinye izifundo zithole ukuthi ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kuvele kuphela ngemuva kokungeniswa kwezimo eziphakeme zokuvusa ucansi (isb. Macapagal, Janssen, Fridberg, Finn, & Heiman, 2011); ngokufanayo, ukuvuka ngaphambi kokuqukethwe kwezocansi kubonakala kukhulisa ukuxhumana phakathi kokukhubazeka kwengqondo ne-PPU (isb. Laier et al., 2014, UPekal et al., 2018). Lokhu okutholakele kokugcina kuhambisana nomqondo 'wokuphazamiseka kwengqondo' okuphakanyiswe yi-Sexhavior Cycle (Walton et al., 2017). Ngokwale modeli, ukuhlukumezeka kwengqondo kuvela ngezikhathi eziphakeme zokuvusa ucansi futhi kubhekise ku “isimo sokungasebenzi, ukuhlehliswa, ukumiswa, noma ukunciphisa ukusebenza okuqondakalayo okunengqondo"(Walton et al., 2017). Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ukusilela kokuqonda okukhonjiswe ezifundweni ezibuyekeziwe kwakha 'izimo zesikhashana zokuqonda' ezisuselwa ku-PPU, hhayi izichasiso ezizinzile. Ukusekela le mbono, UNigash et al. (2016) ithole ukuthi ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile izinsuku ezingama-21 kuholele ekwandeni kokuncamelayo kokuzuza okubambezelekile (okusho ukwehliswa kwesaphulelo sokubambezeleka). Ngakho-ke, ukunqunywa kwezimo ngaphansi kokukhubazeka kwengqondo ku-PPU kubonakala kunika igunya lokuqhubeka nocwaningo.
Ezingeni lomtholampilo, kulokhu kubuyekezwa sikhombe ukukhetha okuthile okuxhumene ngqo noma ngokungaqondile nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Emsebenzini wakamuva, I-Brand et al. (I-2020) ukunaba ngomehluko phakathi kwezinqubo nezimpawu: zisho ukuthi izinqubo eziguquliwe zengqondo zingaba yisisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa kanye nokugcina izimpawu zama-BA (ikakhulukazi, ukuphazamiseka kwemidlalo), kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi lezi zinqubo zingasiza ekutholeni lesi simo . Ngokwalesi siphakamiso, izimpawu ze-PPU zingathathwa njengezimpawu zokuziphatha nezingokwengqondo zalesi sifo futhi ziwusizo ekutholeni lesi simo; Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinqubo zokukhubazeka ezingakhubazeki zingaba nokusebenza okulinganiselwe njengezimpawu zokuxilonga kepha zenze imigomo ebalulekile lapho kwenziwa izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha ze-PPU. Mayelana nalokhu, ukungenelela kokwelapha okuhlose ukwenza ngcono imisebenzi ehlukene yezokuphatha kukhombisile imiphumela ethembisayo ekuvimbeleni noma ekwehliseni izimpawu zama-SUD ahlukile (I-Lechner, iSidhu, iKittaneh, ne-Anand, i-2019), futhi ingasiza futhi ekunciphiseni izimpawu nomthelela we-PPU.
Izifundo ezibuyekezwe ephepheni lamanje zinikeza ukubuka konke okuphelele kwesimo samanje solwazi maqondana nokushoda kwengqondo okususelwa ku-PPU. Kodwa-ke, kunemikhawulo eminingana ekhonjwe. Okokuqala, iningi labahlanganyeli ezifundweni ezibuyekeziwe kwakungabesilisa abesilisa abancane abesilisa nabesifazane (i-57.1% yezifundo ayizange ihlole ababambiqhaza abathandana nabobulili obufanayo kanye nezifundo ezingama-26.20% kuphela [n= 447] kwakungabesifazane). Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ubulili nobulili buguqula ukubonakaliswa kwe-PPU (UKohut et al., 2020), Ubufakazi obutholwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa kufanele buhlolwe ngokujulile lapho bujwayelekile kwabesifazane nabangqingili / abesilisa nabesifazane. Okwesibili, imisebenzi yokuhlola yokulinganisa izizinda ezahlukahlukene zokuqonda ngokuhlukahluka okuhlukile, okuletha ukungabaza ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwemiphumela yezifundo. Okwesithathu, zimbalwa izifundo ezihlole ukusilela kokuqonda emiphakathini yomtholampilo, okuvimbela ukuhlonza izixhumanisi ezicacile phakathi kwalezi zici ne-PPU. Okwesine, ezinye zezifundo ezibuyekeziwe (ikakhulukazi, lezo ezibandakanya iziguli ezine-SA / HD / CSBD) azibandakanyi iziguli ezine-PPU kuphela, kepha nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi ezingalawuleki. Le yindlela i-PPU evezwa ngayo ezimweni zemvelo (okungukuthi, ngokujwayelekile ihlangana nezinye izinkinga zocansi); noma ngabe sizama ukulawula lokhu kubandlulula okungenzeka ngokususa izifundo ezingazihloli iningi leziguli ezine-PPU njengenkinga eyinhloko yocansi, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuhlukaniswe ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezithile zokuqonda ezifanelekile ekuchazeni i-PPU kulabo ababalulekile ekuchazeni- zokulawula ukuziphatha kocansi ngokujwayelekile. Ngokufanayo, eziningi zezifundo ezibuyekeziwe zixhumanise inqubo ethile yokuqonda nenkomba engeyona eyokugula ye-PPU (isb., Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi) kunokuba kube nenkomba eqondile yalesi simo. Njengoba ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi ezinye zalezi zinkomba 'ezingaqondile' azifanele ukukhomba i-PPU (I-Bőthe et al., 2020), Asikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlangana okuphezulu nenqubo ethile yokuqonda kungahunyushelwa ekubeni sengozini eyengeziwe yalesi simo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sixwayisa ngokuchazwa kokutholakele okutholwe kulezi zifundo njengobufakazi bobudlelwano obungenakuphikwa phakathi kwezinqubo zokuqonda kanye ne-PPU. Ngokunjalo, izifundo ezenziwa kumasampula angewona awemitholampilo (ingxenye ebalulekile yezifundo ezifakiwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa) ingahlinzeka ngemiphumela ethokozisayo yesihloko salokhu kubuyekezwa, kepha akufanele isetshenziselwe ukudweba iziphetho ezicacile ebudlelwaneni obuphakathi kwezinqubo zokuqonda kanye ne-PPU. Ekugcineni, siyavuma ukuthi izifundo ezibuyekeziwe zihluke kakhulu. Kulesi sinyathelo, sicubungule ukuthi inqubo ebanzi ifanelekile ukuze kunikezwe umbono ojwayelekile wesimo solwazi samanje; Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwehlukahlukana kungaphinde kuthinte ukujwayeleka kweziphetho zethu. Lokhu kukhawulelwa ngezinga elithile kufihla ukutolikwa kokutholakele okususelwe kulokhu kubuyekezwa. Noma kunjalo, bakhomba nezinselelo ezintsha nezethembisayo okungenzeka ukuthi zizokhulisa ukuqonda kwethu ngezinqubo zokuqonda ezihlobene ne-PPU.
Imithombo yokuxhasa ngezimali
Abaphenyi abayitholanga imali yokwenza lolu cwaningo.
Umnikelo wabalobi
I-JCC ne-VCC babebandakanyeka ekubuyekezweni kwezincwadi, ekukhetheni isifundo, ekukhipheni idatha, nasekubhaleni lo mbhalo wesandla. I-RBA ne-CGG banikeze impendulo ngendlela yokubuyekeza futhi babuyekeza okusalungiswa kokuqala kombhalo wesandla. Bonke ababhali bafunde futhi bavumela umbhalo wesandla wokugcina.
Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo
Abalobi bathi akukho mpikiswano yenzuzo.
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