Umthelela wokuhluka kwengqondo ohlukile wokungena kwe-inthanethi kuma-addicts e-inthanethi (i-2013)

Amazwana:

I-PLoS One. 2013; 8 (2): e55162. i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0055162. I-Epub 2013 Feb 7.

I-Romano M, Osborne LA, I-Truzoli R, U-Reed P.

Umthombo

I-Università degli Studi e-Milano, eMilan, e-Italy.

abstract

Lolu cwaningo luhlole umthelela osheshayo wokuvezwa kwe-inthanethi kwezimo zemizwa nezengqondo zabantu abayimilutha ye-inthanethi kanye nabasebenzisi abancane be-inthanethi. Ababambiqhaza banikezwe ibhethri lokuhlolwa kwengqondo ukuze bahlole amazinga okulutha kwe-inthanethi, imizwa, ukukhathazeka, ukudangala, i-schizotypy, nezimpawu ze-autism. Ngemuva kwalokho banikezwa ithuba lokuboniswa kwi-inthanethi nge-15 min, baphinde bahlolwe kabusha nge-mood kanye nokukhathazeka kwamanje. Umlutha we-Intanethi uhlotshaniswa nokucindezelwa okuhlala isikhathi eside, ukungathathi hlangothi, kanye nezimpawu ze-autism. Abasebenzisi abakhulu be-inthanethi baphinde bakhombisa ukwehla kwezimilo ezilandelwayo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi ngokuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi be-inthanethi abaphansi. Umthelela ongemuhle wokuchayeka ku-inthanethi ngokuxhamazela kwemilutha ye-inthanethi ungaba nomthelela ekwandiseni ukusetshenziswa kwalabo bantu abazama ukunciphisa isimo sabo esiphansi ngokuzibandakanya kabusha ngokushesha ekusetshenzisweni kwe-inthanethi.

Umhleli: UCésar A. Hidalgo, MIT, United States of America

Imali: Abalobi abanalo ukusekelwa noma imali yokubika.

Izithakazelo zokuncintisana: Abalobi baye bathi akukho zintandokazi ezikhona.

Isingeniso

Kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule, kusukela leli gama laphikisana kakhulu ezincwadini zezokwelapha [1], 'ukubheja kwe-intanethi' kuthathwa njenge-psychopathology yamanoveli [2] lokho kungathinta inani elikhulu labantu [3]. Ukugxila kokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi ku-'imilutha ye-intanethi 'kuyahluka, kepha usebenzisa i-intanethi yokugembula [4] kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [5] zivamile phakathi kwabantu abanjalo. Umthelela omubi wokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-intanethi kungabonakala kuzo zonke izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwabantu [6], [7], kanye nezici eziningi zomndeni wabo esebenzayo [8]. Kodwa-ke, kakade akukho cwaningo oluhlolisisa impikiswano yengqondo esheshayo ye-intanethi ye-intanethi "emilutha ye-intanethi", engenza njengomshayeli wokuziphatha okunzima ngaleyo ndlela.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu abangahle babekwe ngokuthi 'i-internet umlutha' babonisa uhla lwezimpawu zokuziphatha ezingokomzimba [9], njengokucindezeleka [10], [11], ukunakekelwa kokunciphisa kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo [5], [10], kanye nokuzihlukanisa komphakathi kanye nokuzithoba [12]-[14]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangabonisa ububanzi bezimfanelo zobuntu kanye nezici [15], njengokungalingani [16], ukuzwa-nokufuna ukuthanda [17], [18] futhi ngezinye izikhathi amazinga okuhlukunyezwa [19], [20]. Nakuba lezi zithole eziphathelene nezici zalabo abangase babe engozini yokulutha umshini we-inthanethi zikwaziswa, ukubeka imodeli ehilela ukuxhaswa (isib. Izisusa nokuqiniswa), kanye nezimbangela eziphambene zokulutha kwe-intanethi kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kanye nokwelapha we-disorder [21]-[23]. Kulokhu, isifundo samanje sibheke ukuthi ukuvezwa kwe-intanethi ngokwehlukahluka kuthinta ngokushesha izimo ezingokwengqondo zama-addicts e-inthanethi uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abangabonisi ukuziphatha kwe-intanethi okunenkinga.

Kuvame ukucatshangelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kugcinwa yimiphumela emihle yokuqinisa ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo; isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwayo kokuzijabulisa, sebenzisa njenge-pass-time, noma ekufuneni ulwazi [13]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kungashukunyiswa izici ezifana nokucaciswa-ngokucacile, ngokuqinisekile kubasebenzisi abasha [24]. Kodwa-ke, kuvame ukuphawula ukuthi ezinye izici ezingokwengqondo, ezingaxhunyaniswe nemiphumela emihle yokuqinisa, zivame ukubandakanya ekugcineni izinga eliphezulu lokuziphatha okunenkinga. Isibonelo, ukuvezwa kwezimo ezihilela ingozi akuvimbeli ukukhathazeka okukhulu kulabo ababonisa ukuziphatha kokugembula okunenkinga [4], [25]. Ngokufanayo, ukuvezwa kwento yokuziphatha okunenkinga kutholakale ukunciphisa imizwa [26], ikakhulukazi abantu abanomlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [5], [27]. Njengoba zombili lezi zizathu (ie ukugembula kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile) ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi zihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi okunenkinga [2], [3], [14], kungase kube ukuthi lezi zici zingase zibe nomthelela ekulutha kwe-intanethi [14]. Ngempela, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi impikiswano engafanele yokubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okunenkinga, ngokwabo, ingaba nokubandakanyeka okuqhubekayo kulezi zimo zokuziphatha eziyinkinga enkulu ekuzameni ukubalekela le mizwa emibi [28].

Kodwa-ke, njengoba nje kuncane kakhulu okwamanje okwaziwa ngomthelela ongokomzwelo wokungena kwe-intanethi kulabo abanenkinga yokuziphatha ye-intanethi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamamodeli, kungavumeli ukungenelela okufanele, kusalokhu kunzima. Njengoba kunikezwe lokhu, isifundo samanje sibheke ukuthi ukuvezwa kwe-intanethi ngokwehlukahlukana kwathinta isimo sengqondo sabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-intanethi futhi abaphansi. Kuze kube sekugcineni, isampula ihlolwe ukuthi izinga labo lokusebenzisa i-intanethi liphazamisa impilo yabo yansuku zonke. Kwabe sekulinganiselwe isimo sengqondo sokubamba iqhaza kanye nokukhathazeka, ngakho-ke bavunyelwe ukufinyeleleka kunoma yiziphi amawebhusayithi abafisa, babuye baphinde bahlolwe ngenxa yamazinga abo omzwelo kanye nokukhathazeka kwamanje ukuze banqume ukuthi ukuvezwa kwi-intanethi kunemiphumela ehlukene emilutha ye-intanethi kulabo ngaphandle kokuziphatha okunenkinga okunjalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokuphenywa kwangaphambilini kwezimpawu zabasebenzisi be-intanethi abanenkinga [11], [12], [17], [19], lolu cwaningo lubuye lwahlola izinhlangano phakathi kokulutha kwe-intanethi nezinye izimpawu zengqondo. Ababambiqhaza banikezwa ibhethri yokuhlolwa kwengqondo ukuze bahlole amazinga abo asekude anesifo nokucindezeleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyathelo zamanoveli kulo mongo wokubambisana okubandakanya i-schizotypy kanye nezici ezifana ne-autism-like zihlolwe, njengoba kokubili kwengqondo [14] kanye nokuhlukaniswa komphakathi [12] ziye zahlotshaniswa nokulutha kwe-intanethi ngaphambilini.

izindlela

Isitatimende Sokuziphatha

Ukuvunyelwa ngokwemithetho yalolu cwaningo kutholakale eMnyangweni weKomiti Yezokuziphatha Yezingqondo, i-Swansea University. Abahlanganyeli banikeze imvume yabo ebhaliwe yokubamba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo, futhi iKomiti Yezokuziphatha yamukele le nqubo yokuvuma.

Abahlanganyeli

Amavolontiya ayisithupha aphendule isicelo sokubamba iqhaza kwisifundo se-psychology, esashunyayelwa esikhungweni sase-Swansea University naseduze. Kube nama-27 abesilisa nabesifazane be-33, abaneminyaka yobudala be-24.0+Iminyaka engu-2.5. Akekho wabahlanganyeli abathola inkokhelo yokubamba iqhaza kwabo.

Materials

Ukuvivinya Umlutha We-inthanethi (I-IAT) [29] iyisilinganiso se-20-into ehlanganisa izinga lapho i-intanethi iphazamisa impilo yansuku zonke (umsebenzi, ubuthongo, ubudlelwane, njll), amanani okubala kusuka ku-20 kuya ku-100. Ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kwesilinganiso yi-0.93.

I-Positive Negative ithinta iHlelo (I-PANAS) [30] yimibuzo yemibuzo ye-20-nto eyenzelwe ukukala imizwa yabahlanganyeli nabangalungile. Ababambiqhaza kuyadingeka ukuba bakhethe inombolo ehambelana nobukhulu bomzwelo wabo mayelana nento, kusukela ku-1 = kancane kancane ku-5 = ngokweqile), futhi izikolo eziphelele zingahluka kusuka ku-10-50. Ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kokubili izilinganiso ezihle nezibi kuyi-0.90.

I-Spielberger Trait-State Inxiety Inventory (I-STAI-T / S) [31] ukulinganisa ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuqonda, nokubonakaliswa kwemvelo kokukhathazeka ngokwemikhuba yaminyaka ende (ukukhathazeka kokuziphatha) kanye nokukhathazeka kwamanje (isimo). Inani eliphelele lemigqa ngayinye kusuka ku-20 kuya ku-80. Ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kwesilinganiso yi-0.93.

Ukufakwa kokucindezeleka kukaBekk (I-BDI) [32] yi-questionnaire ye-21-item ehlola izimpawu zomtholampilo zokucindezeleka ngokubuza ngemizwa ngesonto elidlule. Amaphesenti amabanga kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-63. Ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kwesilinganiso yi-0.93.

Inventory ye-Oxford Liverpool Yemizwa Nolwazi - Inguqulo emfushane (O-LIFE (B)) [33] iyinani lezinto ze-43 ezinama-subscales amane (okuhlangenwe nakho okungavamile, ukungahlehlisi kwengqondo, i-anhedonia engenayo nokungahambisani kahle) oklanyelwe ukukala i-schizotypy kubantu abavamile. Isikali sinokuthenjelwa kwangaphakathi phakathi kwe-0.72 ne-0.89.

I-Autistic Spectrum Quotient Umbuzo (AQ) [34] ukulinganisa izinga lezimpawu ze-autistic ukuthi umuntu ongenakho ukuxilongwa kwe-ASD angathola. Leli phepha lemibuzo linemibuzo ye-50, futhi kuphakanyiswa amaphuzu we-32 njengendlela eveza isifo sika-Asperger noma i-autism ephezulu yokusebenza. Ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi kwesilinganiso yi-0.82.

Inqubo

Abahlanganyeli babehlezi bodwa ekamelweni eliphezulu futhi bahlolwe ngabanye. Ngemuva kwesingeniso esifushane salolu cwaningo, babuzwa ukuba bagcwalise ibhethri yokuhlolwa kwengqondo (banikezwe ngokungahleliwe kwabahlanganyeli, ngaphandle kokuthi i-PANAS ne-STAI-S eyayigcwaliswe ekugcineni). Ngemva kokuqeda ukuhlolwa, abahlanganyeli bavunyelwe ukufinyelela ku-intanethi ngekhompyutha ekamelweni lamaminithi angu-15. Okuqukethwe kumasayithi abavakashele akubhaliswanga kulolu cwaningo, futhi abahlanganyeli batshelwe ngokucacile ukuthi lokhu kuzoba njalo. Le nqubo yamukelwa ukuze ibakhuthaze ukuba bavakashele noma yikuphi indawo abangayifisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi okuqukethwe kweso sayithi kungabhekwa njengendlela efanele emphakathini. Ngemuva kwe-15 min babuzwa ukuthi baqedele imibuzo ye-PANAS ne-STAI futhi.

Imiphumela

Ithebula 1 ikhombisa izindlela (ukwehluka okujwayelekile) kuzo zonke izinyathelo ze-psychometric ezithathwe ngaphambi kokuchayeka kwe-intanethi, kanye ne-Spearman ukulungiswa kwama-coefficients ne-test addiction addiction (IAT). Ukuhlolwa kwezindlela kubonisa ukuthi isampula sonke siwela ngaphansi kwezinga elilindelekile lalezi zindlela zokuhlolwa kwengqondo. Ukubambisana kwe-Spearman kwaveza ubudlelwane obuqinile phakathi kokulutha kwe-intanethi nokucindezeleka (BDI), ukungahambisani nokuziphendulela kwe-schizotypal (OLIFE IN), kanye ne-autism-traits (AQ). Kwakukhona nobudlelwane obuthakathaka phakathi kokulutha kwe-intanethi nokukhathazeka okwesikhathi eside (STAI-T), kanye nomoya omubi (PANAS-).

isithonjana
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Ithebula 1. Kusho (ukuphambuka okujwayelekile) kuzo zonke izinyathelo ze-psychometric kanye nezinkokhelo zabo zokulungisa izikhwama nge-internet test addiction (IAT).

i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0055162.t001

TIsampula sabe sesihlukaniswe ngenhloso yekhasi le-IAT ukukhiqiza amaqembu ezinkampani zokusebenzisa i-intanethi eziphansi futhi eziphezulu; kusho ukuthi i-IAT yayingu-41, okuyinto ethathwa futhi ukubonisa ezinye degree of ukusetshenziswa inkinga [13]. Lokhu kwakhiqiza iqembu eliphansi lokusebenzisa izinkinga (n = 28, mean = 29.5+I-7.9; I-13 yindoda, i-15 wesifazane), neqembu eliphezulu lokusebenzisa inkinga (n = 32, kusho i-50.3+I-7.2; 18 wesilisa, i-18 wesifazane).

Umfanekiso we-1 ikhombisa ushintsho, ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwangaphambi kokusebenzisa i-intanethi, kokukhathazeka kwesimo se-state (SSAI), isimo sengqondo esihle (PANAS +) kanye nomoya omubi (PANAS-) ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvezwa kwi-intanethi kula maqembu amabili. Kwakukhona ukwanda okukhulu kakhulu kokukhathazeka kwamanje eqenjini eliphansi-inkinga kuqhathaniswa neqembu eliphakeme lezinkinga, uMann-Whitney U = 318.5, p<.05; iqembu elisebenzisa kancane likhombisa ukukhathazeka okuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwangaphambi kwe-inthanethi, uWilcoxon z = 2.09, p<.05, kepha alukho ushintsho eqenjini elisebenzisa kakhulu, p> .70. Kwakukhona ukudonsa okukhulu kakhulu kunemizwelo emihle yeqembu eliphezulu lokusebenzisa inkinga ngokuqhathaniswa neqembu eliphansi lezinkinga, U = 234.0, p<.001; iqembu lomsebenzisi ophansi alibonisi lushintsho oluhlobene nesisekelo, p> .20, kepha iqembu labasebenzisi abaphezulu likhombisa ukwehla okukhulu kwemizwa, z = 3.31, p<.001. Kwakungekho mthelela omkhulu ekuvezweni kwe-inthanethi esimeni esingesihle seqembu ngalinye, konke ps> .10.

isithonjana
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Umfanekiso we-1. Ibonisa ushintsho phakathi kokusetshenziswa kokuthunyelwe kwe-post- noku-pre-intanethi kokukhathazeka kwesimo sezwe (i-SSAI), imizwa emihle (PANAS +), kanye nomoya omubi (PANAS-) kokubili okuphansi kwe-intanethi (okuphansi) kanye namaqembu aphezulu asebenzisa (aphezulu) .

i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0055162.g001

Ingxoxo

Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlose ukuhlola impikiswano engafanele yokuhlukaniswa kwe-intanethi ku-'imilutha ye-intanethi 'uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abanenkinga encane yokusetshenziswa. Imiphumela yabonisa umthelela omubi wokushaya kwe-intanethi ngesimo sengqondo esihle 'se-addicts internet'. Lo mphumela uphakanyisiwe ezinhlobonhlobo zobuciko 'zokulutha kwe-intanethi [14], [21], futhi ukutholakala okufanayo kuye kwaphawulwa ngokuqondene nomphumela omubi wokuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezidakamizwa zocansi e-intanethi [5], okungase kusiphakamise okufanayo phakathi kwalezi zidakamizwa. Kubalulekile futhi ukusikisela ukuthi lo mthelela omubi wemizwelo ingacatshangwa njengokungathi umphumela wokuhoxiswa, okuphakanyisiwe njengoba kudingeka ekuhlukaniseni izidakamizwa [1], [2], [27]. Lokhu kuthola ukuphakamisa ukuthi, njengamanye amafomu okuziphatha okunenkinga [5], [21], futhiUkusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi okuxubile kungase kube ukuphunyuka-kugcinwe [14] nokuzibandakanya-ukubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni kwehla isimo sengqondo, okubangela ukubandakanyeka okuqhubekayo ukubalekela emoyeni ophansi [21]. Ukungabi nomthelela ekukhathazekeni okubonwa kubasebenzisi be-intanethi abayinkimbinkimbi yokuchayeka kwi-intanethi kubonakala futhi kubagijimi abayinkinga ekubhekaneni nesimo esinezinhlekelele [4], [25], futhi iphinde ikhombise ukufana okuphakathi kokulutha kwe-intanethi nezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha okunzima.

Kumele kuboniswe ukuthi, njengoba ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwe-intanethi ngenani elikhulu labasebenzisi be-intanethi ukuthola ukufinyelela kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokugembula [4], [5], aImisebenzi yokugcina yilezi zizathu ezibhekene nezimo zokulutha, kungenzeka ukuthi noma yimiphi imiphumela ephathelene 'nokulutha kwe-intanethi' empeleni imbonakaliso yezinye izinhlobo zokulutha (okusho ezithombeni ezingcolile noma zokugembula).

Ngaphandle kokubonakaliswa kwemithelela yokuhlukana kwengqondo yokuhlukaniswa kwe-intanethi ku-'imilutha ye-intanethi ', kunezinombolo eziningi zokuthola okufanelekile ukuphawula. I izinhlangano phakathi kokulutha kwe-intanethi nokucindezeleka [10], [11], Futhi schizotypal impulsive nonconformity [14], [17] seyaziwa kakade, futhi ukhombise ukuthi isampula samanje ifana nalabo ababefunde ngaphambilini. Kodwa-ke, leyo milutha ye-intanethi yayihlobene kakhulu nezici ze-autistic yinto yokuthola amanoveli, futhi ingaba nemvelo efanayo emibuthweni esungulwe ngaphambilini phakathi kokuhlukaniswa komphakathi kanye nokulutha kwe-intanethi [12]. Lokhu kutholakala kungenasithakazelo futhi kufanele ukuqhutshelwa ukutadisha, kodwa izizathu zalesi sivumelwano okwamanje azicacile. Kungenzeka ukuthi labo abanezici eziphakeme ze-autism bahlanganyela e-intanethi njengendlela yokukhetha yokukhetha. Uma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwe-intanethi kungase kungabi inkinga kuleli qembu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuzibandakanya ekusetshenzisweni kwe-intanethi kungaba yinto ehlukanisiwe yendalo, futhi, lapho lokhu kwenzeka khona, futhi umhlanganyeli, ngale ndlela, ngokuvamile ezimweni zokuhlukaniswa komphakathi, kungathinta izimpendulo ezinikezwe i-autism ukulinganisa, ukunikeza ubudlelwane obungcolile nemikhuba ye-autistic. Umsebenzi ocacile udingekile kule ndawo.

Ngaphandle kwalokhu okutholakele okuhlobene nezici zengqondo zalabo abasebenzisa i-intanethi enenkinga, izici ezimbili zedatha yamanje ziphawulekayo. Okokuqala, ngaphezu kwe-50% yesampula (32 / 60) okhiqiza izikolo ku-IAT ezingabhekwa njengezimelela ukuziphatha okuthile okunenkinga [26]. Lokhu kungase kubonise umsebenzi wokuqasha isampula kubantu abasha esikhungweni seyunivesithi, kodwa, uma kuphindwe, kungasikisela izinga lezinkinga lapha ezingaphakanyisiwe. Ukuhlukaniswa kobulili kwalabo abanenkinga yokusebenzisa i-intanethi ngokumelene nalabo abangenayo kwakungenjalo, okuphakamisa ukuthi imibono evamile yokulutha kwe-intanethi njengenkinga yesilisa (ngokuqinisekile, manje) ayinasisekelo.

Kunezinamba eziningi zokulinganiselwa kwesifundo samanje okumele sikhulume ngazo, futhi okungaqondiswa ekucwaningweni okulandelayo. Kulolu cwaningo, abahlanganyeli banikezwe kuphela ukuvezwa kweminye ye-15 ku-intanethi, futhi umthelela walokhu kuvezwa kwemizwa yabo kwahlolwa. Nakuba lobu bude bokungcola bwanele ukukhiqiza umthelela wemizwelo, njengoba kulinganiswa izikali zamanje, aziwa ukuthi izikhathi ezithatha isikhathi eside zingakanani, futhi ukuguquguquka kwesikhashana kokuguquguquka kwemizwa nokukhathazeka ngesikhathi kuvezwa kwi-intanethi okwamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe kwamawebhusayithi abavakashelwe abahlanganyeli ngesikhathi sabo sokuchayeka akuzange kuqashwe kulolu uphenyo. Lokhu kwenziwa ukukhuthaza abahlanganyeli ukuba bahlole ngokukhululekile i-intanethi nganoma iyiphi indlela abayifunayo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kungaqiniseki ukuthi yiziphi izingosi abahlanganyeli abavakashele kuzo, akukwazi ukuphetha ngokuthi lezi kuzoba yizindawo ezijwayele ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi. Yiqiniso, uma lezi zingosi zihlanganisa nalabo abanokuqukethwe kocansi noma ukugembula cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi lezi zizovakashelwa kumongo wamanje. Ngempela, akucaci ukuthi lezi zingosi zizobikwa ngokuthembekile njengokuthi zivakashelwe kumongo wocwaningo olunjalo. Noma kunjalo, kunikezwe lo mkhawulo, akukaziwa ukuthi ngabe impembelelo yombono otholakala kulo mongo ingabonakala ngokufanayo kwezinye izimo zokusetshenziswa, futhi lokhu kuhlala kuyindawo edinga ukutadisha.

Kuthathwa kanye nokutholwa kwangaphambilini, le miphumela isiza ukwakha isithombe sezimbangela eziphambene neziphambene zokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi ngokweqile. Ngokuqinisekile, labo abanokucindezeleka isikhathi eside [11] nokukhathazeka [12], kanye nokuhlukaniswa komphakathi [13], nokuntuleka kokukhathazeka mayelana nobuchwepheshe bomlando [17], [19], angase abe engozini ngenxa yokusebenzisa ngokweqile ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi [3], [21]. Kodwa-ke, i-subset yalabo bantu abathintekayo emiphakathini emihle emva kokusakaza kwe-intanethi kungase kubangelwe ukusetshenziselwa ukusetshenziselwa ukuqhutshwa kwe-intanethi okukhuthazayo, okukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka indlela yokugcina ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kuma-addicts e-intanethi

Iminikelo Yomlobi

Yakhelwe futhi yenzelwa ukuhlolwa: MR MRO PR. Yenza okuhlolwayo: UMR. Ihlaziye idatha: MR MR. Ama-reagents anikeziwe / izinto zokwakha / amathuluzi okuhlaziya: I-LAO PR. Wabhala iphepha: MR MRO RT PR.

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