IMIBUZO: Le nguqulo ehleliwe kaDkt.Hilton "Ukulutha Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile: Umbono We-Neuroscience", etholakala kulesi sigaba esifanayo. Uqinisekile, njengathi, ukuthi imivuzo yemvelo ingaba umlutha futhi idale ukushintsha kobuchopho obufanayo nezidakamizwa. Iphepha lakhe lakamuva elibukezwe ngontanga lithi Ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile - isisusa esingajwayelekile esibhekwe kumongo we-neuroplasticity | UHilton | I-Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology (2013).
January 20, 2011
UDonald L. Hilton, Jr. MD, FACS
Professor Associate Professor
Umnyango we-Neurosurgery
I-University of Texas Health Sciences Centre eSan Antonio
Ingqondo yomuntu ihlelelwe ukukhuthaza izindlela zokuziphatha ezinikela ekusindeni. Uhlelo lwe-mesolimbic dopaminergic luvuza ukudla nokuya ocansini ngezikhuthazo ezinamandla zenjabulo. I-Cocaine, i-opioid, utshwala, nezinye izidakamizwa kuyaphazamisa, noma ukuduna, lezi zinhlelo zobumnandi, futhi kubangele ukuthi ingqondo icabange ukuthi umuthi ophakeme uyadingeka ukuze uphile. Ubufakazi manje buqinile ukuthi imivuzo yemvelo njengokudla nobulili ithinta izinhlelo zemiklomelo ngendlela efanayo nemithi ezibathinta ngayo, ngaleyo ndlela intshisekelo yamanje 'yokulutha kwemvelo.' Umlutha, noma ngabe i-cocaine, ukudla, noma ucansi kwenzeka lapho le misebenzi iyeka ukufaka isandla esimweni se-homeostasis, futhi kunalokho idale imiphumela emibi. Isibonelo, lapho ukudla kubangela ukukhuluphala ngokweqile abambalwa bazophikisa ukuthi umzimba usezingeni elilinganiselwe. Ngokufanayo, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zilimaza lapho zilimaza noma zonakalisa ikhono lomuntu lokukhulisa ukusondelana ngokomzwelo.
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ubufakazi baqala ukukhomba esimweni sokulutha sokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kokuziphatha kwemvelo okwenza ukuthi umvuzo we-dopaminergic utholakale ebuchosheni. Isibonelo, uDkt. Howard Shaffer, uMqondisi Wezocwaninga Ngezokwelapha e-Harvard University, wathi ngonyaka ka-2001, “Ngaba nobunzima obukhulu kozakwethu lapho ngiphakamisa ukuthi ukulutheka kakhulu kungumphumela wesipiliyoni… ukuphindaphinda, ukuphakama kwemizwa, isipiliyoni semvamisa. Kepha sekucacile ukuthi i-neuroadaptation – okusho ukuthi, izinguquko kumjikelezo we-neural ezisiza ukuqhubekisa isimilo-zenzeka noma ngabe akukho ukuphuza izidakamizwa ”[1] Kule minyaka eyishumi esho lokhu, ugxile kakhulu ocwaningweni lwakhe ngemiphumela yobuchopho yezidakamizwa zemvelo ezifana nokugembula. Qaphela okulandelayo kusuka kulokhu Isayensi iphepha kusuka ku-2001
Ochwepheshe bafuna ukukhuluma ukuthi ukulimala kwenzeka lapho umkhuba othi "u-hijacks" wezijikelezo zobuchopho eziguquke ukuvuza ukuziphatha okuthuthukisayo njengokudla nokulala. "Kunengqondo uma ungakwazi ukuhlekisa lezi zifunda nge-pharmacy, ungayenza ngemiklomelo yemvelo futhi," kuphawula isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo eStanford University uBrian Knutson. Ngakho, izidakamizwa azisekho enhliziyweni yendaba. "Yini ekhuphuka ngokuya ngokuthi yiyona nkinga eyinhloko ... kuqhubeka ukubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okulimazayo naphezu kwemiphumela emibi," kusho uSteven Grant we-NIDA.[2]
Eminyakeni eyishumi selokhu kwaqala ukuchazwa lemiqondo yenguquko, ubufakazi bomqondo wokulutha umvuzo wemvelo buqiniswe kuphela. Ngo-2005 uDkt Eric Nestler, manje ongusihlalo we-neuroscience e-Mount Sinai Medical Center eNew York washicilela iphepha eliyingqophamlando ku Imvelo Neuroscience enesihloko esithi “Ingabe Ikhona Indlela Ejwayelekile Yokulutha Umlutha?” Uthe: “Ubufakazi obukhulayo bukhombisa ukuthi indlela ye-VTA-NAc nezinye izifunda ezinemilenze ezicashunwe ngenhla ngokufanayo ziyalamula, okungenani ngokwengxenye, imiphumela emihle yemizwa yemivuzo yemvelo, njengokudla, ubulili nokuxhumana nabantu. Lezi zifunda ezifanayo nazo ziye zathinteka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'yizidakamizwa zemvelo' (okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelelwe kwemivuzo yemvelo) njengokudla ngokweqile kwe-pathological, ukugembula kwe-pathological kanye nokulutha kocansi. Ukutholwa kokuqala kuphakamisa ukuthi izindlela ezihlanganyelwe zingabandakanyeka: [isibonelo] ukuzwela ngokweqile okwenzeka phakathi kwemivuzo yemvelo nezidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza. ”[3]
Ku-2002 isifundo sokulutha kwe-cocaine sanyatheliswa okwakubonisa ukulahlekelwa kwevolumu okulinganiselwe ezindaweni eziningana zobuchopho, kuhlanganise ne-lobes yangaphambili.[4] Le nqubo kwakuwukusebenzisa umthetho olandelwayo osuselwa ku-MRI obizwa nge-voxel-based morphometry (VBM), lapho amakhilogremu ayimilimitha obuchopho alinganiswa futhi aqhathaniswe. Olunye ucwaningo lwe-VBM lwashicilelwa ngo-2004 ku-methamphetamine ngokutholwe okufanayo.[5] Nakuba kuthakazelisa, lezi zithole akumangazi kumsayense noma kumuntu, ngoba lezi "yimithi yangempela."
Indaba iba mnandi kakhulu uma sibheka ukulutha kwemvelo njengokudla ngokweqile okuholela ekukhuluphaleni. Ngo-2006 kwashicilelwa ucwaningo lwe-VBM olubheka ngqo ukukhuluphala, futhi imiphumela yayifana kakhulu nezifundo ze-cocaine ne-methamphetamine.[6] Ucwaningo lokukhuluphala lukhombise izindawo eziningi zokulahleka kwevolumu, ikakhulukazi kuma-lobes angaphambili, izindawo ezihambisana nokwahlulela nokulawula. Yize lolu cwaningo lubalulekile ekuboniseni umonakalo obonakalayo ekuluthweni okungokwemvelo, ngokungafani nokulutha kwezidakamizwa okungajwayelekile, kusalula ukwamukela ngokunembile ngoba singakwazi bheka imiphumela yokudla ngokweqile kumuntu othobekile.
Ngakho-ke kuthiwani ngokulutha kocansi? Ku-2007 ucwaningo lwe-VBM oluvela eJalimane lubheke ngqo i-pedophilia, futhi lwabonisa ukutholakala okucishe kufane ne-cocaine, methamphetamine, kanye nezifundo zokukhuluphala.[7] Ukubaluleka kwalolu cwaningo maqondana nale ngxoxo kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba Kubonisa ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi kungadala ushintsho lomzimba, lwe-anatomic ebuchosheni, okungukuthi, ukulimala. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iphepha lakamuva lithole ukuxhumana okuphezulu phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuhlukumeza izingane ngokocansi.[8] Lokhu kuphawuliwe, ngaleyo ndlela leli phepha ligxile eqenjini elincane, phakathi kwezinye izinkinga, ukulutha kabi kocansi. Ngenkathi singaveza ukwehluka kokuziphatha nezomthetho phakathi kwezingane nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala, ubuchopho akunakwenzeka ukuthi bube nephuzu elinjalo elihlobene nobudala maqondana nokwehliswa kwe-dopaminergic nokwehla kwevolumu okususelwa kumlutha. Ngabe ubuchopho buyayikhathalela noma ngabe umuntu uhlangabezana nezocansi ngokomzimba, noma uyenza ngokusebenzisa into yezocansi, okungukuthi, izithombe zocansi. Izinhlelo zesibuko zobuchopho ziguqula isipiliyoni sangempela sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile sibe yisipiliyoni sangempela, ngokuqondene nobuchopho. Lokhu kusekelwa ucwaningo lwakamuva oluvela eFrance olukhombisa ukwenziwa kwezindawo ezihlotshaniswa nama-mirror neurons ebuchosheni bomuntu emadodeni abuka izithombe zocansi. Ababhali baphetha ngokuthi, "siphakamisa ukuthi… uhlelo lwe-mirror-neuron lushukumisela ababukeli ukuthi baphinde bahlangane nesimo sokugqugquzela abanye abantu abavela emibonweni ebonakalayo yokuhlangana kocansi."[9] Ucwaningo lwesandulela lusekela umonakalo wangaphambili ikakhulukazi ezigulini ezingakwazi ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabo ngokocansi.[10] Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise i-MRI yokusabalalisa ukuhlola ukusebenza kokudluliswa kwemizwa ngezinto ezimhlophe, lapho kutholakala khona ama-axon, noma izintambo ezixhuma amangqamuzana ezinzwa. Kubonise ukungasebenzi kahle esifundeni esiphakeme sangaphambili, indawo ehlotshaniswa nokuphoqelelwa, uphawu lokulutha.
Ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ushintsho lwe-pathologic pathologic ku-neurochemistry njengoba ubuchopho "bufunda" ukuba umlutha. Lezi zinguquko eziluthayo ohlelweni lomvuzo we-dopamine nazo zingaskenwa ngokuskena kobuchopho okufana nokusebenza kwe-MRI, PET, ne-SPECT. Ngenkathi singalindela ukuthi ucwaningo lokuskena ubuchopho lukhombise okungajwayelekile ku-dopamine metabolism ngokulutha kwe-cocaine,[11] singamangala ukubona ukuthi ucwaningo lwamuva lubonisa ukungasebenzi kwezikhungo ezijabulisayo ezifanayo nokugembula kwe-pathologic.[12] Ukugxila ekuholela ekukhulupheni, omunye umlutha wemvelo, ubonisa nokukhubazeka okufanayo.[13]
Okunye okusemqoka yiphepha elivela kuMtholampilo WaseMayo lapho ukwelashwa kwe-Internet yokulahla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nge-naltrexone, umphikisi we-opioid receptor.[14] Odokotela. U-Bostsick noBucci eMake Clinic baphatha isiguli ngokuhluleka ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi.
Wabekwa ku-naltrexone, umuthi osebenza ohlelweni lwe-opioid ukunciphisa amandla e-dopamine ukukhuthaza amaseli kuma-nucleus accumbens. Ngalesi sidakamizwa wakwazi ukuthola ukulawula impilo yakhe yezocansi.
Abalobi baphetha ngokuthi:
Ngokufingqiwe, ukuguquguquka kwamaselula ku-PFC umlutha kubangelwa ukukhula okunamandla kwezidakamizwa ezihambisana nezidakamizwa, ukwehla kwesibindi sezinto ezingekho izidakamizwa, nokunciphisa intshisekelo ekuphishekeleni imisebenzi eqondiswe imigomo ephakathi kokusinda. Ngaphandle kokuvunywa kuka-naltrexone ku-Food and Drug Administration ukuphatha utshwala, imibiko embalwa yenkampani eshicilelwe yilezi zibonise amandla okuphatha ukugembula, ukulimala, i-kleptomania nokuziphatha okuphoqeleka ngokocansi. Sikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyincazelo yokuqala yokusetshenziswa kwayo ukulwa nokulutha kobulili kwe-intanethi.
I-Royal Society yaseLondon ehlonishwayo yasungulwa ku-1660, futhi ishicilela iphephandaba lezesayensi elide kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Kumagazini wakamuva we- Ukuhwebelana kwezefilosofi zeRoyal Society, isimo esikhona njengamanje sokuqonda ukulutheka sabikwa njengoba bekuxoxwa ngaso ngososayensi abathile abahamba phambili bomlutha emhlanganweni weNhlangano. Isihloko sephephabhuku elabika ngalo mhlangano sasithi “The neurobiology of addiction - vistas new.” Ngokuthakazelisayo, kuma-athikili we-17, amabili ayekhathazeke ngokukhethekile ngokulutha kwemvelo: ukugembula kwe-pathologic[15] kanye nephepha likaDkt. Nora Volkow mayelana nokungafani kobuchopho ekudakiseni izidakamizwa nasekudleni kokudla[16]. Iphepha lesithathu likaDkt.Nestler likhulume ngezinhlobo zezilwane zokulutha kwemvelo kanye ne-DFosB.[17]
I-DFosB yikhemikhali uDkt Nestler alifundile, futhi kubonakala sengathi litholakala kuma-neurons ezihloko eziluthayo. Kubonakala sengathi kunendima ye-physiologic, kodwa kuyathinteka kakhulu ekuluthweni Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi itholakale kuqala kumaseli obuchopho ezilwane ezifundwe ngokulutha kwezidakamizwa, kepha manje isitholakele kumaseli obuchopho kuma-nucleus accumbens ahlobene nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile yemivuzo yemvelo.[i] Ukuphenya kwamaphepha eDFosB yakamuva kanye nendima yalo ekusetshenzisweni kwemiphumela emibili yemvelo, ukudla nokucansi, kuphetha:
Ngokufingqiwe, umsebenzi owethulwe lapha uhlinzeka ubufakazi bokuthi, ngaphezu kwezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, imivuzo yemvelo yenza amazinga e-DFosB ku-Nac ... imiphumela yethu iphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-DFosB induction ku-NAc ingaphakamisani izici eziyinhloko zokulutha izidakamizwa, kodwa futhi izici zezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi izidakamizwa zemvelo ezibandakanya ukusetshenziselwa ukucindezelwa kwemvelo ngokweqile.[18]
UDkt Nora Volkow uyinhloko yeNational Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), futhi ungomunye wososayensi abayimilutha eshicilelwe futhi ehlonishwayo emhlabeni. Usekubonile lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo ekuqondeni ukulutha kwemvelo futhi wakhuthaza ukushintshwa kwegama le-NIDA ku-National Institute on Diseases of Addiction. Iphephabhuku Isayensi kubika: "Umqondisi we-NIDA uNora Volkow naye wazizwa ukuthi igama lakhe kumele libandakanyeizidakamizwa ezifana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukugembula nokudla, kusho umeluleki we-NIDA uGlen Hanson. 'Ungathanda ukuthumela umlayezo wokuthi [kufanele sibheke yonke insimu.' "[19] (ugcizelelwe wengezwe).
Ngokufingqa, kule minyaka eyi-10 edlule ubufakazi manje busisekela ngokuqinile isimo sokulutha semivuzo yemvelo. UDkt. UMalenka noKauer, ephepheni labo eliyingqophamlando elichaza ushintsho lwamakhemikhali olwenzeka ezingqamuzaneni zobuchopho zabantu abayimilutha bathi, “ukulutheka kubonisa uhlobo lokufunda nokukhumbula olunamandla, kodwa olunamandla.”[20] Manje lokhu sikubiza ngalolu shintsho emangqamuzaneni obuchopho ngokuthi "amandla okuhamba kwesikhathi eside" kanye "nokudangala kwesikhathi eside," futhi sikhuluma ngobuchopho njengobuplastiki, noma obungashintsha futhi buxhume kabusha izintambo. UDkt Norman Doidge, udokotela wezinzwa e-Columbia, encwadini yakhe Ubuchopho Obushintshayo ichaza ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibangela kanjani ukufakwa kwentambo kabusha kwamasekethe we-neural. Uphawula ucwaningo olwenziwa emadodeni abuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Inthanethi lapho abukeka “engahlanzekile” njengamagundane adudula isigwedlo ukuthola i-cocaine emabhokisini okuhlola ama-Skinner. Njengegundane eliyimilutha, bafuna ngamandla ukulungisa okulandelayo, ngokuchofoza igundane njengoba nje igundane licindezela isigwedlo. Ukulutha kwezithombe zocansi iphoyisa ukufunda, futhi mhlawumbe yingakho abaningi abaye balwa nezidakamizwa eziningi babika ukuthi kwakungumlutha onzima kunabo bonke ukuba banqobe. Izidakamizwa, yize zinamandla, azenzi ngendlela "yokucabanga", kanti ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi kwi-Intanethi, kuyinqubo esebenzayo kakhulu yezinzwa. Ukusesha okuqhubekayo nokuhlola isithombe ngasinye noma isiqeshana sevidiyo esikhiqizelwe amandla nomphumela kungukuzivocavoca ekufundeni kwe-neuronal nasekuphindaphindeni.
Isiphetho sabantu ngokobulili sisebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo zokuvuza njengalabo abahlanganiswa ngesikhathi sokuqeda i-heroin.[21] Uma sehluleka ukuqonda okushiwo yikhono lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zokuphinda uhlele kabusha ubuchopho ngokuhlelekile, ngokusebenza kwemizwa, nangokomzimba, sizijezisela thina ngokwethu ukuqhubeka nokuhluleka ukwelapha lesi sifo esesabekayo. Kodwa-ke, uma sinikeza lo mklomelo wemvelo onamandla ukugxila nokugcizelela okufanelekile singasiza abaningi manje ababhajwe ekuluthekeni nasekuphelelwe yithemba ukuthi bathole ukuthula nethemba.
[1] UConstance Holden, "Izidakamizwa Zokuziphatha: Ingabe Zikhona? Isayensi, 294 (5544) 2 November 2001, 980.
[2] Ibid.
[3] U-Eric J. Nestler, "Ingabe ikhona indlela evamile yamangqamuzana yokulutha umlutha?" Imvelo Neuroscience 9(11):1445-9, Nov 2005
[4] U-Teresa R. Franklin, uPaul D. Acton, uJoseph A Maldjian, uJason D. Gray, uJason R. Croft, uCharles A. Dackis, uCharles P. O'Brien no-Anna Rose Childress, "Kuncipha Ukugxila Okumnyama Kwangaphandle, I-Orbitofrontal, Cingulate, ne-Temporal Cortices of Cocaine Patients, " I-Psychiatry yezinto eziphilayo (51) 2, Januwari 15, 2002, 134-142.
[5] UPaul M. Thompson, uKralee M. Hayashi, uSara L. Simon, uJennifer A. Geaga, uMichael S. Hong, Yihong Sui, uJessica Y. Lee, uWarthur W. Toga, uWalter Ling no-Edythe D. London, ku-Brains of Human Subjects Abasebenzisa I-Methamphetamine, " I-Journal of Neuroscience, 24 (26) NgoJuni 30 2004; 6028-6036.
[6] UNicola Pannacciulli, u-Angelo Del Parigi, uKewei Chen, iNdodana KaDan Le NT, u-Eric M. Reiman noPietro A. Tataranni, "Ubunzima obunzima ekutheni umuntu ukhuluphele kakhulu: Ucwaningo lwe-voxel-based morphometry." I-Neuroimage 31 (4) NgoJulayi 15 2006, 1419-1425.
[7] U-Boris Schiffer, uThomas Peschel, uThomas Paul, u-Elke Gizewshi, uMichael Forshing, uNorbert Leygraf, uManfred Schedlowske, noTillmann HC Krueger, "Ukukhubazeka Kwezingqalasizinda Zezinhlelo ZaseFrontostriatal System neCerebellum ePedophilia," Journal of Research Psychiatric (41) 9, Novemba 2007, 754-762.
[8] M. Bourke, A. Hernandez, The 'Butner Study' Redux: Umbiko we-Incidence of Hands-on Child Victimization by Child Pornography Abaphulaphuli. Umbhalo Wezobudlova Komndeni 24(3) 2009, 183-191.
[9] H. Mouras, S. Stole4ru, V. Moulier, M Pelegrini-Issac, R. Rouxel, B Grandjean, D. Glutron, J Bittoun, Ukuqaliswa kwesistimu yesibuko-neuron ngamavidyo kliphu ekhombisa ukuthi i-erection is embedded . I-NeuroImage 42 (2008) 1142-1150.
[10] UMichael H. Miner, uNancy Raymond, uBryonA. UMeuller, uMartin Lloyd, uKelvin Ol Lim, "Ukuphenywa okuqhamuka kwezici ezingenasisindo neyezinkanyezi zokuziphatha okubi kocansi." I-Psychiatry Research Neuro yokucabanga IVolumu 174, Issue 2, Novemba 30 2009, Amakhasi 146-151.
[11] UBruce E. Wexler, uChristopher H. Gottschalk, uRobert K. Fulbright, u-Isak Prohovnik, uCheryl M. Lacadie, uBruce J. Rounsaville, noJohn C. Gore, "Ukuzikhandla Kwe-Cocaine Ukuzikhandla Kwe-Magnetic Resonance," I-American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 2001, 86-95.
[12] UJan Reuter, uThomas Raedler, uMichael Rose, u-Iver Hand, uJan Glascher, noChristian Buchel, "Ukugembula kwezemvelo kuhlobene nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-systemlialic reward system" Imvelo Neuroscience 8, Januwari 2005, 147-148.
[13] U-Gene-Jack Wang, uNora D. Volkow, uJean Logan, uNawomi R. Pappas, uChristopher T. Wong, Wei Zhu, noNoelwah Netusil, uJoanna S Fowler, "I-Brain dopamine nokukhuluphala," I-Lancet 357 (9253) NgoFebhuwari 3 2001, 354-357.
[14] UJ. Michael Bostwick noJeffrey A. Bucci, "Ukubhebhetheka Ngobulili Kwe-Inthanethi Kuthathwa Nge-Naltrexone." I-Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2008, 83(2):226-230.
[15] UMarc N. Potenza, "I-neurobiology yegembula yokugembula nokulutha izidakamizwa: ukubuka ngokuningiliziwe kanye nokuthola okusha," Ukuhwebelana kwezefilosofi zeRoyal Society, 363, 2008, 3181-3190 ..
[16] U-Nora D. Volkow, uGene-Jack Wang, uJoanna S. Fowler, uFrank Telang, "Ukweqa izijikelezo ze-neuronal ekulutha umlutha nokukhuluphala: ubufakazi bezinhlelo ze-pathology," Ukuhwebelana kwezefilosofi zeRoyal Society, 363, 2008, 3191-3200.
[16] u-Eric J. Nestler, "Izindlela zokudlulisa umlutha: indima ye-DFosB," Ukuhwebelana kwezefilosofi zeRoyal Society, 363, 2008, 3245-3256.
[18] DL Wallace, et al, Umthelela we-DFosB ku-Nucleus Accumberns kwi-Natural-Related Behavior,I-Journal of Neuroscience, 28 (4): Okthoba 8, 2008, 10272-10277,
[19] Isayensi I-6 July 2007:? Vol. I-317. cha. I-5834, iphe. I-23
[20] U-Julie A. Kauer, uRobert C. Malenka, "I-Synaptic Plasticity and Addiction," Ukuhlolwa Kwemvelo Neuroscience, 8, 8440858 November 2007, 844-858.
[21] UGert Holstege, uJanniko R. Georgiadis, u-Anne MJ Paans, uLinda C. Meiners, uFerdinand HCE van der Graaf, no-AAT Simone Reinders, "Ukusebenza kobuchopho ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwabantu besilisa," I-Journal of Neuroscience 23 (27), 2003, 9185-9193
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