UKumar P, uPatel VK, uBhatt RB, uVasavada DA, uSangma RD, uTiwari DS.
Ijenali Yezempilo Yezocansi. Mashi 2021. doi: 10.1177 / 2631831821989677
Kunemibono exubekile yokuhlukanisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengomlutha noma njengokucindezelwa ngokocansi noma i-subset yokuziphatha kwe-hypersexual. Ngenxa yokwanda kokufinyelela kwe-Intanethi nakwezobuchwepheshe, amathuba emsele wokuxhumana ngokocansi, izithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi, nolunye uhlobo lokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo lukhuphukile.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlose ukuthola ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile okuyisimo sengqondo nesimo sengqondo ngezithombe zocansi.
Indlela yokusebenza:
Ucwaningo olunezingxenye ezehlukene lwenziwa phakathi kwabafundi bezokwelapha abangafundile be-1,050 ukuhlola ukwanda kokulutha kwezithombe zocansi nesimo sengqondo ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Idokhumenti ye-Google equkethe uhlu lwemibuzo oluhleliwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ze-3: (a) imininingwane yabantu, (b) Isikali Sokusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, kanye (c) nesimo sengqondo ngezinga lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Le dokhumenti yakwa-Google yabelwe bonke abafundi be-undergraduate ngekheli le-imeyili kanye neqembu le-WhatsApp. Abahlanganyeli abangaphendulanga kuhlu lwemibuzo bathunyelwe izikhumbuzo ezi-3 esikhaleni sezinsuku ezi-3. Izimpendulo zaqoshwa kushidi le-Excel zahlaziywa kusetshenziswa isoftware ye-Epi-Info.
Ezenye:
Ukuqalwa kokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyizinkinga phakathi kwabahlanganyeli kwakungu-12.5%. Kwakunobuningi besibalo sokusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zocansi phakathi kwabahlanganyeli besilisa (P <.001), cishe ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwezithombe zocansi ngesonto (P <.001) nokusetshenziswa okungaphezu kwamaminithi angama-20 ngosuku (P <.001). Ukuhlanganiswa okungahambi kahle kwezibalo kubonisiwe (r = -0.483, P <.001) phakathi kweminyaka yobudala bokuchayeka kuqala ezithombeni ezingcolile kanye nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga. Abesilisa, ukuba sebudlelwaneni, nalabo abanenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babenamaphuzu aphezulu esimweni sengqondo ngezinga lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Isiphetho:
Kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka ngemfundo kubafundi ngemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyizinkinga ngoba kunokuxhumana okungahambi kahle phakathi kokuchayeka ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kwi-Intanethi namazinga okuhlonishwa ngokobulili nangokobulili; ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nekhwalithi empilo empofu, kanye nezimpawu zokudangala nezokukhathazeka. Izingxoxo eziqondene nobulili ukuze kukhuthazwe impilo yezocansi kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezemfundo yokufunda ngemidiya kungaba lusizo kubantu abasha ekushintsheni isimo sabo sengqondo ngezithombe zocansi.
Isingeniso
ENdiya yasendulo, inkanuko yomqondo kwakuwumqondo ofundwe kahle njengoba kubonwe eKamasutra eyabhalwa ngekhulu lesibili noma lesihlanu.1 Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwaseBrithani, isiko lamaNdiya lalinamathiselwe ohlelweni lwamaVictoria lokuziphatha nokuziphatha. Njengamanje eNdiya, ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngasese akuyona icala; kodwa-ke, ukugcina noma ukushicilela izithombe zokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane ngokocansi kuyajeziswa. Ngenxa yokwanda kokufinyelela kwe-Intanethi kanye nobuchwepheshe, amathuba womsele wokuxhumana ngokocansi, izithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi, nezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha okuphindaphindwayo zikhuphukile.2 I-SimpleWeb ku-2018 iveze ukuthi kunenani elikhulayo lezivakashi ezingcolile. Ukuvakashelwa kwalezi zindawo ezivinjelwe kwehle ngama-50% kepha ukusetshenziswa kwama-proxy network kwanda kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezivela kumawebhusayithi ahlukahlukene.3 I-India yizwe lesithathu elishushumbiswa kakhulu emhlabeni ngokusho kombiko we-Pornhub kanti u-3% wabasebenzisi bangabaneminyaka eyi-44 kuye kwengama-18.4
Kunemibono ehlanganisiwe yokuhlukanisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengezidakamizwa noma njengokucindezelwa ngokocansi noma i-subset yokuziphatha kwe-hypersexual.5 Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi okunenkinga kungumuzwa wokulahlekelwa ukulawula ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa okuphikelelayo naphezu kwemiphumela emibi. "Ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile" kuchazwa njengokuthambekela nokuthambekela ekubukeni izithombe namavidiyo wezithombe zocansi kaningi futhi njalo futhi ubhekana nobunzima lapho kungavunyelwe ukwenza njalo.6 Ukungafisi nokuphoqeleka kutholakale kuhlotshaniswa nalabo abanenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi kunalabo abangazisebenzisi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngobukhulu obufanayo.7 Ucwaningo lubika ukuthi i-58% yamadoda ibuka izithombe zocansi masonto onke futhi i-87% okungenani njalo ngenyanga8; ngenkathi ukwanda kokulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusuka ku-4.5% kuye ku-9.8%.9,10 Sekukonke, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyanda ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ngaphezulu kwabesilisa ikakhulukazi abantu abadala, futhi kuncipha ngeminyaka.11 Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nekhwalithi yokuphila engeyinhle, izimpawu zokudangala, izinsuku zokucindezelwa kwezempilo yengqondo nengokomzimba, kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokukhathazeka uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile.12,13
Enye yezimpikiswano ezivame kakhulu maqondana nokusetshenziswa kocansi ukuthi i-porn idala isithombe esingenampilo ngabesifazane, imikhuba yokuziphatha okonakele emphakathini, futhi iholela ekwandeni ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwabesifazane, yingakho kufanele kuvinjelwe. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lubika ukuthi labo ababuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziningi babenesimo esihle ngokwengeziwe ngabesifazane.14 Olunye ucwaningo lubika ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kungahle kungahlotshaniswa nezimo zokuziphatha ezingekho emthethweni zobulili; Abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babephethe isimo sokulingana ngabesifazane abasezingeni lokuphatha, abasebenza ngaphandle kwekhaya, kanye nokukhipha izisu kunabangasisebenzisi.15 Izigcawu ezivezwa kuzithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nobuningi bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaba nomthelela ekuqothulweni komzimba (isib. Ukushaya ngempama, ukushaya, nokuklinya) kanye nezocansi (isb. Ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi nokungena ngenkani) kodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane. Ucwaningo lwe-meta-analysis luphetha ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kukhulisa ubudlova phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo.16
Kunemibhalo elinganiselwe ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kulabo abazoba ngamaNdiya. Ngakho-ke isifundo samanje sihlose ukufinyelela ekusakazeni kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga nesimo sengqondo ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
izindlela
Kwenziwa isifundo esinqamulelayo ukuhlola ukwanda kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesimo sengqondo ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwabafundi bezokwelapha abenza iziqu zokuqala. Ifomu le-Google lenziwa labiwa nabo bonke abafundi be-undergraduate ngekheli labo le-imeyili kanye neqembu le-WhatsApp elinabafundi abayi-1,050. Idokhumenti ye-Google ibiqukethe uhlu lwemibuzo oluhleliwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ze-3: (a) imininingwane yabantu, (b) Isikali Sokusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile (PPCS), kanye (c) nesimo sengqondo ngezinga lezithombe zocansi. Abahlanganyeli abangaphendulanga kuhlu lwemibuzo bathunyelwe izikhumbuzo ezi-3 esikhaleni sezinsuku ezi-3. Ukugunyazwa kokuziphatha kuthathwe ekomitini lokuziphatha lesikhungo.
Materials
Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile17
Yayisetshenziselwa ukukala ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi okunenkinga. Iqukethe izinto ze-18 ezihlola izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-6 zokulutha: ubuthongo, ukuguqulwa kwemizwelo, ukungqubuzana, ukubekezelelana, ukubuyela emuva, nokuhoxa. Ingxenye ngayinye ilinganiswa ngezinto ezintathu zesikali. Izimpendulo zarekhodwa esikalini samaphoyinti angu-3 alandelayo: 7 = never, 1 = kuyaqabukela, 2 = ngezikhathi ezithile, 3 = kwesinye isikhathi, 4 = kaningi, 5 = kaningi, 6 = ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isilinganiso se-cutoff esingu-7 sisetshenziselwe ukuthola ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile nokunenkinga; amaphuzu angama-76 noma ngaphezulu akhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi okuyinkinga. I-alpha yeCronbach ye-PPCS ephelele yayingu-76.14 Ocwaningweni lwamanje, i-PPCS ikhombise ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi okugculisayo isebenzisa i-alpha yeCronbach (0.95).
Isimo Sengqondo Ngezinga Lezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile18
Isikali sento engu-20 sisetshenziselwe ukuhlola isimo sengqondo ngezithombe zocansi. Ezinye zezibonelo zezinto ezilinganiselwe yilezi: "Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyindlela emnandi yokuqeda ukucindezeleka", "Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziholela ekudlwengulweni", nokuthi "Abantu abenza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile abaphumelelanga". Izimpendulo zababambiqhaza zirekhodwe esikalini somugqa wamaphoyinti angu-7 ukusuka ku-1 (angivumelani neze) kuya ku-7 (ngiyavuma kakhulu). Ingqikithi yamabanga isukela ku-20 iye ku-140. Izinto ezinezitatimende ezingezinhle zaphinde zashintshwa ukuze amaphuzu aphezulu akhombise izimo zengqondo ezinhle ngezithombe ezingcolile. Ukuthembeka kwesikali kwakungu-0.84.15 Lesi sikali sikhombisa impahla egculisayo ye-psychometric yesifundo samanje kusetshenziswa i-alpha yeCronbach (0.74).
Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende
Ukufakwa kwedatha nokuhlaziywa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isoftware yeMicrosoft Excel ne-Epi-Info. Amaphrofayili wesimo senhlalo yabantu abahlanganyeli avezwe ngokuya ngemvamisa namaphesenti. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga phakathi kokuhlukahluka okufana nobulili, isimo sobudlelwano, amaqembu wobudala, masonto onke, nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nsuku zonke kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-chi-square. Ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswa kwePearson kwakusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kweminyaka yobudala yokuvezwa kokuqala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga. Ezimele t-isivivinyo sasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubudlelwano bobulili, isimo sobudlelwano sabahlanganyeli, kanye nezinkinga eziyizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa ngesimo sengqondo ngamaphuzu ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngenkathi ukuhlolwa kwendlela eyodwa kwe-ANOVA kwakusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubudlelwano beqembu lobudala elihlukile ngesimo sokubheka amaphuzu ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Imiphumela
Kubahlanganyeli abangu-1,050, abafundi abangama-753 baqedela ifomu le-Google ekutadisheni. Iminyaka yobudala eshiwo abafundi yayiyiminyaka engu-20.81 ± 1.70. Iningi labahlanganyeli (92.43%) lalingelenkolo yamaHindu. Ithebula 1 ikhombisa imininingwane yabantu ababambe iqhaza.
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Ithebula 1. Imininingwane Yabantu Ababambe iqhaza
Ukuqalwa kokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyizinkinga phakathi kwabahlanganyeli kwakungu-12.5%. Ithebula 2 kukhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza besilisa babike ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga kakhulu kunababambiqhaza besifazane, okukhonjiswe ngokuhlolwa kwesikwele (χ2 = 40.321, P <.001). Ababambiqhaza abasebenzisa cishe zonke izinsuku ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngesonto basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinezinkinga, okushiwo ukuhlolwa kwesikwele (χ2 = 71.584, P <.001). Ababambiqhaza babebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile "ezingaphezulu kwamaminithi angu-20" ngosuku babenokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okunenkinga enkulu, okwakukhonjiswa ukuhlolwa kwesikwele (χ2 = 115.534, P <.001). Ababambiqhaza ababebunoma yibuphi ubuhlobo babenezinkinga ezibalulekile ezibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, ezazikhonjiswa ukuhlolwa kwesikwele (χ2 = 11.474, P = .001). Akukho mehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo otholakele phakathi kwamaqembu ehlukene weminyaka.
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Ithebula 2. Ubudlelwano Bezinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa Ngezinguquko Ezihlukile
Umfanekiso we-1 ikhombisa ukuhlangana okungekuhle (r = -0.483) phakathi kweminyaka yobudala bokuchayeka kokuqala ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi esinenkinga. Ukuhlanganiswa kutholakale ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ngokwezibalo (P <.001) njengoba kukhonjisiwe ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganisa kwePearson. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ababambiqhaza abaneminyaka esencane yokuchayeka ezithombeni ezingcolile babenamaphuzu aphezulu ku-PPCS.
Ithebula 3 kukhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza besilisa babenezibalo eziphakeme ezibalo ngesimo sengqondo ngezinga lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunababambiqhaza besifazane, okwakhonjiswa ngokuzimela t-kuhlolwa (F = 2.850, P <.001). Ababambiqhaza ababenobunye ubudlelwane babenamaphuzu aphakeme ngokwezibalo ngesimo sengqondo ngezinga lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunabanye, elalichazwa ngokuzimela t-kuhlolwa (F = 1.246, P <.001). Ababambiqhaza abanenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babenamaphuzu aphakeme ngokwezibalo ngesimo sengqondo ngezinga lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunabanye, elalichazwa ngokuzimela t-kuhlolwa (F = 1.502, P <.001).
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Ithebula 3. Ukuqhathanisa Isimo Sengqondo Sokuya Ngamaphuzu Ezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ngokuhluka Okuhlukile
Ithebula 3 kukhombisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza abaneminyaka yobudala ephezulu (iminyaka engama-24-26) babenezibalo eziphakeme ngesimo sengqondo ngezinga lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi batholakala ukuthi babalulekile ngokwezibalo ngaphakathi naphakathi kweqembu, njengoba kukhonjiswe indlela eyodwa yokuhlolwa kwe-ANOVA (F = 6.146, P = .002).
Ingxoxo
Sebenzisa i-Pornography enenkinga
Ucwaningo lwamanje luthole ukusabalala kwe-12.5% yokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyizinkinga phakathi kwabahlanganyeli. UMennig et al19 bathole ukuthi ababambiqhaza be-7.1% basebenzise inkinga yezithombe zocansi. UDwulit et al20 esifundweni esiphambanweni phakathi kwabafundi basePoland University bathola ukwanda kwe-12.2% kokulutha kwezithombe zocansi okuzibona. UYbarra et al21 ocwaningweni phakathi kwezingane nentsha yeqembu leminyaka yobudala eyi-12 kuya kwengu-18 ibike ukuthi i-90% yentsha iyakwazi ukuthola izithombe zocansi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka kungenxa yokufinyeleleka okulula nokufinyelela okwengeziwe kwalolo lwazi ngokwanda kokufinyelela kwi-Intanethi. URissel et al22 phakathi kwabantu base-Australia abaneminyaka yobudala eyi-16 kuya kwengu-69 bathola ukuthi abesilisa abangu-4% nabesifazane abangu-1% babelumlutha wezithombe zocansi. Umehluko emiphumeleni kungenzeka ubangelwe ngabantu abahlukile bokutadisha kanye nemvelaphi yamasiko. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okuhlukile kwezocansi njengokushaya indlwabu, ukuya ocansini ngaphambi komshado, ukuya ocansini nabalingani bobulili obufanayo, ukuya ocansini okungaphezu komlingani oyedwa, nokuya ocansini nabasebenza ngocansi. USachdev et al23 ocwaningweni olwenziwe phakathi kwabafundi baseyunivesithi kubikwe ukwanda kwama-80% okushaya indlwabu. Ngenkathi izinga lokusabalala kocansi ngaphambi komshado kubikwe njenge-19% nguKaur et al24 futhi ngaphezu kwama-25% nguSharma et al.25
Ucwaningo lwamanje luthole ukuthi ababambiqhaza besilisa banesilinganiso esiphakeme sokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile kunabesifazane. Chowdhury et al26 esifundweni sabafundi baseyunivesithi eBangladesh baphawula ukuthi abafundi besilisa basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi kakhulu kunabalingani babo besifazane. Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguWilloughby et al27 phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi laseMelika bathole ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezithombe zocansi phakathi kwabahlanganyeli besilisa kunabesifazane. Ngokufanayo, isifundo esenziwe nguKvalem et al28 phakathi kwabantu abadala abaseScandinavia babika ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezinto zobulili ezingcolile ngabesilisa. U-Emmers-Sommer et al29 esifundweni sakhe uzame ukuchaza lokhu kwehluka kobulili ngombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengamadoda anolaka kakhulu futhi lokhu kuhumusha ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi kunabesifazane. Uveze ukuthi kunzima ukukhomba ukuthi ukungezwani kobulili kungenxa yethonya lezinto eziphilayo noma lomphakathi noma i-testosterone ephezulu kwabesilisa, noma uma kuthonywa yimikhawulo yamasiko ebekwe kwabobulili.29 Ukwehluka kobulili kuyabonakala emisebenzini yobuchopho bobulili ye-ventromedial prefrontal cortex; Ucwaningo lwe-neuroimaging lwezocansi lubika ukuthi abesifazane banempendulo ebuthakathaka kuzisusa ezibukekayo.30
Kuyabonakala esifundweni samanje ukuthi ababambiqhaza abaneminyaka emincane yokuchayeka ezithombeni ezingcolile banamaphuzu aphezulu kwizinkinga zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswayo. UDwulit et al20 ibike ukuthi iminyaka yokuchayeka okokuqala ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile yayihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokulutha okuphezulu okuzibona kwabesilisa nabesifazane kanye nezidingo ezidingekayo zocansi ukuze ufinyelele i-orgasm lapho usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi wehlise ukwaneliseka ngokocansi. Bulot et al31 ocwaningweni lwabafundi baseyunivesithi babika ukuthi iminyaka yobudala yokuchayeka ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ihlotshaniswa nomsebenzi ophakeme wezocansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuphezulu kuholela ekuvunyelweni ngokocansi kubangele ukwanda kwezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STDs), nokuzibandakanya ocansini ngaphambi komshado kanye nocansi olungaphandle komshado.32 Ulwazi olwanele locansi kanye nesimo sengqondo esihle ngocansi kuyadingeka kodokotela nabafundi bezokwelapha ukuthi banikeze imininingwane efanelekile ephathelene nezocansi benesimo sokusekela nesokungahluleli.33
Ucwaningo lwamanje luthole ukuthi ababambiqhaza bachitha isikhathi esithe xaxa ezithombeni ezingcolile nsuku zonke noma masonto onke banokusabalala okuphezulu kokusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zocansi. Ngokufanayo, uGeorge et al34 ocwaningweni lokubuyekeza kubikwe ukuthi ukubukwa okweqile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswe nezinguquko zobuchopho ezifana nalokho okungabonakala eziluthweni zezidakamizwa. U-Allen et al35 ibike ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okungaguquguquki kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungasiza ekwandeni kokulangazelela ngenxa yezinguquko ezithile ze-metacognition, ukucutshungulwa kolwazi, nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga okuholela ekuziphatheni okuluthayo.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luthole ukuthi ababambiqhaza kunoma yibuphi ubuhlobo (obufana nobudlelwano bothando) banobuningi bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga. UDwulit et al20 babike okutholakele okufanayo; imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ibiphezulu kulabo ababambe iqhaza ebudlelwaneni bothando uma kuqhathaniswa nabangashadile. Kungaba ngenxa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezichazwa njengezivusa inkanuko, ezijabulisayo noma ezivuselelayo.36 UHulumeni waseNdiya uvimbele amawebhusayithi angama-857 ezocansi; lesi sinyathelo singasiza ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga.37
Ukuxhumana okungahambi kahle kukaMorrison et al kutholakale phakathi kokuvezwa kwezithombe zocansi kwi-Intanethi namazinga okuhlonishwa ngokobulili nangokobulili; ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nekhwalithi empilo empofu, kanye nezimpawu zokudangala nezokukhathazeka.13 Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka abafundi ngemfundo ngemiphumela emibi yezithombe zocansi. Umbiko wecala likaDarshan et al38 mayelana nokulutha kwezithombe zocansi nge "dhat" syndrome kutholakale ukuthi i-psychotherapy kanye ne-pharmacotherapy kuyasebenza ekwehliseni ukuphoqeleka ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile. Ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo kuphumelele ekunciphiseni izimpawu zokulutha ngokwe-inthanethi njengokugqugquzela ukuyeka, ukuphathwa kwesikhathi ku-inthanethi, kanye nokugwema ukufaka izicelo ezinenkinga online.39 Ukwelashwa okubhekiswe ekuhlukunyezweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuluthwa ngokocansi, nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kuyadingeka ukuxhasa abantu abayimilutha yezithombe zocansi.
Isimo Sengqondo Ngezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile
Ucwaningo lwamanje luthole ukuthi ababambiqhaza besilisa banesimo esihle ngokwengeziwe ngezithombe zocansi kunabesifazane. Kufundwa nguHäggström-Nordin et al40 Abafundi besikole samabanga aphakeme baseSweden babike ukuthi ababambiqhaza besilisa banesimo esihle sokubuka izithombe zocansi; bobabili ababambiqhaza besilisa nabesifazane bathi bathola ugqozi nemibono emisha ezithombeni ezingcolile, kepha ababambiqhaza besifazane banombono wokuthi izithombe zocansi zidale ukungaqiniseki nezimfuno. UCowan et al's41 Ukutadisha phakathi kwabahlanganyeli besifazane abavela eSouthern California babika isimo sengqondo esibi kakhulu ngezithombe zocansi. UMellor et al's42 Ukutadisha phakathi kwemiphakathi ejwayelekile kubika ukuthi akukho mehluko phakathi kwesimo sengqondo sowesilisa nowesifazane mayelana nezithombe zocansi. Umehluko esimweni sengqondo ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka ngenxa yokuguquguquka okuphazamisayo njengesiko noma isizinda senkolo.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luthole ukuthi ababambiqhaza abanenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babenesimo esihle ngokwengeziwe ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Kufundwa nguHäggström-Nordin et al40 ibika ukuthi ababambiqhaza ababebuke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-hardcore banesimo esihle ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunesibukeli sezithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile. Kufundwa nguSvedin et al43 phakathi kwabafundi besikole samabanga aphakeme abangu-2,015 baseSweden bathola ukuthi ababambiqhaza ababuka izinto ezibeka obala ezocansi kaningi banesimo esihle noma esivulekile sokubheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunalabo ababuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi noma cha nhlobo futhi benza impilo yezocansi evuselelayo.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luthole ukuthi ababambiqhaza abaneminyaka yobudala ephezulu banesimo esihle ngokwengeziwe ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Imiphumela ingahle ibe ngenxa yokwanda kolwazi ngeminyaka eshintsha isimo sengqondo. Ucwaningo lwamanje luthole ukuthi ababambiqhaza kunoma ibuphi ubuhlobo banesimo esihle ngokwengeziwe ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Isizathu esisodwa salokhu kungaba ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubikwa ukuthi ziyavusa, ziyajabulisa, futhi ziyavuselela esifundweni esenziwe nguWallmyr et al.36 Futhi, uMiller et al44 esifundweni sakhe ithole ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi banomphumela omuhle oqondile wokugculiseka ngokocansi. Izingxoxo eziqondene nobulili ukuze kukhuthazwe impilo yezocansi kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezemfundo yokufunda ngemidiya kungaba lusizo kubantu abasha ekushintsheni isimo sabo sengqondo ngezithombe zocansi.
Ukulinganiselwa
Ucwaningo beluqukethe izikali ezizibikelayo ezingabandlululwa lapho kubikwa khona ngokweqile nokubikwa okungaphansi. Ngenxa yobuningi bezigaba zocwaningo, kunzima ukuvimbela noma yikuphi ukuhumusha okuyimbangela; isilinganiso esikhulu, kanye nezifundo zesikhathi eside nezokuhlola ziyadingeka ukuze kucaciswe kangcono ukubakhona. Esifundweni samanje, akukho ngxoxo ehleliwe yezengqondo kanye nenqubo yokuxilonga esetshenzisiwe ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi. Ukuhlangana phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga, isimo sengqondo ngezithombe zocansi, nenkolo yabantu abahloliwe akuzange kuhlolwe. Futhi, izinto ezinjengokutholakala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukufundiswa ngocansi, ithonya lontanga, kanye nokuqondiswa kwabazali azifakwanga esifundweni samanje esingaba nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi kanye nasekuboneni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Isiphetho
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga kudlangile phakathi kwabafundi abenza iziqu zobudokotela. Ukuba ngowesilisa, iminyaka yobudala yokuchayeka ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile nokuchitha isikhathi esiningi ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyizinkinga. Ababambiqhaza ebudlelwaneni babenobuningi bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga. Ucwaningo lubike ukuhlangana okungahambi kahle phakathi kokuchayeka ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kwi-Intanethi kanye namazinga okuhlonishwa ngokobulili nangokobulili; ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nekhwalithi empilo empofu, kanye nezimpawu zokudangala nezokukhathazeka. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka abafundi ngemfundo ngemiphumela engaba khona yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga.
Abahlanganyeli besilisa, ababambiqhaza abanezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi ababambiqhaza kunoma yibuphi ubuhlobo banesimo sengqondo esihle ngezithombe ezingcolile. Isimo sengqondo esivulekile ngaphandle kolwazi olwanele siyingozi, sibanga amazinga akhuphukayo ama-STD, nokuzibandakanya ocansini ngaphambi komshado kanye nocansi olungaphandle komshado olungadala izingxabano emndenini. Izingxoxo eziqondene nobulili ukuze kukhuthazwe impilo yezocansi, kanye nokubamba iqhaza emfundweni yabezindaba yokufunda, kungaba lusizo kubantu abasha ekushintsheni isimo sabo sengqondo ngezithombe zocansi.
Isimemezelo sezintshisekelo eziphikisanayo
Abalobi bangekho ukuphikisana okungase kube khona mayelana nokucwaninga, ukubhala phansi, kanye / noma ukushicilelwa kwalesi sihloko.
Izimali
Ababhali abatholanga ukwesekwa kwezezimali ngocwaningo, ukubhala, kanye / noma ukushicilelwa kwalesi sihloko.
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