Ukulutha ngokocansi eTurkey: Ucwaningo olukhulu ngesampula yomphakathi kazwelonke (2021)

Izifundo zangaphambilini zokulutha ngokocansi zithembele kakhulu ebangeni elincane lezinto ezinobungozi phakathi kwamasampula amancane futhi ahlukile. Inhloso yocwaningo lwamanje kwakuwukuhlola izimpawu zengqondo ezihlobene nokulutha ngokocansi kwisampula esikhulu somphakathi sabantu abadala baseTurkey. Bangu-24,380 abantu abaphothule ucwaningo olune-Questionnaire Yobungozi Bokulutha Ngocansi, iBrief Symptom Inventory, i-Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, i-Personal-Wellbeing Index Adult Form, iToronto Alexithymia Scale, kanye ne-Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (50 % abesilisa; kusho iminyaka yobudala = iminyaka engu-31.79; ibanga lobudala = iminyaka engu-18 kuye kwengu-81). Kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehliswa kwezikhundla, ukulutha ngokocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa nokuba ngowesilisa, ukuba mncane, ukuba nezinga eliphansi lemfundo, ukungashadi, ukuba ngumsebenzisi wotshwala kanye ne-nicotine, ukucindezeleka kwengqondo, impilo yomuntu ophansi, umthelela omuhle nongalungile, i-alexithymia, nokunamathisela okukhathazayo. Lolu cwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi izici zenhlalo-yabantu kanye nezici ezingokwengqondo ezishiwo ngenhla zikhulisa ukubandakanyeka okuphezulu ekuziphatheni kocansi okuluthayo emphakathini waseTurkey. Kodwa-ke, kudingeka izifundo eziningi ukuqonda kangcono izinto ezihambisana nokulutha ngokocansi eTurkey.

Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (2018) kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ngokocansi njengokucindezela kokulawula ukucindezela ekubuyekezweni kweshumi nanye kwe-International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), futhi kwachazwa ngokuthi “Umkhuba ophikelelayo wokwehluleka ukulawula izifiso ezinamandla, eziphindaphindwayo zocansi noma izifiso eziholela ekuziphatheni okuphindelelayo kwezocansi.” Ukucatshangelwa kwalokhu kuziphatha okuyinkinga kuthole impikiswano enkulu phakathi kwabafundi futhi kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwamagama ahlukene ukuchaza ukungakwazi kwabantu ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabo kwezocansi kubandakanya (phakathi kwabanye) ukuncika kwezocansi, ukuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual, ukulutha ngokocansi nokuziphatha ngocansi okuphoqelelayo ( Kafka, 2013; Karila et al., 2014). Ucwaningo lwamuva luchaze ukulutha kwezocansi njenge "Ukuzibandakanya kakhulu ezenzweni zocansi (isb. Amaphupho, ukushaya indlwabu, ukuya ocansini, izithombe zocansi) kwimidiya ehlukene" (U-Andreassen et al., 2018; p. 2). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushayela ucansi okungalawuleki, ukuzibandakanya ocansini, nokuzibandakanya okuphikelelayo emisebenzini yezocansi naphezu kwemiphumela emibi yempilo kungezinye zezimpawu ezibikwe ukulutha kocansi (Andreassen et al., 2018). Ngaphandle kwempikiswano eqhubekayo yokufaka uphawu ekuziphatheni okuyinkinga kwezocansi njengokuphazamiseka okucindezela ngokweqile, ukuphazamiseka kokulawula umfutho, noma ukulutheka (UKarila et al., 2014), Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi ucansi lunamandla okuziphatha okuluthayo nokuthi ukulutha ngokocansi kunemiphumela engemihle ehlukahlukene okubandakanya ukukhathazeka ngokwengqondo nobudlelwano (Griffiths, 2012; Reid et al., 2010; Spenhoff et al., 2013).

Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, ucwaningo mayelana nokulutha ngokocansi lukhule ngokuphawulekayo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluphenya ngokusabalala, izinto eziyingozi, kanye nemiphumela yokulutha ngokocansi luthembele kumathuluzi amaningi wokulinganisa wokuhlola ukuluthwa ngokocansi kufaka phakathi i-Sexual Addiction Screening Test-Revised (Carnes et al., 2010), Inventory Yokuziphatha Ngokobulili Okucindezelayo (UColeman et al., 2001), Inventory-Dependency Inventory-Revised (UDelmonico et al., 1998), kanye neSikali Sokuhlola Izimpawu Zezocansi (URaymond et al., 2007). Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo eziningi ezithuthukisiwe zinemikhawulo ebalulekile kufaka phakathi amasampula athile futhi amancane asetshenzisiwe kwizifundo zokuthuthukisa kanye nokuqinisekisa, ukuhlola izindlela ezithile zokuziphatha ngokocansi esikhundleni sokulutha ngokocansi, ukuba nezinto eziningi esikalini, nokufaka izinto ezingafanele ngokuya ngomqondo wobulili umlutha (Andreassen et al., 2018; Hook et al., 2010). Ucwaningo lwamuva luthuthukise futhi lwaqinisekisa into eyisithupha ye-Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) enabantu abadala abangama-23,533 baseNorway ngokususelwa ezingxenyeni (okungukuthi ubukhali, ukuhoxa, ukuguqulwa kwemizwelo, ukungqubuzana, ukubekezelelana, ukubuyela emuva) okuchazwe kumodeli ye-biopsychosocial (Andreassen et al., 2018; Griffiths, 2012).

Muva nje, uBőthe et al. (2020) yathuthukisa i-Compulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder Scale (CSBD-19) ngokuya ngesilinganiso sokuhlola se-ICD-11 esakhiwa ngabantu abangama-9325 abavela e-United States, Hungary naseJalimane. Imodeli yezici ezinhlanu ze-CSBD-19 (okungukuthi ukulawula, ubuthongo, ukubuyela emuva, ukungeneliseki, imiphumela emibi) kukhombise ubudlelwane obuhle nokuziphatha kocansi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile, inani labalingani bezocansi, inani labalingani bobulili obuvamile, imvamisa yonyaka odlule ukuya ocansini nomlingani, imvamisa yonyaka odlule yokuya ocansini nabalingani abangavamile, imvamisa yonyaka odlule yokushaya indlwabu, kanye nemvamisa yonyaka odlule yokubuka izithombe ezingcolile (Bőthe et al., 2020).

Abanye bahlole izakhiwo ze-psychometric ze-Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) besebenzisa isampula enkulu engeyona eyemitholampilo equkethe abantu abangu-18,034 abavela eHungary (Bőthe, Kovács, et al., 2019a). Imodeli yezici ezintathu ye-HBI (okungukuthi ukubhekana nezinkinga, ukulawula, imiphumela) yayinobudlelwano obuhle nenani labalingani bezocansi, inani labalingani bobulili obuvamile, imvamisa yokuya ocansini nomlingani, imvamisa yokuya ocansini nabalingani abangavamile, imvamisa yokushaya indlwabu , imvamisa yokubukwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngasikhathi ngasinye, kanye nemvamisa yokubukwa kwezithombe zocansi.

Izincwadi ezikhona zokulutha ngokocansi zikhomba okutholakele okuphikisanayo ngokuya ngezimpawu zokulutha ngokocansi kwabantu. Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, abesilisa babebonakala kangcono ngokuba namazinga aphezulu emicabango yezocansi, imvamisa yokushaya indlwabu, ukukhululeka kokuvuswa kocansi, kanye nocansi oluvamile uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane, yize ucwaningo oluningi olugxile kwabesifazane luyadingeka ukuthola indima yobulili ku ukuthuthukiswa kokulutha ngokocansi (Bőthe et al., 2018, 2020). Noma kunjalo, ubufakazi obukhona bukhombisa ukubusa kwabesilisa ekuziphatheni ngokocansi okuluthayo (Kafka, 2010), yize ezinye izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi abantu besifazane kungenzeka futhi ukuthi bathambekele ekuziphatheni okuluthayo kwezocansi futhi lokhu kungaholela emizweni ephakeme yehlazo (Dhuffar & Griffiths, 2014, 2015). Ngokuya ngeminyaka, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ubusha nobudala obudala yizikhathi eziyingozi kakhulu zokuthuthukisa nokugcina ukulutha kocansi (Kafka, 2010). Esifundweni esikhulu saseNorway sabahlanganyeli abangaphezu kuka-23,500, ukuba neziqu ze-Master kwehlise amathuba okuba nengozi yokulutha ngokocansi ngokulingene kanti ukuba neziqu ze-PhD kuphakamise ingozi yokuba umlutha wezocansi (Andreassen et al., 2018). Ngenxa yalokho, ukuba ngowesilisa, iminyaka ephansi, ukungashadi, izinga lemfundo ephakeme, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nokusetshenziswa kukagwayi kuhlobene nobungqingili obuphakeme kanye nokulutha ngokocansi (Andreassen et al., 2018; UCampbell noStein, 2015; Kafka, 2010; Sussman et al., 2011).

Ngaphezu kwezici zenhlalo-yabantu, izifundo zangaphambilini zikhombe ukuhlobana okuningi kwengqondo kokulutha ngokocansi. Ukutadisha nabantu abayimilutha yocansi besilisa abangama-418 kukhombisile ukuthi izinga lokudlanga kokucindezeleka laliphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwabayimilutha yezocansi yaseMelika uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abaningi (Weiss, 2004). Abantu abanomlutha wezocansi bakhuphule ukucindezeleka kwengqondo nokukhubazeka ngenxa yokuthola ubunzima bokulawula imizwa yezocansi, ukunxusa nokuziphatha (UDickenson et al., 2018). Kubukeka sengathi labo abanokukhuphuka kwengcindezi kanye nokukhathazeka bazama ukubhekana nezimo zabo ezingezinhle ngokwengqondo ngokuziphatha okuluthayo ngokocansi (IBrewer & Tidy, 2019). Phakathi kwabantu abadala abasafufusa abangama-337, ukuluthwa ucansi kwakuhlotshaniswa nokulawulwa kwethonya elibi nokuqeda ukucindezeleka okusebenzayo (UCashwell et al., 2017). Kubuye kwaboniswa ngamandla ukuthi izimo zemizwa ezingezinhle zihlotshaniswa nocansi oluphakeme phakathi kwabantu abadala abasafufusa (UDhuffar et al., 2015). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubunzima bokuhlonza imizwa buhlobene kahle nokulutha okuphezulu kocansi ngemuva kokulawula ukucindezeleka kanye nokuba sengozini kwengcindezi (Reid et al., 2008), okukhombisa ukuthi abantu abane-alexithymic nabo basengozini yokulutha ngokocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abayimilutha yezocansi kutholakale ukuthi banokungazethembi (okungukuthi, ukukhathazeka, ukugwema) izitayela zokunamathisela (iZapf et al., 2008). Noma kunjalo, uma kunikezwa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuluthayo ngokobulili kungumfutho futhi kuyimpoqo ngokwemvelo, izinkinga zengqondo zingalindelwa ukuba zihambisane nokulutha ngokocansi (IBőthe, Tóth-Király, et al., I-2019b). Ngaphezu kwalokho, labo abazama noma ukuqeda ukuzibulala babonakala ngokuphazamiseka kwemizwelo, izehlakalo zokuphila ezinengcindezi, izinkinga zokusebenzelana nabantu, ukusekelwa komphakathi okuncane, izimpilo ezinesizungu, i-alexithymia, nemizwa yokuphelelwa yithemba ngenxa yezimo ezinesizotha noma izitayela zokunamathisela okungalungile (uPompili et al., 2014). Okubalulekile, izindlela ezihlukile zokucubungula izinzwa zabantu abacindezelekile zibikwe njengezici ezibalulekile ekutholeni imiphumela engemihle (Serafini et al., 2017). Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlola lezi zakhi ezigqagqene eziye zaboniswa kaninginingi ukubikezela ukulutha kocansi ezifundweni ezedlule kwathathwa njengokuzuzisa ukuqonda ukulutha kocansi phakathi kwabantu baseTurkey.

Yize kukhona izincwadi ezikhona, kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngokuya ngomlutha wezocansi eTurkey. Ngakho-ke, isifundo samanje sisebenzise isampula enkulu yaseTurkey ukuhlola izinqumo ezithile ezingokwengqondo zokulutha ngokocansi eziye zahlonzwa ngokungaguquguquki njengezinto eziyingozi ekuziphatheni kocansi okuluthayo nokunye ukulutha kokuziphatha ezincwadini ezikhona okubandakanya izimpawu zengqondo, inhlalakahle yomuntu siqu, izifundazwe ezithintekayo, i-alexithymia, nokunamathiselwe. Kulo mongo, okokuqala, kwahlolwa ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhlukahluka kwabantu njengobulili, ubudala, izinga lemfundo, isimo somshado, ukubhema ugwayi, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nokulutha kocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, bekuhloselwe ukucacisa amandla okubikezela ezimpawu zengqondo, inhlalakahle yomuntu siqu, amazwe athintekayo, i-alexithymia, nokuguquguqukayo kokunamathiselwe ndawonye ekuluthweni ngokocansi. Izifundo ezimbalwa kuphela ezikhulume ngalezi zinkinga, futhi izifundo ezikhona zihlushwa imikhawulo eminingana kubandakanya amasampula amancane azikhethele wona, kanye nabantu abangameleli nabanobunzima. Lokhu kukhawulelwa kunciphisa ukuthembeka nokucaca kwemiphumela yezifundo zangaphambilini.

Ucwaningo lwamanje luqinisekisile futhi lwasebenzisa isikali esisha, i-Questionnaire Risk Questionnaire (SARQ). I-SARQ yathuthukiswa ngoba isifundo samanje kwakuyisifundo esikhulu se-epidemiological esihlola izinhlobo eziningi zokuziphatha okuluthayo lapho izinto zazifana kodwa ababambiqhaza bacelwa ukuthi baphendule kuzo maqondana nokuziphatha okuthile (isb., Ukudla, ukudlala, njll. ). Isifundo samanje sibika kuphela okutholakele maqondana nokulutha kwezocansi. Kwakucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuba ngowesilisa, ukuba mncane, izinga lemfundo ephakeme, ukubhema ugwayi, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala, ukucindezeleka kwengqondo, inhlalakahle yabantu abampofu, izifundazwe ezithintekayo, i-alexithymia, nezitayela zokunamathisela ezingavikelekile konke lokhu kuzohambisana kahle nokulutha kocansi.

Abahlanganyeli kanye nenqubo

Inhloso eyinhloko yesampula kwakuwumzamo wokumela abantu abadala eTurkey. Ukwenza lokhu, kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi ifreyimu yesethenjwa yesampula yadalwa futhi ababambiqhaza abavela kumugqa othile emphakathini waseTurkey bafakwa ohlakeni lokutadisha. I-NUTS (ukuqanjwa kwamagama wamayunithi wezindawo zezibalo), okuyisistimu esetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa indawo yezomnotho ye-European Union, yasetshenziselwa ukuhlela ukusampula. Ngalolu hlelo lokuhlukaniswa, ukumelwa kwabantu abadala kuyakhula. Indlela yokwenza amasampula ihlose ukuhlola inani elithile lababambiqhaza kusuka kumugqa ngamunye ochaziwe ezifundeni ezithile ezihlanganisa lonke elaseTurkey. Ngokuya ngesibalo samadolobha, idatha phakathi kuka-200 no-2000 yaqoqwa endaweni ngayinye ukuze isampula likwazi ukumela ngangokunokwenzeka. Bangu-125 abafundi abaphothule izifundo ze-psychology abanikeze imibuzo yemibuzo yephepha nepensela kubantu abavela emadolobheni ahlukene angama-79 ezifundeni ezingama-26 zaseTurkey ngo-2018. okungukuthi, imibuzo ephathelene nokuziphatha kocansi). Labo ababeneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-18 ubudala, futhi babengenakho ukugula kwengqondo okubavimba ekuqedeni uhlu lwemibuzo ababeqashelwe isifundo. Abantu abadala abangama-24,494 baseTurkey bagcwalisa imibuzo. Lapho imininingwane ihlolwa, kutholakale ukuthi abanye ababambiqhaza abayigqibanga yonke imibuzo, futhi abanye ababambiqhaza abaphendulanga kwezinye zezikali. Kulaba, ababambiqhaza ababenemininingwane elahlekile kanye / noma abangaphendulanga ezikalini ezingaphezu kwesisodwa babalwa njengabanemininingwane eminingi kakhulu elahlekile. Imininingwane elahlekile iyaziwa iyizinsongo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokwethembeka, ukuba semthethweni, kanye nokujwayeleka kwemiphumela yokufunda. Le mininingwane elahlekile ayifakwanga ekuhlaziyweni ukuze kuvinjelwe ubandlululo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesayizi enkulu kakhulu yesampula, lokhu akuzange kwehlise amandla ezibalo ocwaningo, noma ukumelwa kwesampula. Isampula lokugcina lalinabahlanganyeli abangama-24,380 (abesilisa abayi-12,249 nabesifazane abangu-12,131; M_age = Iminyaka engu-31.79, SD_age = 10.86; ububanzi = iminyaka engu-18 kuye kwengu-81). Idatha esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo yaqoqwa njengengxenye yocwaningo lwe-epidemiological olukhulu kakhulu oluhlola izindlela eziningi zokulutha, ezinye zazo ezishicilelwe kwenye indawo (ie, Kircaburun et al., 2020; U-ünübol et al., 2020).

Izindlela

Izinhlobonhlobo Zabantu

Ifomu lolwazi lwe-Sociodemographic lifaka ubulili, ubudala, isimo semfundo, isimo somshado, ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi, nokusetshenziswa kotshwala.

Uhlu lwemibuzo Ngengozi Yomlutha Wocansi (SARQ)

Ukulutha umlutha wezocansi kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa i-unqimensional SARQ (bheka isithasiselo). Isikali siqukethe izinto eziyisithupha ezihlola izindlela eziyisithupha zokulutha umlutha ezichazwe ngokususelwa 'kumodeli yezingxenye zomlutha' (IGriffiths, 2012). Ababambiqhaza balinganise izinto ze-SARQ besebenzisa isikali samaphoyinti ayi-11 kusuka ku-0 (ungalokothi) ku-10 (njalo). I-Cronbach's α esifundweni samanje yayihle kakhulu (.93).

Inventory Yezimpawu Ezimfushane (BSI)

Ukucindezeleka kwengqondo okujwayelekile kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa ifomu laseTurkey (iSahin & Durak, 1994) kwento engu-53 ye-BSI (iDerogatis neSpencer, 1993). Isikali sinezici eziyisihlanu ezingaphansi ezibandakanya ukuzicabangela okungekuhle, ukudana, ukukhathazeka, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nobutha. Ababambiqhaza bakala izinto ze-BSI besebenzisa isikali samaphoyinti amahlanu kusuka ku-1 (cishe akekho) ku-5 (cishe njalo). Isikali sasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukukhathazeka okujwayelekile kwengqondo ngokusebenzisa isikali njengokwakhiwa okukodwa, i-The Cronbach's α esifundweni samanje yayisihle (.95).

Ifomu Labantu Abadala Le-Well Well Being Index (PWBI-AF)

Inhlalakahle yabahlanganyeli ihlolwe kusetshenziswa ifomu laseTurkey (iMeral, 2014) wezinto eziyisishiyagalombili i-PWBI-AF (I-International Wellbeing Group, 2013). Ababambiqhaza balinganise izinto ze-PWBI-AF besebenzisa isikali samaphoyinti ayi-11 kusuka ku-0 (Akukho ukwaneliseka nhlobo) ku-10 (Waneliseke ngokuphelele). I-α yeCronbach esifundweni samanje yayiyinhle kakhulu (.87).

Isheduli Ethintekayo Negative Afact (PANAS)

Ukuthinteka okuhle nokubi ngesikhathi esinikeziwe ngesikhathi kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa ifomu laseTurkey (Gençöz, 2000) wezinto ezingama-20 i-PANAS (Watson et al., 1988). Ababambiqhaza balinganise izinto ze-PANAS besebenzisa isikali se-Likert samaphoyinti amahlanu kusuka ku-1 (kancane kakhulu) ku-5 (kakhulu). Izikolo eziphakeme zibonisa ukuthi zinomthelela omuhle kakhulu (i-Cronbach's α = .85) nomthelela omubi (i-Cronbach's α = .83).

I-Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)

I-Alexithymia kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwayo okubandakanya ubunzima bokukhomba imizwa, ubunzima bokuchaza imizwa, nokucabanga okuqondiswe ngaphandle kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa ifomu laseTurkey (Güleç et al., 2009) wezinto ezingama-20 TAS-20 (Bagby et al., 1994). Ngenxa yezimpikiswano zakamuva zokuthi ukucabanga okugxile ngaphandle (EOT) kumele i-alexithymia (Müller et al., 2003I-EOT ayikhishiwe ekuhlaziyweni. Ababambiqhaza balinganise i-TAS-20 besebenzisa isikali samaphoyinti amahlanu kusuka ku-1 (aphikisani kakhulu) ku-5 (kuvuma kakhulu). I-α yeCronbach esifundweni samanje yayiyinhle kakhulu (.83).

Okokuzithokozisa Kubudlelwano Obuseduze-Kubuyekezwe (ECR-R)

Okunamathiselwe okukhathazayo nokugwema kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa ifomu laseTurkey (Selçuk et al., 2005) wezinto ezingama-36 ECR-R (UFraley et al., 2000). Ababambiqhaza balinganise izinto ze-ECR-R besebenzisa isikali samaphoyinti ayisikhombisa kusuka ku-1 (aphikisani kakhulu) ku-7 (kuvuma kakhulu). Izikolo eziphakeme zikhombisa okunamathiselwe okukhathazayo (i-Cronbach's α = .83) nokunamathiselwe okugwema (i-Cronbach's α = .85).

Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende

Isu lokuhlaziya idatha lalungisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo: (i) ukuqinisekiswa kokusebenza kwengqondo kwe-SARQ; kanye (ii) nophenyo lwama-socio-demographic kanye ne-correlates engokwengqondo yokulutha ngokocansi. Ekuqaleni, izakhiwo ze-psychometric ze-SARQ zahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-classical test theory (CTT), i-exploratory factor analysis (EFA), kanye ne-factor factor analysis (CFA). Ku-CFA, izimpande zisho izinsalela zesikwele (RMSEA), izimpande ezilinganiselwe zisho izinsalela zesikwele (i-SRMR), inkomba yokulinganisa okuqhathaniswayo (i-CFI), kanye nobuhle be-fit index (GFI) kuhlolwe ukuthola ubuhle bokulingana. I-RMSEA ne-SRMR ingaphansi kuka -05 ikhombisa ukulingana okufanele kanti i-RMSEA ne-SRMR ingaphansi kuka -08 iphakamisa ukulingana okwanele; I-CFI ne-GFI ephakeme kuno-.95 ilungile futhi i-CFI ne-GFI iphakeme kune-.90 iyamukeleka (Hu & Bentler, 1999).

Esinyathelweni sokugcina, izivivinyo zokuhlanganisa zikaPearson zisetshenziselwe ukuhlola ama-coefficients wokuhlanganisa phakathi kokuguquguqukayo kokufunda kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuhlehliswa kwezikhundla kusetshenziselwe ukubikezela ukubheja kocansi ngokususelwa kuzici zenhlalo yabantu kanye nokuhlukahluka kwengqondo. Ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kokuhlanganiswa, idatha ihlangane nokucabanga kokujwayelekile ngokuya ngamanani we-skewness kanye ne-kurtosis. Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-regression, kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi azikho i-multicollinearity ngokuhlola ukuhlukahluka kwe-inflation factor (VIF) namanani wokubekezela. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isoftware ye-SPSS 23.0 ne-AMOS 23.0.

Isampula eliphelele lahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezithile laba amasampula amabili ahlukene ukuze kwenziwe i-EFA ne-CFA kusetshenziswa amasampula amabili. I-EFA yenziwa ngesampula lokuqala (N = 12,096). I-EFA ikhombise ukuthi i-SARQ inesakhiwo esingajwayelekile. Isilinganiso seKaiser-Meyer-Olkin nesivivinyo sikaBarlett sobubanzi (.89; p <.001) ku-EFA iphakamise isisombululo sento eyodwa. Ukuhlaziywa kwengxenye eyinhloko kubonise ukuthi zonke izinto zinemithwalo ephezulu (imiphakathi esukela phakathi kuka-.62 no-.81), ichaza u-73.32% womehluko ophelele. Isixazululo sento eyodwa besisuselwa kusakhiwo se-scree lapho kukhishwe khona izinto ezazine-Eigenvalue ephezulu kune-1. I-CFA yenziwa kulandela i-EFA kusetshenziswa isampula lesibili (N = 12,284). Kusetshenziswe indlela yokulinganisa ukungafani okukhulu kakhulu ku-CFA. Ukuhlukahluka kwesibonisi esibhekiwe (okungukuthi, izinto zesikali) kokuguquguqukayo kwamuva kucacisiwe njengezinkomba eziqhubekayo. Ubuhle bama-indices afanele (χ² = 2497.97, df = 6, p <.001, RMSEA = .13 CI 90% [.13, .13], SRMR = .03, CFI = .98, GFI = .97) ikhombise ukulingana okuhle kwedatha (Kline, 2011), eqinisekisa ukwanela okufanele kwekhambi lesici esisodwa. Ngokwokulayishwa kwezinto okujwayelekile (okuphakathi kuka .72 no .90), zonke izinto zinendima ebalulekile esikalini.

Ithebula 1 ibonisa izikolo ezishoyo, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile, kanye nama-coefficients wokuhlanganisa okuguquguqukayo kokufunda. Ukulutha ngokocansi kwakuhambisana kahle nokucindezeleka kwengqondo (r = .17, p <.001), i-alexithymia (r = .13, p <.001), ukuthinta okuhle (r = .06, p <.001), umthelela omubi (r = .14, p <.001), nokunamathiselwe okukhathazayo (r = .10, p <.001). Ngokwengeziwe, ukuluthwa ngokocansi kwakuhambisana kabi nenhlalakahle yomuntu siqu (r = -10, p <.001) kanti ayizange ihambisane nokunamathiselwe okugwemayo (r = .00, p > .05). Ngokunikezwa kwe-coefficient ephansi yokuhlanganisa (r <.10), ukuhlangana kwethonya elihle (r = .06, p <.001) ngokulutha ngokocansi kungenzeka kutholakale ukubaluleka kwezibalo ngenxa yosayizi omkhulu wesampula.

Ithebula 2 ikhombisa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokuhleleka okuphezulu. Ukulutha ngokocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kahle nokuba ngowesilisa (β = -.31, p <.001), ukungashadi (β = -.03, p <.001), ukubhema ugwayi (β = −.04, p <.01), ukusetshenziswa kotshwala (β = −.16, p <.01), ukucindezeleka kwengqondo (β = .13, p <.05), ukuthinta okuhle (β = .06, p <.001), umthelela omubi (β = .03, p <.01), i-alexithymia (β = .02, p <.001), nokunamathiselwe okukhathazayo (β = .04, p <.001). Ukulutha ngokocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kabi nobudala (β = −.04, p <.001), imfundo (β = −.02, p <.001), inhlalakahle yomuntu siqu (β = −.02, p <.01), nokunamathiselwe okugwemayo (β = −.02, p <.01). Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imiphumela ebikezelayo yeminyaka, imfundo, isimo somshado, ukubhema ugwayi, inhlalakahle yomuntu, ukuthinteka okungalungile, nezitayela zokunamathisela konke bekukuncane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le miphumela kungenzeka ukuthi ibaluleke kakhulu ngokwezibalo ngosayizi omkhulu wesampula. Imodeli yokubuyela emuva yabikezela i-18% yokwehluka kokulutha ngokocansi (F_13,24,161 = 418.62, p <.001).

Okutholakele ocwaningweni lwamanje kukhombisile ukuthi ukuba ngowesilisa, ukuba mncane, ukuba nezinga eliphansi lemfundo, ukungashadi, ukubhema ugwayi, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala, ukucindezeleka kwengqondo, ukuthinteka okuhle nokubi, i-alexithymia, okunamathiselwe okukhathazayo, inhlalakahle yomuntu ophansi, nokwehla okunamathiselwe okugwema konke bekuhlotshaniswa kahle nokulutha kocansi. Ngakho-ke, wonke ama-hypotheses asekelwa. Njengoba bekulindelekile, ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kuhlotshaniswa nokulutha kocansi. Lokhu kuyahambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini eziveze ukuthi izimpawu zengqondo kubandakanya ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, kanye nengcindezi kungaholela ekubandakanyeni okuphezulu ekuziphatheni kocansi okuluthayo (IBrewer & Tidy, 2019; Weiss, 2004). Kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zimo ezingokwengqondo ezishiwo ngenhla ziholele ekwehliseni ukulawulwa kokuziphatha kubantu abanjalo (UDickenson et al., 2018). Abantu bazama futhi baziphazamise basebenzise ukuzibandakanya ocansini ngokweqile ukugcwalisa igebe elingokomzwelo elidalwa yimizwa engemihle enjengokudangala, ukukhathazeka kanye nengcindezi (Young, 2008).

Kokubili ukuthinteka okuhle nokubi kwakuhlobene kahle nokulutha kocansi. Lokhu kuhambisana nezifundo ezikhona eziphakamisa ukuthi ukulutha ngokocansi kuhlotshaniswa nezimo zengqondo ezithintekayo (uCashwell et al., 2017). Enye incazelo engaba khona ukuthi labo bantu abalwa nezimo eziphikisayo nezokuhlukumezeka okungokomzwelo basebenzisa ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha kocansi njengendlela yokuguqula imizwa lapho benemizwa ejabulisayo ebasiza ukuthi bagweme imizwa engemihle (Woehler et al., 2018). Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi izimo zengqondo ezithintekayo zazibalulekile ngisho nangemva kokulawulwa kwengcindezi yengqondo, kugcizelela indima eyandisayo eyingqayizivele yethonya elibi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuthinteka okuhle nakho bekuhlobene kahle nokulutha ngokocansi. Lokhu akulindelekile, kunikezwe ubufakazi obukhona obusikisela ukuthi isimo sengqondo esivumayo siyisivikelo ekwehliseni ukulutha kokuziphatha (UCardi et al., 2019). Noma kunjalo, umphumela uhambisana nomqondo wokuthi izimbangela ezithintekayo zingahluka ekuziphatheni okuluthayo (UMesser et al., 2018) futhi yomibili imizwa emibi futhi emihle ingaholela ekubandakanyeni okuphezulu ekuziphatheni kocansi okuluthayo.

Ucwaningo luye lwathola nokuthi i-alexithymia ephakeme (isb., Ubunzima bokukhomba nokuveza imizwa) yayihambisana kahle nokulutha kocansi. Labo ababhekana nobunzima ekuboneni nasekuvezeni imizwa yabo babesengozini enkulu yokuba imilutha yocansi. Lokhu kuyahambisana nemibhalo emincane ekhona ehlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zinguquko ezimbili (Reid et al., 2008). Esinye sezifundo ezimbalwa ezihlola ubudlelwano sathola ukuthi i-alexithymia eyandayo yayandile kakhulu kwabesilisa abane-hypersexual disorder (Engel et al., 2019). Kwaphikiswa ukuthi amandla wokulawulwa kwemizwa ongasebenzi kahle wabantu abane-alexithymia ephakeme kungaba yinkinga eyisisekelo eholela laba bantu ekuluthekeni kakhulu kocansi.

Imiphumela iphinde ikhombise ukuthi okunamathiselwe okukhathazayo kuhlotshaniswa kahle nokulutha kocansi. Lokhu kuhambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini ezithi ukunamathiselwa okungavikelekile kuhlobene kahle nokulutha kocansi (Zapf et al., 2008). Labo abahlangabezana nobunzima ekwakheni ukunamathela okuphephile nabanye kungenzeka ukuthi babe nezinkinga ebudlelwaneni obusondelene (ISchwartz neSouthern, 1999). Abantu abanamathele ngokukhathazeka bangasebenzisa imicabango yocansi eyeqile, ephoqelelayo, futhi engenangqondo njengesinxephezelo sokungabikho kwabo ukusondelana nokuxhumana ngokomzwelo (iLeedes, 2001). Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abanamathele ekukhathazekeni bangazibandakanya ocansini olwedlulele ngaphandle kokuzibophezela ngokomzwelo ukuze banciphise ukwesaba kwabo ukwahlukana nokushiywa (Weinstein et al., 2015). Ukuhlangana phakathi kokunamathiselwe okugwema nokulutha ngokocansi kwakungabalulekanga ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlanganiswa kepha kwakubaluleke kabi ekuhlehlisweni. Ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi okuguquguqukayo kwe-suppressor (isib., Ukucindezeleka kwengqondo) kuthinte le nhlangano.

Njengoba bekulindelekile, izici zenhlalo yabantu zibonakala zidlala indima ekuluthweni ngokocansi esifundweni samanje. Ngokuqondile, ukuba ngowesilisa, ukuba mncane, ukuba nezinga eliphansi lemfundo, ukungashadi, ukubhema ugwayi, nokusetshenziswa kotshwala kwakuhlobene nokulutha ngokocansi. Lezi zinhlangano ezibalulwe ngenhla ziyahambisana nokutholakele kwezifundo zangaphambilini emazweni ahlukene (u-Andreassen et al., 2018; UCampbell noStein, 2015; Kafka, 2010; Sussman et al., 2011). Okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi izici zenhlalo-yabantu kufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kuthuthukiswa amasu okungenelela ahlosiwe okuvimbela ukulutha kocansi.

Ukulinganiselwa

Okutholakele ocwaningweni lwamanje kufanele kuhunyushwe ngenkathi kucatshangelwa inani elithile lemikhawulo. Okokuqala, ngaphandle kokuthi isampula yayinkulu kakhulu futhi ukuqoqwa kwedatha kwenziwa ukuze kutholakale iqembu elithandanayo, lolu cwaningo alumeleli umphakathi waseTurkey kuzwelonke. Okutholakele njengamanje kufanele kuphindwe kusetshenziswe amasampula amele kakhulu avela eTurkey kanye / noma kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka lapho ukulutha kwezocansi kungakahlolwa kangako. Okwesibili, noma yikuphi ukubakhona kososesheni abahlolisiswe phakathi kokuguquguqukayo kokutadisha akukwazi ukunqunywa ngenxa yokwakhiwa okuhlukanisiwe kwalolu cwaningo. Izindlela zesikhathi eside nezekhwalithi kufanele zisetshenziselwe ukuba nezifundo ezinzulu ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlolwa okutholakele njengamanje. Okwesithathu, imibuzo yemibuzo yokuzibika enezinqubo ezaziwayo zokukhetha (isb., Ukukhumbula inkumbulo nokufiswa komphakathi) kusetshenziselwe ukuqoqa idatha. Okwesine, uma kunikezwe ukuthi idatha ibizibika ngokwayo futhi iqoqwe ngasikhathi sinye, ubudlelwano obuphakathi kokuguquguqukayo kokutadisha kungenzeka bukhuphukele.

Isiphetho

Ngaphandle kwemikhawulo eshiwo ngenhla, lolu wuhlolo lokuqala olukhulu oluphenya ama-correlates angokwengqondo okulutha ngokocansi phakathi kwesampula somphakathi waseTurkey. Izakhiwo ze-psychometric zesikali esisanda kuthuthukiswa esihlola ukubheja kocansi (okusho ukuthi, uhlu lwemibuzo olunobungozi bocansi) zahlolwa ukuhlanganisa i-CTT, i-EFA, neCFA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwahlolwa ubudlelwane bezenhlalo nenani labantu kanye nezengqondo zokulutha ngokocansi. Isiphetho esibaluleke kunazo zonke esingatholwa kulolu cwaningo ukuthi izimpawu zengqondo, inhlalakahle yomuntu siqu, izimo ezithintekayo, i-alexithymia, nokunamathisela okukhathazayo kwakuyi-correlates eyinhloko yengqondo yokulutha ngokocansi ngenkathi ilawula izici zenhlalo yabantu. Imiphumela yamanje ikhombisa ukuthi ukuze ube nokuqonda okucacile kokulutha ngokocansi, kubalulekile ukuqoqa idatha ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Kungaba lusizo ukuphenya imiphumela yokulamula neyokulinganisela yokuguquguquka kwengqondo ezifundweni ezizayo ukuze uchaze kangcono izindlela ezisemqoka zokulutha ngokocansi. Umphumela wokumodela wokuhlukahluka kwenhlalo yabantu njengobulili, izinga lemfundo, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala nokubhema ugwayi, okutholakale ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nokulutha ngokocansi esifundweni samanje, kungacaciswa ngokuqhubekayo. Amamodeli wokulamula phakathi kokuguquguqukayo okuxoxwe ngakho ocwaningweni noma okuguquguqukayo okusha (isb., Izinkinga zengqondo, imicabango ekhanyayo, izinkinga ezihlobene ne-psychotrauma, izinto ezihlukile) nokulutha ngokocansi kungaphenywa. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho kuzokwazi ukwazi imiphumela ehlukahlukene eqondile nengaqondile ekuluthweni ngokocansi, ukuhlinzeka ngemibono ethe xaxa maqondana nezindlela ezingahle zihambisane nokulutha kocansi. Noma lolu cwaningo lunikeza umnikelo obalulekile, ezinye izifundo ziyafuneka ukuze kuthuthukiswe amasu wokuvikela nokungenelela wokulutha ngokocansi.