I-COMMENTS: Uchungechunge lwezifundo ezibolekayo kumodeli yokulutha. Isiphetho:
Izimpawu eziphoqelela kakhulu zibangela umlutha wobulili phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ukuthola abalingani bezocansi. Ukugudluzwa kanye nokusebenza okuyinkinga kwezocansi oku-inthanethi kube nomthelela kwizilinganiso zokulutha ngobulili. Lezi zifundo zisekela impikiswano yokuthi umlutha wobulili ulele esikalini esingaphoqelelwe futhi ungahlukaniswa ngokuthi umlutha wokuziphatha.
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I-Journal of Addictions of Behavioral
Umthamo / Inkinga: umqulu 9: Ukukhishwa 1
Ababhali: UGalathi 1, Chen Cohen 1, uSigal Kaliche 1, uSagit Sharaabi 1, uKoby Cohen 1, uDana Tzur-Bitan 1 no-Aviv Weinstein 1
I-DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00007
abstract
Ingemuva futhi ihlose
Ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqayo kubonakaliswa ngokuziphatha okuningana kobulili nemizamo engaphumeleli yokulawula ukuziphatha ngokweqile kobulili. Inhloso yalezi zifundo bekuwukuphenya ngenkani, ukukhathazeka nokucindezelwa kanye nokuxinana kanye nezinkinga zocansi ezikuyi-inthanethi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane abadala abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ukuthola abalingani bezothando kanye nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile online.
izindlela
Abahlanganyeli besifundo 1- 177 kuhlanganisa nabesifazane abayi-143 M = iminyaka engama-32.79 (SD = 9.52), kanye nabesilisa abangama-32 M = iminyaka engama-30.18 (SD = 10.79). Isivivinyo Sokuxilongwa Kokuphathelene Nezocansi (i-SAST), i-Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Spielberger Trait-State Anxcare Inventory (STAI-T STAI-S) kanye ne-Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Abahlanganyeli besifundo se-2- 139 bafaka abesifazane abangama-98 M = iminyaka engama-24 (SD = 5) kanye nabesilisa abangama-41 uM = iminyaka engama-25 (SD = 4). Umbuzo wemibuzo yokuphoqelelwa (i-BIS / BAS), Izinkinga zocansi eziku-inthanethi (s-IAT-sex) kanye novavanyo lwe-sex Addiction Screening Test (SAST).
Imiphumela
Study 1- Multiple regression ukuhlaziywa kuveze ukuthi imodeli efaka izikolo ze-BDI, Y-BOCS, ne-STAI zibe nomthelela nokwehluka kwamazinga wokuluthwa ngokocansi, futhi achaze ama-33.3% umehluko. Ucwaningo 2- Ukuhlaziywa okuningi kokubuyiswa kwemininingwane kukhombisa ukuthi izikolo ze-BIS / BAS ne-s-IAT zibe nomthelela nokwehluka kwamanani wokuluthwa ngokocansi, futhi zachaza ama-33% umehluko.
Ingxoxo neziphetho
Izimpawu eziphoqelela kakhulu zibangela umlutha wobulili phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ukuthola abalingani bezocansi. Ukugudluzwa kanye nokusebenza okuyinkinga kwezocansi oku-inthanethi kube nomthelela kwizilinganiso zokulutha ngobulili. Lezi zifundo zisekela impikiswano yokuthi umlutha wobulili ulele esikalini esingaphoqelelwe futhi ungahlukaniswa ngokuthi umlutha wokuziphatha.
Isingeniso
Umlutha wobulili owaziwa ngenye indlela njengephoqelela ekuziphatheni ngokobulili (CSBD) ubonakala ngokuziphatha okuningana kocansi nemizamo engaphumeleli yokulawula okwedlulele kwezocansi. Yisimo esidala esinemiphumela ephoqelelayo, yokuqonda neyomzwelo (Karila et al., 2014; I-Weinstein, iZolek, iBabkin, iCohen, neLejoyeux, 2015).
Kunezincazelo eziningana zokulutha ngokocansi. UGoodman (1992) ichaze umlutha wobulili njengokwehluleka ukumelana nezifiso zobulili. Okungenani kokunye okulandelayo kujwayelekile ekuziphatheni okunjalo: ukuzibandakanya njalo ngocansi olukhethwa kweminye imisebenzi, ukungazinaki lapho kungenzeki ukwenza ucansi nokubekezelela lokhu kuziphatha. Izimpawu kufanele zihlale inyanga eyodwa noma ziphinde zibuye emva kwesikhathi eside (UZapf, uGreiner, noCarroll, ngo-2008). UMick and Hollander (2006) bachaze umlutha wobulili njengendlela yokuziphatha yokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqayo necindezelayo kanti I-Kafka (2010) ichaze umlutha wobulili njengokuziphatha okuya ocansini okubandakanya ukuziphatha okucansi okungaphezulu kwesilinganiso okubonakala ngokuhluleka ukumisa ukuziphatha kobulili yize kunemiphumela emibi kwezenhlalo nomsebenzi. Uma sibheka izincazelo eziningana zokulutha ngobulili enye yezinselelo ukuthola ukuthi yini okulutha umlutha wobulili. Igama elithi hypersexourse liyinkinga njengoba iningi leziguli linomuzwa wokuthi imisebenzi yazo noma izifiso zobulili zingaphezulu kwesilinganiso. Okwesibili, leli gama liyadukisa ngoba izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi eziphoqayo zingumphumela womshayeli wezocansi noma ukunxusa futhi hhayi kwesifiso sobulili esiyingqayizivele futhi ekugcineni, ukuzibandakanya ocansini okuphoqayo kungabonakala ngezindlela ezihlukile ezingahambelani nale ncazelo (IHholo, i-2011).
Ushicilelo lwesihlanu lwe-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-IV) lubhekele ukufakwa kwengcindezi yocansi oluphoqelekile kodwa luye lwenqaba ekugcineni (APA, 2013). Okwamanje, kuseseyimpikiswano ukuthi ingabe ukuzibandakanya ocansini okuphoqayo kungukuphazamiseka okukhona noma umlutha.
Ngokwe-ICD-11 ngu Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (2018) ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ngocansi okuphoqelelwa kubonakala ngephethini eqhubekayo yokwehluleka ukulawula izifiso ezinamandla, eziphindaphindwayo zocansi eziholela ekuziphatheni okuphindayo kwezocansi. Ngokunjalo, izimpawu zalesi sifo zifaka phakathi imisebenzi yezocansi ephindaphindwayo edala ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwengqondo futhi ekugcineni ilimaze impilo yomuntu nengqondo yakhe naphezu kwemizamo engaphumelelanga yokunciphisa lezo zinkanuko nezindlela zokuziphatha eziphindaphindayo.
Umlutha wobulili ulimaza umuntu ngezindlela eziningi futhi unomthelela kubangani, umndeni kanye nokweneliseka kwempilo (UZapf, uGreiner, noCarroll, ngo-2008). Abantu abanenkinga yokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqayo (CSBD) basebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha zocansi kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zocansi, amagumbi okuxoxa kanye ne-cybersex kwi-Intanethi (URosenberg, uCarnes no-O'Connor, ngo-2014; Weinstein, et al., 2015). I-CSBD iyindlela yokuziphatha eyisifo enezici zokuphoqelela, zokuqonda nezomzwelo (UFattore, uMelis, uFadda, noFratta, ngo-2014). Into ephoqayo ifaka ukubheka abalingani abasha kwezocansi, imvamisa ephezulu yokuhlangana ngocansi, ukushaya indlwabu okuphoqayo, ukusetshenziswa njalo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ubulili obungavikelekile, ukuzisebenza okuphansi nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa. Ingxenye engokwengqondo ethinta imizwa ibandakanya imicabango ecasulayo ngocansi, imizwa yecala, isidingo sokugwema imicabango engathandeki, isizungu, ukuzethemba okuphansi, ihlazo nokufihla izinto eziphathelene nocansi, izizathu eziphathelene nokuqhubeka kwezenzo zocansi, ukuthanda ucansi olungaziwa, kanye nokuntuleka kokwenza ucansi okungaziwa. lawula izici eziningana zokuphila (Weinstein, et al., 2015).
Ukuvela kwe-CSBD nokunye okuluthayo kuphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kuphazamiseka kubelana ngezindlela zemvelo, ezinjengezakhi ze-neurobiological and psycho-social (isib. Izici zobuntu, ukusilela kwengqondo, noma ukukhetha) (I-Goodman, i-2008). I-Carnes, Murray, ne-Charpentier (2005) babike ukuthi iningi lesampula le-1,603 nge-CSBD libike ngokuphila okwandile kokunye okuphathelene nokuziphatha okuhlukumezayo njengokuhlukunyezwa kwezidakamizwa, ukugembula, noma izinkinga zokudla. Ucwaningo lwababheja be-pathological luthole ukuthi u-19.6% wesampula labo futhi wahlangabezana nezindlela zokuziphatha zokuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile (CSB) (UGrant & Steinberg, 2005). Iningi lalabo abahlangabezana nezindlela zokuphazamiseka zombili libike ukuthi i-CSBD yaphambi kwezinkinga zabo zokugembula.
I-CSBD efana nezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha iwela esikhungweni sokuziphatha esikhuthazayo nesishukumisayo (UGrant, Potenza, Weinstein, & Gorelick, 2010; URaymond et al. 2003) baphakamise umqondo wokuziphatha okuphoqelekile kokuziphatha kobulili (CSB) futhi baphikisana nokuthi kuyafana ne-OCD. UMick and Hollander (2006) ukugcizelele ukubaluleka kokusebenzisana ngokubambisana phakathi kwe-CSBD ne-OCD futhi ngincome ukwelashwa nge-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) ngokuhambisana nokuziphatha kwengqondo ngale nkinga. Kunobufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi i-CSBD ine-comorbidity ngexhala nokudangala (IBancroft neVukadinovic, 2004; IKlontz, iGaros, neKlontz, 2005; Weiss, 2004). Ucwaningo lwakamuva luphenye izindima zokuphoxeka kanye nokuphoqelela ku-CSBD kusampula enkulu yomphakathi (IBőthe, iKoos, iTóth-Király, i-Orosz, neDemetrovics 2019a, b). Bathole ukuthi ukufakwa nokuphoqelelwa bekubuthakathaka buhlobene nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwenkinga yezithombe zocansi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ngokulandelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusondelana bekuba nobudlelwano obuqinile ne-hypersexourse kunokucindezela kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngokulandelana. Abalobi baphikise ngokususelwa emiphumeleni yabo yokuthi ukucindezela futhi kuphoqelelwa kungenzeka kungabi nomthelela omkhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kepha lokho kungabamba iqhaza elikhulu ebusosheni kunasekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi okuyinkinga. Ucwaningo olunye luye lwalinganisa nokwanda kwe-CSBD esigabeni esikhulu seziguli ezine-OCD (Ukuxabana, Briken, Stein, & Lochner, 2019). Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi ukwanda kwempilo ye-CSBD bekuyi-5.6% ezigulini ezine-OCD yamanje futhi iphakeme kakhulu kwabesilisa kunabesifazane. I-CSBD ku-OCD kungenzeka ihlangane kakhulu neminye imizwa, ukubuka okuphoqelelayo, kanye nokulawulwa kokuthatheka, kepha hhayi ngeziyaluyalu ngenxa yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma izimilo zokulutha. Lokhu okutholakele kusekela ukucabanga ngokweqiniso kwe-CSBD njengokuphazamiseka okungaphoqeleli.
Uma ubheka impikiswano mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwe-CSBD njengendlela yokuziphatha umlutha noma ukuphazamiseka okuphoqayo sekubalulekile ukuthi ufunde nge-comorbidity ye-CSBD nge-OCD, ukudangala nokukhathazeka kubantu abane-CSBD abasebenzisa imithombo yezindaba edumile ye-Intanethi ukuthola abathandana nabo kwezocansi. Muva nje, kukhona ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezicelo ezenziwa nge-Intanethi kumafoni ahlakaniphile ngenhloso yokuya ocansini, okuyisikhulumi sokuthola abalingani bezocansi (IZlot, iGoldstein, iCohen, neWeinstein, i-2018). Sikhombisile ocwaningweni olwedlule ukuthi phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqomisana ukuthola abalingani bezocansi, ukukhathazeka ngezenhlalo kunokufuna imizwa noma ubulili yinto enkulu ethinta ukusetshenziswa kwezicelo zokuphola ze-Intanethi zokuthola abalingani bezocansi (UZlot et al., 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, siphenye ukuziphoqelela kanye nezinkinga zocansi ezikuyi-inthanethi eziyizimpawu zokuziphatha umlutha, phakathi kwalesi sizwe ukuze sihlole ukuthi i-CSBD ingathathwa njengomlutha wokuziphatha.
Izinhloso zocwaningo lokuqala bekuwukuhlola ukuthi ngabe ukukhuthazana, ukucindezelwa kanye nokukhathazeka okujwayelekile (isimo noma umkhondo) kunomthelela ekungafani kwezilinganiso ze-CSBD phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ukuthola abalingani bezocansi. Kususelwa kwizifundo zangaphambilini (IBancroft neVukadinovic, 2004; Bőthe et al., 2019a, b; UMick & Hollander, 2006; IKlontz, iGaros, neKlontz, 2005; Weiss, 2004) kwakucatshangwe ukuthi ukukhathazeka nokucindezelwa kuyoncintisana kahle nezinyathelo ze-CSBD nokuthi usayizi womphumela uzoba mkhulu. Inhloso yocwaningo lwesibili bekuwukubheka ukuthi ngabe ukuphoqelelwa, Ukusetshenziswa kobuchopho okuyinkinga kwi-inthanethi kufaka isandla ekungafani kwe-CSBD. Kususelwa kwizifundo zangaphambilini (Bőthe et al., 2019a, b; UFattore, uMelis, uFadda, noFratta, ngo-2014; IKraus, Martino, & Potenza 2016; URosenberg, uCarnes, no-O'Connor, ngo-2014; Weinstein et al., 2015) kwaqanjwa ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa kanye nezinkinga zocansi eziku-inthanethi zizohambelana kahle nezinyathelo ze-CSBD nokuthi usayizi womphumela uzoba mkhulu. Ekugcineni, isakhi semqondo esiphambili esaphenywa yi I-Stack, i-Wasserman, ne-Kern (i-2004) wukuthi abantu abanobudlelwane obuqine kakhulu emphakathini ojwayelekile bazoba mancane kakhulu kunabanye ukuthi basebenzise ucansi oluku inthanethi olunezinkinga. Ngakho-ke, abantu abangashadile kulindeleke ukuba bahlanganyele kakhulu ezenzakalweni zobuchopho ezenziwa online futhi nokuziphatha okuya ocansini okuphoqayo kunabantu abashadile. Ngakho-ke kwaqondiswa ukuthi abahlanganyeli abangashadile bazothola amaphuzu aphezulu kunababambiqhaza abashadayo ngezinyathelo zezinkinga zocansi eziku-inthanethi kanye ne-CSBD.
Funda i-1
izindlela
Abahlanganyeli
Ababambe iqhaza abayikhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu basho ukuthi iminyaka yobudala ingama-33.3 (SD = 9.78) baqashwa kabusha kulolu cwaningo. Izindlela zokufaka zaziyiminyaka yobudala engama-20-65 amadoda nabesifazane abavame ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokukhethekile ukuthola abalingani abathandana nabo. Kwakunabesifazane abayi-143 (82%) nabesilisa abangama-32 (18%) kwisampula. Iminyaka yobudala yabesifazane yayineminyaka engama-33.89 (SD = 9.52) kanti kumadoda bekuyiminyaka engama-30.52 (SD = 10.79). Ingxenye enkulu yesampula yamanje yayinezizinda zemfundo noma ezifanayo kwezemfundo (70.2%) kanti isampula yonke yayineminyaka okungenani eyi-12 yokufunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye encane yabahlanganyeli yayingasebenzi (9%), iningi lababambe iqhaza kungenzeka basebenze ezikhundleni zomsebenzi wesikhashana (65%) noma kwimisebenzi yesikhathi esigcwele (26%). Iningi lesampula lalishade (ama-45%), amanye ayengashadile (25%) noma ebudlelwaneni (20%). Iningi lesampula lihlala edolobheni (i-82%) kanti idlanzana lalihlala emaphandleni (18%). Ababambe iqhaza abayitholanga isinxephezelo sezezimali ngokubamba kwabo iqhaza ocwaningweni.
Izindlela
Imibuzo yemibuzo yabantu
Uhlu lwemibuzo lwezinombolo zabantu lufake izinto zocansi, ubudala, isimo somshado, uhlobo lokuphila, inkolo, imfundo, ukuqashwa.
I-Spielberger Trait ne-State Anxcare Inventory (STAI)
I-STAI (USpielberger, uGorsuch, uLushene, uVagg, noJacobs 1983) inezinto ezingama-40, ukukhathazeka kwe-20 trait, nezinto ezingama-20 zikhathazekile zesimo. Izikolo esikalini seLikert zisukela ku-1 "cha" kuya ku-4 "zivuma kakhulu." Uhlu lwemibuzo beluqinisekisiwe ngokuvumelana okungaphakathi kweCronbach α = 0.83 ye-Spielberger State ne α = 0.88 kweSpielberger Trait (Spielberger et al., 1983). Esifundweni sethu iphepha lemibuzo le-STAI lalinokuvumelana kwangaphakathi kweCronbach α = 0.95 nohlu lwemibuzo lwe-STAI-t lwalunokwethenjelwa kwangaphakathi kweCronbach's α = 0.93.
I-Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
I-BDI (U-Beck et al., 1988) iyindlela yokusizakala yokulinganisa yokulinganisa izimo zengqondo nezimpawu zokudangala (U-Beck, uWard, noMendelson, ngo-1961). Okutholakele kufaka izinto ezingama-21, into ngayinye ikalwe esikalini isuka ku-0 iye ku-4 futhi amaphuzu aphelele abalwa ngokufingqa izinto. I-BDI ikhombisa ukungaguquguquki okuphezulu kwangaphakathi, kanye nokuvumelana okungaphakathi kweCronbach kwe α = 0.86 no-0.81 kubantu abagula ngengqondo nangokungezona ezengqondo ngokulandelana (U-Beck et al., 1988). Kulolu cwaningo, i-BDI yayinokuvumelana okungaphakathi kweCronbach kwe α = 0.87.
I-Yale-Brown Obsessive Compaleive Scale (YBOCS-)
I-YBOCS (UGoodman et al., 1989) inezinto eziyi-10 esikalini seLikert kusuka ku-1 "control ngokuphelele" kuye ku-5 "akukho control." Uhlu lwemibuzo beluqinisekisiwe ngokuvumelana okungaphakathi kweCronbach α = 0.89 (UGoodman et al., 1989). Esifundweni sethu, uhlu lwemibuzo belunokuvumelana okungaphakathi kweCronbach kwe α = 0.9.
Uhlolo lwe-Screening Addiction Screening (SAST) (Amakhadi, i-1991)
ISONTO (Amakhadi, i-1991) yizinto ezingama-25 zindlela zokulutha ngokocansi. Izinto eziku-SAST zi-dichotomous nge-endorsement yento ephumela ekukhuleni ngephuzu elilodwa. Isikolo esingenhla kwesithupha sibonisa ngokuziphatha okubi kakhulu, nesibalo esiphelele se-13 noma ngaphezulu emiphumeleni ye-SAST esilinganisweni se-95% sangempela sokulutha okuphathelene nocansi (ie, ithuba le-5% noma elincane lokukhomba umuntu ngokungafanele njengomlutha wezocansi) (Amakhadi, i-1991). Uhlu lwemibuzo luqinisekiswe ngu UHook, uHook, uDavis, uWorthington, noPenberthy (2010) kukhombisa iCronbach's α ukungaguquguquki kwe-0.85-0.95. Esifundweni sethu kwakukhona okwakwaCronbach α ka-0.80. I-SAST ayigunyaziwe ukwethula noma iyiphi idatha yesigaba, futhi isetshenziswe njengokuhlukahluka okuqhubekayo kepha hhayi ukufakwa esigabeni sabantu abayimilutha yezocansi. Imibuzo yayisolimini lwesiHeberu futhi yaqinisekiswa ezifundweni ezedlule.
Inqubo
Lemibuzo yakhangiswa ku-inthanethi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana nakwizithangami ezazenzelwe ukuqomisana nezocansi (“Tinder,” “okcupid,” “gdate,” “gflix,” and others). Abahlanganyeli baphendule imibuzo ku-Intanethi. Ababambiqhaza bazisiwe ukuthi lolu cwaningo luphenya umlutha wobulili nokuthi amaphepha emibuzo azohlala engaziwa ngenhloso yocwaningo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kanye nedatha
Ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela kwenziwa ku-Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA).
Ukuze uhlole izici zesampula kuhlolisiswa kokuqala kwamanani wokulutha ngobulili kwenziwa. Izindlela zokuluthwa ngobulili azivamisile ukusatshalaliswa kubantu jikelele; Ngakho-ke inguquko ye-LAN yahunyushelwa kokunye okuluthwa umlutha wobulili, amanani wokuziphatha okucashile (S = 0.04, SE = 0.18) kanye ne-kurtosis (K = -0.41, SE = 0.37) bakhombise ukusatshalaliswa okujwayelekile. Njengoba imiphumela ibifana kuzinyathelo eziguquliwe nezangempela, imiphumela yedatha yoqobo ibikiwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwahlaziywa okunye ukuhlangana okulula kwahlaziywa phakathi kokucindezela okucindezelayo, ukucindezelwa, nokukhathazeka kusampula yonke nakwabesilisa nabesifazane ngokwehlukana. Ekugcineni, umnikelo wezinyathelo zokucindezela ngokweqile, ukucindezeleka, nokukhathazeka ekuhlukaneni kwezilinganiso zokulutha ngokocansi kulinganiswe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-multivariate regression. Imiphumela ebalulekile yamamodeli wokubuyela emuva kubikwa ngokulandela ukulungiswa kukaBonferroni (P <0.0125). Izilungiso zeBonneferoni zibalwe kusetshenziswa ifomula αokubucayi = 1 - (1 - αkushintshiwe)k. Usayizi womthelela F ibalwe kusetshenziswa ifomula uCohen's F usayizi womphumela = R squared / 1−R isikwele.
Ethics
Lolu cwaningo luvunyelwe yi-Institutional Review Board (IRB, ikomidi leHelsinki) le Nyuvesi. Bonke ababambiqhaza basayine ifomu lokuvuma elinolwazi.
Imiphumela
Izici zesampula
Izikolo emaphephandabeni emlutha wokuya ocansini ziveze ukuthi ababambiqhaza abangama-49 (amadoda ayi-11 nabesifazane abangama-38) bangahlukaniswa ngemlutha wokuya ocansini nabangu-126 njengezindlela zokulutha ezingezona ezocansi ezichazwe I-Carnes (1991) (Isikolo se-SAST> 6). Abesilisa babenezibalo ezinkulu zokulutha ngokocansi kunabesifazane [t (1,171) = 2.71, P = 0.007, uCohen's d = 0.53; okukhombisa umphumela omkhulu wobulili ekuluthweni ucansi ngokuya ngemibandela kaCohen (encane, elinganiselayo, enkulu)]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadoda akhombise izimpawu eziningi ze-OCD kunabesifazane [t (1,171) = 4.49, P <0.001, Cohen's d = 0.85; okukhombisa umphumela omkhulu wobulili kuzimpawu ze-OCD ngokuya ngemibandela kaCohen]. Abesilisa abakhombisanga zinyathelo zokukhathazeka zombuso eziphakeme kunabesifazane t(1, 171) = 1.26, P = 0.22. Abesilisa futhi abakhombisanga zindlela eziphakeme zokukhathazeka kunabesifazane t(1, 171) = -0.79, P = 0.43 futhi kwakungekho mehluko wokudangala phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane t(1, 171) = 1.12, P = 0.26 (bona Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1.Isilinganiso 1-Izilinganiso zemibuzo yabahlanganyeli besilisa nabesifazane M (I-SD)
| Amadoda (n = 30) | Abesifazane (n = 145) | Ingqikithi (n = 175) | |
| SAST | 31.53 (5.64) | 29.45 (3.4) | 4.93 (3.94) |
| I-YBOCS | 20.6 (10) | 14.69 (5.55) | 15.70 (6.87) |
| I-BDI | 33.8 (13.68) | 31.56 (9.24) | 31.76 (10.39) |
| IZITOBHA-S | 35.2 (12.93) | 37.36 (14.93) | 36.18 (13.36) |
| IZITOBHA-T | 35.8 (15.21) | 38.53 (14) | 36.63 (14.56) |
Izifinyezo: ISAST- Test Yokubukelwa Imizwa Yocansi; I-YBOCS-Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale; I-BDI- Beck Depression Inventory; STAI-S / T- Spielberger Trait kanye ne-State Anxcare Inventory.
Ukuhlangana phakathi kokudangala, ukukhathazeka kanye nezimpawu eziphoqayo, kanye nomlutha wobulili
Isivivinyo sokuqala sokuhlanganisa sikaPearson sikhombise ukuhlangana okuhle phakathi kokucindezeleka, isici nokukhathazeka kombuso, izimpawu zokucindezela ngokweqile kanye nesilinganiso sokulutha ngokocansi (bona Ithebula 2) futhi lokhu kulungiswa kubonwe kungabesilisa noma abesifazane ngokwehlukana.
Ithebula 2.Isifundo 1 – Pearson r izixhumanisi kuwo wonke amaphepha emibuzo kubo bonke abahlanganyeli (n = 175)
| Isici | M (I-SD) | SAST | I-YBOCS | I-BDI | IZITOBHA-S | IZITOBHA-T |
| 1. UKUGCINA | 4.93 (3.94) | |||||
| 2. Ama-YBOCS | 15.70 (6.87) | I-0.54 *** | ||||
| I-3. I-BDI | 31.76 (10.39) | I-0.39 *** | I-0.52 *** | |||
| 4. I-STAI-S | 36.18 (13.36) | I-0.45 *** | I-0.57 *** | I-0.83 *** | ||
| 5. IZITOBHA-T | 36.63 (14.56) | I-0.42 *** | I-0.52 *** | I-0.80 *** | I-0.88 *** |
Izifinyezo: ISAST- Test Yokubukelwa Imizwa Yocansi; I-YBOCS- i-Yale-Brown Obsessive-Scaleive Scale; I-BDI- Beck Depression Inventory; STAI-S / T- Spielberger Trait kanye ne-State Anxcare Inventory.
***P <0.01.
Ukuhlaziywa kabusha kokucabanga okuningi kukhombisile ukuthi imodeli efaka ubulili (β = -0.06, P = 0.34), Y-BOCS (β = 0.42, P <0.001), i-BDI (β = −0.06; P = 0.7), ne-STAI isiciβ = 0.18, P = 0.22) nesimo se-STAI (β = 0.07, P = 0.6) izikolo zibe nomthelela omkhulu ekungafani kwezilinganiso zokuluthwa ngokocansi [F (4,174) = 21.43, P <0.001, R2 = 0.33, uCohen's f = 0.42] futhi ichaze ama-33.3% wokuhluka kulezi zilinganiso. Kodwa-ke, yizimpawu ze-Y-BOCS kuphela ezibikezela umlutha wobulili. Ipharamitha yezibalo yokubekezelelana ibanga phakathi kuka-0.3 no-0.89, kanti izilinganiso ze-VIF zivele phakathi kuka-1.1 no-3 futhi zikhombisile ku-collinearity efanele. Bona Ithebula 3 ngokuhlaziywa kokubuthwa. Ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe kwenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe umphumela wokulingana wobulili enhlanganweni phakathi kwe-OCD nezilinganiso zokuluthwa ngokocansi futhi kukhombisile ukuthi akukho mphumela olinganiselayo wobulili enhlanganweni phakathi kwe-OCD nomlutha wezocansi (β = 0.12, P = 0.41; β = 0.17, P = 0.25).
Ithebula 3.Isifundo 1-Ukubuyiselwa emgqeni kwemiphumela yokubona okuphoqelela, ukucindezelwa nezilinganiso zokukhathazeka kubo bonke ababambe iqhaza kwezocansi (n = 175)
| eziguquguqukayo | B | SE | Ukuhlangana okuningana | β |
| I-YBOCS | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.36 | I-0.42 *** |
| I-BDI | -0.23 | 0.04 | -0.03 | -0.06 |
| IZITOBHA-S | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.194 |
| IZITOBHA-T | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.08 |
| F(4,174) = 21.43 ***; R2 = 0.33 | ||||
Izifinyezo: ISAST- Test Yokubukelwa Imizwa Yocansi; I-YBOCS- i-Yale-Brown Obsessive-Scaleive Scale; I-BDI- Beck Depression Inventory; STAI-S / T- Spielberger Trait kanye ne-State Anxcare Inventory.
P <0.001 ***.
Ekuphetheni, imiphumela ikhombise ukuvumelana okuhle phakathi kokudangala, isici nokukhathazeka kwesimo, izimpawu zokuphoqelela umzimba kanye nezimpawu zokuluthwalukuya ocansini kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Okwesibili, ukucwaningwa kokubuyiswa kwempahla kukhombisile ukuthi izikolo zokuphoqelela zinegalelo ekushintsheni kwamanani wokuluthwa ngokocansi futhi baye bachaza ukwahluka okungama-33.3%.
Funda i-2
izindlela
Abahlanganyeli
Ababambe iqhaza abayikhulu namashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye basho ukuthi iminyaka yobudala ingama-24.75 (SD = 0.33) babuyiselwe esifundweni. Izindlela zokufaka zaziyiminyaka yobudala engama-20-65 amadoda nabesifazane abasebenzisa i-Intanethi njalo ngocansi. Kwakunabesifazane abangama-98 (71%) nabesilisa abangama-41 (29%). Iminyaka yobudala yabesifazane yayineminyaka engama-24 (SD = 5) kanti kumadoda bekuyiminyaka engama-25 (SD = 4). Ingxenye enkulu yesampula yamanje ibinemfundo yasemuva noma yezemfundo efanayo (i-29%) kanti isampula (i-71%) yayineminyaka okungenani engu-12 yokufunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye encane yabahlanganyeli yayingasebenzi (2%), abafundi (11%) futhi iningi lababambe iqhaza kungenzeka basebenze ezikhundleni zomsebenzi wesikhashana (16%) noma emisebenzini yesikhathi esigcwele (71%). Iningi lesampula lalingashadile (73.7%) noma lashada noma ebudlelwaneni (26.3%).
Izindlela
Imibuzo yemibuzo yabantu
Umbuzo wemininingwane yabantu abandakanya izinto eziphathelene nezocansi, ubudala, isimo somshado, uhlobo lokuphila, inkolo, imfundo, ukuqashwa. Imibuzo yayisolimini lwesiHeberu futhi yaqinisekiswa ezifundweni ezedlule.
Isikali se-Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS / BAS)
I-BIS / BAS iyiphepha lemibuzo elilinganisa ukufakwa okuye kwasungulwa yi UPatton, uStanford, noBaratt (1995). Uhlu lwemibuzo lunezinto ezingama-30. Izikolo esikalini seLikert zisukela ku-1 "akuvamile / kuyaqabukela" ziye ku-4 "cishe njalo / njalo." Uhlu lwemibuzo beluqinisekisiwe ngokuvumelana okungaphakathi kweCronbach α = 0.83. Esifundweni sethu uhlu lwemibuzo lwalunokuvumelana okungaphakathi kweCronbach kwe α = 0.83.
Isivivinyo esifushane sokuluthwa kwe-inthanethi (s-IAT-sex)
I-s-IAT-sex luhlu lwemibuzo olulinganisa ubuciko be-inthanethi obuyinkinga obakhiwe UWéry, uBurnay, uKarila, noBillieux (2015). Kususelwa ekuhlolweni kokulutha kwe-inthanethi okwenziwe ngu I-Pawlikowski, i-Altstötter-Gleich, neBrand (2013) lapho izinto ezikwi “Internet” noma ku- “online” zathathelwa indawo “ngezocansi online” kanye “nezindawo zocansi.” Uhlu lwemibuzo lunezinto eziyi-12, into ngayinye ikalwe esikalini ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-5 ukusuka ku-1 “akakaze” kuya ku-5 “njalo” futhi amaphuzu aphelele abalwa ngokufingqa izinto. Uhlu lwemibuzo luqinisekisiwe ngu UWryry et al. (2015) nge Cronbach ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi kwe α = 0.90. Esifundweni sethu uhlu lwemibuzo lwalunokuvumelana okungaphakathi kweCronbach kwe α = 0.89.
Uhlolo lwe-Screening Addiction Screening (SAST) (Amakhadi, i-1991) obekuqinisekiswe ngalo Hook et al. (2010) kukhombisa iCronbach's α kwengu-0.85-0.95. Esifundweni sethu kwakukhona okwakwaCronbach α ka-0.79. I-SAST ayigunyaziwe ukwethula noma iyiphi idatha yesigaba, futhi isetshenziswe njengokuhlukahluka okuqhubekayo kepha hhayi ukufakwa esigabeni sabantu abayimilutha yezocansi.
Inqubo
Imibuzo yakhangiswa ku-inthanethi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana nakwizithangami zabantu abasebenzisa inkinga yezocansi online. Abahlanganyeli baphendule imibuzo ku-Intanethi. Ababambiqhaza baphinde batshelwa ukuthi lolu cwaningo luphenya umlutha wobulili nokuthi amaphepha emibuzo azohlala engaziwa ngenhloso yocwaningo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kanye nedatha
Ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela kwenziwa ku-Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) yama-windows v.21 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA). Ukuze kuhlolwe ukusatshalaliswa okujwayelekile kwenziwa inguquko ye-LAN yokulinganisa umlutha wobulili. Amanani we-skewness (S = −0.2, SE = 0.2) kanye ne-kurtosis (K = −0.81, SE = 0.41) bakhombise ukuhanjiswa okujwayelekile. Njengoba imiphumela ibiyafana kulezi zinyathelo eziguquliwe nezasekuqaleni, imiphumela yedatha yasekuqaleni yabikwa.
Idatha ebhekise ebulilini, iminyaka, isimo somshado, uhlobo lokuphila, imfundo, ukuqashwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kwahlaziywa kusetshenziswa uhlolo oluphindwe kabili lukaPearson. Umnikelo wokuphoqeleka, kanye nezinkinga zomsebenzi wezocansi eziku-inthanethi ekuhlukeni kwezilinganiso zokulutha ngokocansi kukalwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-multivariate regression. Imiphumela ebalulekile yamamodeli wokubuyela emuva kubikwa ngokulandela ukulungiswa kukaBonferroni (P <0.0125). Izilungiso zeBonneferoni zibalwe kusetshenziswa ifomula αebucayi = 1− (1−αkushintshiwe)k. Usayizi womthelela F ibalwe kusetshenziswa ifomula uCohen's F usayizi womphumela = R squared / 1−R isikwele.
Ethics
Lolu cwaningo luvunyelwe yi-Institutional Review Board (IRB, ikomidi leHelsinki) le Nyuvesi. Bonke ababambiqhaza basayine ifomu lokuvuma elinolwazi.
Imiphumela
Izici zesampula
Izikolo emaphephandabeni emlutha wokuya ocansini ziveze ukuthi ababambiqhaza abangama-45 (amadoda ayi-18 nabesifazane abangama-27) bangahlukaniswa ngemlutha wokuya ocansini nabangu-92 njengezindlela zokulutha ezingezona ezocansi ezichazwe I-Carnes (1991) (Isikolo se-SAST> 6). Abesilisa babenezibalo ezinkulu zokulutha ngokocansi kunabesifazane [t (1,135) = 2.17, P = 0.01, uCohen's d = 0.41]. Amadoda futhi abenenqwaba enkulu ku-Short Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT-sex) kunabesifazane [t (1, 58) = 2.17, P <0.001 kaCohen d = 0.95; okukhombisa umphumela omkhulu wobulili ekuluthweni ngocansi kwe-inthanethi ngokuya ngemibandela kaCohen]. Kwakungekho mehluko ekuphakameni kwe-impulsivity (BIS / BAS) phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane t (1, 99) = -0.87; P = 0.16). Bona Ithebula 4 wezinyathelo zemibuzo kubo bonke abahlanganyeli.
Ithebula 4.Isilinganiso 2-Izilinganiso zemibuzo yabahlanganyeli besilisa nabesifazane M (I-SD)
| Amadoda (n = 41) | Abesifazane (n = 98) | Ingqikithi (n = 139) | |
| SAST | 5.47 (3.41) | 4.14 (3.2) | 4.53 (3.3) |
| s-IAT-ucansi | 1.78 (0.67) | 1.25 (0.51) | 1.4 (0.6) |
| BIS / BAS | 2 (0.28) | 2.07 (0.39) | 2.05 (0.36) |
Izifinyezo: "s-IAT-sex" - iDemo Internet Addiction Test eyayihunyushwe ukulinganisa imisebenzi yezocansi; I-BIS / BAS- Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; ISAST- Isivivinyo Sokuhlola Imizwa Yocansi.
Inhlangano phakathi kwe-s-IAT-sex, i-BIS / BAS ne-SAST
Isivivinyo sokuhlanganiswa kukaPearson sikhombise ukuhlangana okuhle phakathi kokungafuneki (i-BIS / BAS), umsebenzi wezocansi onenkinga online (s-IAT-sex), nezikolo zokulutha ngokocansi (SAST) (bona Ithebula 5).
Ithebula 5.Isifundo 2- Ukuhlangana kukaPearson kuwo wonke imibuzo kubo bonke ababambiqhaza (n = 139)
| Isici | M (I-SD) | SAST | s-IAT-ucansi | BIS / BAS |
| SAST | 4.53 (3.3) | 1 | ||
| s-IAT-ucansi | 1.4 (0.6) | I-0.53 *** | ||
| BIS / BAS | 2.05 (0.36) | I-0.35 ** | 0.22 * | - |
Izifinyezo: "s-IAT-sex" - iDemo Internet Addiction Test eyayihunyushwe ukulinganisa imisebenzi yezocansi; "BIS / BAS" - Isikali se-Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; I-"SAST" - Ukuhlolwa Kokuxilongwa Kwamakhambi Ezocansi.
*P <0.05; **P <0.01.
Ukuhlaziywa okuningi kokubuyiselwa kwabesilisa nabesilisa kukhombisile ukuthi imodeli efake ubulili (β = -0.01, P = 0.84) s-IAT-ucansi (β = 0.47, P <0.001), i-BIS / BAS (β = 0.24, P = 0.001) izikolo zibe nomthelela omkhulu ekungafani kwezilinganiso zokuluthwa ngokocansi [F (2,134) = 34.16, P <0.001, R2 = 0.33, uCohen's f = 0.42] futhi ichaze ama-33% umehluko walezi zilinganiso. Inkomba yokubekezelela ibanga phakathi kuka-0.7 no-0.9, nabalingisi be-VIF bahlukanise phakathi kuka-1 kuye ku-1.24 futhi bakhombisile ukulunga okufanelekile. Ithebula 6 ikhombisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-regression kwabesilisa nabesifazane bezikolo zokuluthwa ngokocansi. Ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe kwenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe umphumela wokulinganisa wobulili nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezilinganisweni zomlutha wobulili imigomo yokusebenzisana yobulili be-s-IAT-sex × ubulili (β = 0.06, P = 0.77), ne-BIS / BAS × ubulili (β = 0.5, P = 0.46) bezingabalulekanga ekubikezeleni umlutha wobulili.
Ithebula 6.Isifundo 2- Ukubuyiselwa emgqeni kwemiphumela yobudala kanye nezilinganiso zokuphoqelela kwizikolo eziyinselele zokwenza ubulili ku-inthanethi kubo bonke ababambiqhaza (n = 139)
| eziguquguqukayo | B | SE | Ukuhlangana okuningana | β |
| Ubulili | -0.11 | 0.57 | -0.17 | -0.1 |
| s-IAT-ucansi | 2.61 | 0.4 | 0.45 | I-0.47 *** |
| BIS / BAS | 2.17 | 0.65 | 0.28 | I-0.24 *** |
| F(3,133) = 22.64; R2 = 0.33 *** | ||||
Izifinyezo: "s-IAT-sex" - iDemo Internet Addiction Test eyayihunyushwe ukulinganisa imisebenzi yezocansi; "BIS / BAS" - Isikali se-Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; I-"SAST" - Ukuhlolwa Kokuxilongwa Kwamakhambi Ezocansi.
***P <0.001.
isimo somshado
Ababambiqhaza abangashadile bathole amaphuzu aphezulu (M = 1.50, SD = 0.66) kunababambiqhaza abashadile (M = 1.16, SD = 0.30) kuhlu lwemibuzo lwe-s-IAT-sex (t (1,128) = 4.06, P <0.001). Abahlanganyeli abangabodwa nabo bathole amaphuzu aphezulu (M = 4.97, SD = 3.38 (kunabahlanganyeli abashadile (M = 3.31, SD = 2.78) kwiphepha lemibuzo le-SAST (t (1,135) = 2.65, P <0.01). Ekugcineni, ababambiqhaza besifazane abangashadile bathole amaphuzu aphezulu (M = 1.33, SD = 0.58 (kunabahlanganyeli besifazane abashadile (M = 1.08, SD = 0.21) kuhlu lwemibuzo lwe-s-IAT-sex (t (1, 92) = 4.06, P = 0.003).
Ekuphetheni, imiphumela ikhombise ukuvumelana okuhle phakathi kokuphoqelelwa, ukuzibandakanya kobuchopho okuyinkinga eku-inthanethi nezimpawu zokuluthwa ngobulili. Okwesibili, ukucwaningwa kokubuyiswa kwempahla kukhombisile ukuthi ukufakwa kwezinkinga zokuzibandakanya ocansini nge-inthanethi kube nomthelela ekungafani kwezilinganiso zokuluthwa ngokocansi futhi kuchaze ama-33% umehluko.
Ingxoxo
Kukhona inzalo ekhulayo yocwaningo nge-CSBD nokufakwa kwayo kuDiagnostic and Statistical 5th Manual (DSM-5) (I-American Psychiatric Association, i-2013) noma i-ICD 11 lapho manje ifakiwe njengengozi yokulawula ukuthatheka (I-Kraus et al., I-2018). Njengoba isihloko sibalulekile futhi kufanelekile ngokomtholampilo, izifundo eziningi ziyadingeka kuze kube lapho zingabonakala njengengozi yomtholampilo ekubuyekezweni okulandelayo kwe-DSM. Ucwaningo olukhona lusekela okutholakele kwangaphambilini kokubumbana kwe-CSBD ngezimpawu zokuphoqelela, ukukhathazeka nezimpawu zokucindezela (IKlontz, iGaros, neKlontz, 2005) noma ngabe bambalwa kuphela abatholakala ne-OCD kuleli qembu leziguli (15% in Okumnyama, i-2000; futhi Shapira, Goldsmith, Keck, Khosla, & McElroy, 2000). Ukuqhubeka kokufunda eqenjini elikhulu leziguli ezine-OCD (Fuss et al., 2019) ikhombisile ukwanda kokuphila okuphezulu kwe-CSBD ezigulini ezine-OCD yamanje kanye ne-comorbidity enokunye ukuguquguquka kwemizwa, ukuqina okuphoqelelayo, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokulawula okungamthelela.
I-CSBD efana nezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha iwela esikhungweni sokuziphatha esikhuthazayo nesishukumisayo (U-Grant et al., I-2010). Ngokwesibalo esivamile ukwanda kwesifo esixakile (i-OCD) siphakathi kwe-1 ne-3% (U-Leckman et al., 2010). Izimpawu ze-OCD zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqayo (UKlontz et al., 2005). URaymond et al. (2003) baba ngabokuqala ukuphakamisa umqondo wokuziphatha okucindezelayo kwezocansi (CSB) ofana ngokufana ne-OCD. I-CSB iboniswa yimicabango ephindaphindayo nejulile yamaphupho ezocansi, izifiso kanye nokuziphatha kocansi okuholela ekulimaleni okukhulu. Imicabango eqaphelayo ayingeni futhi ihlala ihlotshaniswa nokuxineka noma ukukhathazeka, yingakho indlela yokuziphatha yokuziphatha yocansi ephoqelekile ihlose ukunciphisa ukungezwani okunjalo nokukhathazeka. UMick and Hollander (2006) ukugcizelele ukubaluleka kokusebenzisana ngokubambisana phakathi kwe-CSB ne-OCD futhi batusa ukwelashwa nge-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) kanye nokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo ngale nkinga. I-DSM-IV isigxekile le ndlela njengoba umuntu onokuziphatha okuphoqelela ubulili okuvame ukuthokozela lokhu kuziphatha futhi uzozama ukumelana nokuziphatha okunjalo kuphela uma lokho kulimaza (i-American Psychiatric Association, 2000, ikhasi 422). Yize iziguli ezine-OCD zingase zibe nemicabango ebonakalayo enokuqukethwe kocansi lokhu kuvame ukulandela isimo esingesihle ngaphandle kokuvuka ngocansi. Ngakho-ke silindele ukuthi lezi ziguli zizothola ukunciphisa isifiso sobulili phakathi nalesi simo somoya.
Kunobufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi i-CSBD ine-comorbidity ngexhala nokudangala (IKlontz, iGaros, neKlontz, 2005). Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi phakathi kwabesilisa abane-CSBD izinga lalingu-28% kanti kubantu jikelele lalingu-12% (Weiss, 2004). Kunobufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi abantu abane-CSBD banesifiso ngokweqile kwezocansi ngenkathi becindezelekile noma bekhathazekile (IBancroft neVukadinovic, 2004). Iningi labesilisa abathandana nobungqingili libike ukwehla komshayeli wezocansi ngesikhathi sokudangala noma ukukhathazeka kepha abambalwa (abaphakathi kuka-15 no-25%) babike ukwanda komkhankaso wezocansi, ikakhulu ekukhathazekeni kunokucindezelwa. Ukukhuphuka kokushaywa kocansi ngesikhathi sokudangala kungahle kube yisidingo sokuthintwa komuntu siqu noma ukwazisa omunye umuntu. Labo abathola ukunciphisa ukuncipha kwezocansi ngesikhathi sokudangala kungenzeka bakwenze lokho ngenxa yokuzethemba okuphansi (IBancroft neVukadinovic, 2004). Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luveze ukuthi phakathi kwalabo abane-CSBD 42-46% banenkinga yokukhathazeka futhi abangama-33-80% banesifo sokuphazamiseka kwemizwa (UMick & Hollander, 2006). Iqembu leziguli elashelwa i-CSBD ekwelashweni kweqembu likhombise ukwehliswa kwengcindezi yengqondo, ukudangala, izimpawu eziphoqayo, ukugxila kwezocansi kanye nokuvuselela ezocansi, ukudangala nokukhathazeka futhi lolu shintsho luhlale ezinyangeni eziyi-6 zilandelwa (IKlontz, iGaros, neKlontz, 2005).
Kulolu cwaningo, izilinganiso zokucindezelwa azizange zibe nomthelela omkhulu ezilinganisweni zomlutha wobulili. Ngoba kwezinye izimo ukucindezela kunciphisa i-sex drive futhi kwezinye izimo kwandisa i-sex drive (kwezinye izikhathiIBancroft neVukadinovic, 2004) ubudlelwano phakathi kokudangala nokuziphatha okucindezelayo kocansi kungahle kube phakathi kwezinye izinto. Njengoba ukukhathazeka kube nomthelela omkhulu ezilinganisweni zokuluthwa ngokocansi, kungenzeka ukuthi ukucindezeleka kuyinto yokulamula phakathi kokukhathazeka ne-CSBD.
Yize lolu cwaningo lunesilinganiso esiyingqayizivele sabesifazane kwabesilisa esinenqwaba yababambiqhaza besifazane, imiphumela yokuhlaziywa okuhlukile kokuhlolisisa kwabesilisa nabesifazane ikhombisile ukuthi umnikelo we-OCD, ukudangala nokukala ukukhathazeka kokwehluka kwezilinganiso zokuluthwa ngokocansi kwakuphezulu kakhulu emadodeni, futhi ichaze u-40% wokuhlukahluka uma kuqhathaniswa nama-20% kwabesifazane, yize njengento ejwayelekile, ucansi aluzange lube negalelo ekubuyiselweni lapho bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane behlaziywa kanyekanye, kucatshangelwa ukuthi linani elincane labesilisa. Lokhu okutholakele kusekela izifundo zangaphambilini ezibonisa ukungafani kocansi ku-CSBD ikakhulukazi maqondana nokusebenzisa izingosi zocansi nokuzibandakanya ku-cybersex (Weinstein et al., 2015). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo lwethu lwangaphambilini lokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthandana alukhombisi umehluko wobulili (UZlot et al., 2018). Ngakho-ke, impikiswano yokuhluka kobulili phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ukwenza ucansi oluku-inthanethi idinga ukuthi ihlolwe.
Ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqayo kubuye kube nama-comorbidities wezengqondo nokukhathazeka komphakathi, i-dysthymia, ukunakekelwa kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuqaphelekayo (UBijlenga et al., 2018; Bőthe et al., 2019a, b; UGarcia & Thibaut, 2010; UMick & Hollander, 2006; ISemaille, 2009) thinta ukungahambi kahle (Samenow, 2010) kanye ne-post-traumatic stress disorderAmakhadi, i-1991). Olunye ucwaningo luthola ukuthi umlutha wezocansi uhlotshaniswa noma uphendula kokuthinta okuthinta impilo noma imicimbi yempilo ecindezelayo (URaymond, uColeman, noMiner, 2003; Reid, 2007; Reid & Umbazi, 2009; Reid, Umbazi, uSpackman, noWilles, ngo-2008).
Ukusetshenziswa okungapheli kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi kuchazwa ngemibono yobulili obungathandeki, ubulili obucindezelayo kanye ne-CSBD (Wetterneck, Burgess, Short, Smith, & Cervantes, 2012). I-Intanethi yenze ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zitholakale kalula futhi ngobuningi bazo futhi zibe nomthelela kumazinga wokuzijabulisa ngocansi angakaze abe khona ngaphambili (IMisa, 2010; I-Wetterneck et al., 2012). Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi i-CSBD ilele esikalini esingaphoqelekile (U-Grant et al., I-2010). Ukuphoqelela, okubhekisele esenzweni ngaphandle kokuhlela noma ukucabanga kusengaphambili, kuhlotshaniswa nobumnandi, ukuvusa imizwa nokweneliseka futhi kuqala umjikelezo wokulutha kanti ukuphoqelelwa kugcina iCBBD ephikelelayo (Karila et al., 2014; I-Wetterneck et al., 2012).
Inhloso yocwaningo lwesibili bekuwukuphenya ubudlelwane phakathi kokuxoshwa, ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi kwezenzo zocansi ne-CSBD. Ukuphoqelelwa nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga okuku-inthanethi kwezenzo zocansi kungaba izinkomba zokuluthwa ngokocansi ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ubahlole ngenani labantu elisebenzisa i-Intanethi ukuthola abalingani bezocansi. Sekuvele kumenyezelwe ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zocansi ezi-inthanethi (I-Wetterneck et al., 2012) kanye ne-CSBD (Karila et al., 2014; Weinstein, 2014; Weinstein, et al., 2015). Ngaphandle kokunyuka kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi (U-Carroll et al., 2008; Kingston et al., 2009; IMisa, 2010; I-Stack et al., 2004; I-Wetterneck et al., 2012) bambalwa kakhulu abacwaningi abaphenye le nhlangano (I-Wetterneck et al., 2012). Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iphakamisa ukuthi impulsivity kanye nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi kuhlotshaniswa ne-CSBD kusampula engowesifazane ikakhulukazi. Njengoba izifundo eziningi kwi-CSBD zinenqwaba yabahlanganyeli besilisa okwenza ukuthi kutholakale inoveli ikakhulukazi njengoba kusikisela ukuthi abesifazane abane-CSBD nabo bayaphoxeka. Ngokuvamile kulindeleke ngemibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yokuthi abantu besifazane kufanele ngabe bavele baveza amandla amakhulu okuvimba izimpendulo eziphoqayo noma zangaphambi kokuba namandla. Kunobufakazi bokusekela obukhombisa ukuthi abantu besifazane banokusebenza okungcono kokucabanga kokulinganisa imisebenzi yokulinganisa njengokuthi ukubambezeleka kokuzanelisa kanye nokubambezeleka okubambezelayo ikakhulukazi ebuntwaneni (bona I-Weinstein neDannon, 2015 ukuze kubuyekezwe). Kusobala ukuthi abaningi basebenzisa izithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi njengezindlela zokugwema umuzwa wabo siqu futhi ukugwema lokhu kugcina le ndlela yokuziphatha ephoqelelayo nenomlutha (I-Wetterneck et al., 2012). Kunemiphumela ephikisayo ebikwe yi Bőthe et al. (2019a, b) okukhombisa ukuthi ukufakwa kanye nokuphoqelelwa bekuhlobene ngokuqinile nenkinga yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ngokulandelana. Impulsivity yayinobudlelwano obuqine ne-hypersexeness ukwedlula ukukhathazeka phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane, ngokulandelana. Ngenxa yalokho, ababhali baveze ukuthi ukufakwa nokuphoqelelwa kungenzeka kungabi nomthelela omkhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi okuyinkinga njengoba ezinye izazi ziphakamisile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuzwela kungenzeka kube nendima evelele ebushushini kunokusebenzisa kabi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Izincwadi zamanje zichaza ukwehluka kobulili ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile online, impulsivity kanye ne-CSBD (U-Carroll et al., 2008; UPoulsen et al., 2013; Weinstein et al., 2015; UZlot et al., 2018). Lolu cwaningo selukhombisile umehluko onjalo ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi nezilinganiso ze-CSBD kepha hhayi ngokuxoshwa (ngokungafani nemiphumela echazwe UWetterneck et al. (2012)) okutholakale ukumelana okuphezulu emadodeni. Kungenzeka ukuthi ezweni lanamuhla namandla akhulayo enhlangano yabesifazane, abesifazane basebenzisa amasu abekade ethathwa njengezimpawu zobudoda njengokuzimisela, ukuthatha ubungozi kanye nokungazifaki.
Njengoba bekulindelekile kube nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi kanye namazinga aphezulu we-CSBD kwabesifazane abangashadile uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane abashadayo. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule kunokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi kubantu besifazane yize kunokwehluka ngokobulili maqondana nale media. Ocwaningweni olukhulu lwemibhangqwana, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabesilisa kuhlotshaniswe kabi nekhwalithi yobulili yowesilisa nowesifazane, kanti ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabesifazane kuhlobene nekhwalithi yezocansi yabesifazane (UPoulsen et al., 2013). Kubukeka sengathi abesifazane babheka ukusetshenziswa kwale mithombo yezindaba njengento enhle uma kuhlotshaniswa nekhwalithi ethuthukisiwe yokuzibandakanya ocansini (UTokunaga et al., 2017; UVaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019).
Okokugcina, imisebenzi enobuchopho online enobunzima ihlala yenziwa ekusithekeni nanjengento eyedwa efihlekile kumalungu omndeni. Ubuthakathaka obuthinta imindeni, abangane kanye nomphakathi uwonke kungahle kuholele ezinkingeni zocansi eziku-inthanethi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Futhi, kunobufakazi bemitholampilo bokuthi abantu ababandakanyeka ezenzakalweni zobuchopho ezikuyi-inthanethi bathola umonakalo ebuhlotsheni babo bezothando ngenxa yalokhu kuhlangana okuyinkinga, ngakho-ke, abantu abangashadile bazoba nezinga eliphakeme esikalini se-CSBD.
Ukulinganiselwa
Zombili lezi zifundo zisebenzise imibuzo yezilinganiso ezilinganiselwe kwi-Intanethi ngakho-ke kunethuba lokungaphenduki kwezimpendulo. Selokhu iqoqo ledatha lesifundo elingcono litholakele ezincwadini (IMontgomery-Graham, 2017). Okwesibili, zifake amasayizi amancane wesampula futhi kwakukhona ukungakhethi okuhle kwamasampula. Kuzo zombili lezi zifundo kwakukhona abesifazane abaningi kunabesilisa. Esifundweni sokuqala, abaningi babeganwe noma benobudlelwano kunabantu abangashadile kanti eSifundweni 1 iningi labo lalingashadile (2%) kanti abambalwa babeshade noma behlangene (73.7%). Kubekhona futhi umehluko ngokulingana kwemisebenzi yethutyana ku-Study 26.3 iningi lesampula lalinomsebenzi wesikhashana (1%) kanti eSifundweni 65 lali-2% kuphela. Okwesithathu, bekuyizifundo ezincanyana ngakho-ke akunakubekelwa phansi. Ekugcineni, kuzo zombili lezi zifundo bekukhona iningi labesifazane okungenzeka ukuthi lithinte izilinganiso zokuxoshwa.
isiphetho
Ucwaningo lokuqala lukhombise ukuthi izimpawu eziphoqayo eziphoqayo zinomthelela ekulinganisweni kwezikolo ze-CSB phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ukuthola abalingani bezocansi. Ucwaningo lwesibili luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukushesha nokusebenzisa okuyinkinga kwezemacansini ku-inthanethi kube nomthelela kwizikolo ze-CSB phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa i-Intanethi ukwenza ucansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo ukuthola abalingani bezocansi nokubuka izithombe zocansi kuyathandwa kakhulu kwabesilisa kepha manje sikhombisa ukuthi kuyathandwa nakwabesifazane. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlole izinto zenhlalo nezindawo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi ukuthola abalingani bezocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele bahlole ukucindezelwa kanye nokuphoxeka maqondana nokuya ocansini ngokuphenya abesilisa nabesifazane abangongqingili. Futhi bangaqhathanisa imiphakathi ethile nokuziphatha okucindezelayo kocansi ngokwesibonelo labo abasebenzisa inkinga yezocansi enezinkinga online nalabo abafuna ukuzibandakanya ocansini okungekho emgqeni ezimeni zangempela zempilo.
Imithombo yokuxhasa ngezimali
Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe njengengxenye yezifundo zemfundo yokulutha ngokuziphatha e-University of Ariel, e-Ariel, kwa-Israyeli.
Umnikelo wabalobi
Bonke abantu abafakiwe njengabalobi bephepha baba nomthelela omkhulu kwinqubo yesayensi eyaholela ekubhaleni iphepha. Ababhali babe nomthelela ekuqambeni nasekwenziweni kwephrojekthi, ukusebenza kwezivivinyo, ukuhlaziya kanye nokutolika kwemiphumela nokulungiselela lowo mbhalo ozoshicilelwa.
Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo
Ababhali abanazo izintshisekelo noma imisebenzi engabonakala ithonya ucwaningo (isib. Izintshisakalo zezezimali esivivinyweni noma kwinqubo, uxhaso lwezinkampani ezenza amayeza ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo).
UkuvumaBonke abantu abafakiwe njengababhali bamaphepha baba negalelo elikhulu kwinqubo yesayensi eyaholela ekubhaleni iphepha. Ababhali babe nomthelela ekuqambeni nasekwenziweni kwephrojekthi, ukusebenza kwezivivinyo, ukuhlaziya kanye nokutolika kwemiphumela nokulungiselela lowo mbhalo ozoshicilelwa. Bonke ababhali ababiki ukuthi akukho kungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo mayelana nalolu cwaningo. Ucwaningo lokuqala lwethulwa emhlanganweni we-5 we-ICBA eGeneva Switzerland ngo-Ephreli 2018.
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