Isifiso sobulili, isimo sengqondo, isitayela sokunamathisela, ukungaziphathi kahle, nokuzithiba njengezizathu zokuqagela ngokocansi nge-cybersex (2019)

I-JMIR Ment Health. I-2019 Jan 21; 6 (1): e9978. i-doi: 10.2196 / psy.9978.

Varfi N1, Rothen S1, Jasiowka K1, Abantu abanochoko T1, I-Bianchi-Demicheli F1, Khazaal Y#1.

abstract

UMLANDO:

Inani elikhulayo lezifundo libhekene nezici ezihlukahlukene zokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi, ubunzima abanye abantu banomkhawulo wokusebenzisa i-inthanethi nakuba kunomthelela omubi empilweni yansuku zonke.

INJONGO:

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuhlola ukuxhumana okungahle kube phakathi komlutha wokuguquguquka kwe-cybersex, kuhlolwe nge-Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) eguqulwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex, kanye nezici eziningana zengqondo nezengqondo, kufaka phakathi isifiso sobulili, imizwa, isitayela sokunameka nokuzithemba, ngokunaka iminyaka, ucansi, kanye nokuya ocansini kwabasebenzisi be-cybersex.

IZINDLELA:

Kwenziwa inhlolovo esekwe kwiWebhu lapho abahlanganyeli bahlolwa ukuze kusetshenziswe imidwebo enobuntu kanye nezinsimbi ezilandelayo: I-CIUS yaguqulwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex, i-Sexual Desire Inventory, kanye ne-Short Depression-Happyness Scale. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitayela sokunamathiselwe sihlolwe kanye nama-Experience ku-close Relationship-Revised questionnaire (Ukukhathazeka Nezikhalazo). Impulsivity ilinganiswa ngokusebenzisa i-Urgency, Premeditation (ukungahlali), Ukuphikelela (ukuntuleka), Ukubuyiselwa Kwe-Sense, i-Positive Urgency Impulsive Behaeve Scale. Ukuzethemba komhlaba wonke kwahlolwa nge-1-nto yokuzithoza kwe-self-Esteem Scale.

IZIPHUMA:

Isampuli yezifundo ze-145 isiqede ucwaningo. Ukusetshenziswa okuyi-cybersex komlutha kuhlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu esifiso sobulili, isimo sokudabukisa, isitayela sokunameka, nobulili besilisa kepha hhayi ngokuxoshwa.

IMIBUZO:

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex okuluthayo kungumsebenzi wesifiso sobulili, isimo sokudabukisa, kanye nokunameka kokuthontelana.

KEYWORDS: umlutha wokuziphatha; ukungahambi kahle; i-inthanethi; ucansi

I-PMID: 30664470

I-DOI: I-10.2196 / ingqondo.9978

Isingeniso

Background

I-inthanethi isetshenziswa kabanzi empilweni yansuku zonke, kubandakanya nemibuzo ehlobene nempilo [1-4] nezinjongo ezihlobene nempilo yezocansi [5]. I-cybersex yindlela yokuziphatha ejwayelekile ebhekisa emisebenzini esekwe ocansini yeWebhu ehlose ukunikeza ukugcwaliseka okungafanele noma ukwanelisa ngocansi [6]. I-cybersex ifaka phakathi imisebenzi ehlukahlukene njengokuxoxa, ukuqomisana, ukusesha izinsuku ezingekho ku-inthanethi, ukudlala indima yezocansi, ukusebenzisana kwe-webcam, iqiniso langempela, kanye nezithombe zocansi. Le micimbi ingahlukaniswa njenge-arousal-arousal (ie, ukubukela porn), i-Partnered-arousal (ie, ukuxoxa), kanye nemisebenzi engeyona eyehlukanisiwe (okusho, imininingwane ehlobene nokuya ocansini) [7].

Ukusetshenziswa ngokulinganisela kwe-cybersex kungasiza ekwandisweni kolwazi lwezocansi futhi kuthuthukise ukuxhumana okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi nokuxhumana ngocansi nabalingani [8]. Kuyafana nalabo abaziphatha kwezinye izinto ezihlobene ne-inthanethi ezinjengamageyimu [9-11], noma kunjalo, abanye abasebenzisi be-cybersex bangaqhamuka namaphethini wokulutha wokusebenzisa ngemiphumela emibi engenzeka [12,13]. Lezi zindlela zivame ukuchazwa njengokusetshenziswa ngokweqile nangokungalawulwa kahle kwezenzo zocansi ezenziwa ku-inthanethi eziholela ezinkingeni noma ekulimazelweni kokusebenza futhi ziphikelele naphezu kobunzima obunjalo [14,15]. Akukho ukuvumelana okutholakele mayelana nokuqanjwa kwalokhu kuphazamiseka [12,16], noma kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umlutha we-cybersex [17-20]. Noma kunjalo, njengoba kubikwe kwezinye izindlela ezihlobene nenkinga ezihlobene ne-inthanethi [21], mhlawumbe yigama lesambulela elisho izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemisebenzi ye-cybersex (i-intanethi eyedwa, i-webcams yezocansi, ingxoxo, njll.) nangezinqubo ezahlukahlukene (ie, ukuqiniswa okuqondile njengokuthi ukwanelisa ngocansi nokuvusa imizwa evela ku-porn, imivuzo yokuxhumana nabantu engxoxweni , noma ukuqiniswa okungekuhle ngokuphunyuka ekucindezelekeni nsuku zonke) [12,22,23].

Ucwaningo oluningi lubike ukufana phakathi komlutha we-cybersex umlutha kanye nezinye izifo ezifakwayo, kufaka phakathi ukuncishiswa kokulawulwa kwangaphambili (amandla okukhetha izenzo noma imicabango maqondana nezinhloso zangaphakathi) [24], ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-cyjsex ehlobene nobucansi obuhlobene ne-cybersex [25,26[27], nezimpawu ezilandelanayo zomlutha we-cybersex (uzizwa elahlekelwe ukulawula ngokulisebenzisa) [23] namaphethini wokuqiniswa okuhle nokubi kokuziphatha kocansi okususelwa kwiWebhu [28]. Yize kubukeka sengathi kunokubaluleka kwesayensi, ucwaningo ngokulutha lwe-cybersex lusakhawulelwe [25]. Ikakhulu, izici ezihlobene nokuthuthukiswa nokulondolozwa kwe-cybersex eyimilutha kuhlala kunganakiwe [12]. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kungachazwa ukungabi bikho kokuvumelana mayelana nokuziphatha okunjalo okuphathelene nokuziphatha.

Ukucacisa okungenzeka kwe-cybersex yomlutha kuze kube manje bathole ukunakwa kokuqala. Isifiso sobulili sibonisa amandla adonsela umuntu ekude noma kude nokuziphatha kobulili [29] futhi ugqugquzele abantu ukuthi bahlanganyele kwezocansi. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwesifiso sobulili njengokuchazwa kwezimilo zocansi [22,30], izifundo ezinobudlelwano obuphakathi kwesifiso sobulili ne-cybersex zisasilela. Ngokuvumelana neminye imibiko ngokuluthwa kokuziphatha kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-inthanethi [9,31], izifundo eziningana zokuxhumeka kwengqondo kokusebenzisa kabi i-cybersex kwakuvame ukuchaza ukuzihlanganisa nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okufana nokuxineka kwemizwa [22]. Ukuzethemba okuphansi futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokuthunyelwa imiyalezo yocansi (ukwabelana ngezithombe zocansi) [32], ukuziphatha okuphoqayo [33], kanye nomlutha wezocansi [34]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvumelana nezinye izifundo ekugembeni kwe-inthanethi okuluthayo [35], ezinye izifundo ziphakamise ukuthi i-cybersex umlutha okungenani ngukuziphatha okuphilayo okuhlose ukulawula imizwa engemihle [20,36].

Umbono wokunamathiselwa uthi ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwabo kwengane nabazali kanye nezihlobo, abantu bakhulisa izinkolelo maqondana nobudlelwano babo nabanye abafinyelela ekwakheni ubudlelwano babo obusondelene nobusondelene nobokuziphatha ngokwezindlela zabo zokunamathisela [37]. Ikakhulu, bangakha izindlela zokunamathisela ezingavikelekile. Isibonelo, isitayela sokunamathiselwa esixhunyiwe sixhunyaniswa nokungajabuli ngobuhlobo obusondelene, ukugwema ukuzibophezela okuhlobene, nokukhula okungenzeka ekusesheni kokusebenzisana okungajwayelekile. Ngokuphikisanayo, ukunamathiselwa okukhathazayo kuhlobene nokukhathazeka ngokulahlwa kanye nokulahlwa, okungenzeka kuholele abantu ekugcwabeni kokuziphatha okuhlose ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala komlingani nokuqinisekiswa futhi ukubheka kaningi ukuphepha okunjalo [38].

Izitayela ezinjalo zokunamathisela abantu abadala zibonakala zithonya okuhlangenwe nakho kwezocansi, ubudlelwane obuseduze, nokuziphatha kocansi nokwaneliseka [39]. Ukuhlangana okuhle kwakubikwe phambilini phakathi kokunamathiselwa okuxakile nokugwemayo nokulutha ngokocansi [40]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaku [41] kuboniswe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyinkinga ephezulu kubantu abangakhubazeki ngokomzwelo njengokuxhuma okuxakile noma okugwemayo [42] nesikhumbuzo esibuhlungu sangesikhathi esedlule [19].

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphoqelelwa kungokwakhiwa okubandakanya ingqondo nokwengqondo okuholela ekugcwalisekeni kwezimo zokuziphatha ngaphandle kokulindela ngokucophelela [43]. Impulsivity yinto transdiagnostic ehilelekile ekuziphatheni okuluthayo [44], kufaka phakathi inkinga yokudlala [45] nokugembula kwe-inthanethi [21]. Noma kunjalo, kuze kube manje, ubudlelwane phakathi komlutha we-cybersex nokuxoshwa buye bathola ukunakwa okuncane [20], futhi kulolo cwaningo oluhlolile lolu soseshini, kutholakale imiphumela exubile. Kwezinye izifundo, ukuntuleka kokulawulwa okuphezulu kokuphathwa kuqala [25,26] nezici zokuxoshwa lapho zihlanganiswa ne-cybersex eyimilutha [25,26]. Ngokuphambene, uWetterneck et al [46] awatholanga mehluko ezenzweni zokufaka phakathi kokusebenzisa kabi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Isilinganiso sokuzibika sakamuva sokuphoqelela yisimo Esiphuthumayo, i-Urgency, Ukulungiselela (ukuswela), Ukuphikelela (ukuswela), Ukubuyiselwa Kwe-Sense, Isimo Esiphuthumayo Sokuziphatha Okusheshayo (UPPS-P), esihunyushwe ngesakhiwo esizinzileyo sezilimi eziningi [47-50]. Isichazamazwi sihlobene nezici ezihlukile zokufaka umfutho kuhlolwe ngesilinganiso: ukuphuthuma okungalungile (ukuthambekela kokwenza ngokungathandeki lapho uhlangabezana nemizwa engemihle), ukulungiselela kuqala (ukuswela), ukubekezelela (ukuntula), ukufuna umuzwa wokufuna, kanye nokuphuthuma okuhle (ukuthambekela koku yenza ngokungaphoxeki lapho ubhekene nemizwa emihle). Ucwaningo lwakamuva [20] kubonise ukuthi ukuphuthuma okungekuhle nokubi kuthinta ukuhlangana ekubikezeleni umlutha we-cybersex, kanti azikho ezinye izinhlangano ezitholakele nezinye izici zokuphoqelela okuhloliwe, njengokuntuleka kokulungiselela kuqala, ukungabekezeleli ukubekezelela, noma ukuphuthuma okuhle (ukuthambekela kokwenza ngokungafanele lapho uhlangabezana nemizwa emihle ).

Naphezu komqondo obanzi obanzi, ukuthambekela ocansini kungachazwa njengobungqingili, ubungqingili, noma ubungqingili [51]. Ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini, abesilisa abathandana nobungqingili babonisa umehluko ekusebenziseni i-cybersex (ukuhlangana njalo kwezocansi kweWebhu kunokwabikwa abesilisa abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile) [52]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abamaqembu amancane ngokocansi, ngokwengxenye yabo ngenxa yecala, basengozini enkulu yokungalingani kwempilo, njengokuphazamiseka kwemilutha [53] nokudangala [54].

Izinhloso

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kokulutha kwe-cybersex kanye nezici ezithile ezingokwengqondo nezengqondo, kufaka phakathi isifiso sobulili, imizwa, isitayela sokunamathiselwa, kanye nokuphoqelela, ngokunaka ubudala, ubulili, kanye nokuthambekela kwezocansi (ubungqingili, ubungqingili, noma i-bisexual) yabasebenzisi be-cybersex. Silindele ukuthola ithonya lokuhlukahluka okukhethiwe kumlutha we-cybersex.

izindlela

Inqubo Yokuqashwa kabusha

Ababambiqhaza babebandakanya abasebenzisi bezingosi ze-cybersex nezinkundla eziqoqwe kabusha ngokukhangisa kwizithangami ezikhethekile namawebhusayithi (izingosi zobulili ezingcolile, amakamelo okuxoxa nezindawo zokuthandana). Ukufakwa, ababambiqhaza bekufanele babe ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-18 futhi baqonde izilimi zamaphepha emibuzo (isiFulentshi noma isiNgisi). Akunasisusa sokubamba iqhaza. Ababambiqhaza banikeze imvume base begcwalisa amaphepha emibuzo ngokungaziwa ngezixhumanisi zeSurveyMonkey. Izimpendulo zohlolokhono zathunyelwa ngaphezulu kokuxhumana okuvikelekile — iSecoke Sockets Layer. Amakheli wesivumelwano se-Inthanethi asetshenziswa kuphela ukubheka ukubamba iqhaza kabili. Ucwaningo aluzange lisebenzise amagama ababambiqhaza, izidlaliso, noma amakheli e-imeyili, futhi imininingwane yahlaziywa ngokungaziwa. Iphrothokholi yokufunda yavunywa yiKomidi Lezempilo lasezibhedlela zaseGeneva University.

Sample

Inqubo yokuqashwa iholele ekutheni abantu be-761 baqhume kusixhumanisi ukuze babambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo, i-605 yakhe eyinike imvume. Izinga lokuphinda lihlanganyele linciphise kanye nobude bephepha lemibuzo. Phakathi kwezihloko ze-605 ezinikeze imvume yazo, i-358 iqhubeke yadlula isigaba sokwabelwa kwabantu. Izifundo ze-226 kuphela ezaqhubeka engxenyeni yokugcina, isigaba semibuzo. Ngemuva kokuba amanani alahlekile esusiwe, isampula yokugcina ifake abahlanganyeli be-145.

zomculo

Isikali Sokusetshenziswa Kwe-Intanethi okuphoqelekile

Isikali Sokusetshenziswa Kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi (CIUS) [55] liqukethe izinto ze-14 ezikalwe esikalini se-5-point Likert esukela ku-0 (never) kuya ku-4 (imvamisa kakhulu). Izikolo eziphakeme zibonisa ukusetshenziswa okunamandla kakhulu komlutha. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubike ukuqina kokuqina okuhle esikhathini sonke kanye namasampula ahlukene [55]. Isikali sifaka izinto ezihlobene nezici ezihlukile zokuziphatha okuluthayo njengokulahleka kokulawula, ukunaka, ukuhoxa, ukubhekana, nokungqubuzana. Kumasampula ahlukene nokuqinisekiswa kwezilimi kwe-CIUS, isixazululo se-1-factor saphinde sagcinwa njengemodeli efaneleke kahle [55-59]. Izinto ze-CIUS zibuze ngokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okujwayelekile (ie, "Ngabe ukuthola kunzima ukuyeka ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi lapho uku-inthanethi?"). Ukuhlola ngokuqondile imisebenzi ye-cybersex, sicele ababambe iqhaza ukuthi baphendule imibuzo ngenkathi bekhumbula ukuthi igama internet isho ngqo ukusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex. I-CIUS kanye nezinye izikali zokulutha ze-intanethi ngaphambili zishintshwe ngempumelelo ukuze kugxilwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-inthanethi okuthile ukuhlola i-inthanethi, ukugembula kwe-inthanethi [60], ne-cybersex [20,61] ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwezakhiwo zabo zengqondo.

Ukuzibandakanya kobulili

Kuqukethe izinto ze-14 esikalini seLikert, i-Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI) yayisetshenziselwa ukuhlola inkanuko yezocansi (isib., "Uma uqala ukubona umuntu okhangayo, sinamandla kangakanani isifiso sakho?") [62].

Izinto ezine zibalwa ukusuka ku-0 (hhayi nhlobo) kuya ku-7 (okungaphezu kokukodwa ngosuku). Ezinye izinto ziphendulwa esikalini se-9-point Likert esukela ku-0 (asikho isifiso) kuya ku-8 (isifiso esinamandla). Izikolo eziphakeme ze-SDI ziveza isifiso esiphakeme sobulili.

Isikali Esifushane Sokudangala-Injabulo

I-Short Depression-Happyness Scale (SDHS) yayisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuguquguquka kwesimo kusuka ekucindezelekeni kwemizwa (isib, "ngangizizwa ngingenelisekile ngempilo yami") kuya enjabulweni (isib., "Ngazizwa ngijabule") ngesikhathi sokugcina sezinsuku ze-7. Inezinto ze-6, i-3 i-positive ne-3 negative, ikalwe esikalini se-4-point Likert esukela ku-0 (never) iya ku- 3 (imvamisa). Ukwehlisa amaphuzu, kuphakama nezimpawu ezicindezelayo [63].

Okuhlangenwe nakho ku-close Relationship-Revised Questionnaire

Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho ku-imibuzo ebucayi ye-Close Relationship-Revised (ECR-R) kusetshenziselwe ukuhlola isitayela sokunamathiselwe [64,65]. Okusunguliwe kufaka phakathi izinto ze-18 zokuxhuma okuxakile okubonakaliswa uthando oluningi nokwesaba ukulahleka (isb., "Ngivame ukukhathazeka ukuthi umlingani wami ngeke afune ukuhlala nami") nezinto ze-18 zokunamathiselwa okuxhunyaniswe nokwesaba uthando lwothando nobuhlobo obuphansi Impumelelo (isib., “angikukhethi umlingani wami ukuthi ngizizwa ngijulile kangakanani”). Izinto zikalwe esikalini se-7-point Likert esukela ku-1 (angivumelani ngokuphelele) kuya ku-7 (avume ngokuphelele). Izifundo eziningana zikhombise ukuthembeka okuhle kokubuyela emuva kanye nokuhlangana okuhle kwezikolo ezixhaswe ezinye izilinganiso zokukhathazeka kwansuku zonke nokugwema ukubhekana nomuntu osondelene naye [66].

Ukuphuthuma, Ukulungiselela (Ukuntula), Ukubekezelela (Ukuntula), Ukufuna Ukubuyisana, Ukuphuthuma Okuvumayo) Isikali Sokuziphatha Esiphusile Isikali

Isikali se-UPPS-P Impulsive Behaeve Scale [67], ngohlobo lwayo olufushane lwe-20-nto [47], isetshenziselwa ukukala ukumosheka ngokuya ngobukhulu be-5: ukuphuthuma okuhle (ukusabela okunamandla ngenkathi kubhekene nemizwa eqinile), ukuphuthuma okungekuhle (ukusabela okunamandla ngenkathi uhlangabezana nemizwa emibi kakhulu, isib, "Uma ngicasukile ngivame ukwenza ngaphandle kokucabanga"), ukuntuleka kokulungiselela kusengaphambili (ukuthambekela kokunganaki imiphumela ngaphambi kokuthatha isenzo), ukungabekezeleli (ubunzima bokuhlala bagxile emsebenzini onzima noma odabukisayo), nokufuna ukuzwa. Izimpendulo zikalwe esikalini se-4-point Likert esukela ku-1 (ngiyavuma ngokuphelele) kuya ku-4 (angivumelani ngokuphelele). Ukuqina kokuqina kokuhlolwa okuhle kwabikwa ngaphambilini [47]. Uma kucatshangelwa ama-multicompadors abo, isilinganiselo lalinentshisekelo ethile ekuhlolweni kokuluthwa [68]. Kwezinye izifundo, ezinye zezici zokuphoxeka zihlolwe nge-UPPS-P, ikakhulukazi ukuphuthuma okungekuhle [69-72] futhi, kuye ngezindlela zokuziphatha ezihloliwe kanye nesampula, ukuphuthuma okuhle [71], ukuntuleka kokulungiselela kuqala [69], ukuntula ukubekezela [73], nomuzwa wokufuna [68], ngaphambilini bezihlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okuluthayo.

Isikali Esizodwa Sokuzithemba

Lesi sikali sento ye-1 ("Ngiyazithemba kakhulu") sisetshenziselwe ukukala ukuzethemba [74]. Abahlanganyeli bagcwalisa into eyodwa esikalini se-5-point Likert esukela ku-1 (akulona iqiniso kimi) kuya ku-5 (kuyiqiniso kakhulu ngami). I-Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale (SISE) ikhombisile ukuba semthethweni okuhle kokuguqula nezinye ukuhlolwa kokuzithemba okufana ne-Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [74]. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwento eyodwa ye-SISE, ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi kufanele kuphelele ngokuchazwa futhi akunakulinganiselwa. Kulesi sampula, lesi silinganiso sasivame ukusatshalaliswa.

Iminyaka, ubulili (owesilisa noma owesifazane), isimo somshado (esingashadile, ebudlelwaneni-esishadile, ebudlelwaneni-esingashadanga, umfelokazi, noma umfelwa), kanye nokuya ocansini (kulinganiswe ngombuzo obuza ukuthi ngabe le ndaba ichaza yena njenge kuhlolwe ubungqingili, ubungqingili, noma ubungqingili.

Ihlaziya

Ngenxa yosayizi omncane wesampula wokuthanda ukuya ocansini kanye nesimo somshado, ubuningi babantu buqhathaniswa phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuqondile kukaFisher, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa kwamanani okulinganisa kweWilcoxon kwenziwa iminyaka yobudala. Ngokuphathelene nezikali ezihlukile, lapho izinto ezingekho zifanekiselwa ngaphansi noma zilingana ne-10% yazo zonke izinto ezikalini elithile (i-16.6% ye-SDHS ngoba inezinto ze-6 kuphela), impendulo elahlekile yathathelwa indawo nencazelo yezimpendulo zesihloko ku- izinto ezikuleso sikali (okusho umuntu uqobo). Ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi kwahlolwa nge-Cronbach alpha [75]. Ukuhlola okuguquguqukayo okuhambisana nesikolo esiphakeme ku-CIUS, senze imodeli exubekile eyenziwe ngomugqa. Ukuhlukahluka okuthembekile kwakuyimpawu ye-CIUS, kanti okuguqukayo okuzimele bekungamaphuzu we-SDI, amaphuzu e-SDHS, okubhaliselwe okuyi-ECR-R, okubhaliselwe okungu-UPPS-P, ISISE, ucansi kanye nokuya ocansini. Igama lokuxhumana phakathi kocansi nokuthanda ukuya ocansini nalo lifakiwe kwimodeli. Njengoba bekukhona izifundo ze19 ezingazange zibike unyaka wazo wokuzalwa, iminyaka yobudala ayifakiwe kumodeli. Lokhu akumele kwethule i-bias ekuhlaziyeni ngoba ukuhlangana phakathi kobudala ne-CIUS isikolo kwakusondele kwi-0 futhi akufinyelelanga ukubaluleka kwezibalo.

Imodeli ehlanganisiwe yomugqa iyimodeli yezibalo equkethe imiphumela emisiwe, njengasekubuyiseleni kabusha ngokomugqa we-classical, kanye nemiphumela engahleliwe [76]. Imiphumela engahleliwe iyasiza ekulinganiseni idatha yeqembu; Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwemodeli lufanele izilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe, ngoba lubangela ukungabikho kwenkululeko yokuqashelwa. Kulesi sampula, kungacatshangwa ukuthi izifundo ezigcwalise inguqulo yemibuzo yesiFulentshi zazifana kakhulu kunezifundo ezazigcwalisa ngesiNgisi uhlu lwemibuzo; Ngakho-ke, ulimi lwalingiswa njengomphumela wokungahleliwe.

Ukuthola ukuthi imodeli ehlolwe isebenza yini, senze ukucubungula okusele kanye nokuxilongwa kwe-collinearity. Ukuhlaziywa okusele kukhombise ngokugqamile ukuthi izinsalela zazivame ukusatshalaliswa, ukuthi zazingekho izintengo ezedlulele, nokuthi zazenziwe zangokomthetho. Ngokuphathelene nokuxilongwa kwe-collinearity, akukho ukwehluka kwamanani okuqhekeka kwakuphezulu kune-4, okusikisela ukuthi azikho izinkinga ze-collinearity [77]. Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngeR 3.1.0 (R Core Team, 2014) [78]. Iphakheji nlme (Ithimba le-R Core, i-2017) lalisetshenziselwa ukuqhuba imodeli yokuxubana eyenziwe ngomugqa.

Imiphumela

Ubuningi bababambiqhaza

Ucwaningo luhilele abahlanganyeli be145. Lapho siqhathanisa i-145 sifaka izihloko nalabo abanikeze okungenani iminyaka yabo, ubulili, kanye nokuzijabulisa ngocansi, akukho mehluko wezibalo owatholakala.

Ithebula 1 ikhombisa inani lababambe iqhaza. Isampula lalakhiwa ngabesilisa abangama-60.0% (87 / 145) kanye nabesifazane be-40.0% (58 / 145). Iminyaka ephakathi yesampula yayiyiminyaka ye-31 (ububanzi: iminyaka ye-18-70). Abesifazane babemncane kunabesilisa (iminyaka ye-28 iminyaka engu-36.5, ngokulandelana, P= .014). Ngokuphathelene nesimo somshado, i-37.9% (55 / 145) yabahlanganyeli yayingashadile, i-39.3% (57 / 145) ebudlelwaneni-bengashadile, i-20.7% (30 / 145) ebudlelwaneni-abashadile, kanye ne-2.1% (3 / I-145) abafelokazi noma abafelokazi. Ukujwayeza ukubheka ezocansi kanye nokuya ocansini ngaphakathi kwezocansi nakho kwalinganiswa: I-77.9% (113 / 145) yalabo ababambe iqhaza kubikwa ukuthi bangabobungqingili, i-7.6% (11 / 145) njengobungqingili, kanye ne-14.5% (21 / 145) yokuba nobungqingili. Phakathi kwamadoda, i-79% (69 / 87) kubikwa ukuthi iyabathandana nabesilisa, i-6% (6 / 87) iyisitabane, kanti i-13% (12 / 87) iyiphikisayo; phakathi kwabesifazane, i-75% (44 / 58) kubikwa ukuthi iyabathandana nabesilisa, i-8% (5 / 58) iyisitabane, kanti i-15% (9 / 58) iyathandana.

‎
Ithebula 1. Ubuningi bababambiqhaza.
Bheka leli thebula

zomculo

Ithebula 2 ikhombisa izindlela nama-SDs ezinsimbi ezisetshenzisiwe kanye neCronbach alpha [75] njengesilinganiso sokuvumelana kwangaphakathi kanye nesikhathi sokuzethemba esingu-95%. Yonke insimbi ibinokuhle (> 0.80) kokungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi (> 0.90) kwangaphakathi, kepha isikali esiphuthumayo se-UPPS-P siwele ebangeni elamukelekayo (> 0.70).

Imiphumela Yemodeli Exutshaniswe Nolayini

Imiphumela yemodeli exubile ehlanganisiwe kuthiwa Ithebula 3. Amathonya abaluleke kakhulu kumakholi we-CIUS (bona ama-coefficients ahleliwe) ayengaphansi kwezikolo ze-SDHS (okusho ukuthi kunezimpawu ezibucayi kakhulu), kulandele izikolo eziphakeme zesitayela sokunamathisela, ubulili besilisa, kanye nesifiso esiphakeme sobulili. Okunye okuguqukayo (ukunamathiselwa okukhathazayo, okubhaliwe kwe-UPPS-P, i-SIUS, ukunakwa kocansi, kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kobulili kanye nokuthambekela kwezocansi) akufikanga ukubaluleka kwezibalo ezikolo ze-CIUS.

‎
Ithebula 2. Incazelo yezinsimbi.
Bheka leli thebula
‎
Ithebula 3. Imiphumela yemodeli exubile ehlanganisiwe.
Bheka leli thebula

Ingxoxo

Okutholwa Okuyinhloko

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukufunda umlutha we-cybersex kanye nokuhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kokulutha kwe-cybersex kanye nokucacisa okungenzeka kokuziphatha okunjalo, okungukuthi, isifiso sobulili, imizwa, isitayela sokunamathisela, kanye nokuphoqelela, ngokubheka ubudala, ucansi kanye nokuya ocansini. yabasebenzisi be-cybersex. Saphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa komlutha kwe-cybersex, njengoba kuhlolwe yi-CIUS ehunyushelwe imisebenzi yezocansi, kuhlotshaniswa nesifiso sobulili, imizwa yokudangala, isitayela sokunameka, nobulili besilisa. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe Ithebula 3 (ama-coefficients afane), imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi ithonya elibaluleke kakhulu kwizikolo ze-CIUS isimo sokudabukisa, silandelwa isitayela sokunamathisela sokugwema, ubulili besilisa, kanye nesifiso sobulili. Ukuxhaswa okungaphansi kwe-UPPS-P, ukuzithemba, kanye nokuthambekela kwezocansi akunawo umthelela omkhulu kuma-cybersex angama-umlutha.

Isifiso sobulili siyindlela ebalulekile yokuziphatha komuntu ocansini futhi sihlobene kahle nokusondelana ngokomzwelo [79]. Kulolu cwaningo, isifiso esiphakeme sobulili sasihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokusebenzisa umlutha kwe-cybersex. Lokhu okutholayo kuyahambisana ne-hypothesis yokwanelisa [26] nokutholakele kwangaphambilini okubonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex nokuvusa nokulangazelela imikhondo ethile yocansi [80]. Imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi okungenani ingxenye yokusebenzisa umlutha kwe-cybersex ixhunyiwe kokuqiniswa okuhle. Isifiso sobulili saziwa ngokushintshwa kwaso okuhlobene nesimo sokudangala [81]. Ukushintshashintsha okunokwenzeka phakathi kwesifiso sobulili, ukuguqulwa kwemizwelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex kungahlolwa ezifundweni zesikhathi esizayo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezincike ekuhlolweni kwesikhashana kwemvelo [82].

Ukuthola kwethu inhlangano phakathi kokusebenzisa i-inthanethi yokulutha i-inthanethi kanye nokucindezeleka kuxhumane nezinye izifundo ezibonisa ukubaluleka kwezixhumanisi phakathi kokulahla ngocansi lwe-inthanethi nokuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kokucindezeleka kwengqondo nokuzwela [22,26]. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana neminye imibiko yenhlangano phakathi kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi eyeqisayo [83] noma ukugembula kwe-inthanethi [21] nokucindezeleka. Ukuzihlanganisa okunjalo kusikisela ukuthi okungenani ukuziphatha kocansi okuluthayo ku-inthanethi kuyindlela yokuziphatha ehlose ukulawula imizwa engafanele [20,35,36,84]. Lokhu kutholwa kuvula ingxoxo, njengoba kwenzekile kwezinye izimo zokuziphatha ezinjenge-internet, mayelana nohlaka olufanele lokuhlonza [16] nokuqonda okwanele kulolu hlobo [85]. Ukuthuthuka okungenzeka kokucindezeleka kwe-psychopathological, okungaholela esimweni esidabukisayo sokuxhamazela kuthinte umthelela omubi we-cybersex umlutha (ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabantu kanye nokuncishiswa kwemisebenzi yezocansi engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi), akunakukhishwa [86], ngakho-ke, okunye okuqhubekayo okufundwayo kuyadingeka.

Sithole nobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuluthayo kwe-cybersex nokunameka kokunamathiselwe kepha hhayi ukunamathiselwa okukhathazayo. Le miphumela ihlangana nalezi ezinye izifundo ezibonisa imiphumela yokunameka kokuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi ngokweqile [19] kanye ne-cybersex [41]. UBeutel et al [42] ithole ukwanda kokuqina kokusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-inthanethi ngokubaluleka kokunamathiselwe okukhathazayo. Imiphumela yabo yehlulekile, kepha, ukufinyelela ezibalweni zokuxhumana phakathi kokubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-inthanethi nokunamathiselwe okugwemayo. Umehluko onjalo ungachazwa ngokwehluka kwezindlela zokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-inthanethi. Empeleni, ucwaningo lukaBeutel et al lusebenzise izinto eziningi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-inthanethi (isb. “Ngifunile izinto zocansi online…”) nezinto ezi-2 kuphela ezihlobene ne-cybersex eluthayo (okusho ukuthi, “Ngiyakholelwa ukuthi ngingumlutha wezocansi kwi-inthanethi” futhi "Ngizithembisile ukuthi ngizoyeka ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ngezinjongo zocansi"). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto bezisesilinganisweni se-dichotomous (iqiniso noma amanga), okunganciphisa amandla okuthola ukuhlukahluka. Inhlangano etholakale nokunamathiselwe okuvikelwayo ingachazwa ngokudana nokwesaba ubudlelwano obusondelene, okuholela ekwandeni kwemisebenzi ye-cybersex engavamisile ukubandakanya ukusondelana ebudlelwaneni. Kulolu cwaningo, ukuntuleka kokuhlangana phakathi kwe-cyber umlutha nesitayela sokunamathisela okukhathazayo kungenzeka kungenxa yemikhawulo kasayizi wesampula. Umuntu angafaka umehluko ekuhlukaneni kwesitayela sokunamathisela kwimisebenzi ethile ye-inthanethi yocansi (isb., Okunamathiselwe okukhathazayo kungaba nokuxhumana okuningi okususelwa kuwebhu nabalingani abangaba khona ngenxa yokwesaba okulindelwe kokulahlwa). Izifundo ezengeziwe kufanele zihlole ngokuningiliziwe imisebenzi ethile yocansi lwe-inthanethi. Naphezu kokungafani okunjalo ezifundweni, izitayela zokunamathisela ezingavikelekile zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuluthweni kocansi lwe-inthanethi. Njengoba kusikiselwe kwenye indawo [19], ukutholwa okunjalo kufanelwe ukuphenywa komtholampilo kanye nokwelashwa kwesitayela sokunamathiselwe kweziguli ezibandakanyeka ku-cybersex yomlutha.

Ukuxakwa kanye nokulutha kwe-cybersex bekungahlotshaniswa kangako ocwaningweni lwethu. Imiphumela yocwaningo esehlukile nalolo lolunye ucwaningo mayelana nokuxhumeka phakathi kwe-UPPS-P nokuziphatha okuhlobene nomlutha we-inthanethi [21,45]. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iphambene naleyo yocwaningo lwangaphambilini olukhombisa ukuzibandakanya phakathi kwe-cybersex eyimilutha kanye nokuxakwa [20,46]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswa isilinganiselo esifanayo se-UPPS-P, uWery et al [20] kukhombisile ukuthi eqenjini lababambiqhaza besilisa, ukuphuthuma okungekuhle kuxhumene nemiphumela emibi ekubikezeleni i-cybersex yomlutha. Kodwa-ke, amandla kasoseshini awanamandla, njengoba kukhonjisiwe isilinganiso sababhali be-1.03 (95% CI = 1.01-1.06). Kokunye isifundo, uWetterneck et al [46] ukhombise ukuhlangana okuncane phakathi kwesilinganiso sokuxakwa kanye nenani lamahora okusetshenziswa kwe-porn ngeviki. Kodwa-ke, azange abike umehluko obonakalayo ekuxinaniselweni phakathi kweqembu labasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-porn abayimilutha nezilawuli.

Uma kucatshangelwa ukubonwa okunjalo kuzo zonke izifundo, umuntu angabonisa ukuthi izici ezithile zokuphoqelela zingaba neqhaza ekuthini umlutha we-cybersex ungabi nomthelela omkhulu ekuziphatheni okunjalo. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela ekungalingani phakathi kwezifundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko onjalo ungahle uthonywe usayizi wesampula, uhlobo oluthile lwemisebenzi ye-cybersex (ie, umehluko onokwenzeka phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi kanye nokuya ocansini), nezinye izivivinyo ezibandakanyekayo kulolu hlaziyo. Isibonelo, isifundo sethu sasihlanganisa izindlela zokunamathiselwa, ukwakhiwa okungafakwanga ezifundweni ezishiwo phambilini. Kodwa-ke, asikwazi ukukhipha ngaphandle kokushintsha kokusebenza okuphezulu lapho umuntu ebhekene nezimpawu ezithile ze-cybersex [24] noma ngesikhathi sokuxhumana nezizinda ezingezinhle nokusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex [20]. Izifundo ezengeziwe ngendima okungenzeka ukuthi zakha izisulu zokuluthwa kuyadingeka.

Ukuzithemba akuzange kube nomthelela kwizikolo ze-CIUS. Lo mphumela uyangqubuzana nolunye ucwaningo olukhombisa, ngokwesibonelo, ubudlelwano phakathi kokuzithemba okuphansi nokuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi nethomba (nokwabelana ngezithombe zocansi) [32]. Lokhu kungafani phakathi kwezifundo kungenzeka ngenxa yezici zesampula, imisebenzi ethile yalabo ababambe iqhaza kwi-cybersex, noma izindlela zokuhlola. Lolu cwaningo, ngokwesibonelo, luhlole ukuzethemba okujwayelekile ngombuzo we-1 kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthelela wezinto ezithile ze-cybersex zokuzithemba awukwazi ukukhishwa. Izifundo ezinokwenzeka ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwemisebenzi enjalo nokuzithemba, kufaka phakathi abalamuli bemiphumela efana nokwesaba ukuhlolwa okungalungile [33], iyadingeka.

Lolu cwaningo luphinde futhi lwabonisa ubudlelwano phakathi komlutha we-cybersex nobulili besilisa, njengoba kuye kwatholakala njalo [17,42,46,87,88]. Ukwehluka kwezenhlalo kungasiza kule nto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane isifiso sobulili, ukuvusa inkanuko yezocansi, nokudlalwa kwabo kungaba nomthelela ekwehlukanisweni okubonakalayo [89]. Ukwakhiwa kwamawebhusayithi ahlobene nokuya ocansini nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingamaselula nazo zingathonya ukwehluka kobulili ekusetshenzisweni kwe-cybersex. Ukwehluka kobulili kwakuvame ukubikwa ekuphazamiseni umlutha; izifundo ezengeziwe ziyadingeka ukuqonda izindlela ezingaphansi [90].

Ngokwesibalo sabantu abasebenzisa i-cybersex, ucwaningo lwethu alukhombisanga kobudlelwano phakathi kweminyaka yobudala nokuluthwa yi-cybersex. Iningi lezifundo nge-cybersex lifake phakathi intsha kanye nabantu abadala abasebasha [17]. Izifundo ezithile zangaphambilini (kuma-2000s akuqala), noma kunjalo, zibonise ukuthi abantu abadala abadala kuneminyaka ye-50 bebengavamisile ukusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex kunabantu abadala abancane [91]. Ukutholwa kwalolu cwaningo kungenzeka kuchazwe ngokugxila ekuluthweni kwe-cybersex (hhayi ukusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex) nokuziphendukela kwemiphakathi nokufinyelela kabanzi kwi-inthanethi kuwo wonke amabanga yobudala.

Kulolu cwaningo, ukunakwa kocansi akubanga namthelela ekuziphatheni okuhlolwayo. Ngokufanayo, awukho umphumela otholakele ekuxhumaneni phakathi kobulili nokuya ocansini. Kodwa-ke, ukuthambekela kobulili kuhlolwe kuphela ezigabeni eziphambili ze-3 (ubungqingili, ubungqingili, nobungqingili). Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo zingazuza ekuhlolweni okucwengekile okwengeziwe kobudlelwano bezocansi [51] nezakhi zayo ezingakhona (isib. izinganekwane ezingekho emthethweni nokuxhumana komphakathi) [92] kanye nokuhlola kobunikazi bobulili kanye nosizi oluhlobene nalo [93].

I-cybersex ihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa umlutha kwenani elincane kuphela labasebenzisi [20]. Lokhu okubukwayo kuboniswe nencazelo (Ithebula 2) ne-Median (13 ye-56) yezikolo ze-CIUS kulolu cwaningo. Noma kunjalo, kulabo abanamaphethini wokusebenzisa umlutha, izinketho zokwelashwa zisalokhu zi-sparse and understudied; iningi lezifundo ezimbalwa ezandulelayo emkhakheni zizamile ukukhiqiza lokho okwaziwa ngokwedlule kusukela ekwelashweni kwezengqondo kwezinkinga zomlutha [12].

Okutholakele kulolu cwaningo kunethonya emtholampilo. Kubonakala kubalulekile ukucabanga ngomlutha we-cybersex ngokuya ngokuxhumeka kwalo okuyinhloko nobukhulu obuningana bezengqondo. Ukubhekisisa ikakhulukazi kufanele kunikezwe emaphethini wokunamathisela wesiguli. Ukwelashwa kwengqondo kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo ezithile zesiguli ngasinye. Abantu abanokunamathela kokugwemayo, ngokwesibonelo, bangahle bazuze indlela yokwelashwa ngokwengqondo eyenzelwe ukuhlanganisa ukwelashwa kokuphazamiseka komlutha nokuphazamiseka okunamathiselwe. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo zokuhlola nokwelashwa kokulutha kwe-cybersex ziyadingeka kuzilungiselelo zomtholampilo.

Ukulinganiselwa

Kufanele kubhekwe imikhawulo eminingana yocwaningo. Isampula lalilincane kodwa lalanele izibalo zocwaningo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isampula yadalulwa ukungakhethi kokuzikhethela [94]. Idizayini yesigaba esivumelekile ayivumanga ukuhlolwa kokudlalwa kobude obude phakathi kokuguquguqukayo okuhloliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo aluzange lucabangele imisebenzi ehlukile ye-cybersex engathonya ukusetshenziswa kwe-cybersex kuyo yonke indlela yokuziphatha ehlukahlukene nemiphakathi ye-cybersex. Ekugcineni, akukho ukuvumelana okuhlobene nomlutha we-cybersex, futhi, ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo lusebenzise i-CIUS evumelaniswa ne-cybersex njengommeleli. Kusetshenziswa indlela eqhubekayo esikhundleni sokwenza isigaba, kuvumela ukuhlolwa kokucacisiwe kobunzima bokusebenzisa umlutha kwe-cybersex ngensimbi eyanele yocwaningo ehlobene nokusetshenziswa umlutha kwezinsizakalo ezilethwe nge-inthanethi.

iziphetho

Ngaphandle kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, lolu cwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi i-cybersex eyimilutha ithonywa isitayela sokunamathisela okugwemayo, imizwa yokudangala, kanye nesifiso sobulili. Abesilisa basengozini enkulu. Ukuzithemba nokuzenzisa akubonakali njengethonya elibalulekile kuma-cybersex angama-umlutha. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe, kufaka phakathi izifundo ezingaba khona, luyadingeka emkhakheni.

Ukuvuma

Akukho mali etholakele kulolu cwaningo. Ababhali babonga abahlanganyeli ocwaningweni.

Iminikelo Yababhali

I-NV, YK, FBD, ne-SR babandakanyeke emcabangweni wokufunda nokwakheka. I-SR, YK, ne-NV zazibandakanyeka ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo nasekuchazeni idatha. I-TL, i-KJ, kanye ne-YK babebandakanyekile ekuqesheni kwabahlanganyeli. I-NV, YK, KJ, TL, SR, ne-FBD babandakanyeka ekubhaleni umbhalo wesandla.

Izingxabano Zesithakazelo

Akukho okushiwo.

Okubhekwayo

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