buyekeza:
Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukukhetha ocansini kanye ne-ambivalent sexism kubantu abadala abasebasha eSpain (2024)
Isampula enkulu yabantu abangu-2,346 abaneminyaka engu-18-35 ubudala.
Amadoda asebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ayenamavelu amaphakathi aphezulu okuthi [Ubulili Okunobutha] kunalawo angazange abusebenzise.
Amanani amaphakathi [e-Benevolent Sexism] abonwe ephansi kubo bobabili besifazane [β(95%CI):-2.16(-2.99;-1.32)] nabesilisa [β(95%CI):-4.30(-5.75;- 2.86)] abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile uma beqhathaniswa nabangazange badle.
Isingeniso
Leli khasi liqoqa ukutholakala okuvezwa yizocansi ezithandwayo ezithi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuyakhuthaza isimo sengqondo esiphathelene nabesifazane (ikhasi libuye liqukethe izifundo ezimbalwa ezixhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingeni elifanayo kubantu abesilisa).
Ake siqale ngocwaningo lwango-2016 olugqugquzele ukwakhiwa kwaleli khasi - “Ingabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ngempela “Zenzela Abesifazane Inzondo”? Abasebenzisi Bezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Banobuningi Bokubukwa Kobulili Kunabangewona Ama-Nonusers Esimeleleni Sampula laseMelika. ” Kukhulunywe kakhulu ngayo izishoshovu ze-pro-porn njengobufakazi obunamandla bokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn kuholela ekuqhathaniseni okukhulu nezimo zengqondo zocansi. Empeleni, lolu cwaningo lukaTaylor Kohut (njenge-a Iphepha le-Kohut le-2017) inikeza isibonelo esivelayo sokuthi siphike kanjani indlela yokufinyelela umphumela oyifunayo.
Ucwaningo lukaToylor Kohut lufakwe ukulingana njengoba: (1) Ukuxhaswa kokukhipha isisu, (2) Ukuhlonzwa kwabesifazane, (3) Abesifazane abaphethe izikhundla zamandla, (4) Ukukholelwa ukuthi impilo yomndeni ihlupheka lapho lowesifazane enomsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele, futhi ngokungathandeki ngokwanele (5) Ukubamba okuningi imicabango emibi ngomndeni wendabuko. Akunandaba noma yini oyikholelwayo, kulula ukukubona lokho inani labantu benkolo lalingaba ngaphezulu aphansi ekuhlolweni kuka-Taylor Kohut oku-5 okuyingxenye “egalitarianism”.
Isihluthulelo: abantu bezwe, abavame ukukhululeka kakhudlwana, banokude kakhulu amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kocansi kunabantu abakholwayo. Ngokukhetha lezi zindlela nokungazinaki ezinye izinto ezingapheli, umlobi ohola u-Taylor Kohut wayazi ukuthi uzophetha nabasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile ababeka phambili ekukhetheni kwakhe okukhethiwe ngokucophelela kokuthi "ukulingana."Khona-ke wakhetha isihloko esiphelele konke. Kulesi sethulo se-2018 uGary Wilson ubonisa iqiniso ngemuva kokufundwa okungaqondakali nokukhohlisayo kwe-5, kuhlanganise kokubili izifundo zeKohut: Ucwaningo Lwezingubo: Iqiniso Noma Izinganekwane?
UTaylor Kohut unomlando wokushicilela izifundo 'zobuciko' ezenzelwe ukuthola izinkinga ezincane noma ezingekho ezivela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-porn. Ku- lolu cwaningo lwe-2017, U-Kohut ubonakala sengathi uhlasele isampula ukuze akhiqize imiphumela ayifunayo. Nakuba ucwaningo oluningi lubonisa ukuthi abambalwa abambisene nabesifazane abasebenzisa i-porn basebenzisa i-porn, kulolu cwaningo 95% yabesifazane basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokwabo (85% yabesifazane basebenzise izithombe ezingcolile kusukela ekuqaleni kokuhlobana)! Okuyiqiniso: Idatha engxenyeni ye-cross-survey ye-US enkulu yokuhlola (General Social Survey) ibike ukuthi yi-2.6% yabesifazane kuphela abavakashele "iwebhusayithi yezocansi" ngenyanga edlule.
I-Kohut entsha iwebhusayithi kanye nezihlobo zakhe zama ukuxhaswa imali phakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka abe ne-ajenda. Ukubandlulula kukaKohut kubuye kuvezwe emcimbini omfushane wakamuva obhalelwe iSihlalo Sokuma Kwezempilo Ngokuphathelene Nez Motion M-47 (Canada). Kafushane uKohut nozakwabo bakhe banecala lokukhetha izifundo ezimbalwa ngenkathi beveza isimo esingesihle sokucwaninga ngemiphumela ye-porn. Incazelo yabo ehlanekezelwe futhi ehlekisayo yezifundo zemizwa ezishicilelwe kubasebenzisi be-porn asishiyi ukungabaza kwabo. Ngo-2019 uKohut waqinisekisa ukuthi ucashunwe kakhulu yi-ajenda yakhe lapho ejoyina abalingani bakhe ukuzama ukuthula YourBrainOnPorn.com. Kohut futhi abangane bakhe at www.realyourbrainonporn.com bazibandakanye ukuphulwa komkhiqizo ongekho emthethweni nokuqhekeka.
Iqiniso liwukuthi cishe cishe yonke inhlolovo yokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokulingana (ukucabanga ngokobulili) ibike ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuhlotshaniswa nesimo sengqondo ngabesifazane ababili abakhululekile nabokuzigcina njengengozi enkulu. (Sicela wazi ukuthi lezi zifundo zonke zibike ukutholakala mayelana isimo sengqondo. Ucwaningo olungazange lubike ukuqondiswa kwesimo sengqondo alufakiwe, noma ngabe lubike ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi kanye nolaka langempela. Kulezo zifundo, uyabona Izifundo ezixhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kocansi nezenzo zocansi, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, kanye nokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi (kukhuluma izimangalo ngamazinga okudlwengulwa nocansi.
Uhlu lwezifundo ezifanele kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta (uhlu luqala ngokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta):
Imidiya nezocansi: Umbuso woPhando lwezobuciko, i-1995-2015. (I-2016) - Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi. Umbhalo:
Ukuhloswa ngokobulili okubonakalayo kwabesifazane kuvame ukuvela emithonjeni yezindaba ezivamile, ukuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nomthelela ongase ube nawo wokuvezwa kulokhu kokuqukethwe kwabanye ngabesifazane kanye nokubukwa kwabesifazane ngokwabo. Umgomo walokhu kubuyekezwa kwakungenxa yokwenza umsebenzi wokuhlola uphenyo wemiphumela yokuhlolisisa imidiya. Okugxile ekucwaningweni okushicilelwe ezincwadini zamaphephandaba ezibukezwa kontanga, phakathi kwe-1995 ne-2015. Isamba sezincwadi ze-109 eziqukethe izifundo ze-135 zibuyekezwe. Ukutholakala kwahlinzeka ngokufakazela okuphelele ukuthi kokubili ukuvezwa kwelabhoratri kanye nokwehliswa kwansuku zonke, okuqukethwe kwansuku zonke kulokhu okuqukethwe kuhambisana ngqo nemiphumela eminingi, kufaka phakathi amazinga aphezulu okunganeliseki komzimba, ukuzethemba okukhulu, ukwesekwa okukhulu kwezinkolelo zobulili kanye nezinkolelo zobulili ezingathandeki, futhi ukubekezelela okukhulu kobudlova ngokocansi kubesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvezwa kokuhlolwa kwalokhu okuqukethwe kuholela kokubili abesifazane nabesilisa ukuba babe nombono owehlisiwe wokufaneleka kwamakhosikazi, ukuziphatha nokubambisana kwabantu.
Iminikelo Yobunikazi Bokuxhumana Ngezocansi Emibonweni Yezocansi, Izimo Zontanga Eyaziwayo, Nokuziphatha Kwezicansi: I-Meta-Analysis (2019) - Izingcaphuno:
Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane zocwaningo iye yahlola umthelela wokuvezwa kwezinto ezingavumelekile zokuqukethwe kocansi kumaphephandaba. Kukhona ukuhlaziywa okukodwa kwe-meta kule ndaba, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukuchazwa "kumaphephandaba we-sexy" kunomthelela omkhulu ekuziphatheni ngokobulili. Kunezinamba eziningi zokulinganiselwa ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta ekhona, nenhloso yalokhu kuhlaziywa kwe-meta ukuhlaziywa kwakuwukuhlola izinhlangano phakathi kokuchazwa kumabonakude ezocansi kanye nomqondo wabasebenzisi nokuziphatha ngokocansi.
Kusetshenziselwa ucwaningo olunzulu lwezincwadi ukuze uthole izihloko ezifanele. Ucwaningo ngalunye lwaluhlanganiswa nezinhlangano phakathi kokuchazwa kocansi kanye nomunye wemiphumela eyisithupha okubandakanya isimo sengqondo socansi (isimo sengqondo esivumayo, izintandane zokudlwengula, nokuziphatha kabi ngokobulili (ukuziphatha ngokobulili, iminyaka yobudala bobulili kanye nokuziphatha kocansi okulimazayo).
Ngokubanzi, lokhu kuhlaziywa kwemeta kubonisa ubudlelwane obuhlala njalo obuqinile phakathi kokusakaza kwemidiya kanye nesimo sengqondo socansi nokuziphatha okwenza izinyathelo eziningi zomphumela kanye nemidiya eminingi. Imidiya ibonisa ukuziphatha kocansi njengendlela evame kakhulu, yokuzilibazisa, futhi engenabungozi [3], futhi ukuhlaziywa kwethu kusikisela ukuthi ukwakheka kwesinqumo socansi kombukeli kungabonakala, ngokwengxenye, ngokubuka lezi zinhlobo zokuveza. Izinto esizifunayo zihluke ngokuqondile nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta-edlule, okuphakamisa ukuthi impikiswano yomphakathi ekuziphatheni ngokobulili yayingenangqondo noma ayitholakali [4]. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta yangaphambilini kusetshenziswe ubukhulu be-38 ubukhulu futhi bathole ukuthi imidiya "ye-sexy" yayibuthakathaka futhi ihlobene kancane nokuziphatha kocansi (r = .08), kanti i-metaanalysis yamanje isebenzisa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-10 inani lemikhiqizo yobukhulu (n = 394) futhi uthole umphumela cishe ophindwe kabili ubukhulu (r = .14).
Okokuqala, sithole ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kokuchazwa kwezindaba zocansi kanye nentsha 'kanye nabantu abadala' abavusa ukucabanga ngokocansi kanye nemibono yezenzakalo zocansi zabo.
Okwesibili, ukutholakala kokuqukethwe kwezokuxhumana kwezocansi kuhlotshaniswa nokwamukelwa okukhulu kwezingqinamba zokudlwengula ezivamile.
Okokugcina, ukuchayeka kwezokuxhumana kwezocansi kutholakala ukubikezela ukuziphatha kobulili kuhlanganise nobudala bokuqala ngokobulili, isipiliyoni socansi jikelele, nokuziphatha kocansi okuyingozi. Le miphumela iguqulwe ngezindlela eziningi futhi inikeza ukusekelwa kokufakazela ukuthi abezindaba banikela ekuhlangenwe nakho kocansi kwababukeli abasha.
Nakuba ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kubonise imiphumela ephawulekayo yokuvezwa kwezokuxhumana kwezocansi ezimweni zokuziphatha zobulili kanye nokuziphatha kuzo zonke iziguquguquko zentshisekelo, le miphumela ihlolwe yizinguquko ezimbalwa. Okubaluleke kakhulu, imiphumela ebalulekile yonyaka wonke yabonakala; Nokho, umphumela wawungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kunabantwana abadala njengabadala abasafufusa, mhlawumbe kubonisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli asebekhulile kungenzeka babe nokuqhathanisa okuningi, okuhlangenwe nakho kwezwe langempela ukudweba kunabanye ababambiqhaza [36, 37]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wawunamandla kunamadoda uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane, mhlawumbe ngoba ukuhlolwa kocansi kufanelana neskripthi sesilisa sobulili [18] futhi ngoba izinhlamvu zesilisa zijeziswa kaningi kunabalingiswa besifazane ekuqalisweni ngokocansi [38].
Lokhu okutholakele kunemithelela ebalulekile empilweni yentsha neyengqondo yabantu abadala abasafufusa. Ukubona amazinga aphezulu ezenzo zocansi kontanga nokuyekelela ngokocansi kungakhuphula imizwa yengcindezi yangaphakathi yokuzama ucansi [39]. Kwesinye isifundo, ukuvezwa kokuqukethwe kwemidiya yezocansi ebusheni bokuqala kubonakale kuthuthukisa ukuqalwa kwezocansi ngezinyanga eziyi-9e17 [40]; nakho, ukuhlolwa kokuqala kungakhuphula ubungozi bezempilo yengqondo nengokomzimba [37].
Ubukhulu bomphumela obutholakala lapha bufana nalabo bezinye izindawo ezifundwayo zesayensi yezobuchwepheshe ezifana nomthelela wemidiya kubudlova [41], ukuziphatha kwe-prosocial [42], nesithombe somzimba [43]. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, nakuba ama-akhawunti asebenzisa ama-akhawunti kuphela ingxenye yesilinganiso esiphezulu kwimiphumela yesithakazelo, abezindaba badlala indima ebalulekile. Lezi ziqhathaniso zikhomba ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezokuxhumana ngokocansi kuyinto encane, kodwa elandelanayo ekuthuthukiseni isimo sengqondo socansi kanye nokuziphatha kwabasakhulayo kanye nabantu abadala abakhulayo.
Amazwana we-YBOP: Kunemvelaphi ethokozisayo ehlobene naleli phepha. (Bheka izingcaphuno ezivela esiphethweni sayo ngezansi kwe-Abstract). I-Abstract ithi kukodwa okunye ukuhlaziywa kwemeta ngale ndaba okushicilelwe. Leli elinye iphepha lithole ukuthi, "Umthelela wemithombo yezindaba kwezocansi kwentsha wawuncane ngemiphumela yobukhulu obuseduze neqanda." Yabhalwa ngokuhlanganyela nguChristopher J. Ferguson: Ingabe i-Sexy Media ikhuthaza ukulala ngocansi? Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Meta-Analytical and Methodological (2017)
Iminyaka eminingi, uFerguson uhlasele umqondo wokulutha kwe-intanethi, ngenkathi umkhankaso omkhulu wokugcina i-Internet Gaming Disorder iphuma ku-ICD-11. (Ulahlekelwe lowo ku-2018, kodwa umkhankaso wakhe uyaqhubeka emigqeni eminingi.) Eqinisweni, uFerguson noNicole Prause babengu-co-abhali emaphepheni amakhulu ezama ukuhlaziya izidakamizwa ze-intanethi. (Izimpendulo zabo zafakwa emaphepheni amaphepha ngabachwepheshe, ku lo magazini I-Journal of Addictions of Behavioral.) Lapha, abalobi be-meta-analysis bachaza indlela ukukhetha kukaMerguson okuyimpumelelo okuveza ngayo imiphumela.
Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezimo zengqondo ezisekela ubudlova kwabesifazane: Ukubukeza Ubudlelwano Phakathi Nezifundo Ezizimele (2010) - Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi. Ingcaphuno:
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwenziwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi izifundo ezingekho emkhakheni wezwe ziveze ukuthi kukhona ukuhlangana phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezimo zabo zengqondo ezisekela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwalungisa izinkinga ngokuhlaziywa kwemeta eshicilelwe ngaphambili futhi kwengeze okutholakele okwedlule. Ngokungafani nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta ngaphambilini, imiphumela yamanje ibonise inhlangano ebonakalayo ebalulekile phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesimo sengqondo esisekela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane ekufundeni okungenasidingo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sengqondo esinjalo sitholakale siqondana kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobudlova kunokuba kusetshenziswe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingekho emthethweni, nakuba ubuhlobo bokugcina bubonakala bubalulekile.
Izifundo ezisele zihlelwe ngokulandelana kwesikhathi:
Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile kanye Nokuxhaswa Ngokobulili Nokunciphisa Ukudlwengula (1982) - Ingcaphuno:
Wahlola imiphumela yokuqhubeka nokuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngezinkolelo ngokuphathelene nobulili ngokujwayelekile kanye nokuhlelwa kwabesifazane ngokukhethekile. Utholile lokho ukuvezwa okukhulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwaholela ekulahlekelweni ububele kubesifazane njengabahlukumezekile nokudlwengula abesifazane.
Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elibukele ifilimu yokulawula, izifundo zesilisa ezaboniswa ifilimu enobudlova zavuma okuningi ngezinto ukuvumela ubudlova obuhlukile kubesifazane kunezihloko zokulawula. Kodwa, ngokuphambene nokubikezela, kwakungekho umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwamacembu amabili ekuwamukelweni kwezinganekwane zokudlwengula, nakuba kwakukhona umkhuba esiqondisweni esibikezelwe.
Ku-Studies 3 no-4, ukuvezwa okukhulu kwabantu kwakungaphezu kwamathuba abantu abaphansi ukucabanga ukuthi amadoda amaningi enza ukuziphatha kwabantu. Ku-Studies 5 no-6, ukuvezwa okukhulu kwabantu kwakungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kudala ukuchazwa ngokobulili kwabesifazane ngokuzenzekelayo. Ekugcineni, eSifundweni 7, ukuvezwa okuphezulu kwabantu babona ukungezwani kobulili ngemuva kokubuka ividiyo yomculo ocansini noma ngokobulili / enobudlovas; ukuchayeka okuphansi kwabantu babona umehluko omkhulu emva kokubuka ezocansi noma zothando. TUcwaningo lwama-hese lubonisa ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlobene nezindlela ezibanzi nezisisekelo zokuqonda ubudlelwane besilisa, besifazane, nobulili.
Ubulili kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyasebenzisa: Ngaphambi kokuchaza imiphumela yangaphambilini (null) (2004) - Lokhu kuphuma phambili, kepha kuyathakazelisa. Ingcaphuno:
Ukufunda i-1 kuboniswe ukungahambisani phakathi kobulili banamuhla nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, njengokuthi abahlanganyeli abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bavame ukubonisa isimo sengqondo esiphansi sobulili. Ukufunda i-2 ithole ukulungiswa okuhle phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi nokusebenzisa ubulili obuhle, kangangokuthi abahlanganyeli abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bavame ukubonisa ubulili obuhle kakhulu. Izifundo zethu zinikeza ukuqonda okutholakala okungaqondakali kokucwaninga kwangaphambilini kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezimo zengqondo zobulili ngabesifazane.
Lolu cwaningo olwenziwe ngezansi luhlolisise i-804 intsha, abafana namantombazane, abaneminyaka engu-14 kuya ku-19, beya ezinhlobonhlobo zezikole eziphakeme enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Italy. Izinjongo eziyinhloko kwakuyizi: (i) ukuphenya ubuhlobo phakathi kwamafomu okuhlukumeza ngokocansi nobudlova kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ukufunda omagazini nokubukela amafilimu noma amavidiyo) kanye nobulili obungadingeki phakathi kwentsha; (ii) ukuhlola umehluko kulabo buhlobo ngokuqondene nobulili kanye nobudala; futhi (iii) ukuphenya izici (izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ubulili kanye nobudala) okungenzeka kakhulu ukugqugquzela ucansi olungadingeki. Okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi ubudlova obuphathelene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kanye nobulili obungadingeki kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zazihlobene.
Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ukuphenya ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi, ukulingana ngokobulili, isimo sengqondo socansi kanye nesibonelelo sobudlova ngokocansi entsheni, nokukhomba ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezi ziguquko. Abahlanganyeli babeyi-690 abafundi abavela ezikoleni ezimbili eziphakathi nezikole ezintathu eziphakeme eSeoul. Ukulutha kocansi lwe-Cyber, ukulingana ngokobulili, isimo sengqondo socansi kanye nesibonelelo sobudlova ngokobulili kubantu abasha behlukile ngokwezinto ezijwayelekile. Ukulingana ngokobulili, isimo sengqondo socansi kanye nesibonelelo sobudlova ngokocansi abasebancane babethonywe ukulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi.
Lolu cwaningo lwaklanyelwe ukuphenya ukuthi ngabe ukuvezwa kwezingane ezisencane emithonjeni yezokuxhumana ephathelene nocansi kuhlobene izinkolelo ezinamandla ukuthi abesifazane bayinto yezocansi [inhlolovo ye-inthanethi yezingane ezingu-745 zase-Dutch ezineminyaka engu-13 kuya ku-18]. Ngokuqondile, sifunde ukuthi ngabe inhlangano emkhatsini wemibono yebesifazane njengetintfo tekucansi nekwetfolakala emculweni webulili wekuhlathulula kwetintfo lehlukene (ie, ngebulili, hhayi emaciniso, emaciniso lacacile, nobe ecacile) nangetindlela letehlukene (sib. ) kungabhekwa kangcono njengokwenyuka noma njengokweqile. Ukuvezwa kwezinto ezingcolile zobulili kumabhayisikobho e-inthanethi kwakuwukuphela kwesilinganiso sokuchasana okuhlobene kakhulu nezinkolelo ukuthi abesifazane banesisindo socansi esimweni sokugcina sokulawula, lapho ukuchayeka kwezinye izinhlobo zokuqukethwe ngokobulili kwalawulwa. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuchazwa kwendawo yemidiya yezocansi kanye nemibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi ayengafani namantombazane nabafana
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyberpornography ngamadoda amasha eHong Kong amanye ama-correlates angokwengqondo (i-2007) - Ingcaphuno:
Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukusabalalisa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi nokubukeka kwe-psychorelation phakathi kwesampula samadoda amancane aseShayina eHong Kong. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlanganyeli ababike ukuthi banakho ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kutholakala ukufaka amaphuzu aphezulu ezinyathelweni zokuvunyelwa ngokocansi ngaphambi kokushada nokuzibophezela ekuhlukunyezweni ngokobulili.
Ama-correlates of ukusetshenziswa kanye nesimo sengqondo socansi nesilandelayo esilandelayo ngokuchazwa kokuqukethwe kocansi kumamagazini abadala, ama-movie avunyelwe i-X, ne-intanethi bahlolwe ekuhlolisweni kwe-sampula ehlukahlukene yezingane ezisencane (isilinganiso sobudala eminyakeni engu-13.6; N = 967).
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-longitudinal kubonise ukuthi ukuvezwa kokuqala kwamadoda kwabikezela ukuziphatha okuncane okuqhubekayo ngokobulili, imikhuba yezocansi evumayo, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, nokulala ngokocansi kanye nobulili eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Ukwehliswa kwesikhashana kwabesifazane kwabikezela ukuthi izimo zengqondo eziqhubekayo zobulili ziqhubeka kancane, nokuba nobulili ngomlomo kanye nobulili.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukucacisa ukuthi kwenzekani ekuxhumaneni okwakungakafiki ngaphambilini phakathi kokuvezwa kwentsha ekuthengisweni kwe-Internet ngokucacile (SEIM) futhi imibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi. Ngesisekelo sedatha evela ku-survey panel ye-three wave wave phakathi kwentsha ye-962 yaseDutch, ukuhlelwa kwe-equation model ekuqaleni kwabonisa ukuthi ukutholakala kwe-SEIM kanye nemibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi yayinethonya eliqondile lomunye nomunye. Tuqondisa umthelela we-SEIM emibonweni yabesifazane njengento yezocansi ayizange ihluke ngobulili. Kodwa-ke, ithonya eliqondile lezimvo zabesifazane njengento yokulala ngokobulili ekubonisweni kwe-SEIM kwakubaluleke kakhulu kubesilisa abasha. Ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kubonise ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubulili bobulili bezingane, ukuthanda i-SEIM bethinta ithonya lokuchayeka kwi-SEIM ngezinkolelo zabo ukuthi abesifazane bayintando yezinsizwa, kanye nomthelela walezi zinkolelo ekubonisweni kwe-SEIM.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisisa abafundi baseKhoji yaseJapan (N = 476) ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziveza ngokocansi (SEM) kanye nezinhlangano ezihlangene nazo imibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi kanye nezimo zengqondo zokuvumela ngokocansi. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi abafundi baseKhojiji baseJapan basebenzisa ukuphrinta imithombo kaningi njengomsuka we-SEM olandelwa yi-intanethi kanye nethelevishini / ividiyo / i-DVD. Abahlanganyeli besilisa basebenzise i-SEM kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ukwengeza, ukubhekana nesimo socansi kwasungula ubuhlobo phakathi kokuchazwa kwe-SEM kanye nemibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi, kanti ukuvezwa kwe-SEM kuma-mass media kwahlangana ngokuqondile nama-Japanese abambe iqhaza ekuziphatheni ngokobulili.
Sisebenzise idatha evela ocwaningweni lwamaphaneli ama-wave amabili amele izwe lonke phakathi kwentsha eyi-1,445 yaseDutch nabantu abadala abangama-833 abangamaDashi, sigxile enkolelweni yenkolelo yokuthi abesifazane bahlanganyela ekulweni nezimpawu zocansi (okungukuthi, umbono wokuthi abesifazane bathi "cha" kanti empeleni bahlose yenza ucansi). Okokugcina, abantu abadala, kodwa hhayi abasha, bangenele umthelela we-SEIM ngezinkolelo ukuthi abesifazane bahlanganyela ekumenikeleni kobulili.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisise i-62% yobuningi bomphakathi eYunivesithi yomphakathi yaseMidwestern ngokubuka izithombe zabo ezingcolile zobuciko, ukubhekana nokuphumelela, nokuzimisela ukusiza ezimweni zokudlwengula. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi amadoda abheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile angenasiphakamiso esincane kakhulu sokungenelela njengommeli, abike ngenhloso yokuziphatha ekhulayo yokudlwengula, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi akholelwe amacala okudlwengula.
Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nobulili phakathi kwama-Heterosexuals (2013) - Ingcaphuno:
Ukusebenzisa isampula esisekelwa ngamathuba abantu abadala abancane baseDenmark kanye nomklamo wokuhlola okungahleliwe, lolu cwaningo luphenye imiphumela yemifanekiso yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezedlule, ukuvezwa kokuhlola ezingcolile ezingcolile, kubonakala ukuthi ukubonakala kobulili obungcolile, nobuntu (okungukuthi, i-agreeableness) kwizingqondo zobulili (okungukuthi, isimo sengqondo kubomama, ubulili obubi nabanobubele). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhulumisana ngokobulili kuvuswa. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi, phakathi kwabantu, okwedlule ukwedlula Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nemicabango engalingani ngokuqondene nabesifazane kanye nobulili obuyingozi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvumelanisa okuphansi kutholakala ukubikezela ngokucacile isimo sengqondo esiphakeme sobulili. Imiphumela ephawulekayo yokuvezwa kocansi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zitholakale ngokobulili obusondelene phakathi kwabantu abavumelene nokuhlanganyela ngokocansi phakathi kwabantu besifazane.
Lolu cwaningo lokuhlola luvivinye ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezithombe eziphakathi kwamabhinqa kubangela ukuthi abesilisa abasebasha abadala bakholelwe ngokuqinile ngokwezintambo zezinkolelo zengqondo kwengqondo yeGary Brooks "i-centralfold syndrome." I-centerfold syndrome inezinkolelo ezinhlanu: i-voyeurism, ukunciphisa ngokocansi, ukuqinisekiswa kwamadoda, ukuphanga, nobulili obungenasithandana. Ukwehliswa kwesikhathi esidlule kokumangalela imithombo yezindaba kwakungqinelana kahle nazo zonke izinkolelo ezinhlanu ze-centralfold syndrome. Ukuvezwa kwamuva kwamaphakathi kwakunezimo eziqinisa ngokushesha ekunciphiseni ngokobulili, ukuqinisekiswa kwamadoda, kanye nezinkolelo zesilisa ezingezona ngokobulili ngubani obheka ukucindezela imidiya kancane njalo. Le miphumela yaqhubeka cishe amahora angu-48.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuphikisana nesenzo esiqinisekisayo sabesifazane: Isifundo Esifunayo (2013) - Ingcaphuno:
Ucwaningo lwethu luhlolisise umthombo ongase ube nomthelela wezenhlalakahle oye wavame ukuxilongwa ukuze unciphise ububele nokuzwelana ngabesifazane: izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Idatha yephaneli kazwelonke yaqashwa. Idatha yabuthwe ku-2006, 2008, naku-2010 kusuka kubantu abadala be-190 abaneminyaka yobudala kusukela ku-19 kuya ku-88 ekuqaleni. Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakukhokhelwe ngokusetshenziswa kwama-movie wezocansi okubikiwe. Isimo sengqondo mayelana nesenzo sokuqinisekisa sasibekwe indeksi ngokuphikisana nokuqasha nokukhushulwa okwenzela abesifazane. Ngokuhambisana nombono wokufunda umphakathi emiphumeleni yemidiya, izithombe ezingcolile zangaphambi kokubuka zibikezela ukuphikisana okulandelayo okuqinisekisayo isenzo ngisho nangemva kokulawulwa kwesimo sengqondo sokubhekana nesimo sangaphambili nesimo sezinye izingxabano ezikhona. Ubulili abuzange balinganise le nhlangano. Ngokuvamile, le miphumela iphakamisa lokho Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingase zibe ithonya lomphakathi elinciphisa ukwesekwa kwezinhlelo zokuqinisa izinyathelo zabesifazane.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola okuphikisiwe okushiwo (okungukuthi, ukungqubuzana kwendima yezobulili kanye nezitayela zokunamathisela) nemiphumela (okungukuthi, ikhwalithi yobudlelwano obumpofu nokwaneliseka ngokocansi) kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zamadoda ezisetshenziswa phakathi kwabantu abasha abangama-373 abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane. Ukuthola kwembula lokho kokubili imifanekiso yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkimbinkimbi zazihlotshaniswa nobudlelwane obuningi bezinga lobulili, izitayela eziningi zokugwema nokukhathazeka, ikhwalithi yobuhlobo obuhluphekayo, nokwaneliseka okuncane kocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okutholakele kunikeziwe ukusekela imodeli ehlanganisiwe ehlukaniswayo yocwaningo lokuxhasana ngokobulili ehlanganiswe nemiphumela yokuxhumana ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile ngokusebenzisa izitayela zokunamathisela nokusetshenziswa kocansi.
Imodeli yeConfluence yokuhlukumeza ngokocansi (Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000) ithi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, okucatshangwa ukuthi kukhuthaza ukuphoqelelwa kwabesifazane ngokocansi ngokuveza izithombe ezithobayo zabesifazane, kusebenza ngokubambisana nokuziphatha kabi ngokobulili (SP) nobudoda obunonya (HM) , izici zobungozi bokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi okuhlongozwayo, ukukhiqiza ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi kwabesifazane. Inhlolovo esekelwe kwi-intanethi (N = Abesilisa abadala be-183) baphinde baphendule imiphumela yocwaningo lwangaphambili lwe-Confluence Model, njengokuthi amadoda aphezulu ku-HM kanye ne-SP ayengase akwazi ukubika ngokuya ocansini uma kuningi, kunokuba njalo, kusetshenziswa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ukuhlola umhlabathi omusha, lolu cwaningo luphinde lwathola ukuthi uHM kanye ne-SP ndawonye babeziqinela kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kwezindaba zocansi ezidlova, uma kuqhathaniswa nemithombo yezocansi engekho enobudlova, okubonisa ukuthi amadoda esengozini enkulu yokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili asebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zobulili kunamadoda engozini encane.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisise ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezimo zengqondo zobulili obuhlukile phakathi kwabantu abadala base-US. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlangene neminyaka ukubikezela isimo sengqondo sobulili. Ngokucacile, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumvuthwandaba owodwa kwabikezela isimo sengqondo esiphezulu soguquguquko embili kokudala-kodwa hhayi kubantu abadala.
Ukuzibandakanya kwentsha yezinsizwa ezinhlobonhlobo zempahla ye-intanethi ecacile ngokobulili: Ukufundwa kwe-longitudinal (2015) - Ibonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kokusebenzisa i-porn enobudlova nokuhlolwa kwesimo sengqondo se-hyper-masculine and hyper-feminine. Ingcaphuno:
Ucwaningo lwama-panel amabili lwamagagasi phakathi kwezingane ze-1557 zaseDutch zibhekene nalezi zinkosikazi ngokutadisha ukuchayeka ekuthandweni kwabo, ukubaluleka kwabo kanye nokuhlukumezeka kwabo. Abasha abasebasha babevame ukuvulwa ngothando lwabo, kuyilapho intsha esebekhulile kanye nentsha enamazinga aphakeme okuphumelela kwezemfundo yayivame ukuvezwa ekubuseni-i-SEIM yabo. Amantombazane angama-hyper masculine namantombazane angama-hyper abesifazane ayevame ukuvezwa ku-SEIM.
'Kuhlala njalo nje ebusweni bakho': ukubukwa kwabantu abasha ku-porn (2015) - Ingcaphuno:
Okutholakele kugqamisa ukuthi abantu abasha abaningi bavulekele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngamabomu nangokungenhloso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhathazekile ngemikhuba yobulili eqinisa amandla nokuzithoba kwabesifazane kwabesifazane. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokuchayeka kwe-porn, ukulindelwa kwezinsizwa kwezocansi kanye nengcindezi yabesifazane abasebasha yokwenza lokho okubukwayo, sekuveziwe.
Yini Okubhekayo? Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile Zisebenzise Izinhloso Ngokuphathelene Nokungenelela Kwabalandeli (2015) - Ingcaphuno:
Sithole ukuthi izinyathelo eziningana zokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zihlobene nokunciphisa ukuzimisela ukungenelela njengommeli, ngisho nangemva kokulawula imvamisa yezithombe zocansi ezisebenzisayo. Lolu cwaningo lujoyina abanye ekuphakanyiseni ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokungafuni ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi.
I-Sexist Attitudes Phakathi Kwababantu Abadala Abafazi Abadala Abakhulile Abafundi Bama-Fifty Shades Fiction (2015) - Ingcaphuno:
Izethulo zokuziphatha ngokobulili zamadoda nabesifazane emasikweni athandwayo ziqinisa imibono eqinile yobuningi (isb., Abesilisa njengabaqinile, abalawulayo, abahlakaniphile, nabanobudlova) nabesifazane (isb. Abesifazane besibuthakathaka futhi banobuthakathaka, bangabonakali, banokuthula, abangenangqondo futhi eqhutshwa imizwelo). Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisise izinhlangano phakathi kochungechunge oluqanjiwe lwe-Fifty Shades-olulodwa oluthile olujwayele isiko lenkambiso elibandakanya izinkambiso zendabuko yendabuko-kanye nezinkolelo ezithandanayo zobulili phakathi kwesampula kwabesifazane be-715 eminyakeni eyi-18-24. Ukuhlaziya kwembula ubudlelwane phakathi kokufundwa kwe-Fifty Shades kanye nobulili, njengoba kulinganiswa nge-Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Okungukuthi abesifazane ababike ukuthi bafunda ama-Fifty Shades babenamazinga aphezulu obandlululo, abanomusa nobutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, labo abahumusha ama-Fifty Shades ngokuthi "bathandana" babenamazinga aphakeme wobulili obucasulayo nobuhle.
Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlola kwesimo sengqondo sabesifazane abasha ngokubhekisisa kwesilisa emva kokuchazwa kwezithombe eziphakathi kwamagama ahlukene ngokucacile (2015) - Abesifazane abavezwe emaceleni e-centerfold babemukela kakhulu ukwamukela amadoda abashada ngabo ngokobulili.
Lolu cwaningo lilinganise isimo sengqondo sabesifazane abasha maqondana nokubuka kwabesilisa ngemuva kokuchayeka emiphakathini yesikhungo sokuchazeka okuhlukile. I-Explicitness isetshenziswe njengezinga lokukhumula. Abesifazane abavezwe eminye imininingwane ecacile yesikhungo babonisa ukwamukelwa okukhulu kwesibindi besilisa kunokuba abesifazane bavezwe emaceleni okuncane okucacile ngemuva kokuvezwa kanye nokulandela ihora le-48. Le miphumela isekela umbono wokuthi ukuboniswa kwabezindaba ngokwengeziwe kwabesifazane kukhombisa imizimba yabesifazane, umyalezo owuthumelayo wokuthi abesifazane bayizinto ezibonakalayo kufanele ubukeke uqina. Baphinde basikisela ukuthi ngisho nokuchayeka kafushane emigodini yezikhungo ecacile kungaba nethonya elingathathi hlangothi ezimeni zengqondo zabesifazane zobungqingili.
Kuqondiswa yimibono yesikripthi esithile socansi kanye nesicashuni ekutholeni iskripthi sezocansi sikaWright, ukwenza kusebenze, imodeli yokufaka isicelo sokuxhumana nabezindaba zocansi, lolu cwaningo luhlongoze ukuthi lapho abesilisa abaningi bevezwa ekubonisweni okukhomba, kulapho bezocabanga khona ngabesifazane njengezinto ezikhona zokwanelisa abesilisa ngokocansi. (ukubhala ngokuqondile ngokocansi), nokuthi lo mbono ongcolile ngabesifazane ungasetshenziselwa ukwazisa isimo sengqondo mayelana nodlame lwezocansi olubhekiswe kwabesifazane (umbhalo obhaliwe wezocansi).
Imininingwane yaqoqwa emadodeni abambisene nabo ahehwa ngabesifazane (N = 187). Ngokuhambisana nokulindelwe, izinhlangano eziphakathi kokuchayeka kwamadoda kokuphikisa abezindaba nezimo zengqondo ezisekela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane zalungiswa ngemibono yabo ngabesifazane njengezinto zocansi. Ngokuqondile, ukuvama kokuchayeka komagazini bendlela yokuphila kwamadoda okukhomba abesifazane, izinhlelo zangempela ze-TV ezihlose abesifazane, futhi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabikezela izingqinamba ezingaphezu kokuphikisana ngokuqondene nabesifazane, okwathi futhi, babikezela isimo sengqondo esinamandla esisekela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane.
Ababukeli bezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile 'akunakwenzeka ukuthi babe nesimo sengqondo esihle ngabesifazane' (2016) - Ingcaphuno:
Ababukeli abavame ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili ezincane, ezifana nezithombe zezintombikazi zezimpahla zezintombi ezihamba ngezimpahla ezihamba ngezimpahla zezintambo ezihamba ngezimpahla zezintambo ezihamba ngezimpahla zezintambo ezihamba ngezimpahla ezihamba ngezimpahla ezincane futhi ezingenqunu. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi abantu abavame ukubheka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile babencane amathuba okuchaza lokhu njengezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunabantu ababenamazinga aphansi okuvezwa kulezi zithombe. Abantu abaye baxoshwa kulezi zithombe babengaphezu kwamanye ukugunyaza izinganekwane zokudlwengula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abavame ukubuka lezi zithombe babengenakwenzeka ukuba nesimo sengqondo esihle kubesifazane.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha buye benza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zafinyelela kalula kubantu abasha, futhi isisekelo sobufakazi esikhulayo sikhombe ubudlelwane phakathi kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuziphatha okunodlame noma okuhlukumezayo ezinsizweni. Lo mbhalo ubika okutholakele ocwaningweni olukhulu lwentsha engama-4,564 14 eneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-17 kuya kwengu-91 emazweni amahlanu aseYurophu ekhanyisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokubukwa njalo kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi, ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi nokuhlukunyezwa nokuthumela nokwamukelwa kwezithombe nemiyalezo yezocansi, eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukuthumela imiyalezo yocansi. . ” Ngaphezu kwalolu cwaningo, olwaqedwa ezikoleni, kwenziwa izingxoxo ezingama-XNUMX nabantu abasha ababenolwazi ngqo ngodlame kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu ebudlelwaneni babo.
Amanani wokubuka njalo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi abephakeme kakhulu phakathi kwabafana futhi iningi labo belikhethe ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile. Ukwenza kwabafana ukuphoqwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokubukwa okuvamile kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafana ababebuka njalo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet babe nethuba elikhulu kakhulu lokubamba isimo sengqondo esibi sobulili. Izingxoxiswano ezifanisayo zibonisa ukuthi, nakuba ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ngezokuthunyelwa komzimba kujwayelekile futhi kuhlonishwa abantu abaningi abasha, kunakho ukukhiqiza izici zobulili ezingcolile ezifana nokulawula nokuhlazeka.
Ukusetshenziswa kwegeyimu yokuphila kwamavidiyo, ukuhlukumezeka kwabantu, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili obuhlukumezayo, nokwamukelwa kwezinganekwane: Ukubheka ukulimala (2016) Akuyona i-porn, kodwa hhayi kude nayo. Umbhalo:
Kulesi sifundo, senze inhlolovo (N = 351) yabantu abadala nabesilisa futhi sisetshenziselwa ukuhlunga ubudlelwane phakathi kwemidlalo yemidlalo yevidiyo, ukuhlukunyezwa komuntu siqu, ubulili obungenasidingo, kanye ne-oda lokuqala (amaphesenti amacala okudlwengula amanga) Imiphumela yesilimo yokulima yesibili (RMA). Sithole ukwesekwa kwesimiso sokulima, okukhomba ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwegeyimu yevidiyo kanye ne-RMA ngokuhlukunyezwa komuntu kanye nobulili obubi. Nakuba lezi zitholakele zingenakuhunyushwa ngokuthi yi-causally, sixoxisana ngemiphumela yalezi zinhlangano kanye nezinkombandlela ezizayo zokucwaninga.
Nalesisifundo eside eside phakathi kwe-1,947 13-25-ubudala ubudala, saqala ukubhekana nalesi sikhulu ngokuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini imfundo yokufunda nokuzilibazisa ezikoleni ukuze ihlukumeze ubuhlobo besikhathi eside phakathi kokuchazwa kokuqukethwe kwe-intanethi okucacile ngokocansi (okuyi-SEIM) nokubukwa ngabesifazane njengento yezocansi. Umphumela wokuxhumana ohlangothini olubili uvele: Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-SEIM kanye nokubukwa kobulili kwaba buthakathaka, abasebenzisi abaningi bebefunde emfundweni ye-pornacy yokufunda nokubhala. Akukho umehluko wobulili noma yobudala okwenzeka. Lolu cwaningo lunikeza ubufakazi bokuqala bendima yemfundo yabezindaba ekunciphiseni imiphumela engafanele yemidiya.
Ubudala bokuqala ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubumba isimo sengqondo sabesilisa ngabesifazane (2017) - Ingcaphuno:
Ababambiqhaza (N = 330) babengamadoda angaphansi kweyunivesithi enkulu, eNyuvesi yaseMidwestern, ephakathi kweminyaka engu-17-54 (M = 20.65, SD = 3.06). Ababambiqhaza baqashelwa kakhulu njenge-White (84.9%) futhi bahlukunyezwa (92.6). Ngemuva kokunikeza imvume enolwazi, abahlanganyeli baqedile isifundo se-Inthanethi.
Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi iminyaka ephansi yokuqala ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabikezela ukunamathela okuphakeme kokubili amandla phezu kwabesifazane kanye nemigomo yama-Playboy masculine. Ukwengeza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu baqala ukuvezwa yini ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (okungukuthi, ngamabomu, ngengozi, noma ngokuphoqeleka), abahlanganyeli babambelela ngokulinganayo kwi-Power Over Women kanye nesimiso se-Playboy masculine. Kungase kube khona izincazelo ezihlukahlukene ukuqonda lobu buhlobo, kodwa imiphumela ibonisa ukubaluleka kokuxoxisana nobudala bokuchayeka emasethini omtholampilo namadoda.
Okungaphezu Komagazini: Ukuhlola Izixhumanisi Phakathi Kwama-Lads 'Mags, Ukuvunyelwa Kwenganekwane, neRape Proclivity (2017) - Ingcaphuno:
Ukuvezwa kwabanye omagazini okubhekiswe kubo abancane babafundi besilisa 'kusanda kuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha nezimo zengqondo ezibukela phansi abesifazane, kubandakanya nodlame lwezocansi. Ocwaningweni lwamanje, iqembu lamadoda amadala aseSpain lavezwa ezembozweni zemag lads ngenkathi iqembu lesibili lavezwa ezembozweni zikamagazini ongathathi hlangothi. Imiphumela ikhombise ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nababambe iqhaza eqenjini lesibili, ababambiqhaza ababedalulwe kwizembozo zemilingo yabafana futhi abakhombise ukwamukelwa okuphezulu kwenganekwane futhi bakwenza kwaba semthethweni ukusetshenziswa kwalabo magazini omagazini babika ukuphakama kokudlwengulwa esimeni sokucabanga.
Ukuqokwa Kwezinganekwane: Ukuhlola Imiphumela Yezocansi, Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokobulili Umlando, Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, nokuzilawula (2018) - Ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuhlobene nokugunyaza i-Prostution Myth (ukuthi inika amandla abesifazane) - Ingcaphuno:
Abesifazane ekuhwebeni kwezocansi baye bahlushwa isisulu esivela kubaphenduli bokuqala kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabathengi nabathengisi. Ikhono labesifazane lokuphuma ekuhwebeni ngokocansi lingathinteka kabi ngenxa yokuqanjwa kobufebe obunqunu obuye bavame ukuxhaphazwa ngokobulili nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane. Ubulili, ukukhushulwa kobulili okwenyuka ngabesifazane, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nokulahlekelwa ukuzithiba kakhulu kwabikezela ukuthi ukuziphatha ngokweqile kuyingqayizivele.
Ubuningi Bendabuko Buhlobene Kanjani Nabesilisa Nabesifazane Bokuzilibazisa Ngenkinga Yokubuka Izithombe? (I-2018) - Ingcaphuno:
Ukubusa okukhulu nokugwema imibono yesifazane kwakubikezela ukusetshenziswa kwamadoda ngokweqile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Umoya wokuvimbela amadoda kanye nemibono ye-heterosexist yabikezela ubunzima bokulawula ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze zibalekele imizwelo emibi. Ukwengeza, ukugwema kwamadoda kwezimfundiso zobuntombi kwabikezela ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa futhi zilawula ubunzima.
Imiphumela yokuhlola yokuhlambalaza okungahambi kahle kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kumadoda ekuphenduleni kwabesifazane: ukuphikisana, ubulili, ukucwaswa (2018) - Ucwaningo olungavamile lokuhlola lapho abangaphansi besilisa bevezwa ezinhlotsheni ze-2 zezocansi: izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (okungukuthi, ukungabi nodlame, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlambalaza), izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (okungukuthi, okungezona okwehlisa isithunzi, okungenabudlova, nokuvumelana). Kuyangimangaza ukuthi isifundo empeleni sithole umehluko uma kubhekwa i-2018 yaso, futhi lezi zihloko bekungabafana abaneminyaka yobudala basekolishi (abaningi kungenzeka babuke izithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile). Izingcaphuno:
Esicwaningweni samanje, amadoda e-82 angaphansi kwezifundo aziswe ngezikhathi ezithile kwesinye sezimo ezintathu (ukuhlambalaza, ukudoba, noma ukulawula); ngaphakathi kwesimo ngasinye ababekwa ngokungahleliwe ukuba babheke enye yezinto ezimbili ezingaba ngu-10 ngomzuzu omfisha: izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (okungukuthi, ezingezona ezonakele, ezihlambalazayo, ezihlambalazayo), izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (okungukuthi, okungezona ezonakele, ezingenasivolontiya, ezizimele), noma isiqeshana sezindaba njenge isimo sokulawula.
Ukuvezwa kwe-etica (vs. okonakalisayo) kukhiqize ukuzwela okungatheni komlingisi we-porn [kanye] nokuchayeka ku-erotica (vs. ukulawula) futhi kwakha ukubandlululwa okukhulu kunowesifazane okhohlisayo, nakuba omnibus for the latter kwakungabalulekile. Ukuveza izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (vs. i-eerotica noma i-control) yakha izinkolelo ezinamandla kunazo zonke zobulili obunamandla kanye nenani elikhulu lokuphikisana kowesifazane esiqhingini.
Izibikezelo zokuphikisa ngokocansi kwamadoda amancane (2019) - Izingcaphuno:
Njengoba kunikezwe isixhumanisi phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kanye nemiphumela engalungile yempilo yengqondo yabesilisa abancane ngokobulili, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuthi yimaphi amadoda angase enze ukuziphatha okuhloswe ngokocansi. Sihlolisise ukubikezela kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwamadoda amancane (isib. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhloleni komzimba, ukwenza intuthuko engavumelekile ngokobulili), kufaka phakathi ukugxila ekubukeni, ukubandakanyeka emphakathini wamalabuli wesifazane, abesilisa abesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane, abesilisa nabesifazane, abakwa-transgender kanye ne-Queer (LGBTQ), ukusetshenziswa kocansi , kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwamadoda obulili bobulili phakathi kwe-450 nabesilisa nabesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane. Okutholakele kwethu kwembulwe ukuthi ukubaluleka okubekwe ekubukeni, ukubandakanyeka emphakathini we-LGBTQ, nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuziphatha okungathinteki okungathintekayo phakathi kwabantu zazihlobene ngokukhethekile nokuhlolisisa ngokobulili amanye amadoda.
Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezibucayi kanye nezinkinga: Ukubamba iqhaza lokuzihlonipha (2019) - Ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuyinkinga kwakuhlobene nesifiso sokuba namandla phezu kwabesifazane. Akulinganisi kakhulu. Izingcaphuno:
Ukulawulwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zokubuka imvamisa, ubunikazi bezenkolo, kanye nokwabelana ngokocansi, ukumodeliswa kokuhleleka kwesakhiwo kuveze amandla phezu kwabesifazane kanye nemikhuba ye-playboy njengoba kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga, kanti ukulawula ngokomzwelo kanye nemikhuba yokuwina bekuhlobene kabi nokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga. Kulezi zinhlangano, amandla phezu kwezinkambiso zabesifazane akhiqize imiphumela eqondile eqondile eqondile kubo bonke ubukhulu…
Ukusebenzisana ngokufanayo kubonisa ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi kokuhambisana nemigomo yokudlala kanye nokubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile, ngomphumela wokucindezela kulabo abaphansi ekuzihloneleni. Okutholakisayo kusikisela ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaboshwa emibonweni yabo yobuningi bendabuko.
Inhlangano Phakathi Kokuboniswa Ngcolile Ngokwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Nezobudlova Ezinganeni ZaseBangeni 10 High School Students (2019) - Ucwaningo lubike ukuthi ukuvezwa okukhulu kwezithombe zocansi ezinodlame kwakuhlobene nokwamukelwa kwezinganekwane zokudlwengulwa kanye nezimo zokuziphatha ezingalingani ngobulili. Kodwa-ke, okutholwe okuyinhloko kocwaningo bekungukuthi:
Ukuvezwa kwezithombe ezingcolile ngobudlova kuhlotshaniswa nazo zonke izinhlobo ze-TDV, yize amaphethini ehlukile ngobulili. Abafana abadalulwe ezithombeni zocansi ezinobudlova kwakuyizikhathi ze-2-3 ezingabikwa kakhulu zokuhlaselwa kwe-TDV ngokocansi kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kanye nokuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba kwe-TDV, kanti amantombazane avezwe izithombe zocansi ezinobudlova ayedlula izikhathi ze-1.5 kungenzeka ukuthi azange asongele i-TDV ngokuqhathaniswa nabalingani bawo abangadalulwanga.
Ucwaningo lwakhathesi lubheka ukuthi imikhuba yokuxhumana nge-inthanethi yenza kanjani ucansi, isb., Kuvezwa imishini ye-inthanethi ebeka ezocansi futhi ithola impendulo engemihle kuma media social, ihambelana nokwamukelwa kwezimo zengqondo zocansi phakathi kwentsha. Ngokuqondile, lidlulisa ucwaningo lwangaphambilini ekwamukelweni kwezinganekwane zokudlwengulwa ngokuhlola isakhiwo esihlobene nalezi zinkolelo, okungukuthi, ukumelana ekufezekeni kwe-metoo-movement.
Imiphumela yakhombisa ukuthi kuvezwa izinto ze-inthanethi eziveza ucansi, kepha ukungatholi mpendulo yokuvela emithonjeni yezokuxhumana, bekuhlobene nokuncikiswa okukhulu maqondana nokujikeleza kanye nokwamukelwa kwezinganekwane zokudlwengulwa ngemibono yabesifazane njengezinto zocansi. Ukuzazisa akuzange kusebenze njengommeleli ovumayo ebudlelwaneni obuhlolile. Ubungqili nokuzithemba akuzange kumise ubudlelwano obuhlongozwayo.
Leli phepha lisebenzise ukwakheka kwangaphambi kokuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokuhlolwa ukucacisa ukuthi imiphi imiphumela le ndaba enayo kubahlanganyeli besifazane (N = 242). Ngokusebenzisa i-Attound kuelekea i-Women Scale kanye ne-Attitude to Men esikalini kwatholakala ukuthi abesifazane abatholanga zinguquko zengqondo ezibalulekile kwabanye besifazane, lapho bechayeka. Kodwa-ke, bakhombisa ushintsho ezinkolelweni zabo zobudlova zabesilisa ngeziqeshana ezibonisa ulaka kwezocansi, nezinkolelo ezinhle zokuqoshwa okubonisa ukuhlangana okubonisa uthando, isigcino sothando, kanye nesigameko esibonisa ukudlwengulwa. Lokhu okutholakele kuyabuyekezwa futhi kuxoxwe ngakho ngombono we-Gender-Schema Theory, The Objecifying Theory and the Empathetic Viewer Theory.
Izithombe zocansi kanye nenqubo yokwenza abalingani bezocansi abenze amanyala (2020) - Kakhulu izifundo zabesifazane. Ingcaphuno:
Ocwaningweni lokuhlobanisa, abahlanganyeli abangama-266 (Ama-78.2% abesifazane; I-MAge = 30.79, i-SD = 8.89) baphendule kwizibalo zabantu, noma ngabe basebudlelwaneni, noma ngabe basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi nokuthi bangakanani imizwa yokuqala nabaselekelayo abalingani babo kwezocansi. Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi abantu abadla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bachitha umuntu abathandana nabo kwezocansi kuphela uma bengekho ebudlelwaneni bezothando. Le miphumela ibalulekile ngoba ukususwa komuntu kunemiphumela emibi njengokubandlululwa, udlame, izijeziso ezinzima kanye nokuvinjwa kokuziphatha okubi. Uma nje sesazi ukuthi kwenzekani, sinethuba lokwakha amasu okunciphisa it.
Ukusekelwa kontanga besilisa kanye nokuhlaselwa ngokocansi: ubudlelwane obuphakathi kweProfayili ephezulu, ukubamba iqhaza kwezemidlalo esikoleni esiphakeme kanye nokuziphatha okuhlukumeza ngokocansi (2020) - Amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kocansi ahlobene kahle nezinyathelo zalokhu: Amathuba Okudlwengulwa, Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi, Ilungelo Locansi, kanye Nobutha Kwabesifazane. Ithebula elinokuhlangana okuyisisekelo. # 8 ukusetshenziswa kocansi:
Isibonelo Sokuguquguquka Kwezenzo Zobulili: Isicelo Esinama-Adolescent Males (2020) - SAbafana abasebangeni le-10 bathola ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobudlova ezinobudlova kuhlotshaniswa nolaka lokuya ocansini olungazenzisi kulezi zinyanga eziyisithupha ezedlule, kanye noKuxhasana ngocansi, Ukwemukelwa kwezinganekwane zokudlwengulwa, Ukuxhashazwa okwengeziwe, Ukugconwa kwabasekhaya. Ithebula:
Ukuvezwa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Phakathi Kwama-Eritrea amancane: Isifundo Sokuhlola (2021) - Ingcaphuno:
Imiphumela yendlela eyodwa ye-ANOVA yembula ukuthi kunokwehluka okuphawulekayo ngokombono ngabesifazane phakathi kwabaphendulile ababebuke izithombe zocansi ngonyaka odlule nabaphendulanga ababengaziboni. Ngokuqondile, abaphenduli ababebuke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngonyaka odlule babephethe isimo sengqondo esingalungile, esilinganiselwe ngokulingana ngabesifazane.
Siphinde sathola ukuthi ubulili obunobutha nobuhle buhlobene kahle nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nokuziphatha ngocansi. Ngakho-ke, abafana namantombazane abanezimo eziningi zobulili badle okuqukethwe kwezocansi kakhulu futhi wenza ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi.
Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yethu ikhombisa lokho amantombazane asebenzisa okuqukethwe okuningi kwezocansi abhekane nabalingani bawo kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafana namantombazane abanobubele ocansini abenza imikhuba eminingi yokuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi bathambekele ekuqapheni kakhulu abalingani babo.
Izinto ezibikezela udlame lwezocansi: Ukuhlola izinsika ezine zeConfluence Model kusampula enkulu yamadoda asekolishi (2021) - Ukusetshenziswa kocansi ngokweqile kwakuhlobene nemiphumela emibi eminingi kufaka phakathi ubudlova obunobudlova, ukuxhumana nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ukuthintana nokuphoqelelwa ngokocansi, namacala ocansi angaxhumani nawo:
Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nobulili obungenabuntu
Idatha evela emazweni angu-13 yatholakala, enemiphumela yesimo sengqondo evela kubahlanganyeli abangaphezu kuka-45,000 kanye nemiphumela yokuziphatha evela kubahlanganyeli abangaphezu kuka-60,000. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlotshaniswa nendlela engenamuntu eya ocansini phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane; phakathi kokubili intsha kanye nabantu abadala; nakuwo wonke amazwe, isikhathi, nezindlela. Imiphumela yokulamula ibihambisana nenkolelo-mbono yeskripthi sezocansi ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zocansi kuholela ezimweni zengqondo zocansi ezingenabo ubuntu, okubuye kwandise amathuba okuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni kocansi okungeyena umuntu. Ukuhlaziywa okudidayo akuzange kusekele inkolelo-mbono ye-libertarian ye-hypothesis yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuthi isizathu kuphela esenza ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlobane nokuziphatha kobulili okungeyena umuntu kungenxa yokuthi abantu asebevele bengenabo ubuntu endleleni yabo yokuya ocansini kungenzeka kakhulu badle izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi bahlanganyele ezenzweni zocansi ezingenamuntu.
Lolu cwaningo mayelana nokuphikisana lungase lufanele:
Lapho u- 'she' eba 'it' (2019) (isitatimende sephephandaba)
Ukuhlola izimpendulo ze-neural ezibhekiswe ezihlosweni zomuntu eziphikisanayo nezinhloso ukukhomba izinqubo zokuphikisana ngokocansi ezihamba ngaphezu kwesifaniso (2019) (isifundo esigcwele)
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