Okuhlangenwe Nakho Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile: Ukuhlaziywa Okufanelekile Kwamaphephabhuku Okuzivimbela Esithangamini Sokuzibamba Esingcolile Esiku-inthanethi (2021)

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyinto ejwayelekile ezweni elithuthukile, ngezifundo ezimele izwe lonke ezibonisa ukuthi abesilisa abangama-76% nabesifazane abangu-41% e-Australia babike ukuthi basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngonyaka odlule (Rissel et al., 2017), nokuthi i-47% yamadoda ne-16% yabesifazane e-US babike ukuthi basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njalo noma ngenyanga (iGrubbs, iKraus nePerry, 2019a). PornHub (elinye lamawebhusayithi amakhulu wezithombe zocansi) babike ekubuyekezweni kwabo konyaka ukuthi bathola ukuvakashelwa okuyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-42 ngonyaka we-2019, ngokwesilinganiso sansuku zonke sokuvakashelwa kwezigidi eziyi-115 ngosuku (Pornhub.com, 2019).

Sebenzisa i-Pornography enenkinga

Ngenxa yokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, imiphumela emibi engaba yengqondo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ibe yindaba yokukhulisa ukunakwa kwesayensi eminyakeni yamuva. Ubufakazi obutholakalayo ngokuvamile bubonisa ukuthi yize iningi labantu abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lingenza kanjalo ngaphandle kokubhekana nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, iqoqo elincane labasebenzisi lingahle libe nezinkinga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi (isb., Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics , 2020; UVaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017).

Enye inkinga eyinhloko eyaziwayo ozibandakanya nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa izimpawu ezihlobene nokulutha umlutha. Lezi zimpawu ngokuvamile zifaka ukulawulwa okungakhubazekile, ukukhathazeka, ukulangazelela, ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokubhekana nokungasebenzi kahle, ukuhoxa, ukubekezelelana, ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa, ukukhubazeka kokusebenza, nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi (isb., Bőthe et al., 2018; Kor et al., 2014). Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga (i-PPU) kuvame ukucatshangelwa ezincwadini njengokulutha kokuziphatha yize "ukuluthwa yizithombe zocansi" kungaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengesifo (iFernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Yize kunjalo, iWorld Health Organisation (WHO) muva nje ifake ukuxilongwa kokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile (CSBD) njengesifo sokulawula umfutho ekubuyekezweni kweshumi nanye kwe Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezifo Zomhlaba Wonke (ICD-11; Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba Wonke, 2019), lapho kungasetshenziswa ngaphansi kokucindezela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngasikhathi sinye, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi ucwaningo (iGrubbs & Perry, 2019; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, I-2019b) kukhombisile ukuthi imibono yakho yokuba umlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka ukuthi ayibonisi indlela yokulutha noma yokuphoqelela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Imodeli echaza izinkinga ezihlobene nocansi (Grubbs et al., I-2019b) uphakamise ukuthi yize abanye abantu bengathola indlela yangempela yokulawulwa kokukhubazeka maqondana nokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, abanye abantu bangazibona bengumlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha (lapho kungekho khona iphethini yangempela yokulawulwa okungafanele). Ukungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha kwenzeka lapho umuntu othile engavumelani nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokho ehileleka ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okuholela ekungahambisani kahle phakathi kokuziphatha nezindinganiso zabo (Grubbs & Perry, 2019). Lokhu kungaziphathi kahle kungahle kuholele ekuguleni kokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Grubbs et al., I-2019b). Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le modeli ayinqabi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kokubili ukungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha kanye nokulawulwa okungakhubazeki kwangempela kungaba khona ngasikhathi sinye (Grubbs et al., I-2019b; IKraus & Sweeney, 2019).

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa nokuthi abanye abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bangathola ukuthi izithombe zabo zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa inkinga ngenxa yemiphumela emibi ebonwayo ebangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi (Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009). I-PPU iphinde yabizwa ezincwadini njenganoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezidala ubunzima bokusebenzelana nabanye, obomsebenzi, noma obomuntu ngamunye (iGrubbs, Volk, Exline, nePargament, 2015). Ucwaningo ngemiphumela emibi ozibonayo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile lukhombisile ukuthi abanye abantu babika ukuthi banenkinga yokudana, izinkinga ezingokomzwelo, ukwehla komkhiqizo, kanye nobudlelwano obonakele ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Schneider, 2000). Yize izinhlangano ezingaba khona phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ngokuvamile azicaci (bona iDwulit neRzymski, I-2019b), imiphumela emibi ozibona ngayo ekusebenzeni kwezocansi nayo ibikiwe ngabasebenzisi abathile bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kufaka phakathi ubunzima be-erectile, ukunciphisa isifiso sokwenza ucansi oluhlukanisiwe, ukunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, nokuthembela emibonweni yezocansi ngesikhathi socansi nomlingani (isb., Dwulit & Rzymski , 2019a; Kohut, Fisher, & Campbell, 2017; ISniewski neFarvid, 2020). Abanye abacwaningi basebenzise amagama anjengokuthi "ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile" (i-PIED) nelithi "izithombe zobulili ezingcolile-zibangele i-libido ephansi ngokungajwayelekile" ukuchaza ubunzima obuthile bezocansi obubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokweqile (Park et al., 2016).

Ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengendlela yokungenelela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile

Enye indlela ejwayelekile yokubhekana ne-PPU ibandakanya ukuzama ukugwema ngokuphelele ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile. Amaqembu amaningi ayizinyathelo eziyi-12 aguqulelwe ekuziphatheni okunenkinga kwezocansi avame ukukhuthaza indlela yokuzithiba kohlobo oluthile lokuziphatha kocansi oluyinkinga kumuntu ngamunye, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (Efrati & Gola, 2018). Ngaphakathi kokungenelela komtholampilo kwe-PPU, ukuzithiba kukhethwa abanye abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi njengenhloso yokungenelela njengenye indlela yokunciphisa / yokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezinhloso (isb., Sniewski & Farvid, 2019; I-Twohig ne-Crosby, 2010).

Olunye ucwaningo lwangaphambilini olulinganiselwe luye lwasikisela ukuthi kungaba nezinzuzo ngokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Izifundo ezintathu ezazama ukuyeka ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumasampula angewona awemitholampilo zikhombisa ukuthi kungaba nemiphumela emihle ekuvikeleni izithombe zocansi zesikhashana (amasonto ama-2-3) (Fernandez, Kuss, & Griffiths, 2020), kufaka phakathi ukuzibophezela okukhulu kobudlelwano (iLambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2012), ukwehliselwa ukubambezeleka okuncane (okungukuthi, ukukhombisa ukuthanda imivuzo emincane futhi esheshayo kunokuthola imivuzo emikhulu kodwa kamuva; INigash, iSheppard, iLambert, neFincham, 2016), kanye nokuqonda emaphethini ayimpoqo ekuziphatheni komuntu (UFernandez, uTee, noFernandez, 2017). Kubuye kube nemibiko embalwa yomtholampilo lapho abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi babuzwa ukuthi bayeke ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ukuze kutholakale ukungasebenzi kahle kocansi okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi, kufaka phakathi isifiso sobulili esiphansi ngesikhathi socansi oluhlukanisiwe (Bronner noBen-Zion, 2014), ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile (Park et al., 2016; Porto, 2016), nobunzima bokuthola i-orgasm ngesikhathi socansi oluhlukanisiwe (Porto, 2016). Eziningi zalezi zimo, ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunikeze ukukhululeka ekusebenzeni kwabo ngokocansi. Ngokubambisana, lokhu okutholakele kunikeza ubufakazi bokuqala bokuthi ukuzithiba kungaba wukungenelela okuzuzisayo kwe-PPU.

Inhlangano "Yokuqalisa kabusha"

Ngokuphawulekile, kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, kube nenhlangano ekhulayo yabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abasebenzisa izinkundla ze-inthanethi (isb. NoFap.com, r / NoFap, Qala kabusha isizwe) ukuzama ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yezinkinga ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa kocansi ngokweqile (Wilson, 2014, 2016).^{Umbhalo ophansi 1} "Ukuqalisa kabusha" igama elijwayelekile elisetshenziswa yile miphakathi elibhekisa kunqubo yokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (kwesinye isikhathi kuhambisane nokugwema ukushaya indlwabu kanye / noma ukuba ne-orgasm isikhathi esithile) ukuze ululame emiphumeleni emibi yezithombe zocansi ( Deem, I-2014b; NoFap.com, nd). Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "ukuqalisa phansi" ukuxhumanisa isithombe sobuchopho obubuyiselwa "kuzilungiselelo zasekuqaleni" (okusho, ngaphambi kwemiphumela emibi yezithombe zocansi; I-2014b; NoFap.com, nd). Izinkundla ze-inthanethi ezinikezelwe "ukuqala kabusha" zasungulwa ekuqaleni kuka-2011 (isb., R / NoFap, 2020) kanye nobulungu kulezi zinkundla bekhula ngokushesha kusuka. Isibonelo, esinye sezithangami esikhulu kunazo zonke "sokuqalisa kabusha" isiNgisi, i-subreddit r / NoFap, ibinamalungu abalelwa ku-116,000 ngo-2014 (Wilson, 2014), futhi leli nani likhule laba ngaphezu kwamalungu angama-500,000 kusukela ngo-2020 (r / NoFap, 2020). Kodwa-ke, okusazobhekwana ngakho ngokwanele ngaphakathi kwezincwadi zemibhalo ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga ezithile eziqhuba inani elandayo labasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi kulezi zinkundla ukuthi bagweme izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwasekuqaleni, nokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kocansi "ukuqala kabusha" kunjani kulaba bantu .

Izifundo zangaphambilini ezisebenzisa amasampula ahlukahlukene zinganikeza ukuqonda ngezisusa kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu abazama ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye / noma ukushaya indlwabu. Ngokuya ngezisusa zokuyeka, ukuyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kukhonjiswe ukuthi kuqhutshwa yisifiso sobumsulwa bezocansi esifundweni esifanele samadoda angamaKristu (okusho, iDiefendorf, 2015). , 2009). Ngokuya ngezincazelo ezihambisana nokuziyeka, ukuhlaziywa kwamuva kwezinga lokulandisa kokululama kwezithombe zocansi zamadoda ezenkolo kukhombisile ukuthi basebenzisa inkolo nesayensi ukwenza umqondo wokuthi bangumlutha wezithombe zocansi, nokuthi ukuzithiba ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile zala madoda kungaba ihunyushwe njengesenzo "sobudoda obuhlengayo" (Burke & Haltom, 2020, ikhasi. 26). Ngokuphathelene namasu okubhekana nokugcina ukungazitholi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okutholwe ezifundweni ezintathu zekhwalithi zamadoda avela ezimeni ezahlukahlukene zokululama, amalungu esithangami ashiwo ngenhla e-Italy (Cavaglion, 2008), amalungu amaqembu ezinyathelo eziyishumi nambili (Ševčíková, Blinka, & Soukalová, 2018), namadoda angamaKristu (Perry, 2019), bakhombise ukuthi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amasu asebenzayo, laba bantu babona ukuthi ukuhlinzekana ngokuhlanganyela phakathi kwamaqembu abo okuxhasa kwaba nesandla ekutheni bakwazi ukuhlala bengavunyelwe. Ucwaningo olusanda kwenziwa lwamadoda avela ku-subreddit r / EveryManShouldKnow (Zimmer & Imhoff, 2020) ithole ukuthi isisusa sokugwema ukushaya indlwabu sabikezelwa kahle ngomthelela obonakalayo kwezenhlalo wokushaya indlwabu, umbono wokushaya indlwabu njengokungenampilo, ukunciphisa ukuzwela kwezitho zobulili, kanye nesici esisodwa sokuziphatha kwe-hypersexual (okungukuthi, i-dyscontrol). Yize kuwusizo, okutholakele kulezi zifundo kunqunyelwe ekudluliseleni kwabo kubasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abagwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile namuhla njengengxenye yenhlangano "yokuqalisa kabusha" ngoba baneminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi ubudala, ngaphambi kokuvela kwenhlangano (okusho, iCavalgion, 2008, 2009), Ngoba zazenziwe ngokwesimo esithile ngaphakathi kwesimo sokutakula esinezinyathelo eziyishumi nambili (Ševčíková et al., 2018) noma umongo wenkolo (Burke & Haltom, 2020; I-Diefendorf, 2015; Perry, 2019), noma ngoba ababambiqhaza baqashwa kusuka esithangamini esinga- “qalisa phansi” (iZimmer & Imhoff, 2020; bona futhi Imhoff & Zimmer, 2020; Osadchiy, Vanmali, Shahinyan, Mills, & Eleswarapu, 2020).

Kube khona uphenyo oluncane oluhlelekile lokugqugquzela ukuzithiba kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumaforamu "okuqala kabusha" online, ngaphandle kwezifundo ezimbili zakamuva. Isifundo sokuqala (Vanmali, Osadchiy, Shahinyan, Mills, & Eleswarapu, 2020) isebenzise izindlela zokucubungula izilimi zemvelo ukuqhathanisa okuthunyelwe ku-r / NoFap subreddit (iforamu "yokuqalisa kabusha") equkethe umbhalo ohlobene ne-PIED (n = 753) kokuthunyelwe okungazange (n = 21,966). Ababhali bathola ukuthi yize izingxoxo zombili ze-PIED nezingezona eze-PIED zinezindikimba ezihlobene nezici ezahlukahlukene zobudlelwano, ukusondelana nokugqugquzela, izingxoxo ze-PIED kuphela ezigcizelela izingqikithi zokukhathazeka ne-libido. Futhi, okuthunyelwe kwe-PIED kuqukethe "amagama ahlukile," okuphakamisa "isitayela sokubhala esiqinisekisiwe" (UVanmali et al., 2020, ikhasi. 1). Okutholakele kulolu cwaningo kusikisela ukuthi izinkathazo nokukhathazeka kwabantu kwizithangami "zokuqalisa kabusha" kuhlukile ngokuya ngenkinga ethile eqondene nezithombe zocansi ezizibonayo, nokuthi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuqonda kangcono izisusa ezahlukahlukene zabantu abasebenzisa lezi zinkundla . Okwesibili, uTaylor noJackson (2018) wenza ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yezikhala ngamalungu e-r / NoFap subreddit. Kodwa-ke, inhloso yocwaningo lwabo bekungekona ukugxila kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamalungu kokungazithibi, kepha bekuwukusebenzisa ilensi ebucayi besebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo, ukukhombisa ukuthi amanye amalungu asebenzise kanjani “izinkulumo ezifanelekayo zobudoda obungokwemvelo kanye nesidingo sokuthi“ ucansi lwangempela ”luthethelele ukumelana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nokushaya indlwabu ”(Taylor & Jackson, 2018, ikhasi. 621). Yize lokho kuhlaziywa okubucayi kunikeza ukuqonda okusizayo ezimeni zengqondo zamanye amalungu eforamu, ukuhlaziywa kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamalungu "okunikeza izwi" emibonweni nencazelo yawo kuyadingeka (iBraun & Clarke, 2013, iphe. I-20).

Ucwaningo Lwanamuhla

Ngokunjalo, besifuna ukugcwalisa leli gebe ezincwadini ngokwenza ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yokuhlangenwe nakho kokuziqhenya phakathi kwamalungu esithangami se-online "rebooting". Sihlaziye omagazini abangama-104 bokuziyeka ngamalungu wesilisa esithangami “sokuqalisa kabusha” besebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-thematic, besebenzisa imibuzo emithathu ebanzi yocwaningo ukuqondisa ukuhlaziywa kwethu: (1) yiziphi izisusa zamalungu zokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile? futhi (2) kunjani ukuzilibazisa ngamalungu? futhi (3) benza kanjani ukuqonda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo? Okutholakele ocwaningweni lwamanje kuzoba wusizo kubacwaningi nabezokwelapha ukuthola ukuqonda okujulile (1) kwezinkinga ezithile eziqhuba inani elandayo lamalungu kuzinkundla "zokuvuselela" ukuyeka izithombe ezingcolile, ezingazisa ukucabanga ngomtholampilo kwe-PPU; kanye (2) nokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho “kokuqalisa kabusha” kunjani kumalungu, okungaqondisa ukwakhiwa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezisebenzayo ze-PPU futhi kwazise ukuqonda kokuziyeka njengokungenelela kwe-PPU.

Tifundvo letifundvwa

Siqoqe idatha kusuka kwiforamu "yokuqalisa kabusha" online, Qala kabusha isizwe (Qala kabusha isizwe, 2020). Qala kabusha isizwe yasungulwa ngonyaka we-2014, futhi ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwedatha (ngoJulayi 2019), isithangami besinamalungu angaphezu kwe-15,000 abhalisiwe. Use Qala kabusha isizwe ikhasi eliyisiqalo, kunezixhumanisi zamavidiyo anolwazi nama-athikili achaza imiphumela emibi yezithombe zocansi kanye nokululama kule miphumela "ngokuqalisa kabusha." Ukuze ube yilungu elibhalisiwe le- Qala kabusha isizwe iforamu, umuntu ngamunye udinga ukudala igama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi futhi anikeze ikheli le-imeyili elivumelekile. Amalungu abhalisiwe angaqala ngokushesha ukuthumela kuleso sithangami. Isithangami sinikeza inkundla yamalungu ukuthi axhumane futhi axoxe ngokululama ezinkingeni ezihlobene nezocansi (isb., Ukwabelana ngolwazi oluwusizo kanye namasu "okuqala kabusha," noma ukucela ukwesekwa). Kunezigaba ezinhlanu kuleso sithangami ezihlelwe ngesihloko: "ukuluthwa i-porn," "i-porn ibangele ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile / ukubambezeleka kwe-ejaculation," "abalingani babantu abaqala kabusha kanye nemilutha" (lapho abalingani babantu abane-PPU bengabuza imibuzo noma babelane ngamava abo), " izindaba zempumelelo ”(lapho abantu abaphumelele ngempumelelo ukuzithiba isikhathi eside bengabelana ngohambo lwabo ngokubheka emuva), kanye nama" journals "(okuvumela amalungu ukuthi abhale phansi amava abo" okuqala kabusha "besebenzisa amajenali ngesikhathi sangempela).

Izinyathelo nenqubo

Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuqoqwa kwedatha, umbhali wokuqala uzibandakanye nokuhlola kokuqala kwesigaba “samaphephabhuku” ngokufunda okuthunyelwe kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka ka-2019 ukuze azi ukwakheka nokuqukethwe kwamajenali asesithangamini. Amalungu aqala amajenali ngokudala umucu omusha futhi ngokujwayelekile asebenzisa okuthunyelwe kwabo kokuqala ukukhuluma ngemvelaphi yabo kanye nezinhloso zokuziyeka. Le ntambo iba yincwadi yabo siqu, amanye amalungu akhululekile ukuyibuka nokubeka amazwana kuyo ukunikeza ukukhuthazwa nokusekelwa. La majenali angumthombo wama-akhawunti acebile futhi anemininingwane yokuhlangenwe nakho kokuziyeka kwamalungu, nokuthi abona kanjani futhi enze umqondo wokuhlangenwe nakho kwawo. Inzuzo yokuqoqa idatha ngale ndlela engaqondakali (okusho, ukusebenzisa omagazini abakhona njengedatha kunokuphikisana namalungu asesithangamini ukuze abambe iqhaza ocwaningweni) okuvunyelwe ukubhekwa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamalungu ngokwemvelo, ngaphandle kwethonya lomcwaningi (Holtz, Kronberger, & Wagner, 2012). Ukugwema ukungafani ngokweqile kusampula yethu (iBraun & Clarke, 2013), sikhethe ukukhawulela ukuhlaziywa kwethu kumalungu wesithangami samadoda aneminyaka engu-18 nangaphezulu.^{Umbhalo ophansi 2} Ngokuya ngophenyo lwethu lokuqala lwamaphephabhuku, sinqume izindlela ezimbili zokufakwa kwamajenali azokhethelwa ukuhlaziywa. Okokuqala, okuqukethwe kulo magazini kuzodinga ukunotha ngokwanele futhi kuchaze ukuze kube nokuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi. Amajenali acacisa ngezisusa zokuqalisa ukuzithiba futhi achaza ngokuningiliziwe ububanzi bokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo (okungukuthi, imicabango, imibono, imizwa nokuziphatha) ngesikhathi sokuzama ukuziyeka kwagcwalisa le nqubo. Okwesibili, isikhathi somzamo wokuyeka ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa esichazwe kumagazini kuzodinga ukuthi sihlale okungenani izinsuku eziyisikhombisa, kepha singabi ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-12. Sinqume ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi siphendule ngazo zombili izipiliyoni zokuzila (3 izinyanga ezintathu; UFernandez et al., 2020) kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okulandela izinkathi zokuzila isikhathi eside (> izinyanga ezi-3).^{Umbhalo ophansi 3}

Ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwedatha, kwakukhona ingqikithi yemicu engama-6939 esigabeni sephephabhuku labesilisa. Lesi sithangami sihlukanisa omagazini ngobudala beminyaka (okungukuthi, intsha, 20s, 30s, 40s, nangaphezulu). Njengoba inhloso yethu eyinhloko kwakuwukukhomba amaphethini ajwayelekile wesipiliyoni sokuziyeka, kungakhathalekile ukuthi uneminyaka emingaki yobudala, saqala ukuqoqa inani elifanayo lamaphephabhuku emaqenjini amathathu eminyaka (iminyaka eyi-18-29, iminyaka engama-30-39, neminyaka engama-40). Umbhali wokuqala wakhetha omagazini kusukela eminyakeni ka-2016–2018 ngokungahleliwe futhi wakufundisisa okuqukethwe yilo magazini. Uma ihlangabezane nenqubo yokufakwa emibili, ibikhethiwe. Kuyo yonke le nqubo yokukhetha, kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi kuhlale kunenani elilinganisiwe lomagazini abavela eqenjini ngalinye leminyaka. Noma nini lapho kwakukhethwa iphephabhuku ngalinye, lalifundwa ngokugcwele ngumbhali wokuqala njengengxenye yenqubo yokujwayela idatha (echazwe kamuva esigabeni “sokuhlaziywa kwedatha”). Le nqubo yaqhutshwa ngokuhlelekile yaze yanqunywa ukuthi ukugcwaliswa kwedatha kufinyelelwe. Siqede isigaba sokuqoqwa kwedatha kule ndawo yokugcwalisa. Ingqikithi yemicu engama-326 ihloliwe kwaqokwa amajenali ayi-104 ahlangabezana nenqubo yokufakwa (iminyaka eyi-18–29 [N = 34], iminyaka engama-30-39N = 35], neminyaka engu ≥ 40 [N = 35]. Inani elishiwo lokufakiwe kwiphephancwadi ngalinye kwakungu-16.67SD = 12.67), kanye nenani elisho izimpendulo kumagazini ngamunye lalingu-9.50 (SD = 8.41). Imininingwane yabantu kanye nolwazi olufanele mayelana namalungu (okungukuthi, umlutha wokuzibona kwezithombe zocansi noma ezinye izinto / isimilo, ubunzima bezocansi, nobunzima bempilo yengqondo) kukhishwe emaphephabhukwini abo nomaphi lapho kubikwa khona. Izici zesampula zifingqiwe kuThebula 1. Kuyaphawuleka, amalungu e-80 abike ukuthi angumlutha wezithombe zocansi, kuyilapho amalungu e-49 abike ukuthi anenkinga ethile yezocansi. Inani eliphelele lamalungu e-32 abike ukuthi bobabili bangumlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi banenkinga ethile yezocansi.

Ukuhlaziya Data

Sihlaziye idatha sisebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-thematic okwenziwe ngokwazi (TA; Braun & Clarke, 2006, 2013). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Thematic kuyindlela evumelana nezimo evumela abacwaningi ukuthi benze ukunotha, ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwencazelo yephethini kudathasethi yonke. Ngokunaka indlela yethu yokuhlaziya idatha, inhloso yethu bekuwukuthi "sithole izincazelo eziningiliziwe zesipiliyoni njengoba siqondwa yilabo abanolwazi olunjalo ukuze babone ingqikithi yaso" (UCoyle, 2015, ikhasi. 15) - kulokhu, ulwazi lokuthi "ukuqala kabusha" njengoba kuqondwa ngamalungu esithangami "sokuqalisa kabusha". Ukuhlaziya kwethu sikubeke ngaphakathi kohlaka olubucayi lwe-epistemological, "oluqinisekisa ubukhona beqiniso… kepha ngasikhathi sinye lubona ukuthi ukumelwa kwalo kukhonjiswa futhi kwalanyulwa ngamasiko, ulimi, kanye nezintshisekelo zepolitiki ezisuselwe ezicini ezinjengobuhlanga, ubulili, noma isigaba somphakathi ”(Ussher, 1999, ikhasi. 45). Lokhu kusho ukuthi sithathe ama-akhawunti wamalungu ngenani elithile futhi sawathatha njengokumelela okuyiqiniso ngokujwayelekile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, ngenkathi sivuma amathonya angaba khona engqikithini yezenhlalo lapho zenzeka khona. Ngakho-ke, ekuhlaziyweni kwamanje, sikhombe izingqikithi ezingeni le-semantic (iBraun & Clarke, 2006), ukubeka phambili izincazelo nemibono yamalungu.

Sisebenzise isoftware yeNVivo 12 kuyo yonke inqubo yokuhlaziywa kwedatha futhi salandela inqubo yokuhlaziywa kwedatha echazwe eBraun naseClarke (2006). Okokuqala, amajenali ayefundwa ngumbhali wokuqala lapho ekhethwa abese efundelwa ukujwayela idatha. Okulandelayo, lonke idathasethi yahlelwa ngokuhlelekile ngumbhali wokuqala, ngokubonisana nabalobi besibili nabesithathu. Amakhodi athathwe kusetshenziswa inqubo ephansi kuya phezulu, okusho ukuthi izigaba zokubhalwa kwamakhodi ngaphambili azibekelwanga kudatha. Imininingwane ibhalwe ngekhodi ezingeni eliyisisekelo le-semantic (iBraun & Clarke, 2013), okuholela kumakhodi ayingqayizivele angama-890 atholakala kudatha. Lawa makhodi ahlanganiswa lapho amaphethini eqala ukuvela akha imikhakha yezinga eliphakeme. Isibonelo, amakhodi ayisisekelo athi "ukwethembeka kuyakhulula" nokuthi "ukubophezeleka kwenza ukungazibambi kwenzeke" kwaqoqwa kwaba isigaba esisha, "ukuziphendulela nokwethembeka," okwakuhlanganiswe amaqembu ngaphansi "kwamasu nezinsizakusebenza ezisebenzayo." Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane echazayo evela kumagazini ngamunye ephathelene nomzamo wokuziyeka ngokujwayelekile (okungukuthi, umgomo wokuziyeka nobude besikhathi sokuzama ukuyeka) nayo yakhishwa ngokuhlelekile. Lapho yonke idatha isethiwe, amakhodi abuyekezwa abese engezwa noma aguqulwa lapho kudingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufaka amakhodi okungaguquguquki kusethi yedatha. Izingqikithi zabaqokiwe zabe sezivela kumakhodi ngumbhali wokuqala, ziholwa yimibuzo yocwaningo yocwaningo. Izingqikithi zacwengisiswa ngemuva kokubuyekezwa ngumbhali wesibili nowesithathu futhi zaqedwa lapho sekufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni ngabo bobathathu ithimba locwaningo.

Ukubhekelwa Ethical

Ikomidi lokuziphatha leyunivesithi yethimba locwaningo lisivumile isifundo. Ngokombono wokuziphatha, kwakubalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi ngabe imininingwane yaqoqwa endaweni ye-inthanethi ethathwa njengendawo yomphakathi (iBritish Psychological Society, 2017; I-Eysenbach & Till, 2001; Ikhanda elimhlophe, 2007). I Qala kabusha isizwe iforamu itholakala kalula kusetshenziswa izinjini zokusesha, futhi okuthunyelwe kule nkundla kutholakala kalula ukuthi kubukwe kunoma ngubani ngaphandle kokubhaliswa noma ubulungu. Ngakho-ke, kuphethwe ukuthi isithangami "besisesidlangalaleni" ngokwemvelo (iWhitehead, 2007), nemvume enolwazi evela kumalungu ngamanye ibingadingeki (njengoba kwenza ikomiti lababhali lokuziphatha eyunivesithi). Yize kunjalo, ukuvikela ngokuqhubekayo ubumfihlo nokugcinwa okuyimfihlo kwamalungu esithangami, wonke amagama abasebenzisi abikwe emiphumeleni awaziwa.

Ukuhlinzeka ngomongo wokuhlaziywa kwethu, kunikezwa isifinyezo sezimpawu zokuzama ukuzithiba kuThebula 2. Ngokuya ngezinhloso zokuziyeka, amalungu angama-43 ahlose ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukushaya indlwabu kanye ne-orgasm, amalungu angama-47 ahlose ukungaziboni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokushaya indlwabu, futhi amalungu e-14 ahlose ukungaziboni izithombe ezingcolile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yesampula (okungenani i-86.5%) yayihlose ukugwema ukushaya indlwabu ngaphezu kokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni komzamo wabo wokuyeka, cishe wonke amalungu awazange acacise isikhathi esiqondile sezinhloso zabo zokuyeka noma akhombise ukuthi ngabe bahlose ukuyeka noma yikuphi kwalokhu kuziphatha unomphela. Ngakho-ke, asikwazanga ukuthola ukuthi ngabe amalungu abejwayele ukuba nentshisekelo yokuyeka okwesikhashana noma ukuyeka ukuziphatha unomphela. Sibonise isikhathi esiphelele semizamo yokuziyeka kudaba ngalunye ngokuya ngezitatimende ezicacile zamalungu (isb., “Ngosuku lwama-49 lokuqalisa kabusha”), noma lapho kungekho izitatimende ezicacile, ngokudonswa okususelwa kuzinsuku zokuthunyelwe kwamalungu. Ubuningi besikhathi esiphelele semizamo yokuzithiba kokuphinga babuphakathi kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa nezingama-30 (52.0%), kanti ubude besikhathi esiphakathi kwabo bonke bokuzama ukuyeka kwakuyizinsuku ezingama-36.5. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi amalungu awazange ayeke ukuzama ukuzama ukudlula ngalezi zikhathi-lezi zikhathi zimane zibonisa ubude obuchaziwe bomzamo wokuziyeka obhalwe kumagazini. Amalungu abengaqhubeka nomzamo wokuyeka, kepha ayeka ukuthumela kumajenali abo.

Ingqikithi yezindikimba ezine ezinama-subthemes ayisishiyagalolunye atholakele ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha (bheka iThebula 3). Ekuhlaziyweni, ukubalwa kwemvamisa noma imigomo ekhombisa imvamisa kwesinye isikhathi iyabikwa. Igama elithi “abanye” lisho amalungu angaphansi kwama-50%, “amaningi” abhekise phakathi kwamalungu angama-50% kuya kwangama-75%, kanti “iningi” lisho amalungu angaphezu kwama-75%.^{Umbhalo ophansi 4} Njengesinyathelo sokungezelela, sisebenzise umsebenzi we "crosstab" ku-NVivo12 ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini umehluko ophawulekayo kumvamisa wokuhlangenwe nakho kokuziyeka kuwo wonke amaqembu eminyaka emithathu. Lokhu kube ngaphansi kokuhlaziywa kwe-chi-square ukuthola ukuthi ngabe lokhu kwehluka kwakubalulekile ngokwezibalo (bona iSithasiselo A). Ukwehluka okuhlobene nobudala kugqanyisiwe ngaphansi kwendikimba yabo ehambelana ngezansi.

Ukucacisa ingqikithi ngayinye, kunikezwa ukukhethwa kwezingcaphuno ezibonisayo, kunekhodi yelungu elihambisanayo (001-104) nobudala. Amaphutha esipelingi angabalulekile alungisiwe ukusiza ukufundwa kokukhishiwe. Ukuze uzwisise olunye ulimi olusetshenziswa ngamalungu, incazelo emfushane yama-akhronimi asetshenziswa kakhulu ayadingeka. Isifinyezo esithi “PMO” (izithombe zocansi / ukushaya indlwabu / i-orgasm) sivame ukusetshenziswa ngamalungu ukubhekisa kunqubo yokubuka izithombe zocansi ngenkathi ushaya indlwabu ku-orgasm (Deem, 2014a). Amalungu avame ukuhlanganisa lezi ziphathamandla ezintathu ndawonye ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi lwabo kuhambisana nokushaya indlwabu ku-orgasm. Lapho bexoxa ngalezi ziphatho ngokwehlukana, amalungu avame ukufaka amagama afanayo nokubuka izithombe zocansi njengo- “P,” ukushaya indlwabu njengo- “M” nokuba ne-orgasm njengo- “O.” Ukubizwa ngamagama ngokuhlanganiswa kwalezi zindlela zokuziphatha nakho kuvamile (isb., “PM” kubhekiswa ekubukeni izithombe zocansi kanye nokushaya indlwabu kepha hhayi kuze kufike ezingeni le-orgasm, futhi i- “MO” isho ukushaya indlwabu kuze kufike ezingeni le-orgasm ngaphandle kokubuka izithombe ezingcolile). Lawa ma-akhronimi nawo kwesinye isikhathi asetshenziswa njengesenzo (isb., “PMO-ing” noma “MO-ing”).

Ukuzithiba Kuyisixazululo Sezinkinga Ezihlobene Nezocansi

Isinqumo sokuqala samalungu sokuzama "ukuqala kabusha" sasuselwa enkolelweni yokuthi ukuziyeka kuyisixazululo esinengqondo sokubhekana nezinkinga ezihlobene nocansi. Ukuziqeda kwaqalwa ngoba kwakukhona inkolelo yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu ezimpilweni zabo-ngakho-ke, ukususa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuzonciphisa le miphumela ngokuthi "uvuselele" ubuchopho. Ngenxa yesimo sokulutha sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, indlela yokusebenzisa / yokulawula elawulwayo ekuziphatheni ayizange ibhekwe njengecebo lokuphola.

Ukuziyeka Okushukunyiswa Imiphumela Emibi Okunikelwe Ekusebenziseni Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Imiphumela emithathu eyinhloko ebangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile ikhonjiswe ngamalungu njengezisusa zokuqala ukuziyeka. Okokuqala, kumalungu amaningi (n = 73), ukuziyeka kwakushukunyiswa isifiso sokunqoba iphethini ebonakalayo yokulutha yokusebenzisa i-pornography (isib. "Ngingu-43 manje futhi ngiyisigqila se-porn. Ngicabanga ukuthi isikhathi sokubaleka kulo mkhuba omubi sesifikile" [098, iminyaka engama-43]). Ama-akhawunti wokulutha umlutha abonakala ngokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphoqeleka nokulahlekelwa ukulawula (isb. "Ngizama ukuyeka kodwa kunzima ngizwa ukuthi kunokuthile okungicindezela ukuba ngibhekane nezocansi" [005, iminyaka eyi-18]), ukungabi nandaba nokubekezelela imiphumela yezithombe zocansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (isb. "Angisazizwa lutho lapho ngibheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Kuyadabukisa ukuthi ngisho ne-porn isibe yinto engathandeki futhi engakhuthazi" [045, 34 iminyaka]), nemizwa ecindezelayo yokukhungatheka nokungabi namandla ("Ngiyakuzonda ukuthi anginawo amandla OKUYEKA NJE… Ngiyakuzonda ukuthi anginamandla okulwa nezocansi futhi ngifuna ukubuyisa amandla ami" [087, iminyaka engama-42].

Okwesibili, kwamanye amalungu (n = 44), ukuzithiba kwakushukunyiswa yisifiso sokuqeda izinkinga zabo zocansi, ngokususelwa enkolelweni yokuthi lobu bunzima (ubunzima be-erectile [n = 39]; ukuncipha kwesifiso sobulili obuhlukanisiwe [n = 8]) zazenziwe (mhlawumbe) ngezocansi. Amanye amalungu akholelwa ukuthi izinkinga zabo zokwenza ucansi zingumphumela wesimo sokuphendula kwabo ngokocansi ikakhulu kokuqukethwe nomsebenzi ohlobene nezocansi (isb. "Ngiyabona ukuthi ngintula kanjani umdlandla ngomzimba womunye… ngiye ngazimisela ukujabulela ubulili ne-laptop" [083, iminyaka engu-45]). Emalungwini e-39 abike ubunzima be-erectile njengesizathu sokuqala ukuziyeka, i-31 yayiqinisekile ukuthi babhekene ne- "dysfunction-erectile dysfunction" (PIED). Abanye (n = 8) babengenaso isiqiniseko esithile sokubeka ilebula ebucayi kobunzima babo be-erectile ngokuthi "benziwa yizithombe zocansi" ngenxa yokufuna ukukhipha ezinye izincazelo ezikhona (isib. Ukukhathazeka ngokusebenza, izinto ezihlobene nobudala, njll.), Kepha banquma ukuqala ukuziyeka uma kwenzeka kwenzeka empeleni babehlobene nezocansi.

Okwesithathu, kwamanye amalungu (n = 31), ukuzithiba kwakushukunyiswa yisifiso sokunciphisa imiphumela emibi engokwengqondo nengabangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi. Le miphumela ebonwayo ifaka phakathi ukukhuphuka kwengcindezi, ukukhathazeka kanye nokuba ndikindiki ngokomzwelo, nokuncipha kwamandla, ukugqugquzela, ukugxila, ukucaciseleka kwengqondo, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokukwazi ukuzwa injabulo (isb. "Ngiyazi ukuthi kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu ekugxilweni kwami, ekugqugquzelweni, ekuzethembeni, ezingeni lamandla" [050, iminyaka engu-33]. ” Amanye amalungu abuye abone imithelela emibi yokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekusebenzeni kwabo kwezenhlalo. Abanye bachaze umuzwa wokuncipha kokuxhumana nabanye (isb., “(PMO)… kungenza ngingabi nentshisekelo futhi ngibe nobungane kubantu, ngizithande kakhudlwana, kunginikeza ukukhathazeka kwezenhlalo futhi kungenze ngingenandaba nanoma yini ngempela, ngaphandle kokuhlala ngedwa ekhaya nokubalekela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ”[050, iminyaka engu-33]), kanti abanye babike ngokuwohloka kobudlelwano obuthile nabanye ababalulekile namalungu omndeni, ikakhulukazi abalingani bezothando.

Ngokuqaphelekayo, ingxenye encane yamalungu (n = 11) babike ukuthi abazamukeli ngokobulili izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngandlela thile, kepha bambalwa kuphela balaba (n = 4) kucaciswe ngokusobala ukungavunyelwa kokuziphatha njengesizathu sokuqala "ukuqala kabusha" (isb., "Ngishiya izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngoba lesi silo siyenyanyeka. Amantombazane ayadlwengulwa futhi ahlukunyezwe futhi asetshenziswe njengezinto zokubheja kule shithi" [008, 18 years] ). Kodwa-ke, kulawa malungu, ukungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha akubhaliswanga njengesizathu kuphela sokuqalisa ukuzithiba kepha bekuhambisana nesinye sezizathu ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuyeka (okungukuthi, ukulutha okubonakalayo, ubunzima bezocansi, noma imiphumela emibi yengqondo).

Ukuzithiba Ngokuthi “Ubuyekeze” Ubuchopho

Ukuziyeka kusondele amanye amalungu ngokususelwa ekuqondeni ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi kungenzeka kube nomthelela muni kabi ebuchosheni babo. Ukuzithiba kubhekwe njengesixazululo esinengqondo sokuguqula imiphumela emibi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, njengenqubo "engabuyisa" ubuchopho (isb., “Ngiyazi ukuthi kufanele ngiyeke ukuze izindlela zami ziphulukise futhi zixazulule ubuchopho bami” [095, 40s]). Umqondo we-neuroplasticity ikakhulukazi wawungumthombo wethemba nesikhuthazo kwamanye amalungu, okuwaholele ekutheni akholelwe ukuthi imiphumela emibi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ingaguqulwa ngokuziyeka (isb., "Ubuchopho beplastiki kuyinqubo yokonga yangempela ezosebenzisa ubuchopho bethu" [036, 36 iminyaka]). Amanye amalungu achaze ukufunda ngemiphumela emibi yezithombe zocansi kanye "nokuqalisa kabusha" ngezinsizakusebenza zolwazi ngabantu ababalulekile abahlonishwa ngumphakathi "wokuqalisa kabusha", ikakhulukazi uGary Wilson, umphathi wewebhusayithi yourbrainonporn.com. EzikaWilson (2014) incwadi (isb. "Incwadi ethi Ubuchopho Bakho ku-Porn nguGary Wilson… yangingenisa embonweni wokuqalisa kabusha, lesi sithangami futhi ngachaza izinto ezithile ebengingazazi" [061, 31 iminyaka]) kanye nenkulumo ye-TEDx ka-2012 (TEDx Izinkulumo, 2012; isib. ”Njengesixazululo esifanelekile sokuguqula le miphumela.

Ukuzithiba njengokuphela kwendlela engenzeka yokuthola kabusha

Kwamanye amalungu abike ukuthi angumlutha wezithombe zocansi, ukuzithiba kubhekwe njengokuwukuphela kwendlela engenzeka yokululama, ikakhulu ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi ukusebenzisa noma yiziphi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi sokuziyeka kungenzeka kubangele ukujikeleza okuhlobene nokulutha kobuchopho futhi kuholele ekulangazeleleni nasekubuyeleni emuva. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuzama ukuzibandakanya ngokulinganisela esikhundleni sokugwema ngokuphelele kubonwe njengecebo elingenakuphikiswa:

Ngidinga ukuyeka ngokuphelele ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nanoma iyiphi into ecacile yalolo daba ngoba noma nini lapho ngibuka noma yikuphi okuqukethwe kwe-nsfw [okungaphephile emsebenzini] indlela idalwa ebuchosheni bami futhi lapho ngithola ukunxenxa ubuchopho bami buziphoqa ukuthi ngibuke izithombe ezingcolile. Ngakho-ke, ukuyeka i-p ne-m turkey ebandayo ukuphela kwendlela yokululama kulo mkhuba. ” (008, 18 iminyaka)

Kwesinye isikhathi ukuzithiba kubonakala kungenakwenzeka

Itimu yesibili ikhombisa okungenzeka kube yisici esigqame kakhulu sokuhlangenwe nakho kwamalungu “ukuqala kabusha” —kwakunzima kangakanani ukufeza ngempumelelo nokugcina ukuzithiba. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukuzithiba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kunzima kangangokuba kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukukufeza, njengoba kuchazwe yilungu elilodwa:

Ngibuyela eStruggle St., ngemuva kwenqwaba yezimpinda. Angiqiniseki ukuthi ngingayeka kanjani ngempumelelo, kwesinye isikhathi kubonakala kungenakwenzeka. (040, 30s)

Izici ezintathu eziyinhloko zibonakale zifaka isandla ebunzimeni bokuzithiba: ukuzulazula ocansini ngesikhathi "sokuqalisa kabusha," okubonakala ngathi kungenakugwenywa kwezindlela zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye nenqubo yokubuyela emuva etholwe njengobuqili futhi ecashile.

Ukuzulazula Ezocansi Ngesikhathi se- “Reboot”

Isinqumo esinzima okwakufanele amalungu asenze ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuziyeka kwakumayelana nomsebenzi owamukelekile wezocansi ngesikhathi "sokuqalisa kabusha": kufanele ukushaya indlwabu ngaphandle kwezithombe zocansi kanye / noma ukuba ne-orgasm ngomsebenzi wobulili obuhlukanisiwe kuvunyelwe esikhathini esifushane? Kumalungu amaningi, inhloso yesikhathi eside kwakungekhona ukuqeda ngokuphelele ucansi, kepha kwakuwukuchaza kabusha nokufunda “ucansi oluphilile” olusha (iminyaka engu-033, 25) ngaphandle kwezithombe zocansi. Lokhu kungasho ukufaka ubulili obuhlukanisiwe (isib. "Esikufunayo ucansi lwemvelo olunempilo nomlingani wethu, akunjalo? ” [062, 37 years]) kanye / noma ukushaya indlwabu ngaphandle kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (isb., "Ngilungile nge-MO yakudala. Ngicabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuphatha lokho ngendlela enempilo ngaphandle kwemiphumela eqeda amandla yokulutha kocansi" [061, 31 iminyaka]). Kodwa-ke, obekudinga ukucatshangelwa okwengeziwe ukuthi ukuvumela lezi zimilo esikhathini esifushane kuzosiza noma kuvimbele inqubekela phambili ngokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvumela le misebenzi ezigabeni zokuqala zokuyeka ukuzithiba kwabonwa ngamanye amalungu ukuthi kungaba yingozi enkulu ekugwemeni ukuzithiba, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yalokho abakubiza ngokuthi "umphumela wokujaha." "Umphumela wokujaha" ubhekisa ezifisweni ezinamandla ku-PMO ezivela ngemuva kocansi (Deem, 2014a). Abanye babike ukuthi bahlangabezana nalomphumela ngemuva kokubili ukushaya indlwabu (isb. "Ngithola lapho ngi-MO kakhulu ngiyilangazelela futhi ngiya ocansini" [050, 33 iminyaka]) futhi ngahlanganyela ocansini (isib. "Ngibonile ukuthi ngemuva kocansi nomfazi ukunxenxa kunamandla ngemuva kwalokho ”[043, 36 years]). Lawa malungu, lokhu kuholele esinqumweni sokuyeka okwesikhashana ukushaya indlwabu kanye / noma ucansi oluhlanganyelwe isikhathi esithile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwamanye amalungu, ukuyeka ngokuphelele ukwenza ucansi kubikwe ukuthi kuzoholela ekwakhekeni kwesifiso sobulili kanye nezifiso zezithombe zocansi. Ngakho-ke, kulawa malungu, ukuba nezindawo zocansi ngesikhathi "sokuqalisa kabusha" akuzange kuthikameze inqubekela phambili, kepha empeleni kusizile amandla abo okugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (isb., "Ngithola ukuthi uma ngikhipha lapho ngizwa sengathi nginamahloni kakhulu, khona-ke Angimancane kakhulu amathuba okuba ngenze izaba zokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile ”[061, 36 years]).

Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi ngokudabukisayo, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamalungu abike ukuthi esikhundleni sokuthola isifiso sobulili esandayo, bahlangabezana nokuncipha kwesifiso sobulili ngesikhathi sokuzila, abakubiza ngokuthi yi "flatline." Igama elithi “flatline” igama elisetshenziswa amalungu ukuchaza ukwehla okuphawulekayo noma ukulahleka kwe-libido ngesikhathi sokudakwa (yize abanye bebonakala benencazelo ebanzi yalokhu ukuthi ifake nokuhambisana nomoya ophansi nomuzwa wokungazihlanganisi ngokujwayelekile: (isb. Nginomuzwa wokuthi mhlawumbe ngise-flatline njengamanje njengoba isifiso sokuhlanganyela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezenzo zocansi cishe singekho ”[056, 30s]) Ukungabi nesiqiniseko sokuthi isifiso sobulili sizobuya nini kwabaxaka abanye (isb. “Hhayi-ke, uma ngingenayo i-orgasm ejwayelekile lapho ngizizwa nginjani, kusizani ukuphila?” [089, 42 iminyaka]). Isilingo kulawa malungu kwaba ukuphendukela ku-PMO ukuze "avivinye" ukuthi bangakwazi yini ukusebenza ngokocansi. ngesikhathi se- “flatline” (isb., “Okubi nokho ukuthi ngiyaqala ukuzibuza ukuthi ngabe konke kusasebenza ngendlela obekufanele kwenzeke ngayo ebhulukweni lami” [068, 35 years]).

Ukungavikeleki Kwezindlela Zokusebenzisa Izithombe Ezingcolile

Okwenza futhi ukuthi ukuzibandakanya ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kube yinselelo enkulu kumalungu amaningi kwakuwukubonakala kungenakugwemeka kwezinkomba okwadala imicabango yezithombe zocansi kanye / noma izifiso zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Okokuqala, kwakukhona izinkomba zangaphandle ezazibonakala zikuyo yonke indawo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Umthombo ovame kakhulu wezimbangela zangaphandle kwakuyimithombo yezobuchwepheshe (isb., "Ukuqomisana amasayithi, i-Instagram, i-Facebook, ama-movie / i-TV, i-YouTube, izikhangiso eziku-inthanethi konke kungangibuyisela emuva" [050, 33 iminyaka]). Ukungaqiniseki kokuqukethwe okuvusa ucansi okuvela kumdlalo wethelevishini noma kokuphakelayo kwezokuxhumana kusho ukuthi ukuphequlula i-inthanethi ngokungacabangi kungaba yingozi. Ukubona abantu abakhanga ngokocansi empilweni yangempela nakho kwaba yingxenye yamalungu athile (isb., “Ngiyekile nendawo yokuzivocavoca ebengiya kuyo namuhla njengoba kunendlela eningi kakhulu ongayibuka lapho ngomuntu wesifazane ogqoke amabhulukwe e-yoga” [072, 57 iminyaka ]), okusho ukuthi ukubuka noma yini evusa inkanuko, kungaba ku-inthanethi noma ku-inthanethi, kungahle kuqale Futhi, iqiniso lokuthi amalunga ayevame ukuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenkathi eyedwa ekamelweni labo lokulala kwakusho ukuthi imvelo yabo ezenzakalelayo yayivele iyindlela yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (isb., “Ukulala nje embhedeni lapho ngivuka futhi ngingenalutho lokuzenza kuyimbangela ebucayi” [ 021, iminyaka engama-24]).

Okwesibili, bekukhona nezindlela eziningi zangaphakathi zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (okuyizimo ezingezinhle ezingezinhle). Ngoba amalungu phambilini ayevame ukuthembela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukulawula ukuthinteka okungalungile, imizwa engakhululekile ibonakale isiyindlela yokulungiselela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Amanye amalungu abike ukuthi abe nomthelela omubi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokudakwa. Abanye bahumushe lezi zimo ezingezinhle ngesikhathi sokuziyeka njengengxenye yokuhoxa. Izimo ezingezinhle noma zomzimba ezihunyushwe ngokuthi (kungenzeka) "izimpawu zokuhoxa" zifaka ukudana, ukuguquguquka kwemizwelo, ukukhathazeka, "inkungu yobuchopho," ukukhathala, ikhanda, ukulala, ukungahlaliseki, isizungu, ukukhungatheka, ukucasuka, ingcindezi nokwehla kwesisusa. Amanye amalungu awazishongo ukuthi kunethonya elibi ekuhoxisweni kodwa abanga ezinye izimbangela zemizwa emibi, njengezehlakalo ezingezinhle empilweni (isb. ukukhungatheka noma ukuhoxa ”[046, 30s]). Amanye amalungu abecabanga ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi phambilini bebesebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze banciphise izimo ezingokomzwelo ezingezinhle, le mizwa ibizwakala kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuziyeka (isib. "Ingxenye yami iyazibuza ukuthi ngabe le mizwa inamandla kangako ngenxa yokuqalisa kabusha" [032, 28 iminyaka]). Ngokuphawulekile, labo abaseminyakeni yobudala eyi-18-29 ubudala babenamathuba amaningi okuthi babike umthelela omubi ngesikhathi sokuziyeka uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu eminyaka yobudala, futhi leyo minyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu babencane amathuba okuthi babike izimpawu “ezifana nokuhoxa” ngesikhathi sokudakwa uma kuqhathaniswa amanye amaqembu amabili eminyaka. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi imvelaphi yale mizwa emibi (okungukuthi, ukuhoxa, izehlakalo zokuphila ezingezinhle, noma isimo sezemizwa esesivele sikhona), kubukeka kuyinselelo enkulu kumalungu ukubhekana nomthelela omubi ngesikhathi sokuziyeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuzitholela le mizwa emibi .

Ubuqili Benqubo Yokubuya

Ngaphezu kwengxenye yesampula (n = 55) babike okungenani ukulahleka okukodwa ngesikhathi semizamo yabo yokuyeka. Amalungu amaningi eqenjini leminyaka yobudala eyi-18-29 abike okungenani ukubuyela emuva okukodwa (n = 27) kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu amabili eminyaka: iminyaka engama-30-39 (n = 16) neminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu (n = 12). Ukubuyela emuva ngokujwayelekile kufana nenqubo ecashile evame ukubamba amalungu engalindelanga futhi ibashiye bezizwa bekhathazekile ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho. Kubonakala sengathi kunezindlela ezimbili lapho amaphutha ayevame ukwenzeka khona. Okokuqala kwaba lapho ukufisa ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwaqala ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Yize inkanuko kwesinye isikhathi yayilawulwa, kwesinye isikhathi inkanuko yayinzima kakhulu kangangokuthi yayitholwa njengengaphezu kwamandla futhi ingalawuleki. Lapho ukulangazelela kwakunzima, amanye amalungu abika ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi kwakuhambisana nezizathu zobuqili zokubuyela emuva, kube sengathi bakhohliswa "ubuchopho obuyimilutha" ukuthi babuyele emuva:

Benginemikhuba enamandla yokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi ngazithola ngiphikisana nobuchopho bami ngomsindo othi: "lesi kungaba yisikhathi sokugcina…," "woza, ucabanga ukuthi ukubheka okuncane kungaba kubi kakhulu," “Namuhla nje, futhi kusukela kusasa ngiyama futhi,” “Kumele ngibunqande lobu buhlungu, futhi yinye kuphela indlela yokwenza lokho”… ngakho-ke, ntambama ngikwazile ukusebenza kakhulu, kunalokho ngalwa kunxusa ngokuqhubekayo. (089, 42 iminyaka)

Indlela yesibili lapho ubuqili benqubo yokubuyela emuva ibonakalisiwe ukuthi, noma kungabikho izifiso ezinamandla, ukuphelelwa amandla kwesinye isikhathi bekubonakala ngathi "kumane kwenzeke" ku "autopilot," kuze kufike lapho kwesinye isikhathi bekuzwa sengathi ukubuyela emuva kuyenzeka kubo (isib. "kufana nokuthi ngiku-autopilot noma somethin '. Ngimile nje ngizibukele ngaphandle, sengathi ngifile, ngathi anginamandla okuzilawula" [034, 22 iminyaka]). Lokhu kuzenzekela nakho kwesinye isikhathi bekubonwa lapho amalungu ezithola ngokungazi ecwaninga izinto ezivusa inkanuko online (isb., Amavidiyo avusa ucansi ku YouTube) ezazingafaneleki ngokwezobuchwepheshe "njengezithombe zocansi" (okuvame ukubizwa ngamalungu ngokuthi "abangena esikhundleni sezocansi"). Ukuphequlula laba "bantu abangena esikhundleni se-porn" bekuvame ukuba yisango elihamba kancane lokuwela.

Ukuzithiba Kuyatholakala Ngezinsizakusebenza Ezifanele

Yize kunzima ukuziyeka, amalungu amaningi athola ukuthi ukuzithiba kutholakala ngezinsizakusebenza ezifanele. Inhlanganisela yezinsizakusebenza zangaphandle nezangaphakathi kubonakale kungukhiye ekunikeni amalungu amandla okufeza ngempumelelo nokugcina ukuzithiba.

Izinsizakusebenza zangaphandle: Ukuxhaswa Komphakathi kanye Nezithiyo Ekufinyeleleni Ezingcolile

Ukwesekwa kwezenhlalo kwakuyinsizakusebenza yangaphandle eyisihluthulelo samalungu amaningi okwakubaluleke kakhulu kuwo ekugcineni ukuziyeka. Amalungu achaze ukuthola ukwesekwa okuwusizo okuvela emithonjeni eminingi ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi umndeni, ophathina, abangane, amaqembu okusekela (isb., Amaqembu ezinyathelo eziyi-12), kanye nabelaphi. Kodwa-ke, isithangami esiku-inthanethi uqobo sasingumthombo wokusekelwa ovame ukubalulwa kwamalungu. Ukufunda amajenali amanye amalungu (ikakhulukazi izindaba zempumelelo) nokuthola imilayezo esekelayo kumagazini wakho bekungumthombo oyinhloko wokukhuthaza kanye nokukhuthaza amalungu (isib. "Ukubona amanye amajenali nokunye okuthunyelwe kuyangikhuthaza kungenze ngizizwe sengathi angingedwa" [032, 28 iminyaka]). Amanye amalungu acela ukwesekwa okuthe xaxa ngokucela elinye ilungu lesithangami ukuba libe ngumlingani wabo ophendulayo, yize amanye amalungu, ukugcina nje incwadi ephephandabeni kwanele ukuzwa ukuziphendulela okwengeziwe. Ukwabelana ngokwethembeka nokuziphendulela kuchazwe ngamanye amalungu njengokubalulekile emandleni awo okugcina umdlandla wokuhlala ugwema (isb. "Isifungo somphakathi nokuzibophezela komphakathi yilokho okuhlukile manje. Ukuziphendulela. Lokho bekuyinto ebilahlekile eminyakeni engama-30 edlule" [089, iminyaka engu-42]).

Esinye isisetshenziswa esivamile sangaphandle esasetshenziswa amalungu ngesikhathi sokudakwa kwakuyizithiyo ezazisebenza njengezithiyo ekufinyeleleni kalula ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi. Amanye amalungu abike ukufaka izinhlelo kumadivayisi abo ezivimbele okuqukethwe kwezocansi. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza bekutholakala ukuthi zikhawulelwe ngoba bekuvame ukuba nezindlela zokuzinqanda, kepha bezilusizo ekwakheni isithiyo esisodwa esengeziwe esingenelela ngomzuzwana wokuba sengozini (isb. "Ngifuna ukufaka kabusha i-K9 web-blocker. Ngingakudlula, kepha kusasebenza njengesikhumbuzo" [Iminyaka eyikhulu, engama-100]). Amanye amasu afaka phakathi ukusebenzisa amadivayisi kagesi kuphela ezindaweni ezingacuphe kakhulu (isb., Ukungasebenzisi i-laptop yabo egumbini lokulala, ukusebenzisa i-laptop yabo kuphela emsebenzini), noma ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezinto zobuchwepheshe ngokuphelele (isb., Ukushiya i-smartphone yabo okwesikhashana nomngani, badela i-smartphone yabo ngocingo olungeyona i-smartphone). Ngokuvamile, izithiyo zangaphandle zibonwe ngamalungu ukuthi ziwusizo kepha azenele ukugcina ukuziyeka ngoba bekungenangqondo ukugwema ngokuphelele ukufinyelela ezintweni zikagesi, futhi ngoba nezinsizakusebenza zangaphakathi bezidingeka.

Izinsizakusebenza Zangaphakathi: I-Arsenal Yezindlela Zokucabanga Zokuziphatha

Amalungu amaningi abike ukuthi asebenzise izinsizakusebenza ezahlukahlukene zangaphakathi (okungukuthi, amasu okuqonda kanye / noma wokuziphatha) ukusiza ukuziyeka kwawo. Amasu wokuziphatha kwansuku zonke (isib. Ukuzivocavoca, ukuzindla, ukuzijabulisa, ukuhlala umatasa, ukuphuma njalo, nokuba nenqubo yokulala enempilo) kufakwe njengengxenye yenguquko yendlela yokuphila jikelele ukunciphisa imvamisa yezimo ezibanga kanye nokulangazelela. Amasu wokuqonda kanye / noma wokuziphatha ahlanganiswa ngamalungu ngomzamo wokuziyeka, imvamisa ngokuzama ukuhlola-kanye nephutha, ukulawula izimo ezingokomzwelo ezinganciphisa ukuphela (okungukuthi, izifiso zesikhashana kanye nomthelela omubi). Indlela yokuziphatha kumthethonqubo womzwelo ibandakanya ukuzibandakanya komunye umsebenzi ongeyona ingozi esikhundleni sokunikela esilingweni sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Amanye amalungu abike ukuthi ukugeza kusiza kakhulu ekulweni nezifiso (isb., “Namuhla ebusuku bengizizwa nginesibindi esikhulu. Ngakho ngigeze ngamakhaza kakhulu ngo-10 ebusuku lapho kubanda kakhulu futhi ngiqhuma kakhulu!" [008, iminyaka eyi-18]). Ukuzama ukucindezela imicabango yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyindlela evamile yokuqonda esetshenzisiwe, kepha amanye amalungu aqaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi ukucindezelwa komcabango akulutho (isib. "Ngicabanga ukuthi ngidinga ukuthola isu elihlukile kunaleli, 'ungacabangi nge-PMO, ungacabangi nge-PMO, ungacabangi nge-PMO.' Lokho kungenza ngihlanye futhi kungenze ngicabange nge-PMO" [099, iminyaka engu-46]). Amanye amasu ajwayelekile okuqonda asetshenziswa ngamalungu afaka phakathi amasu ahlobene nokucabanga (isb., Ukwamukela "nokugibela" ukufisa noma imizwa engemihle) nokuvuselela ukucabanga kwabo. Ukubhala emaphephabhukwini abo njengoba babebhekene nenkanuko noma ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kubonakale kunikeza indlela ethile ewusizo kakhulu yamalungu ukuthi ahlanganyele ekukhuthazeni ukukhuluma futhi ahlele kabusha ukucabanga okungasizi ngalutho.

Ukuzithiba Kunomvuzo Uma Kuphikiswa Nakho

Amalungu aphikelela ekuziyekeleni ngokuvamile akuthola njengokuhlangenwe nakho okuzuzisayo, naphezu kobunzima bawo. Ubuhlungu bokuziyeka babukeka bufanele ngenxa yemivuzo ebonakalayo, njengoba kuchazwe yilungu elilodwa: "Bekungelula ukuhamba, kepha bekukufanele ngokuphelele" (061, 31 iminyaka). Izinzuzo ezithile ezichazwe zifaka phakathi ukukhuphuka komqondo wokulawula, kanye nokuthuthuka ekusebenzeni kwengqondo, ezenhlalo nezocansi.

Ukuthola Ukulawula kabusha

Inzuzo enkulu ebonwayo yokuziyeka echazwe ngamanye amalungu igxile ekutholeni kabusha umuzwa wokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi kanye / noma impilo yabo iyonke. Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuyeka, la malungu abike ukwehla kwesibindi, ukulangazelela, kanye / noma ukuphoqeleka maqondana nokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile:

Izifiso zami zobulili ezingcolile ziphansi kakhulu futhi kulula indlela yokulwa nezifiso zami. Ngithola angikaze ngicabange ngakho nhlobo manje. Ngijabule kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kuqalisa kabusha kube nomthelela kimi ebengikufuna kabi. (061, 31 iminyaka)

Ukugwema ngempumelelo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile isikhathi esithile kubikwe futhi ukuthi kuzoholela ekutheni kukhule ukuzithiba ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuzithiba kocansi (isb. "Kubukeka sengathi ngithole ukuzithiba okuhle ukugwema izinto ezingcolile ”[004, 18 years]). Amanye amalungu abe nomuzwa wokuthi ngenxa yokuzithiba ekusebenziseni kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, lo muzwa omusha wokuzithiba udlulele nakwezinye izingxenye zempilo yabo.

I-Array of Psychological, Social, kanye Nezinzuzo Zocansi

Amalungu amaningi abike ukuthi ahlangabezana nemiphumela ehlukahlukene yokuqonda-ethintekayo kanye / noma ngokomzimba abathi ibangelwa ukuzithiba. Imiphumela emihle ejwayelekile ehlobene nokuthuthuka kokusebenza kwansuku zonke, kufaka phakathi isimo esithuthukisiwe, amandla akhuphukile, ukucaca kwengqondo, ukugxila, ukuzethemba, ukugqugquzela, kanye nokukhiqiza (isb. "Azikho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, akukho ukushaya indlwabu futhi nganginamandla amaningi, ukucaca ngokwengeziwe kwengqondo, injabulo eyengeziwe, ukukhathala okuncane" [024, iminyaka engu-21]). Amanye amalungu abonile ukuthi ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuholele ekuzizweleni ngokweqile ngokomzwelo nasekhonweni lokuzwa imizwa yabo ngokujulile (isib. "Ngizizwa nje ngezinga elijulile. ngomsebenzi, abangani, ezikhathini ezedlule, kube namagagasi emizwa, emihle nemibi, kepha kuyinto enhle" [019, iminyaka engu-26]). Kwabanye, lokhu kuholele kokuhlangenwe nakho okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokukwazi ukuzizwa benjabulo kusuka kokuhlangenwe nakho okuvamile kwansuku zonke (isb., “Ingqondo yami ingajabula kakhulu ngezinto ezincane nezinto ezingezona injabulo emsulwa… njengokuzijabulisa noma ukubhala iphepha noma ukudlala imidlalo" [024, iminyaka engu-21]). Inothi, amalungu amaningi eqenjini lobudala be-18-29 abike imiphumela emihle ngesikhathi sokuziyeka (n = 16) kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu eminyaka yobudala, 30-39 (n = 7) no- ≥ 40 (n = 2).

Imiphumela emihle ebonwayo yokuyeka ubudlelwano bezenhlalo nayo yabikwa. Ukuzibandakanya okwandisiwe kwabikwa ngamanye amalungu, kanti amanye achaza ikhwalithi yobudlelwano ethuthukisiwe kanye nomqondo owengeziwe wokuxhumana nabanye (isb. "Ngizizwa ngisondelene nomkami kunalokho enginakho esikhathini eside" [069, 30s]). Enye inzuzo ejwayelekile ebangelwa ukuzithiba egxile ekuthuthukisweni okubonakalayo ekusebenzeni kocansi. Amanye amalungu abike ukwanda kwesifiso sobulili obuhlukanisiwe, obekumelela ukusuka kokumukeleka ekubeni nentshisekelo yokushaya indlwabu ezithombeni ezingcolile (isb. "Nganginamahloni kakhulu kodwa into enhle ukuthi nganginamahloni ngokuhlangenwe nakho kocansi nomunye umuntu. Ukungathandi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubangele i-orgasm" [083, iminyaka engu-45]). Ukwanda kobuzwe nokuziphendulela kwabikwa ngamanye amalungu. Kumalungu angama-42 abike ubunzima be-erectile ekuqaleni komzamo wokuyeka, uhhafu (n = 21) ibike okungenani ukuthuthuka okuthile ekusebenzeni kwe-erectile ngemuva kokuyeka isikhashana. Amanye amalungu abike ukubuyiswa okuyingxenye komsebenzi we-erectile (isb., “Kwakungokwakhiwa okungama-60% kuphela, kepha okwakubalulekile ukuthi kwakukhona” [iminyaka engu-076, 52]), kanti amanye abika ukubuyiswa okuphelele komsebenzi we-erectile (isib. , "Ngiye ocansini nomkami bobabili ngoLwesihlanu ebusuku nangobusuku bokugcina, futhi zombili lezi zikhathi bekungukuvinjelwa okungu-10/10 okwahlala isikhathi eside impela" [069, 30 years]). Amanye amalungu abuye abika ukuthi ucansi lwalumnandi futhi lwenelisa kakhulu kunakuqala (isib. “Ngibe nezikhathi ezimbili (ngoMgqibelo nangoLwesithathu) ubulili obedlula bonke eminyakeni emine” [062, 37 years]).

Isifundo samanje sekhwalithi sihlolisise okwenzekile kokuziyeka phakathi kwamalungu esithangami se-inthanethi "sokuvuselela". Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Thematic kwamajenali okuziyeka esithangamini kuveze izingqikithi ezine eziyinhloko (ezinama-subthemes ayisishiyagalolunye): (1) ukuzithiba kuyisixazululo sezinkinga ezihlobene nezithombe zocansi, (2) kwesinye isikhathi ukuziyeka kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, (3) ukuzithiba kutholakala ngezinsizakusebenza ezifanele, futhi (4) ukuzithiba kunomvuzo uma kuqhubeka nakho. Okunikelwe kakhulu kulokhu kuhlaziywa ukuthi kukhanyisa ukuthi kungani amalungu ezinkundla "zokuqalisa kabusha" ezibandakanya "ukuqala kabusha" kwasekuqaleni, nokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho "kokuqalisa kabusha" kunjani kumalungu ngokokubona kwawo.

Izisusa "Zokuqalisa kabusha"

Okokuqala, ukuhlaziywa kwethu kukhanyisa ukuthi yini egqugquzela abantu ukuthi baqale "ukuqala kabusha" kwasekuqaleni. Ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakubhekwa njengesixazululo esinengqondo ezinkingeni zabo (Ingqikithi 1) ngoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi kwaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu ezimpilweni zabo. Izinhlobo ezintathu zemiphumela emibi ebonwayo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyizizathu ezikhonjwe njalo zokuthi "ukuqala kabusha": (1) ukubonwa njengomlutha (n = 73), (2) ubunzima bezocansi okukholelwa ukuthi (kungenzeka) benziwa yizithombe zocansi (n = 44), kanye (3) nemiphumela emibi engokwengqondo neyenhlalo ebangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (n = 31). Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi lezi zinkuthazo bezingafani neze. Isibonelo, amalungu e-32 abike ukuthi anakho ukulutha kwezithombe zocansi kanye nobunzima bezocansi. Ngasikhathi sinye, lokhu bekusho ukuthi kunenani lamalungu (n = 17) ukubika ubunzima bezocansi obubangelwa ucansi ngaphandle kokubika ukuthi ungumlutha wezithombe zocansi.

Amalungu akholelwa ukuthi ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakwazi ukuguqula imiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ebuchosheni, futhi le nkolelo yakhelwe ekwakhiweni kwemiqondo yezinzwa, njenge-neuroplasticity. Yize ukusetshenziswa kolimi lwe-neuroscience ukwenza umqondo ngemizabalazo ehlobene nezithombe zocansi akuyona eyingqayizivele, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ekuhlaziyweni kwekhwalithi yangaphambilini ngamasampula enkolo (IBurke & Haltom, 2020; Perry, 2019), kungahle kube yisici somphakathi "wokuqalisa kabusha", unikezwe isiko "lokuqalisa kabusha" okungenzeka ukuthi lithuthukile (futhi lakhiwa) ukwanda kwamasayithi akwi-inthanethi okusabalalisa imininingwane ngemiphumela emibi yezithombe zocansi ebuchosheni (Taylor , 2019, 2020) ikakhulukazi ngamanani anethonya ahlonishwa yilabo abasemphakathini "wokuqalisa kabusha" (uHartmann, 2020). Ngakho-ke, izisusa zamalungu zokuzama “ukuqala kabusha” njengekhambi le-PPU kungenzeka futhi ukuthi zithonywe “ukuqalisa phansi” amasiko kanye nezinkambiso esezakhiwe ngenxa yokwazi okuhlangene kokuhlangenwe nakho nemibono yamalungu (ikakhulukazi abadala), kanye ithonya lezibalo ezivelele ezithinte ukunyakaza "kokuqalisa kabusha".

Inothi, ukungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha (Grubbs & Perry, 2019) bekuyisizathu esishiwo kaningi “sokuqalisa kabusha” kule sampuli (n = 4), okuphakamisa ukuthi (ngokujwayelekile) amalungu `` okuqala kabusha '' izinkundla angahle abe nezisusa ezahlukahlukene zokugwema ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu benkolo abenza lokho ikakhulu ngezizathu zokuziphatha (isb., Diefendorf, 2015). Noma kunjalo, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha kungathonya izinqumo zokugwema ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akunqatshwa ngaphandle kocwaningo olulandelwayo olubuza ngokusobala amalungu ukuthi azivumelani yini nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Futhi, ukuhlaziywa kwamanje kuphakamisa ukuthi amanye amalungu kwizithangami "zokuqalisa kabusha" anganquma ukuyeka ukushaya indlwabu (cf. Imhoff & Zimmer, 2020) ngokuyinhloko ngesizathu esizwakalayo sokuzisiza ukuthi bahlale bengavumi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ngoba bayabona ukuthi ukushaya indlwabu ngesikhathi "sokuqalisa kabusha" kubanga izifiso zobulili ezingcolile), futhi hhayi ngenxa yenkolelo yezinzuzo zangaphakathi zokugcinwa kwesidoda (isb., “amandla amakhulu” njengokuzethemba namandla kazibuthe wezocansi), abanye abacwaningi abakubone kuyisisekelo semibono yeNoFap (Hartmann, 2020; UTaylor noJackson, 2018).

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe- "Rebooting"

Okwesibili, ukuhlaziywa kwethu kukhombisa ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho "kokuqalisa kabusha" kunjani ngokombono wamalungu — ukufezekisa ngempumelelo nokugcina ukuziyeka ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kunzima kakhulu (Isihloko 2), kepha kuyenzeka uma umuntu ekwazi ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela efanele kwemithombo (Ingqikithi 3). Uma kuqhubeka nokuzithiba, kungaklomelisa futhi kuwufanele umzamo (Ingqikithi 4).

Ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlangana kwezimo zezemvelo nezemvelo, kanye nokubonakaliswa kwezimo ezinjengomlutha (okungukuthi, izimpawu ezifana nokuhoxa, ukulangazelela, nokulahlekelwa ukulawula / ukubuyela emuva) ngesikhathi sokuziyeka (Brand et al ., 2019; UFernandez et al., 2020). Amalungu angaphezu kwesigamu aqopha okungenani ukuphela kwesikhathi esisodwa ngesikhathi sokuzama ukuyeka. Ukweqeka kungenzeka kube ngumphumela wamandla omkhuba (isb., Ukufinyelela izithombe zocansi ku "autopilot"), noma kuncishiswe izifiso ezinamandla ezizizwe zinzima futhi kunzima ukumelana nazo. Izici ezintathu eziyinhloko zibe nomthelela ekuvuthweni nasekuqineni kwezifiso ezitholwa ngamalungu: (1) ukutholakala kwezimpawu zangaphandle zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ikakhulukazi izinkomba ezibukwayo zocansi noma izinkomba zesimo njengokuhlala wedwa egumbini lomuntu), (2) imikhondo yangaphakathi yezithombe zocansi ukusetshenziswa (ikakhulukazi ukuthinteka okungekuhle, okuyizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezake zasetshenziselwa ukuzelapha ngaphambi "kokuqalisa kabusha"), kanye (3) "nomphumela wokujaha" -izifiso ezazingumphumela wanoma ikuphi ukuhlanganyela ocansini okwenziwa ngesikhathi sokudakwa. Amalungu amaningi eqenjini elidala kunawo wonke (iminyaka eyi-18-29) abike ukuthi abhekene nomthelela omubi futhi okungenani kuphele okukodwa ngesikhathi sokuziqhathanisa uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu eminyaka yobudala. Incazelo eyodwa engaba khona yalokhu kutholakala ukuthi ngoba i-libido ithanda ukuba phezulu kuleli qembu lobudala uma iqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu amabili eminyaka (iBeutel, iStöbel ‐ Richter, neBrähler, 2008), kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengendawo yokuya ocansini. Enye incazelo engenzeka ukuthi ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuba nzima kakhulu lapho umuntu eqala ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yokuncika okukhulu ekuziphatheni okukhulayo. Le ncazelo ifinyelela kokutholakele kwakamuva ukuthi iminyaka yokuqala ukutholakala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile yayihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Dwulit & Rzymski, I-2019b), yize kudingeka olunye ucwaningo ukuze kuchazwe ubudlelwane obukhona phakathi kweminyaka yobudala yokuvezwa kokuqala kwezithombe zocansi ne-PPU.

Okubalulekile, okuhlangenwe nakho kwamalungu kukhombisile ukuthi ukuzithiba, yize kunzima, kufinyeleleka ngokuhlanganiswa okulungile kwezinsizakusebenza zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Amalungu ngokuvamile ayenobuhlakani bokuzama amasu nezinsizakusebenza ezahlukahlukene zokuvikela ukubuyela emuva. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, amalungu akhe imithombo ebanzi yezinsizakusebenza zangaphakathi ezisebenzayo (okungukuthi, amasu okuqonda-wokuziphatha) esikhathini sokuyeka. Inzuzo yale ndlela yokulinga nephutha ukuthi amalungu akwazi ukwenza ngokwezifiso, uhlelo lokululama olubasebenzele. Kodwa-ke, iphutha elilodwa lokuzama ukulinga nephutha ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi kwaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamasu wokuvikela ukubuyela emuva angasebenzi. Isibonelo, ukuzama ukucindezela imicabango yezithombe zocansi kwakuyisu elijwayelekile langaphakathi elisetshenziselwa ukubhekana nemicabango engathandeki yezithombe zocansi kanye nezifiso zezithombe zocansi. Ukucindezelwa komcabango kukhonjiswe njengecebo lokulawula imicabango elingakhiqizi ngoba liholela emiphumeleni ebuyayo, okungukuthi, ukwanda kwaleyo micabango ecindezelwe (bheka u-Efrati, 2019; Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White, 1987). Iqiniso lokuthi leli kwakuyisu elijwayelekile kakhulu lisikisela ukuthi abantu abaningi abazama ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle komongo wokwelashwa ochwepheshe, bangahlanganyela ngokungazi kumasu angasebenzi njengokucindezelwa komcabango, futhi bangazuza ekufundisweni kwengqondo mayelana nokuthi ungaziphatha kanjani ngempumelelo izifiso ngesikhathi ukuzithiba. Lesi sibonelo esithile (kanye nezinselelo ezahlukahlukene amalungu abhekene nazo ngenkathi "eqala kabusha") kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokungenelela okuxhaswe ngamandla okwenziwa, ukucolisiswa, nokusatshalaliswa yinkambu ukusiza abantu abane-PPU ekulawuleni kahle ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi. Ukungenelela okufundisa amakhono asekelwe ekucabangeni, ngokwesibonelo, kubonakala kufaneleke kakhulu ukubhekana nezinselelo eziningi ezitholwa amalungu (UVan Gordon, Shonin, noGriffiths, 2016). Ukufunda ngokungamukeli ukwahlulela ulwazi lokulangazelela ilukuluku esikhundleni sokukucindezela kungaba yindlela ephumelelayo yokubhekana nokulangazelela (iTimehig & Crosby, 2010; I-Witkiewitz, Bowen, Douglas, ne-Hsu, 2013). Ukuhlakulela ukucabanga ngokulahla kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo okuholela ekuphelelweni amandla (Witkiewitz et al., 2014). Ukwenza ucansi olunengqondo (iBlycker & Potenza, 2018; Ihholo, 2019; UVan Gordon et al., 2016) kungavumela ukulungiswa kwempendulo yezocansi ngale kwezindlela ezihlobene nezithombe zocansi ukuze umsebenzi wezocansi uthokozelwe ngaphandle kokuncika ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kanye nefantasy ehlobene nezocansi (isb. ukushaya indlwabu ngaphandle kokudinga ukukhumbula izithombe ezingcolile).

Ngokuya ngezinsizakusebenza zangaphandle, ukusebenzisa imigoqo ekufinyeleleni kwezithombe zocansi, njengokuvimba izinhlelo, kuchazwe njengokusiza ngandlela thile. Kodwa-ke, ukwesekwa kwezenhlalo nokuziphendulela kubonakale kuyizinsizakusebenza zangaphandle ebezisiza kakhulu emalungelweni amalungu okuqhubeka nokuzithiba. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana nokuhlaziywa kwangaphambilini kwekhwalithi okubandakanya amasampula ahlukahlukene (Cavaglion, 2008, Perry, 2019; Ševčíková et al., 2018) eziveze indima ebalulekile yokusekelwa komphakathi ekusizeni ukuzithiba ngempumelelo. Isithangami "sokuqalisa kabusha" uqobo lwaso bekungumthombo obaluleke kakhulu osetshenziswe ngamalungu abenze bakwazi ukugcina ukuziyeka ngempumelelo. Ngokwabelana ngokwethembeka okwenzeka kubo kumajenali abo, ukufunda amajenali amanye amalungu, nokuthola imilayezo ekhuthazayo evela kwamanye amalungu kubonakale kunikeza umuzwa oqinile wokusekelwa kwezenhlalakahle kanye nokuziphendulela ngaphandle kokuntuleka kokuxhumana ubuso nobuso. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kwangempela kuzithangami eziku-inthanethi kunganikeza enye indlela engahle ibe nenzuzo ngokulinganayo kumaqembu osizo kubantu (isb., Amaqembu ezinyathelo eziyi-12). Ukungaziwa okuhlinzekwa yilezi zinkundla eziku-inthanethi kungaba lusizo ngoba kungahle kube lula kubantu abanezinkinga ezibandlululayo noma ezinamahloni ukwamukela izinkinga zabo futhi bathole ukwesekwa online ngokungafani nobuso bomuntu (Putnam & Maheu, 2000). Ukutholakala njalo kwesithangami kuqinisekisile ukuthi amalungu angathumela kumajenali awo noma nini lapho kunesidingo. Okuxakayo ukuthi izici (ukufinyeleleka, ukungaziwa, kanye nokutholakala kwemali; Cooper, 1998) okube nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga kwamalungu kwasekuqaleni kwakuyizici ezifanayo ezengeza kunani lokwelapha lesithangami futhi manje bezisiza ukululama kwabo kulezi zinkinga (iGriffiths, 2005).

Amalungu aphikelela ekuziyekeleni ngokuvamile athola ukuthi ukungazitholi kuba yinto ezuzisayo futhi abika uhla lwezinzuzo ezithile abezisho ukuthi ziyekela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Imiphumela ebonakalayo efana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezithibayo ukuzithiba (Kraus, Rosenberg, Martino, Nich, & Potenza, 2017) noma ukukhuphuka komuzwa wokuzithiba ngokujwayelekile (Muraven, 2010) bachazwe ngamanye amalungu ngemuva kwezikhathi zokuphumelela zokuyeka. Ukuthuthuka okubonakalayo kokusebenza kwengqondo nokusebenza komphakathi (isb., Isimo esithuthukisiwe, ukukhushulwa okwandisiwe, ubudlelwane obuthuthukisiwe) nokusebenza kocansi (isb., Ukwanda kokuzwela ngocansi nokusebenza okuthuthukile kwe-erectile) nakho kuchaziwe.

Ukuziqeda njengokungenelela kokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile

Uhla olubanzi lwemiphumela emihle ebikiwe yokuyeka amalungu ngamalungu lukhombisa ukuthi ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka kube ukungenelela okuhle kwe-PPU. Kodwa-ke, ukuthi ngabe ngayinye yalezi zinzuzo ezibonakalayo ibangelwe ikakhulukazi ekususweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile azikwazi ukuzinza ngokucacile ngaphandle kokucwaninga okulandelwayo kusetshenziswa imiklamo engaba khona yobude obude nobokuhlola. Isibonelo, ezinye izinto ezingenelelayo ngesikhathi sokuziyeka njengokwenza ushintsho lwendlela yokuphila enhle, ukuthola ukwesekwa esithangamini, noma ukuzikhuza ngokwedlulele kungaba nomthelela emiphumeleni emihle yengqondo. Noma, izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ezingokwengqondo (isb., Ukuncipha kokudangala noma ukukhathazeka) kanye / noma izinguquko ezenzweni zocansi (isb., Ukunciphisa imvamisa yokushaya indlwabu) ngesikhathi sokuziyeka bekungaba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kocansi. Izifundo ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe zesikhathi esizayo ezihlukanisa imiphumela yokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (UFernandez et al., 2020; I-Wilson, 2016) ikakhulukazi kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngabe ngayinye yalezi zinzuzo ezicatshangelwayo zingabangelwa ngokusobala ekususweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokukhethekile, nokunquma izincazelo eziguquguqukayo zesithathu zalezi zinzuzo ezibonakalayo. Futhi, ukwakhiwa kwamanje kokutadisha kuvunyelwe ikakhulukazi ukubonwa kwemiphumela emihle ebonwayo yokuzithiba, futhi kungaphansi kwemiphumela emibi ebonwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isampula lidlulisele phambili amalungu athola ukuzithiba nokuxhumana kweforamu eku-inthanethi kuzuzisa, futhi ngenxa yalokho kungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi aqhubeke nokuzithiba futhi aqhubeke nokuthumela kumajenali abo. Amalungu athola ukuyeka ukuzibandakanya kanye / noma ukuxhumana kweforamu online kungasizi kungenzeka avele amisa ukuthumela kumajenali abo esikhundleni sokuchaza okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nemibono yabo engemihle, ngakho-ke angavezwa ekuhlaziyweni kwethu. Ukuze ukuziyeka (kanye "nokuqalisa kabusha") kuhlolwe kahle njengokungenelela kwe-PPU, kubalulekile ukuthi uqale uhlolisise ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini imiphumela emibi noma engaba nemiphumela yokuziyeka njengenhloso yokungenela kanye / noma ukusondela emgomweni wokuyeka ngandlela thile . Isibonelo, ukukhathazeka ngokweqile ngenhloso yokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (noma yini engadala imicabango kanye / noma izifiso zezithombe zocansi) kungakhuphula ngokumangazayo ukukhathazeka ngezithombe zocansi (IBorgogna neMcDermott, 2018; I-Moss, i-Erskine, i-Albery, i-Allen, ne-Georgiou, 2015; Perry, 2019; Wegner, 1994), noma ukuzama ukuziyeka ngaphandle kokufunda amakhono aphumelelayo okubhekana nokubhekana nokuhoxa, ukunxanela noma ukuphelelwa amandla, kungenza ingozi enkulu kunokuhle (UFernandez et al., 2020). Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo oluphenya ngokuzithiba njengendlela ye-PPU kufanele lubhekane nemiphumela emibi engaba khona ngaphezu kwemiphumela emihle engaba khona.

Okokugcina, iqiniso lokuthi ukuzithiba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kunzima kangaka kuphakamisa umbuzo obalulekile abacwaningi nabezempilo okufanele bawucabangele-ingabe ukuyeka ngokuphelele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyadingeka njalo ukubhekana ne-PPU? Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kubonakale kunokucatshangelwa okuncane phakathi kwamalungu ngenqubo yokunciphisa / elawulwayo yokuthola kabusha ezinkingeni ezihlobene nezithombe zocansi (esikhundleni sendlela yokuzithiba) ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi ukusetshenziswa okulawulwayo akunakufinyeleleka ngenxa yokulutha kwezithombe zocansi —Okukhumbuza indlela esinezinyathelo eziyi-12 yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziluthayo / eziphoqayo (u-Efrati & Gola, 2018). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphakathi kokungenelela komtholampilo kwe-PPU, imigomo yokusetshenziswa / yokulawula elawulwayo ibonwe njengenye indlela evumelekile yezinhloso zokuziyeka (isb., Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Abanye abacwaningi muva nje baphakamise ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ukuzithiba kungahle kungabi yinjongo yokungenelela enengqondo kunazo zonke kubantu abane-PPU, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi ungabonakala unzima kangakanani, futhi baphakamise ukubeka phambili imigomo efana nokuzamukela nokwamukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile sebenzisa ngaphezulu kokuziyeka (bona iSniewski & Farvid, 2019). Okutholakele kwethu kuphakamisa ukuthi kubantu abanesifiso sangaphakathi sokuhlala begwema ngokuphelele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuziyeka, noma kunzima, kungazuzisa uma kuqhubeka nakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwamukelwa nokuzithiba akudingeki kube yizinhloso ezihlangene - umsebenzisi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile angafunda ukuzemukela yena kanye nesimo sakhe ngenkathi efisa ukuhlala engenzi lutho uma impilo engenazo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile iyaziswa (Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Kodwa-ke, uma ukunciphisa / ukusetshenziswa okulawulwayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kufinyeleleka futhi kukwazi ukuveza imiphumela efanayo enenzuzo ekuziqedeni, khona-ke ukuziyeka kungenzeka kungadingeki kuzo zonke izimo. Ucwaningo lwezobuciko besikhathi esizayo oluqhathanisa ukuzithiba uma kuqhathaniswa nokuncishiswa / ukulawulwa kokulawulwa kwezinhloso zokusebenzisa kuyadingeka ukucacisa ngokucacile izinzuzo kanye / noma iziphambeko zendlela yokuthola ukwelashwa kusuka ku-PPU, futhi kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo lapho umuntu engancamela enye (isib., Ukuziyeka kungadala ngcono imiphumela yamacala abucayi kakhulu we-PPU).

Amandla Okutadisha Nemikhawulo

Amandla wesifundo samanje afaka: (1) ukuqoqwa kwedatha okungabonakali okuqede ukusebenza kabusha; (2) ukuhlaziywa kwamajenali esikhundleni sama-akhawunti wangaphambilini wokuzilahla okwanciphisa ukubandlululwa kokukhumbula; kanye (3) nenqubo ebanzi yokufakwa kufaka phakathi ububanzi bamaqembu obudala, isikhathi sokuzama ukuzithiba, kanye nezinhloso zokuziyeka ezivumela ukwenziwa kwemephu kokujwayelekile kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuziyeka kuzo zonke lezi zinto eziguqukayo. Kodwa-ke, isifundo futhi sinemikhawulo yemvume yokugunyazwa. Okokuqala, ukuqoqwa kwedatha okungabonakali kwakusho ukuthi asikwazanga ukubuza amalungu imibuzo mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo; ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwethu kunqunyelwe kokuqukethwe amalungu akhethe ukubhala ngakho kumajenali abo. Okwesibili, ukuhlolwa okuzithobayo kwezimpawu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezijwayelekile kukhawulela ukuthembeka kwemibiko yamalungu. Isibonelo, ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi izimpendulo zombuzo othi "Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi une-erectile dysfunction?" akuhambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi ne-International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5; Rosen, Cappelleri, Smith, Lipsky, & Pena, 1999) izikolo (Wu et al., 2007).

Isiphetho

Ucwaningo lwamanje lunikeza ukuqonda kokuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyingxenye yenhlangano "yokuqalisa kabusha" abazama ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yezinkinga ezizibonayo ezihlobene nezocansi. Okutholakele ocwaningweni lwamanje kuyasiza kubaphenyi nakumtholampilo ukuthola ukuqonda okujulile (1) kwezinkinga ezithile eziqhuba inani elandayo labasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi ukuba bagweme izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ezingazisa ukucabanga ngomtholampilo kwe-PPU, futhi (2) yini isipiliyoni "sokuqalisa kabusha" sifana, esingaqondisa ukwakhiwa kokungenelela okusebenzayo kwe-PPU futhi kwazise ukuqonda kokuziyeka njengokungenelela kwe-PPU. Kodwa-ke, noma iziphi iziphetho ezivela ekuhlaziyweni kwethu kufanele zithathwe ngokuqapha ngenxa yemikhawulo etholakala endleleni yokufunda (okungukuthi, ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yemithombo yesibili). Izifundo zokulandelela ezithatha ngenkuthalo amalungu omphakathi "wokuqalisa kabusha" futhi zisebenzise imibuzo ehleliwe yocwaningo / yenhlolokhono ziyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwalokhu kuhlaziywa nokuphendula imibuzo ethize yocwaningo mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengendlela yokululama kusuka I-PPU.

1. 1.

   Amaforamu anesiqalo esithi “r /” aziwa njenge- “subreddits,” imiphakathi eku-inthanethi kuwebhusayithi yezokuxhumana iReddit ezinikele esihlokweni esithile.

2. 2.

   Yize kunesigaba esizinikele esithangamini samalungu esithangami sabesifazane, iningi lamaphephandaba lalingamalungu eforamu labesilisa. Lokhu kungalingani kwesilinganiso samaphephabhuku abesilisa kungabonisa ucwaningo lwangaphambilini olukhombisa ukuthi amadoda abika amanani aphakeme kakhulu wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (isb., Hald, 2006; UKvalem et al., 2014; Regnerus et al., 2016), I-PPU (isb., IGrubbs et al., 2019a; Kor et al., 2014), nokufuna ukwelashwa kwe-PPU (Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017) uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane. Ukunikezwa kocwaningo lwangaphambilini lokubika umehluko ophawulekayo wobulili kubabikezeli bokufuna ukwelashwa kwe-PPU (isb., Inani lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kanye nenkolo kwakuyizibikezelo ezibalulekile zokufuna ukwelashwa kwabesifazane, kodwa hhayi kwabesilisa — uGola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; U-Lewczuk et al., 2017), kungahle kube khona nokwehluka okubalulekile ekugqugquzelweni kokuziyeka nokuhlangenwe nakho phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kuzinkundla "zokuqalisa kabusha".

3. 3.

   Sikhethe iphoyinti lokunqunywa lezinyanga eziyi-12 njengoba kungalindelwa ngokufanele ukuthi imiphumela ebonakalayo "yokuqalisa kabusha" izobonakala kungakapheli unyaka wokuqala wokuzama ukuyeka. Amajenali achaza imizamo yesikhathi eside yokuzithiba (> izinyanga eziyi-12), ngenxa yokuthi mide kangakanani futhi inemininingwane eminingi, kuzodinga uphenyo olwehlukile lokuhlaziya inani elincane eliphelele lamajenali, ngokufanele ngendlela yokuhlola imininingwane.

4. 4.

   Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi amalungu abengaphenduli ohlwini lwemibuzo oluhleliwe, akunakwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi ingabe isampula lonke labelane ngalo (noma alabelananga) ngesipiliyoni esifanayo uma bengalibikanga. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho kubalwa imvamisa noma amagama abonisa imvamisa abikwa, aqondakala kangcono njengengxenye encane yamalungu esampula abike okwenziwayo, kodwa inani langempela labantu abanolwazi belingaba likhulu.

Ukubambisana

1. UMnyango Wezengqondo, iNottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK

   UDavid P. Fernandez, uDaria J. Kuss noMark D. Griffiths

Ukuxhumana kuya UDavid P. Fernandez.

Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo

Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi abanakho ukuphikisana kwezintshisekelo.

I-Consent Informed

Njengoba lolu cwaningo lwalusebenzisa idatha engaziwa, etholakala esidlangalaleni, kwathathwa njengokukhishwa kwimvume enolwazi yikomidi lokuziphatha lokucwaninga laseNottingham Trent University.

Ukwamukelwa kokuziphatha

Zonke izinqubo ezenziwa ezifundweni ezibandakanya ababambiqhaza abangabantu zazihambisana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha zesikhungo kanye / noma nekomidi locwaningo lukazwelonke kanye neSimemezelo Sika-1964 saseHelsinki kanye nezichibiyelo zaso zakamuva noma izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezifanayo.

Inothi Lomshicileli

I-Springer Nature ihlala ingathathi hlangothi ngokuphathelene nezimangalo zeziphathimandla kumamephu ashicilelwe kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenzisana nazo.

Bheka Ithebula 4.

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