Ukusekelwa okungokomthetho kwe- "The Great Porn Experiment" - I-TEDx Glasgow (2012): Ikhasi 1

Isingeniso

Leli khasi, futhi a Ikhasi lesibili, unikeze ukwesekwa okusemthethweni kwezimangalo ezifakiwe Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa | Gary Wilson | I-TEDxGlasgow (futhi I-Demise of Guys, nguFiliphu Zimbardo). Islayidi ngayinye ye-PowerPoint kanye nombhalo ohambisanayo uhambisana (1) okushiwo okokuqala / imithombo, okulandelwa yizifundo ezisekelayo (2) kanye nobufakazi bemitholampilo eshicilelwe eminyakeni engenele. Ama-Slides 1 nge-17 angezansi. Leli khasi lesibili liqukethe i-slides 18 nge-35.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela lokho Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa yaqedwa yathunyelwa ku-TEDx ngoDisemba 2011, ngenkathi inkulumo yanikezwa ngoMashi, 2012. Le nkulumo ye-TEDx yayiphendula ngqo kuPhilip Zimbardo "Ukudutshulwa kwamaGay”Inkulumo ye-TED, izilaleli zaseGlasgow ezibuke ngaphambi nje kwenkulumo.

Kusukela ngoDisemba 2011, inhlangano enkulu yokucwaninga okusekelayo kanye nobufakazi bempilo sekufikile ukusekela Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa iziqinisekiso ezintathu eziyinhloko, eziyizi:

  1. I-porn ye-intanethi ingabangela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi;
  2. Ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi kungaholela ekuguqulweni kwengqondo okuhlobene nokulutha kwezidakamizwa ze-3 ekhonjiswe ekudakwa kwezidakamizwa; futhi
  3. Ukusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-intanethi kungase kukhulume izimo ezithile ezingokomqondo nezingokomzwelo (izinkinga zokuhlushwa, ukukhathazeka komphakathi, ukucindezeleka, njll).

Okulandelayo yi isifinyezo esifushane ubufakazi obunyakazo kanye nempilo ephathelene nokusekela izimangalo ezenziwe ku Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa

1) Ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi kungabangela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi:

2) Ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi kungaholela ekuguqulweni kobuchopho obuhlobene no-3 obubhekene nezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa:

Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa kubhalwe ukulutha kwezintambo eziyishumi "izifundo zobuchopho," okwakusekela umbono wami wokuthi ukulutha kwe-inthanethi (kanye nama-subtypes okulutha kwe-inthanethi afana nokudlala kanye ne-porn) kukhona futhi kufaka izindlela ezifanayo eziyisisekelo nokushintsha kobuchopho njengezinye izidakamizwa. Lo mkhakha wokutadisha ukhula kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-2019, kukhona ukulutha kwe-inthanethi okungama-350 "kwezifundo zobuchopho." Bonke babika okutholakele kwemizwa nokushintsha kobuchopho kwizidakamizwa ze-intanethi ezihambisana nemodeli yokulutha (uhlu lwe Ukulutha kwe-inthanethi "izifundo zobuchopho"). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kwezifundo eziningana zokulutha izidakamizwa ze-intanethi kusekela isimangalo sokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kubangela (kwezinye) izimpawu ezifana nokucindezeleka, i-ADHD, ukukhathazeka, njll Uhlu lwezifundo ezinjalo: Izifundo ezibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi nokusetshenziswa kocansi kubangela izimpawu nezinguquko zobuchopho.

Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa kuchaze izinguquko ezintathu ezinkulu zobuchopho ezenzeka ngobudakamizwa bezocansi: (1) Ukwehliswa kweSenitization, (2), kanye ne-3. Kusukela ngo-Mashi, i-2012, ucwaningo oluningi lwezinzwa kwabasebenzisi be-porn kanye nezilonda zobulili be-porn lushicilelwe. Zonke lezi zinguquko ezintathu zobuchopho ziye zabonakala phakathi Ucwaningo olususelwa ku-54 lwe-neuroscience on abasebenzisi be-porn abasha kanye nabamlutha kwezocansi:

  • Izifundo zokubika ukuzwela (cue-reactivity & cravings) kubasebenzisi be-porn / imilutha yezocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
  • Izifundo ezibika ukungafuni ukuhlala noma ukuhlala (okuholela ekubekezeleleni) kubasebenzisi be-porn / izidakamizwa zocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
  • Izifundo zibika ukusebenza komsebenzi oyisimungulu (ukungazenzisi) noma umsebenzi owenziwe ngokuzithandela kubantu abasebenzisa i-porn / izidakamizwa zocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19.

The Ucwaningo lwe-54 lwe-neuroscience (I-MRI, i-FMRI, i-EEG, i-neuropsychological, i-hormonal) inikeza ukusekelwa okuqinile kwendlela yokulutha, njengoba kwenza Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ezingama-30 zakamuva nezincazelo ngezinye zezazi eziphezulu zezinzwa emhlabeni.

Ngiphinde ngachaza ukukhula noma ukujwayela enkulumweni yami ye-TEDx (okungaba inkomba yokulutha). Izifundo ezinhlanu manje sezibuze abasebenzisi be-porn ikakhulukazi ngokukhuphuka kwezinhlobo ezintsha noma ukubekezelelana, okuqinisekisa zombili (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene eziqondile, noma ama-akhawunti wemitholampilo, izifundo ezengeziwe ze-40 babike ukutholakala okuhambisana nokujwayela "i-porn ejwayelekile" noma ukukhuphukela ezinhlotsheni ezimbi kakhulu futhi ezingavamile.

Ngokuqondene nokuhoxa, lonke ucwaningo olucelile lubike izimpawu zokuhoxa. Okwamanje Izifundo eziyi-13 zibika izimpawu zokuhoxiswa kwabasebenzisi be-porn.

Kuthiwani ngezifundo ze-neurological ezidonsa umlutha we-porn? Lapho azikho. Ngenkathi umbhali oholayo we Prause et al., 2015 wathi isifundo sakhe esisodwa se-EEG samangalela umlutha wobulili ezingcolile, amaphepha e-10 abukezwe ontanga awavumelani: Izibukezo ezibuyekezwa kontanga Prause et al., 2015. Ochwepheshe bezinzwa kulamaphepha basho lokho Prause et al. empeleni bathola ukuxoshwa / ukuhlala (okuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kokulutha), njengoba Ngaphansi Ukusebenza kobuchopho ku-vanilla porn (izithombe) kwakuhlobene okukhulu ukusetshenziswa kocansi. Ngokungangabazeki, i Prause et al. ithimba lizitshele ngesibindi ukuthi likhohlisile imodeli yokulutha izidakamizwa nesigaba esisodwa esithathwe kulokhu Incwadi ka-2016 eya kumhleli. Eqinisweni incwadi ye-Prause ayikhohlisi lutho, njengoba lolu cwaningo olunzulu lubonisa: Incwadi eya kumhleli "Prause et al. (I-2015) i-falsification yakamuva yokubikezela izidakamizwa " (2016).

Kepha 'umlutha wezocansi' awukho kuma-APA I-DSM-5, kunjalo? Lapho i-APA igcine ukuvuselela ibhukwana ku-2013 (I-DSM-5), akuzange acabange ngokuqondile "ukulutha kwezidakamizwa ze-intanethi," esikhundleni sokuthi aphikisana ngokuthi "i-hypersexual disorder." Isikhathi sokugcina senkinga yokuziphatha ngokocansi sanconywa ukuba sifakwe I-DSM-5 Iqoqo leQembu lezokuSebenza ngokocansi emva kweminyaka yokubuyekeza. Kodwa-ke, esimisweni sehora leshumi nanye "ikamelo lezinkanyezi" (ngokusho kwelungu leQembu loMsebenzi), enye I-DSM-5 iziphathimandla zenqabe ukucwasana ngokobulili, echaza izizathu eziye zachazwa njengezingenangqondo.

Ngaphambi nje koku I-DSM-5 ukushicilelwa ku-2013, uThomas Insel, uMqondisi weNational Institute of Health Mental, waxwayisa ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuba insimu yempilo yengqondo ime ukuthembela ku-DSM. Yakhe"ubuthakathaka ukungabi khona kweqiniso, ”Echaza, futhingeke siphumelele uma sisebenzisa izigaba ze-DSM njenge “standard gold."Wanezela,"Yingakho i-NIMH izophinde iphinde iqondise ucwaningo lwayo kude ne-DSMs. ” Ngamanye amagama, i-NIMH ihlele ukumisa ucwaningo ngezimali olususelwa kumalebula e-DSM (nokungabikho kwawo).

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezokwelapha zihamba phambili kwe-APA. I I-American Society of Addiction Medicine (I-ASAM) yathinteka ukuthi yini okufanele ibe yisilumkhuba sokugcina emgodini we-debate wokulutha izidakamizwa ngo-Agasti, i-2011, izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba ngilungise inkulumo yami ye-TEDx. Ochwepheshe be-addiction ephezulu ku-ASAM bakhululwe incazelo eqondile yokulutha. Incazelo entsha yenza amanye amaphuzu amakhulu Ngenza enkulumweni yami. Okuphambili, ukuziphatha ngokweqile kwenzalo kuthinta ubuchopho ngezindlela ezifanayo njengoba izidakamizwa zenza. Ngamanye amazwi, Ukulutha ngokweqile kuyisifo esisodwa (isimo), hhayi eziningi. I-ASAM ichaze ngokucacile lokho ukulutha ukuziphatha kabi ngokocansi kukhona futhi kufanele ngempela kubangelwe izinguquko ezifanayo eziyisisekelo zobuchopho ezitholakala ezidakamizwa ezidakayo.

I-World Health Organization ibonakala ikulungele ukumisa ukuhlukunyezwa kwezombangazwe ze-APA. Umbhalo wezokwelapha wezokwelapha osetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, I-International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), iqukethe ukuxilongwa okusha efanelekile ukulutha izidakamizwa: "Ukucindezeleka Ngokuziphatha Ngokwemvelo. "I-ICD-11 iqukethe ukuxilongwa okusha kokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo: I-inthanethi yokudlala i-disorder.

I-3) Ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi kungabangela izimo ezithile ezingokomzwelo nezingokomzwelo

Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa kuchazwe "I-Other Porn Experiment”Lapho izinsizwa ezaqeda ukusetshenziswa kocansi zabika ukuxolelwa kwezinkinga ezingokomzwelo nezingqondo. I-TGPE iphinde ichaze "ukulutha okuvusa inkanuko" (ukulutha kwe-inthanethi kanye ama-subtypes alo) okwandisa noma obangela izimpawu ezifana nobuchopho bobuchopho, inkinga yokuhlushwa, ukukhathazeka okuvamile, ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka komphakathi. Kuka-2020 kukhona izifundo eziningi zokuxhumana futhi Ucwaningo lwe-90 kusekela lokhu okushiwo.

Ku-2016 uGary Wilson washicilela amaphepha amabili abuyekezwa kontanga:

Qaphela: ezinye izixhumanisi ziyizinguqulo zezifundo ezivela ku-www.yourbrainonporn.com. Izixhumanisi lapho, ziholela ezithombeni nasezifundweni ezigcwele kwenye indawo.

I-POWERPOINT SLIDES 1-17 & UMBHALO OHLANGENE

SLIDE 1

Ukusetshenziselwa kabanzi kwe-porn ye-intanethi kungenye yezinyathelo ezisheshayo, ezisemhlabeni wonke eziqhutshwa ngokungazi lutho.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Yenza umqondo. Ngaphambi kwe-intanethi kwakungavamile kulabo abangaphansi kwe-18 ukuthi babe nokufinyelela okungafinyeleleki kumavidiyo angcolile angcolile. Lo mzamo uzuze ukuthuthukiswa kokusungulwa kwama-tube tube (2006), nama-Smartphones (i-2008), futhi manje i-VR porn.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

TImpembelelo ye-Internet Ezingcolile Ezithombeni Ezisakhulayo: Ukubukeza Ucwaningo (2012) - Ingcaphuno:

Ukukhula kwamuva nje Internetubuchwepheshe obunikwe amandla buye bushintsha kakhulu indlela intsha esikhulakhulile ukuhlangana nokudla izinto ezicacile zobulili.

Ukuxhaswa ngokocansi kanye nezingane zokuphila kanye nezempilo (2017) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukuqukethwe ngokocansi kuvame kakhulu kwimidiya yendabuko, futhi ukuboniswa okungajwayelekile kuyabonisa imithwalo yemfanelo kanye nezingozi (isb. Ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu, ukukhulelwa) okuhlobene nomsebenzi wobulili. Ukuvezwa kokuqukethwe okunjalo kuxhunyaniswe nezinguquko ezimweni zengqondo ngobulili nobulili, ukuqhubekela phambili kokuya ocansini, ukukhulelwa, nokutheleleka ngokocansi phakathi kwentsha. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi oluthile luyatholakala mayelana nabongameli kanye nabalamuleli wale miphumela. Singazi lutho oluthile ngemidiya yedijithali, okuqukethwe kwabo okuphathelene nobulili, kanye nomthelela wabo okhusheni ebusheni. Idatha evela ezifundweni ezimbalwa zobusha abasha ibonisa ukuthi ukubonisa ucansi kumasayithi omphakathi wezokuxhumana kuhlobene nezinkolelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuziphatha phakathi kwalabo abathumela lokhu okuqukethwe naphakathi kwababukeli. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezitholakala ku-intanethi zibonakala ziyinkinga kakhulu ebusheni kunemithombo engekho emgqeni. Njengoba kunikezwe isikhathi esiningi futhi sanda intsha isichitha ku-intanethi futhi ukuvuleka kokuthuthukiswa kwayo kuthonya, ukucwaninga okwengeziwe kocwaningo lwezocansi kuyadingeka.

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-intanethi: Icala elikhethekile. Ubuchwepheshe obusha buye kwandisa ukufinyelela kwentsha yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezi-inthanethi zihluke ezithombeni ezingcolile zesikhathi esidlule ngezindlela ezithile ezibalulekile. Okuqukethwe kwe-intanethi kuhlale ku "ku" futhi kuyaphathwa, kuvumela ukufinyelela kunoma yisiphi isikhathi nendawo. Kungaba ukuhlanganyela futhi kuhlanganyele ngokwengeziwe, ngakho-ke kunokufunda okukhuphuka okungenzeka futhi isikhathi sokuchayeka. Izinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zobudlova noma ngokocansi zivame kakhulu kwi-intanethi kunezinye iziteshi ezithandwayo. Ukubamba iqhaza kuyimfihlo futhi engaziwa, okuvumela izingane nentsha ukuthi zifune izinto ezingenakuzifuna emithonjeni yendabuko. Okokugcina, ukuchayeka kwemithombo ye-intanethi kunzima kakhulu kubazali ukuqapha kunokuba kuvezwe imidiya ezindaweni zendabuko. Ucwaningo lukazwelonke nolwamanye amazwe lubonisa ukuthi ukutholakala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet kuvamile kubafana futhi kungavamile phakathi kwamantombazane.

SLIDE 2

Cishe yonke insizwa encane enohlelo lwe-inthanethi iba isihloko esihlose ukuhlolwa.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Ukusho nje okusobala: ukusakaza i-intanethi porn kuyatholakala kuwo wonke umuntu osemusha onokufinyelela kwe-intanethi.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

Amanani okusetshenziswa kocansi aqhubeke ekhuphuka. Lokhu Ukutadisha kwe-2017 kuma-Australia aphakathi kweminyaka engu-15-29 ithola ukuthi i-100% yamadoda ibheke i-porn. Iphinde yabika ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zibukeka zihambisana nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo.

Lolu cwaningo lwesi-Swedish lwe-2017 lubike ukuthi i-98% yabesilisa abaneminyaka engu-18 ubudala babebukele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Ubudlelwane Phakathi Kokusetshenziswa Kokuqhathaniswa Kokuzilibazisa Okuvamile, Izithandani, Nokukhathazeka Ngokocansi phakathi Kwabantwana Abesilisa ESweden eSweden). Ingcaphuno yocwaningo:

Okutholakele kwethu kukhombisa ukuthi abasebenzisi abajwayelekile bavame ukubika indlela yokuziphatha ehambisana nokuzibeka engcupheni yezocansi okubandakanya iminyaka yobudala ekuqaleni kobulili, ucansi lwendunu, kanye nokuzama ukwenza okubonwe ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile… .. Kususelwa ku-3AM, uma abasebenzisi abajwayele ukuvivinya ucansi izenzo ezibonwa ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile, akuyona into engenakwenzeka ukucabanga ukuthi indlela eyingozi ababone ngayo izenzo ezenziwayo nayo ingafakwa ngaphakathi (kutholakale) futhi kusetshenziswe (isicelo) ezimeni zangempela zempilo.

Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi abasebenzisi abaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile basuke benemibono yezocansi ngesikhathi esincane, bahlanganyele ekuhlanganisweni okubanzi kocansi, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi balwe nobunzima bezocansi kanye nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyizinkinga. Lolu cwaningo lunikeza umzimba ocwaningayo okhulayo ohlinzeka ubufakazi bokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingase zibe nemiphumela emibi ezinganeni.

SLIDE 3

Umcwaningi waseCanada uSimon Lajeunesse uthole ukuthi iningi labafana lifuna izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngeminyaka eyi-10 - eliqhutshwa ubuchopho obuthatheka ngokuzumayo ngocansi. Abasebenzisi babona i-porn ye-Intanethi iphoqelela kakhulu kune-porn yesikhathi esedlule. Kungani kunjalo? Ubusha obungapheli.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Abafana abadala bafuna izithombe zobulili ezingcolile: Isihloko sokuqala ku-Science Daily, lapho uLajeunesse athi iningi labafana lifuna izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho selineminyaka eyi-10. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iLajeunesse yayicela izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili ngonyaka ka-2009 ukuba ikhumbule okwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-10-15 ngaphambili (maphakathi kuya ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990), ngenkathi lapho kunabambalwa abasha abesilisa babenekhompyutha yabo futhi wonke umuntu wayene-dial-up.

I-porn ye-intanethi iphoqelela kakhulu ngenxa yobuhle nezinye izinto:

I-1) Ucwaningo olubika ukuthi izithombe zocansi amabhayisikobho zivusa kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile:

I-2) Amakhulu ezifundo zesilwane nezomuntu asungula ukuthi intsha iyabuyisa futhi ikhulisa i-mesolimbic dopamine. Abambalwa yamuva izifundo:

Intshisekelo Yokufuna Ukulutha Nezidakamizwa Kubantu Nezilwane: Ukusuka Ekuziphatheleni Kuya Ema-Molecule (2016) - Ingcaphuno:

Esikhathini samangqamuzana, konke kokubili okufunayo nokufuna umlutha kulandelwa uhlelo oluyinhloko lokuvuza ebuchosheni. I-Dopamine yi-neurotransmitter eyinhloko ehilelekile ku-substrates evulekile ye-neural yombili imingcele.

Ama-Neurotransmitters kanye Novelty: Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile (i-2016) - Ingcaphuno:

Ubuchopho bethu buphendula kakhulu entweni entsha. Lapha, sibuyekeza ngokuhlelekile izifundo zabahlanganyeli abangabantu ababheke isisekelo se-neuromodulatory sokutholwa nokuqhutshwa kwentsha. Ngenkathi amamodeli nezifundo zethiyori ngezilwane ezingezona ezomuntu zikhombe endimeni yezinhlelo ze-dopaminergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic kanye ne-serotonergic, imibhalo yabantu igxile cishe kuphela kulezi ezimbili zokuqala. I-Dopamine itholwe ukuthi ithinte izimpendulo ze-electrophysiological entweni entsha ekuqaleni kwesikhathi ngemuva kwesethulo se-stimulus….

I-Dopamine ihlehlisa ukuhleleka kokufuna ukuziphatha ngesikhathi sezinqumo Ukwenza izinkawu (2014) - Ingcaphuno:

Umqondo wokuthi i-dopamine ihambisa indlela entsha yokufuna ixhaswa ubufakazi bokuthi i-novel ivuselela i-dopamine neurons futhi isebenzise izifunda zobuchopho zithola ukungena kwe-dopaminergic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-dopamine iboniswa ukushayela ukuziphatha okuhlolisisayo ezindaweni zendawo.

Ukwenyuka kwandisa ukuhlanganiswa komsebenzi we-mesolimbic we-substantia nigra / ventral tegmental endaweni (SN / VTA) ngesikhathi sokulindela umvuzo: Ubufakazi obuvela phezulu-ukulungiswa kwe-fMRI (2011) - Ingcaphuno:

Sikhombisa ukuthi amaqoqo ahlukene phakathi kwengxenye ye-caudal ye-SN / VTA yomphakathi futhi ingxenye yangakwesokudla ye-SN ihlelwe kakhulu ngokulindela umvuzo, kanti ingxenye engaphezulu ye-SN / VTA yangaphakathi ihlelwe yinto entsha.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

Yize kunzima kakhulu ukusungula isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala besilisa kuqala ukufuna izithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi, iminyaka yokufinyelela kokuqala iyehla. Ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo lwe-2008 kubika ukuthi amaphesenti angu-XNUM wabafana abhekene ne-porn ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-14.4. Ngaleso sikhathi izibalo zahlanganiswa ku-2011, ukuvezwa kwesikhashana kwase kuvele kuma-48.7 amaphesenti. A Ucwaningo lwe-2017 olunqamulelayo lwe-Australians yobudala be-15-29 kubika ukuthi amaphesenti angu-69 wabesilisa namaphesenti angu-23 wabesifazane babheka kuqala izithombe ze-porn ngesikhathi be-13 noma bebancane. Bonke abesilisa namaphesenti angu-82 wabesifazane babebukele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi esithile.

Ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo ekusakazeni i-porn ye-intanethi njenge-stimulus ehlukile:

Amanye ama-slides anikezela ukwesekwa kokusakazwa kwe-porn ye-intanethi njenge-stimulus eyingqayizivele: slide i-6, slide i-7, slide i-8, slide i-18.

Ingcaphuno yalokhu kubuyekezwa kontanga kwe-2016 kwemibhalo engiyibhale nodokotela abayi-7 baseMelikaIngabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile ze-Intanethi zibangela Ukungasebenzi Kwezocansi? Ukubuyekezwa Imibiko Yekliniki ”, eveza izakhiwo ezimbalwa eziyingqayizivele zokusakaza ama-pornography e-intanethi:

I-3.2. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet njenge-Stimulus engavamile

Ngokusobala, ukuthuthukiswa okubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokobulili kuyinkinga indlela i-intanethi ethonya ngayo futhi yenza lula ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile [73]. Ama-movie anecala angenakukhawulwa ngokusakaza nge-"tube sites" manje ayatholakala mahhala futhi afinyeleleka kakhulu, ngosuku lwe-24 ngekhompyutha, amaphilisi kanye nama-smartphones, futhi kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ziyisikhuthazo esingavamile, ukulingisa okuphambene nalokho okuthiwa ubuchopho bethu buguquke ukuphishekela ngenxa yobuqotho bayo bokuziphendukela kwemvelo [74,75]. Izinto ezicacile ngokobulili zilokhu ziseduze isikhathi eside, kodwa (i-1) yezocansi ezingcolile zevidiyo zivusa kakhulu ngokobulili kunezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [76, 77] noma iphutha [78]; (I-2) ukubukwa kwezocansi zamanoveli kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kubangele ukuvuvukala okukhulu, ukujula okusheshayo, nokwenza okuningi komzimba nokwenziwa komsebenzi kuqhathaniswa nolwazi olujwayelekile, mhlawumbe ngoba ukunakwa kwabangane abanoveli abanobuchwepheshe kanye nokuvusa kunempilo yokuzala [75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84]; futhi (i-3) ikhono lokuzikhethela ngokuzikhethela kalula lenza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zivusa kakhulu kunezingqoqo ezikhethiwe [79]. Umsebenzisi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile angakwazi ukugcina noma ukukhulisa ukuvusa ngocansi ngokuchofoza kweso simo esivumelwaneni, ividiyo entsha noma engakaze ihlangane nhlobo. Ucwaningo lwe-2015 lokuhlola imiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Inthanethi ngokubambezeleka kokuphumula (ukukhetha ukuzithokozisa okusheshayo mayelana nemiphumela yokubambezeleka okubaluleke kakhulu) kusho ukuthi, "Inzuzo ehlala njalo kanye nobukhulu bezenzo zobulili njengemivuzo yemvelo enamandla kakhulu yenza i-Internet pornography ibe isishoshovu esiyingqayizivele ohlelweni lomvuzo wobuchopho. ... Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuphatha izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengesimo esiyingqayizivele ekufundiseni umvuzo, ukungaziphathi kahle nokulutha umlutha "[75] (iphe. 1, 10).

I-novelty irejistreshini njengobuningi, ikhulisa inani lomvuzo, futhi inemivuzo ehlala njalo ekukhuthazeni, ekufundeni nasekumemori [85]. Njengesisusa socansi kanye nezakhiwo ezivuzayo zokusebenzisana ngokocansi, ubuhle buyacindezela ngoba kubangela ukuqhuma kwe-dopamine ezindaweni ezibuchopho ezihlotshaniswa kakhulu nomvuzo nomgomo-okuqondiswe ngayo [66]. Ngesikhathi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi bephoqelela ukubonisa okunamandla kakhulu kwezithombe zobulili zomsindo kunezindlela zokulawula okunempilo, i-DACC yabo (ukukhipha i-cortex yangaphakathi) ibonisa ukujwayela okusheshayo kwezithombe kunokulawula okunempilo [86], okwenza usesho lwezithombe ezingezansi zocansi ngaphezulu. Njengombhali wezobambiswano uVoon wachaza ngesifundo se-2015 sethimba lakhe ekwenzeni izinto ezintsha nezindlela zokuhlala ezitholakala kubasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Internet, "Ukutholakala okubonakala okungenamkhawulo kwezithombe zocansi ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi [kungadla] ukulutha, okwenze kube nzima nakakhulu ukuphunyuka" [87]. Umsebenzi we-Mesolimbic dopamine nawo ungathuthukiswa izakhiwo ezengeziwe ezivame ukuhambisana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zo-Inthanethi zisebenzisa njengokuthi, ukwephulwa kokulindelwe, ukulindela umvuzo, nesenzo sokufuna / ukufaka (ngokuqondene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi) [88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93]. Ukukhathazeka, okuye kwaboniswa ukwandisa ukuvusa ngocansi [89, 94], kungase futhi kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa kocansi kwe-intanethi. Ngamafuphi, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zinikeza zonke lezi zimfanelo, ezibhalisa njengezingokoqobo, zivuselele i-dopamine bursts, futhi zithuthukise ukuvusa ucansi.

Izingcaphuno ezivela ku-2017 ukubuyekeza okubuyekezwa kontanga kwezincwadi, Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, Ukuthakazelisa, Nezocansi: Ngokwemodeli Ye-Hedonic Yokuvuselela I-Internet Yezindaba Zezocansi, echaza izindawo eziyingqayizivele zokusakaza ama-pornography e-intanethi.

Ukuvuselelwa kweHedonic:

Esikhathini sesibili salo modeli, sikhombisa ukuthi i-IP isebenza ngokubaluleke kakhulu kwezisusa zobulili ze-hedonic. Nakuba umsebenzi wobulili wanoma yiluphi uhlobo lungase lujabulise ngezinga elithile, i-IP inikeza ithuba lokuhlanganisa inkulumo ethize, elula etholakala kalula, kanye nomvuzo osheshayo ngendlela evulekayo futhi evuzayo kakhulu (isib. Gola et al., I-2016). Imisebenzi eminingi ethandwayo, engezona ezobuciko iye yasikisela okuningi (isib. Foubert, 2016; Wilson, 2014; Struthers, 2009). Ukwengeza, ukubuyekezwa okulinganiselwe kuye kwacabangela ukuthi i-IP imelela ukuvuselelwa okungavamile (isib., UBarrett, 2010; u-Hilton, i-2013; i-Grinde, i-2002) kumongo wokuziphendukela kwabantu. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube yimanje, akubekho ukubuyekezwa okuhleliwe okuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zimelela umvuzo omkhulu we-hedonic. Ezingxenyeni ezilandelayo, sibukeza ubufakazi bale sinyathelo sesibili.

Ukufingqwa koKuvuselelwa Okuyingqayizivele:

Ngokubambisana, izincwadi ezibukeziwe ziphakamisa ukuthi i-IP iyinzuzo engavamile futhi enamandla yezisusa zocansi ze-hedonic. I-IP yindlela efinyeleleka kalula yezishukela zocansi okudinga umzamo omncane noma isikhathi engxenyeni yomthengi. Ngokuphambene nomsebenzi wobulili ohlukanisiwe, noma ngisho nemidiya engeyona e-intanethi esekelwe ngokobulili, i-IP yindleko ephansi kanye nomvuzo osebenzayo ngokushesha. Akumangalisi ukuthi isimo se-IP esincane (okungukuthi, izindleko eziphansi zezezimali nezamandla) ngokuvamile zibikwa njengesisusa esishukumisayo sokusetshenziswa. I-IP iphinde ibe yenziwe ngokwezifiso kakhulu kokuthandwa komsebenzisi, amafantasi, nezifiso. Izinhlobonhlobo zokusebenza ezingenamkhawulo ze-IP etholakalayo zivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathole, bahlole, futhi bahlakulele izifiso zobulili ezingenasici futhi eziqondile. Njengoba izisusa zobulili ze-hedonic ziyisici esiyinhloko sokushayela i-IPU, isimo se-IP esimiswe ngezifiso futhi esiqhubekayo simelela umvuzo ongavamile futhi onamandla walezi zizathu.

Iphepha lezinzwa elishicilelwe ngemuva kwenkulumo ye-TEDx: Ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile - ukugqugquzela okuphezulu okucatshangwa kumongo we-neuroplasticity (2013). Ingcaphuno:

Ngesikhathi ukugembula kwe-pathological (PG) nokukhuluphala kunakekelwa kakhulu ekufundeni okusebenzayo nokuziphatha, ubufakazi buya ngokuya ngokusekela incazelo yama-CSB [ukuziphatha okucindezelayo ngokocansi] njengesiyaluyalu. Lobu bufakazi buningi futhi busekelwe ekuqondeni okuqhubekayo kwendima ye-neuronal receptor ekungeneni kwe-anti-addiction, okusekelwe ngokomqondo wokuziphatha ngokomlando. Lo mthelela wokulutha ungathuthukiswa yinveli esheshayo kanye ne-'upranormal stimulus '(ibinzana elakhiwe nguNicolaas Tinbergen) isici esithathwe yizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi.

Imivuzo Yokuhweba Kamuva Yenjabulo Yamanje: Ukusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Ezingcolile Nokuphuza Isaphulelo (2015) - Abacwaningi bahlukanisa izigaba ezingxenyeni ze-2: Isiqingatha sazama ukugwema ukudla okuthandayo; isigamu sazama ukugwema izithombe ze-intanethi. Izihloko ezazama ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zihlangene nezinguquko eziphawulekayo: zathola kangcono ikhono labo lokulibazisa ukuzithokozisa. Abacwaningi bathi:

"Ukuthola lokho kusikisela ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet ngumvuzo wobulili obangele ukulibaziseka ngokukhipha okuhlukile kunezinye izinzuzo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuphatha izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengesimo esiyingqayizivele emfundweni yokuvuza, ukungathandeki, kanye nokulutha umlutha nokusebenzisa lokhu ngokuqondene nokwelashwa komuntu ngamunye kanye nokwabelana. "

SLIDE 4

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona kulolu cwaningo lwase-Australia, akuyona nje ubunqunu, kepha Intsha lokho kuthumela ukuvuka okukhulu. Izihloko zibuke izibonisi ezingcolile ze-22. Uyayibona leyo spike? Yilapho abacwaningi bashintshela ku-porn labafana ababengakaze bayibone ngaphambili. Umphumela: kwaqhuma ubuchopho namabhonasi ezihloko.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Ucwaningo olwethulwe kusilayidi #4: Ukunikezwa kwezinsiza zokunakekelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlala nokuzihlambalaza kokuvuswa kwesilisa ngokocansi (1999). Izifundo ezengeziwe zomuntu ezihambisana nokutholakele kocwaningo lwase-Australia:

  1. Izinguquko Ngokwemvelo Ye-Eyeblink Response Response Ngesikhathi Sokuvuswa Kwezocansi (2000) - “Ukuboniswa okuphindaphindiwe kwesigaba sefilimu kuholele ekwehleni okuqhubekayo kokuvusa ucansi. Ukushintsha isikhuthazi esijwayelekile ngesikhuthazi senoveli esivusa inkanuko kwande ekuvusweni nasekwenziweni kocansi futhi kwanciphisa ukwethuka (umphumela wentsha). ”
  2. Ukuzijwayeza kanye nokuhlambalaza kwe-Male Arousal Sex (1993) - "Amadoda ayishumi nesithupha ahlolwe ngaphansi kwezimo lapho abuke khona ingxenye efanayo yefilimu evusa inkanuko kaningi… Kukhuphuka ekuvukeni ngokocansi lapho kwethulwa inkanuko evusa inkanuko kulandela ukujwayela"
  3. Ukuzijwayeza nokuhlambalaza kokuvuka kwesilisa ngokocansi - “kuyanda ekuvukeni ngokocansi lapho kwethulwa inkanuko evusa inkanuko ngokulandela ukujwayela”
  4. Izinguquko ekuphenduleni kwe-erectile ekugqugquzelweni ngokocansi okuphindaphindiwe kokulalelwayo (i-1998) - “Ubungqabavu osukwini lwesithathu bancipha kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nalolo losuku lokuqala kuzo zombili iziguli ezinokukhubazeka kwengqondo nezilawuli ezijwayelekile”…
  5. Ukuguquka Kwesikhathi Eside Sokuvuswa NgokweSondo ngo-Male Male (1991) - "ezimeni zokuvuselela njalo imigomo yokujwayela ukuhlala isikhathi eside ngokuvamile yahlangatshezwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izimpendulo zezinto eziguqukayo zahlala ziphakeme ngokungaguquki.
  6. Ukugxila "Okushisayo" noma Ukugxila "Okumnandi": Izindlela Zokuqapha Ekuvusweni Ngokocansi Kwabesilisa Nabesifazane (2011) - “imizwa yezocansi yehla ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa okuvusa inkanuko, futhi yanda ngokwethulwa kokuvuselelwa kwenoveli, okukhombisa ukujwayela nemiphumela yobusha. Ngokuphikisana nalokho obekulindelwe, ukunaka okushisayo akubanga nhlobo ukujwayela inkanuko yobulili. ”
  7. Umkhuba Wokuvukela Ngokwecansi (1985) - "Le miphumela yahunyushwa njengesekela imibono yokuthi ukuvuswa kwezocansi ezenzweni ezivusa inkanuko kuyancipha ngokwethulwa kaninginingi kwezethulo"
  8. Ukuvezwa okuphindaphindiwe kwisimo esicacisayo sobulili: intsha, ubulili, kanye nesimo sengqondo socansi (1986) "Ukuhlaziywa kukhombise ukuthi ukuthinteka okungekuhle kukhuphuke kakhulu ngokuphindaphindeka kwamafilimu futhi kwabuyela emazingeni okuqala ngokwethulwa kwento entsha…. Nabesilisa bavuswa kakhulu futhi bakhathazeka ngobusha obunabalingisi abehlukene, nabesifazane bavuswa kakhulu futhi bakhathazeka ngabalingisi abafanayo abenza okuhlukile uyasebenza. ”

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

1) Ukujwayela kwezimpendulo zocansi emadodeni nakwabesifazane: ukuhlolwa kwe-hypothesis yokulungiselela izimpendulo zabesifazane besifazane (2013) - Ingcaphuno:

Amadoda nabesifazane babonisa amaphethini afana kakhulu nezimpendulo zobulili, okuhambisana nemvelo kanye nemiphumela emihle. Imiphumela yendlela yokuhlala kanye neyendabuko yaqedwa lapho kukhishwa imibiko yokuziphendulela.

I-2) Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ezilwaneni nezilwane (kufaka phakathi izifundo zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile): Amahomori nomphumela we-Coolidge. I-Endocrinology yamangqamuzana namaselula (2017) - Ingcaphuno:

Kokubili, abesilisa nabesifazane, kukhona ukwehla kokuvusa ucansi ngemuva kokuvezwa kaningi kwisikhuthazo esifanayo sobulili. Lo mphumela ubonakala ujwayelekile kulo lonke uhla lwezinto eziphilayo ezifundwayo, kufaka phakathi abantu, yize imiphumela yabesifazane kufanele ihlolwe ngokuqhubekayo. Ubusha bezocansi bandisa izici ezishukumisayo zokuziphatha kocansi kwabesilisa, okufakazelwa umphumela weCoolidge…. Izindlela zamangqamuzana ezenza ukwaneliseka ngokocansi aziqondakali kahle; idatha yakamuva yokuhlola kumagundane iphakamisa ukuthi i-dopamine ingadlala indima efanayo kubo bobubili ubulili

SLIDE 5

Kungani kunesasasa kangaka? (Isilayidi esinezimvu.) Imvelo kamama ithanda ukugcina abesilisa abavundisayo abazimisele - inqobo nje uma kukhona abasha abakhona. Inqama idinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokukhwelana nemvukazi endala efanayo. Kepha uma uqhubeka nokushintsha abesifazane, angawenza umsebenzi ngemizuzu emibili - futhi aqhubeke aze akhathale ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi "umphumela we-Coolidge." Ngaphandle komphumela we-Coolidge… ngabe azikho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

1) U-Glenn Wilson ngomphumela we-Coolidge, ne-2) Ukuziphatha okuphikisanayo kwenqama, i-Ovis aries. I. Isifundo sokujwayelekile (1969).

Izindlalelo ezimbili ezedlule zanikeza inqwaba yokwesekwa kwemibono yokujwayela ekuvuseleleni okudala kanye nokwethulwa kobuciko bezocansi kukwandisa ukuvuswa kobulili nokugqugquzela. Izifundo ezimbalwa ezicatshangelwayo lapho kuveza le slayidi:

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

Obunye ubufakazi be- "Coolidge Effect" kubantu manje sebukhona.

1) Ngokucacile ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile - abesilisa bakhipha isidoda esithinta kakhulu futhi bakwenza ngokushesha okukhulu lapho bebuka inkanyezi ye-porn yenoveli: Amadoda Ejaculate Amakhulu Okuvuthwa Kwemvelo, Iningi le-Motile Sperm, futhi Ngokushesha Lapho Eboniswa Izithombe Zabafazi BaseNew Novel (2015)

2) Indima Yobuhlobo Bobambiswano Ekusebenzeni Ngokwecansi: Ukubuyekeza (2014). Ingcaphuno:

Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuphenya ukuthi ngabe isifiso sobulili nokwehla kokuvuka kuphendula ukujwayela kozakwethu, kukhuphuke ekuphenduleni ubungani bomlingani, futhi kukhombise ukuphendula okwehlukile kwabesilisa nabesifazane…. Imibhalo yamanje isekela kangcono ukubikezela okwenziwe ngamasu amasu wezocansi ngokuthi ukusebenza kocansi kuguquke ukukhuthaza ukukhwelana kwesikhashana. Ukuvuswa kocansi kanye nesifiso kubonakala kuncipha ekuphenduleni ukujwayela kozakwethu nokwanda ekuphenduleni ubungani bomlingani kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ubufakazi kuze kube manje buveza ukuthi lo mphumela ungaba mkhulu emadodeni.

I-3) Okunye ukubuyekezwa kwamuva kwezincwadi ezilwaneni nezilwane (kufaka phakathi izifundo zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile): Amahomori nomphumela we-Coolidge. I-Endocrinology yamangqamuzana namaselula (2017). Ingcaphuno:

Kokubili, abesilisa nabesifazane, kukhona ukwehla kokuvusa ucansi ngemuva kokuvezwa kaningi kwisikhuthazo esifanayo sobulili. Lo mphumela ubonakala ujwayelekile kulo lonke uhla lwezinto eziphilayo ezifundwayo, kufaka phakathi abantu, yize imiphumela yabesifazane kufanele ihlolwe ngokuqhubekayo. Ubusha bezocansi bandisa izici ezishukumisayo zokuziphatha kocansi kwabesilisa, okufakazelwa umphumela weCoolidge…. Izindlela zamangqamuzana ezenza ukwaneliseka ngokocansi aziqondakali kahle; idatha yakamuva yokuhlola kumagundane iphakamisa ukuthi i-dopamine ingadlala indima efanayo kubo bobubili ubulili

SLIDE 6

Lolu hlelo oludala lwezilwane ezincelisayo lubona inoveli ngayinye “umlingani” esikrinini somfana njengethuba lokudlulisa izakhi zofuzo zakhe. Ukuze ugcine umfana evundisa isikrini, ubuchopho bakhe bukhipha “hamba usithathe!” i-neurochemical i-dopamine for isithombe ngasinye esisha noma yesehlakalo. Ekugcineni inqama izokhathala, kodwa uma nje umfana engakwazi ukuqhubeka echofoza, angakwazi ukuqhubeka - futhi kanjalo ne-dopamine yakhe. Nge-porn inthanethi, umfana angabona izingane ezishisayo ezinemizuzu eyishumi kunokuba okhokho bakhe-abaqoqi bezingoma babekwazi ukuphila esikhathini esithile sokuphila. Inkinga sinayo ingqondo yokuzingela.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Amaslayidi ama-2 angaphambilini aqukethe izinto ezisekelayo. Kusungulwe kahle ukuthi kokubili ukuvusa inkanuko yobulili kanye nobusha kwandisa i-mesolimbic dopamine, nokuthi leyo dopamine engaphandle ingakhuphula ukuvusa ucansi kanye nogqozi. Ukubuyekezwa okumbalwa okusekela kwezincwadi:

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

1) Ingcaphuno evela ekubuyekezweni okubuyekezwa kontanga kwezincwadi ezichaza indima ye-dopamine ekuvukeleni ngokocansi, ukugqugquzela, nokwakhiwa - Ingabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Zibangela Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi? Ukubukezwa Ngemibiko Yomtholampilo (2016):

I-3.1. Ukuphendulwa Kwesilisa Ngokobulili

Ngenkathi impendulo yocansi yesilisa iyinkimbinkimbi, izindawo eziningana zobuchopho eziyinhloko zibalulekile ekufezeni nasekulondolozeni izilinganiso [61]. I-nuclei ye-Hypothalamic idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuziphatha kocansi kanye nokuzikhethela ngokusebenza njengesikhungo sokuhlanganiswa kokufakelwa kwengqondo nobuchopho [62]. I-nuclei ye-hypothalamic eyenza ukulungiswa kwe-erectile kufakwe ku-mesolimbic dopamine pathway, ehlanganisa indawo ye-ventral tegmental (VTA) ne-nucleus accumbens (NAc) [62]. Umjikelezo we-VTA-NAc umtshina obalulekile wokuvuselela, futhi ubeka isisekelo seqoqo elibanzi, eliyinkimbinkimbi yezifunda ezihlanganisiwe okuthiwa "uhlelo lokuvuza" [63]. Ukusabela komuntu kumvuzo wemvelo, njengokuya ocansini, kulawulwa ngokuyinhloko nge-mesolimbic dopamine pathway, ethola okokuzijabulisa nokuvimbela okuvela kwezinye izakhiwo ze-limbic kanye ne-prefrontal cortex [64]. Ukuzikhethela kuxhomeke ekusebenziseni i-dopaminergic neurons ku-VTA nase-dopamine receptors ku-NAc [65, 66]. Izimpendulo ezijabulisayo ze-glutamate ezisuka kwezinye izakhiwo ze-limbic (amygdala, i-hippocampus) kanye ne-prefrontal cortex yenza umsebenzi we-dopaminergic ku-VTA nase-NAc [62]. Imbuyiselo ye-dopamine neurons ephendulayo iphinde iqhubekele emgodini we-dorsal striatum, isifunda esasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuvuswa kocansi kanye ne-penile tumescence [67]. I-dopamine agonists, efana ne-apomorphine, iye yaboniswa ukudala ukulungiswa kwamadoda kokubili umsebenzi ojwayelekile we-erectile [68]. Ngakho-ke, ukufaka uphawu lwe-dopamine ohlelweni lokuvuza futhi i-hypothalamus idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvusweni ngokocansi, isisusa socansi kanye nokuvinjelwa kwe-penile [65, 66, 69].

Siphakamisa ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile ze-intanethi zisetshenziswe ekusebenziseni okungahambi kahle kwe-erectile nokuphuza ukujula kwe-servicemen yethu kubikiwe ngenhla. Sidinga i-etiology evela engxenyeni yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zakwa-intanethi-ukuguqulwa okubangelwa ezitokisini ezilawula isifiso socansi kanye nokukhethwa kwe-penile. Kokubili ukuxhuma kabusha kwe-hyper-reactivity kuma-pornography e-intanethi ngezingxenye ze-glutamate nokunciphisa ukuphendula kwesistimu yomvuzo emivuzo evamile kungahileleka. Lezi zinguquko ezimbili zobuchopho zihambisana nokunciphisa okungapheli kokubili ukuvuza kwemvelo kanye nezidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza, futhi zihanjiswa yi-dopamine surges ohlelweni lomvuzo [70, 71, 72].

I-2) Ukubuyekezwa kwe-2017 yalezincwadi, Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, Ukuthakazelisa, Nezocansi: Ngokwemodeli Ye-Hedonic Yokuvuselela I-Internet Yezindaba Zezocansi, isekela ingqungquthela ukuthi intsha engapheli kanye nokuziphendulela okusheshayo (izinhlobo zamanothi) kuqhuba ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi:

Imvelo enhle neyakhekayo ye-IP

Esinye isici sesikhuthazo esizuzisa kakhulu ukuqondaniswa kwesikhuthazo nezinto ezithandwa ngumuntu. Ngaphakathi kwesifiso nezincwadi ezikhuthazayo, imvamisa kuba khona umehluko owenziwe phakathi "kokuthanda" noma "ukufuna" okuthile (iBerridge, 1996; Voon et al., 2014). Ukuthanda kubhekisa enjabulweni etholakala ekuvuseleleni noma ezingeni lapho isikhuthazi sanelisa isifiso se-hedonic (IBerridge, 1996). Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukufuna kubhekisa kunani elinomvuzo lesikhuthazi noma izinga lapho isikhuthazi sanelisa khona idrayivu yebhayoloji noma yokudla (IBerridge, 1996), noma esimweni sokulutha, ukuncika entweni ethile. Yize umehluko onjalo uvame ukufundwa maqondana nokudla (isb., IBerridge, 2009; I-Finlayson, i-King, ne-Blundell, i-2007), ukuqonda okufanayo kokuthanda nokufuna kuphakanyisiwe ekusetshenzisweni kotshwala (I-Hobbs, i-Remington, ne-Glautier , 2005) ezinye izinto (isb. Icocaine, Goldstein et al., 2008), kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezithombe zocansi (Voon et al., 2014). Imvamisa, imivuzo okucatshangwa ukuthi inamandla kakhulu yilezo ezibandakanya ukuthanda nokufuna. Izikhuthazo ezanelisa idrayivu (isb. Indlala) ngendlela futhi eyanelisa umuntu ngamunye, izintandokazi ezithile (isb., Inhlanganisela ethile yokunambitheka), kungenzeka zibhekwe njengezivuza kakhulu kunesikhuthazo esihlangabezana nenqubo eyodwa kuphela enjalo (iBerridge neRobinson, 2003). Ukuqonda okufanayo kungasetshenziswa naku-IPU.

Ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kwamaforamu e-intanethi ukuthi okuthandwa yizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuvamile kuhloswe ngazo zonke imiphakathi e-intanethi, ngomzamo omkhulu ozinikezelwe ekuhlukaniseni izigaba kanye nokukhomba okuqondile kwezinto eziphathekayo zobulili ezingcolile ngokusho kokuthandwa kwabasebenzisi (Smith, 2015). Lokhu kufeziwe kokubili kumasayithi angewona ama-pornographic (isib. reddit.com, Smith, 2015), kanye namawebhusayithi e-IP athandwa kakhulu (Fesnak, 2016; Hald & Štulhofer, 2015; Mazieres, Trachman, Cointet, Coulmont, & Prieur, 2014; Vincent, 2016). Ngokwakhiwa kuphela, lezi zigaba zimelela indlela ebalulekile i-IP egcizelelwa ngayo ezintandokazi zomsebenzisi. Izigaba ze-IP zivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bazicwilise kokuqukethwe okuhambelana ngqo nezifiso zabo zocansi, kubanikeze umvuzo wangokwezifiso wesifiso esithile socansi, futhi kuvumela abantu ukuthi benze lokhu ngomzamo wenhlalo noma ngengcuphe elinganiselwe.

Imisebenzi eminingana kwezesayensi yezenhlalo (isb., Cusack & Waranious, 2012; Vannier, Currie, & O'Sullivan, 2014) kanye nabantu (isib. Strager, 2003) bachaze ngobunjalo be-IPU. Okunhlobonhlobo kokuqukethwe ku-IP kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bahlole futhi bahlangane nenani elisebenzayo elingapheli lamanoveli nezinto ezihlukile (Ogas & Goddam, 2013; Barratt, 2014; Tyson, Elkhatib, Sastry, & Uhligh, 2013), efanelekile ikakhulukazi inikezwe ukuthanda kwabantu nokuphendula kozakwethu bezocansi (Morton & Gorzalka, 2015). Izici ezahlukahlukene, ezifana nemicimbi yamanje nokwehluka ngakunye, zibikezela izinhlobo zokuqukethwe okuseshwa ngabathengi be-IPU (isb., Markey & Markey, 2010, 2011). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa okuningi kokuqukethwe kutholile ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zemicabango ethile, izifiso, kanye nezifiso zobulili zimelwe kahle ku-IP (Downing, Scrimshaw, Antebi, & Siegel, 2014; I-Glasscock, 2005; UMichael & Plaza, 1997; UVannier et al., 2014; ILanga, amabhuloho, iWosnitzer, iScharrer, neLiberman, 2008; iZhou & Paul, 2016). Yize lokhu kungavumela abasebenzisi inkululeko yokuhlola izici ezintsha zelukuluku labo lokucabanga kanye nemicabango yabo (Ley, 2016), futhi inika abasebenzisi inketho yokugxila i-IPU yabo kuzisusa zobulili eziqonde ngqo ezanelisa inkanuko yabo yezocansi (okungukuthi, ukufuna, USvedin, Akerman, & Priebe, 2011) kanye nokuthandwa kwabo kwezocansi (okungukuthi, ukuthanda, iHalf & Štulhofer, 2015). Empeleni, okuqukethwe okuhlukahlukene okutholakala ku-IP kuvumela imivuzo yangokwezifiso yezifiso zobulili ze-hedonic.

Ngaphambi kokusebenza kwemibono (isb., I-Keilty, i-2012; i-Patterson, i-2004), ichaze ukuthambekela kwabanye abathengi be-IP ukuthi bahlanganyele ekusesheni okwesikhashana "izithombe eziphelele" noma ezithuthukisa kakhulu noma amavidiyo afanele ukufeza iphupho lesondo. Izingxoxo ezingaqinisekisiwe, ezifanelekayo zithole izingqikithi ezifanayo phakathi kwabathengi be-IP, futhi ziphakamisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa nokuphathwa kwezici kuyizinto ezibalulekile zendalo evuzayo ye-IP (Philaretou et al., 2005).

Ukudlulela ngaphesheya kokuphikisana okucacile kwemfundiso, kukhona nobufakazi obunamandla bokuthi i-IPU yenziwe ngezifiso kakhulu ezintandokazi zabasebenzisi, emele umvuzo oyingqayizivele futhi onamandla amakhulu wezifiso ze-hedonic. Ezifundweni ezimbili zamadoda amadala asebekhulile e-US (Study 1 N = 103, Study 2 N = 88), i-IPU (yebo / cha ekusetshenzisweni kwamanje) itholwe ukuthi ihlotshaniswa ngokulingene nokuqina nokuba khona kwemicabango engajwayelekile yezocansi (isb. fetishism, frotteurism, exhibitionism; Williams, Cooper, Howell, Yullie, & Paulhus, 2009). Ngokufanayo, esifundweni esiphambanweni samadoda aphakathi nangaphezulu (aneminyaka engama-40 + ubudala) amadoda aseJalimane (N= 367), i-IPU iphinde yahlotshaniswa nezifiso zocansi ze-paraphilic kanye nokuvuka (Ahlers et al., 2011). Kuzo zombili izibonelo, akubonakali ukuthi kubangelwa yini, ngenxa yemvelo yabo engxenyeni ehlukene. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi abukho ubufakazi obuqanda ikhanda obukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kungaholela ku-paraphilia (ukubuyekeza, bona uFisher, Kohut, Di Gioacchino, noFedoroff, 2013), lezi zifundo zingaqondwa njengobufakazi bokuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswa ne- izintandokazi ezithile.

Ngokufanayo, ekucwaningweni kwabantu abadala baseCroatia (N=2,337; Ama-43% amadoda; I-64-65.7% eyabesilisa nabesifazane), kwahlonzwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuthandwa kwezithombe zocansi (Hald & Štulhofer, 2015). Ngokuqondile, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingama-27 ze-IP, uHald no-Štulhofer bathole ukuthi ababambiqhaza bavame ukuvumela izintandokazi ezithile ezihlukahluka ngokobulili nangokobulili. Kuwo wonke la maqembu nangaphakathi kwabantu, kube khona umehluko ophawuliwe kokuncamelayo kokugxila kwe-IP (isb., Umenzi ngamunye kuqhathaniswa nabashadikazi neqembu), izici zomzimba zabadlali (abesilisa nabesifazane), nezinhlobo zezenzo zocansi iyakhonjiswa. Ngokubambisana, lokhu okutholakele kunikeza obunye ubufakazi bomqondo wokuthi i-IPU ivame ukwenzelwa okuthandwa ngumthengi, kuveze ithuba lomvuzo oyingqayizivele nonamandla.

SLIDE 7

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-inthanethi zibhaliswa njenge-bonanza yezofuzo - ngakho-ke, ubuchopho bomsebenzisi osindayo bezingcingo ngokucophelela buphendula impendulo yakhe yezocansi kukho konke okuhlobene nokubukwa kwakhe kocansi. Ukuba wedwa, i-Voyeurism, ukuchofoza, ukusesha, amathebhu amaningi, ubuciko obusha, ukushaqeka noma ukumangala. Njengoba omunye umfana abuza: "Ingabe siyisizukulwane sokuqala sokushaya indlwabu ngesandla sobunxele?"

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Isimangalo ukuthi umsebenzisi ongapheli we-porn angabeka isimo sakhe sokuvusa ucansi kuyo yonke into ehlobene nokusebenzisa kwakhe i-porn, kunokuya ocansini oluhlukanisiwe. Ukuvusa ucansi ocansini ku-inthanethi kubonakala kakhulu emadodeni ahlakulela izinkinga zocansi ezibangelwa ucansi. Bheka isigaba “Sokwesekwa Okubuyekeziwe” kwesigaba se- slide i-32 ukuze uthole ubufakazi obuningi bokusekela lokhu okushiwo.

Ukusekelwa okuningi kwasekuqaleni kwavela ebufakazini obungaziwa: (1) abasebenzisi be-porn abachaza ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kocansi kube izinhlobo "ezishaqisayo" noma i-porn ebangela ukukhathazeka; (2) ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga zocansi ezibangelwa ucansi lapho amadoda angavuswa kuphela yi-porn; (3) edinga ubusha obonakalayo njalo ukuze uhlale uvukile; (4) isesha okubonwayo okulungile ukuqeda iseshini. Lokhu kuphawula kuhambisana nodokotela wezifo zengqondo uNorman Doidge's 2007 othengisa kakhulu "Ubuchopho Obuziguqukayo ”, okuphinde kuthiwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kungashintsha izikripthi zobulili. Izingcaphuno ezisekela isilayidi se-7:

Phakathi naphakathi nasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990, lapho i-inthanethi yayikhula ngokushesha futhi nezithombe zocansi ziqhuma kuyo, ngaphatha noma ngahlola inani lamadoda wonke ayenendaba efanayo. Babike ubunzima obukhulayo bokuvulelwa abalingani babo bezocansi, abashade nabo, noma izintombi zabo, yize bebabheka njengabakhangayo. Okuqukethwe yilokho iziguli ezikuthole kujabulisa kushintshiwe njengoba amawebhusayithi eletha izingqikithi nemibhalo eguqule ubuchopho babo ngaphandle kokwazi kwabo. Ngoba i-plasticity iyancintisana, ubuchopho bubeka imidwebo yezithombe ezintsha, ezithokozisayo zanda ngenxa yalokho obekubahehe phambilini. Namuhla, izinsizwa ezishaya izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zikwesaba kakhulu ukungabi namandla, noma "ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile" njengoba kubizwa kanjalo nge-euphemistically. Igama elidukisayo lisho ukuthi la madoda anenkinga ezithweni zabo zobulili, kodwa inkinga isemakhanda abo. Kuyaqabukela kwenzeka kubo ukuthi kungahle kube nobudlelwano phakathi kwezithombe zocansi abazisebenzisayo namandla abo.

Ucwaningo lwe-2007 yi-Kinsey Institute lusekela umqondo wokuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okungapheli kungaholela kumsebenzisi "odinga" i-porn ukuvusa ucansi (Imodeli Yokulawulwa Okubili - Indima Yokuvimbela Ngokocansi & Ukuzijabulisa Ekuvusweni Ngokobulili Nokuziphatha). Ekuhlolweni kokusebenzisa i-video ye-porn, ama-50% wezinsizwa awakwazanga ukuvuswa noma ukufeza ama-erections nge i-porn (isilinganiso seminyaka yayingu-29). Abacwaningi abashaqisayo bathola ukuthi ukungasebenzi kwamadoda erectile kwaba,

"Kuhlobene namazinga aphezulu okuchayeka nokuhlangenwe nakho ngezinto ezisobala zocansi."

Amadoda abhekene nokusebenza kabi kwe-erectile ayesebenzise isikhathi esiningi emiphongolweni nasezindlini zokugeza lapho i-porn "yonke indawo, "Futhi"udlala ngokuqhubekayo.”Abaphenyi bathi:

"Ukuxoxisana ngezihloko kwaqinisa umbono wethu wokuthi kwezinye zazo ukutholakala okuphezulu kwe-eerotica kubonakala sengathi kuholele ekuphenduleni okuphansi" kwe-vanilla sex "eototiki kanye nesidingo esandayo sobusha nokuhlukahluka, kwezinye izimo kuhlanganiswe nesidingo izinhlobo ezithile zezinto ezishukumisayo ukuze uvuswe. ”

Izintandokazi Zokunyathelisa Kusetshenziswa I-Pornography (1986) - Amaviki ayisithupha okuchayeka ezithombeni ezingcolile ezingenabudlova kuholele ekutheni izihloko zingabi nandaba ne-vanilla porn, zikhethe ukubuka kuphela "izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingajwayelekile" (ubugqila, isadomasochism, isilwane). Ingcaphuno:

Abafundi abesilisa nabesifazane kanye nabangenalo ithemba bavezwa ngehora elilodwa lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingekho emthethweni noma ezokungcola ngokobulili nangenhlamba emasontweni ayisithupha okulandelanayo. Emasontweni amabili ngemuva kwalokhu ukwelashwa, banikezwa ithuba lokubuka ama-videotapes esimweni sangasese. Izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe ngu-G, zilinganisiwe futhi zi-X zilinganisiwe. Izihloko ezinokubonwa ngaphambili kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile azibonanga isithakazelo esincane ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile, ezingakhethi, ezikhetha ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingavamile (ubugqila, sadomasochism, bestiality) esikhundleni salokho. Amadoda angenaso isifiso sokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile azidle izithombe ezingcolile ezingavamile. Abafundi besilisa babonisa iphethini efanayo, nakuba bekungathí sina kakhulu. Lokhu okukhethwa kukho kokusetshenziswa kwakubuye kubonakale kwabesifazane, kodwa kwakuncane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabafundi besifazane.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kulesisampula esingahleliwe emibhangqwaneni yaseNorway yangaphandle (2009) - Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zihambisana nokuhlukunyezwa okungaphezulu kobulili emadodeni nasekuboneni okungalungile kwabesifazane. Imibhangqwana engazange isebenzise i-porn yayingenakho ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi. Izingcaphuno ezimbalwa ezivela esifundweni:

Emibhangqwaneni lapho umlingani oyedwa kuphela osebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, sithole izinkinga eziningi ezihlobene nokuvuthwa (owesilisa) nokubi (owesifazane) ozibonayo.

Kulawo mabhangqwana lapho umlingani oyedwa owasebenzisa khona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakukhona isimo sezulu esivusa amandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le mibhangqwana ibonakala inezinkinga eziningi.

Izithandani ezingazisebenzisanga izithombe zobulili ezingcolile… zingathathwa njengezendabuko kakhulu maqondana nombono wezikripthi zocansi. Ngasikhathi sinye, bekungabonakali ukuthi banakho ukungasebenzi kahle.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

Okokuqala, izingcaphuno ezimbalwa ezivela ekubuyekezweni kwezincwadi eziphathelene nesimo socansi, Ubani, kuphi, kuphi, nini (futhi mhlawumbe kungani)? Indlela okuhlangenwe nakho ngayo umvuzo wezocansi ixhuma isifiso socansi, ukukhetha, nokusebenza (2012):

Yize isimilo sezocansi silawulwa yizenzo zehomoni nezemithambo yegazi ebuchosheni, ulwazi lwezocansi lubanga izinga lepulasitiki elivumela izilwane ukuthi zenze izinhlangano ezinamandla nezasePavlovian ezibikezela imiphumela yezocansi, ngaleyo ndlela ziqondise amandla okuphendula ngokocansi. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuchaza ukuthi isipiliyoni ngomvuzo wezocansi siqinisa kanjani ukukhula kokuziphatha ngokocansi futhi sibanga indawo enesimo socansi kanye nokuthandwa komlingani kumagundane… Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esibucayi sikhona ngesikhathi somuntu ocansini esaqala esidala "imephu yothando" noma i-Gestalt yezici, ukunyakaza, imizwa, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu okuhambisana nomvuzo wezocansi.

Siphakamisa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kocansi '' Gestalts '' kanye nocansi '' scripts '' (ngokombono kokubili ukunyakaza kanye nolimi) kuthinteka ngokujulile nakho okudala okuhlangenwe nakho nokuvusa ngocansi kanye nomvuzo odla phambili ekudaleni isifiso sokuhlukanisa, izici, nezici ezisebenzayo ezibikezela isimo somvuzo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngandlela-thile ekuthuthukiseni okuthandwa yizo zonke izithandani zobulili, nakuba ezinye izinto ezijwayelekile zingase zibe lula ngokulandela ukuziphatha okuqondene nezinhlobo noma amaphethini wokuvuselela, noma njengezici ezikude 'zokuheha' ', njengokufana kobulili ukufisa umuntu ngamunye, ubuhlanga, ubudala, uhlobo lomzimba, izinwele noma umbala wamehlo, izici zobuso, ngisho nezindlela zokuzibandakanya zesethulo somuntu siqu (isb., ukungafani kwesakhiwo sobuso, isitayela sezinwele, ukutholakala noma ukungabikho kwezinwele zokusakaza, zomzimba, nezinwele zobuso -uvela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 ngokuphathelene nengxenye yesibili; bheka iGabor, 1973)

Ukwakha emcabangweni wabafelokazi ababucayi bezentuthuko (ubusha obusencane), leli phepha elilandelayo lithole ukuthi isipiliyoni sokuqala kwezocansi singathinta indlela yokuziphatha komuntu ngokocansi (okusho ukulutha kocansi noma ukulutha ngokocansi): UkuThuthukiswa kocansi kwabantu kuhambelana nokufunda okuyisikhathi esiyinkimbinkimbi Ukufunda: Impikiswano yokuHlonipha ngokocansi, Ukwelapha ngokocansi, kanye nokukhuliswa kwabantwana (2014) - Izingcaphuno:

Ngokwazi kwethu, okwethu isifundo sokuqala sokuphenya ngqo ukuthi ukufunda ukwenza ucansi kungaphansi kwenkathi ebucayi yokufunda ebantwini. Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwethu kwezibalo yayihambisana kakhulu kwabesilisa nabesifazane abanesikhathi esibucayi sokufunda ngoba amaphuzu kuma-subscales alinganisa intshisekelo yabantu abadala kwezocansi (Hypersexuality Subscale) kanye namathuba okuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuyingozi kwezocansi (i-Risky Sexual Behavior Subscale) kuvame ukwanda uma isipiliyoni sokuqala somhlanganyeli nobulili bomlingani senzeke ekuqaleni kwempilo futhi uma ngabe beqale ukushaya indlwabu besebancane. Okutholakele kwethu, maqondana nokushaya indlwabu, bekusekelwa ezinye izifundo ngemiphumela yabantu abadala yokuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala kokushaya indlwabu (isb., Brody et al., 2013; Carvalheira & Leal, 2013; Das, 2007; Hogarth & Ingham, 2009). Iminyaka lapho ababambiqhaza bethu babika ukuthi baqala ukushaya indlwabu yayinosayizi omkhulu kunayo yonke njengesibikezelo sentshisekelo yabo yabantu abadala kwezocansi njengoba kulinganiswa yi-Hypersexuality Subscale, kanti ababambiqhaza beminyaka yokuqala babika ukuthi bazibandakanye kwezocansi nganoma yiluphi uhlobo nomlingani kwaba nokwesibili usayizi omkhulu kakhulu womphumela. Ababambiqhaza abaqale lezi zimilo ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-13 ubudala baba nentshisekelo enkulu kwezocansi njengabantu abadala.

Imiphumela yocwaningo lwethu inikeze isisekelo esisha senkolelo nentuthuko kuyo yomibili imvelaphi yokulutha ngokocansi ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye nesifiso sobulili esingacabangi ngakolunye uhlangothi. Intshisekelo ephezulu kwezocansi ebonwe kulabo ababenolwazi lokuqala ngocansi lwabalingani kanye nokushaya indlwabu kungachazwa ngesenzo esihlanganisiwe sesimo sePavlovian, isimo sokusebenza, kanye nesikhathi sokufunda esibucayi esiqalwa ngokwenzeka kokuqala ngocansi lomlingani noma ngaphandle komphumela wokusebenzisana isipiliyoni sokuqala ngokushaya indlwabu (Beard et al., 2013; O'Keefe et al., 2014; futhi bona uHoffmann, 2012 noPfaus et al., 2012 ukuthola izibuyekezo zemibono yokulungisa kanye nedatha yokuhlola). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intshisekelo ephansi kwezocansi yabonakala ingumphumela lapho zombili lezi zimo zazintula. Ukuphrinta ngokocansi kunganikeza incazelo yesithathu ye-etiological. Ukushicilelwa ngokocansi kunguhlobo lwesikhathi esibucayi sokufunda (Desmarais et al., 2012; Fox & Rutter, 2010; Fox et al., 2010; Uylings, 2006) ekuqaleni kwakusetshenziswa ukuchaza umbono wokuthi izinyoni ezikhuliswa ngabazali abangabondli bezinye izinhlobo abalingani abathandwayo bohlobo lwabazali abakhulisa izingane ezingezona ezabo (ukuze kubuyekezwe bheka i-Irwin & Price, 1999). Kubantu, ukuphrintwa kwezocansi kuye kwacelwa ukuthi kuchazwe izintandokazi zocansi zabalingani abafana nabazali babo bobulili obuhlukile (iBereczkei, Gyuris, & Weisfeld, 2004; UNojo, uTamura, no-Uhara, 2012), ezinye izintandokazi zamadoda zabesifazane abancelisayo noma abakhulelwe (Enquist , Aronsson, Stefano, Jansson, & Jannini, 2011), nokuzimisela ukwamukela abalingani ocansini ababhemayo (Aronsson, Lind, Ghirlanda, & Enquist, 2011). Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zokufunda ziyabandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni i-phenomenology echazwe ku-athikili yethu, kepha ukuklelisa zonke izinhlobo zokufunda ezithintekayo kungumsebenzi ongaphezu kocwaningo lwamanje.

Okucaphuna okuvela Ingabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Zibangela Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi? Ukubukezwa Ngemibiko Yomtholampilo (2016) kugcizelela ukuthi i-internet porn isebenzisa kanjani izimpendulo zobulili eziguquguqukayo ezingabonakali empilweni yangempela yobulili. Kusukela ku-abstract:

Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuphinde kubone ubufakazi bokuthi izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ze-pornography e-Inthanethi (intsha engenamkhawulo, okusemandleni okukhula okulula kuya kwezinto ezimbi kakhulu, ifomethi yevidiyo, njll.) Ingase ibe namandla ngokwanele ukuvusa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ezintweni zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ezisebenzisana nezinguquko kalula -abalingani bokuphila, njengokuthi ubulili nabalingani abafisa ngeke babhalise njengemigomo yokulindela kanye nokwehla kokuvusa.

Kusuka kwingxoxo yengxoxo:

I-3.4.3. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi nokuzibandakanya ngokocansi

Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ama-servicemen ethu abike ukuthi ahlangabezane nokuvuswa nokuvuswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi, kodwa hhayi ngaphandle kwawo, ucwaningo luyadingeka ukuze kunqotshwe isimo sezocansi esingaqondakali njengesici esinomthelela ekukhuleni kwamanje kwezinkinga zokusebenza kocansi kanye nesifiso sobulili esiphansi emadodeni angaphansi kwe-40. Ukudumisa noPfaus baye bacabanga ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi kungahle kube nesimo sezici zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ezisetshenziswayo ezingashintshi kalula ezimweni zomlingani wangempela. "Kuyacatshangwa ukuthi ukuzwa iningi lokuvuswa kocansi ngaphakathi komongo we-VSS [izinto ezibukwayo zocansi] kungaholela ekwehlisweni kwempendulo ye-erectile ngesikhathi sokuhlangana ngokocansi okuhlanganyelwe ... Uma okulindelwe ukukhushulwa okuphezulu kungafezeki, ukukhuthazwa kocansi okuhlanganyelwe akusebenzi" [50]. Isimo sengqondo esinjalo esingavumelani kwezocansi sihambisana nesimiso sokukhuthaza-salience. Imigqa eminingana yophando eyenzekayo yanda i-mesolimbic dopamine ekukhuthazeni kokubili izidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza kanye nomvuzo wezocansi [100,103]. Ukusebenzisa i-dopamine i-D1 receptors, kokubili isipiliyoni socansi kanye nokuvezwa kwe-psychostimulant kudala izinguquko eziningi ezihlala njalo ezihlala isikhathi eside ku-NAc ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni kokufuna kokubili ukuvuza [103].

Umsebenzisi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile we-Internet wanamuhla angagcina amazinga aphezulu okuvusa ngocansi, futhi i-dopamine ephakeme ehambelanayo, ngezikhathi ezinwetshiwe ngenxa yokuqukethwe okungenamkhawulo weveli. Ama-dopamine asezingeni eliphakeme liye lacatshangelwa ekujuleni isimo sokuziphatha ngokobulili ngezindlela ezingalindelekile kuzo zombili izilwane zezilwane [176, 177] nabantu. Kubantu, lapho iziguli zikaParkinson zishiwo i-dopamine agonists, abanye babika ukusetshenziswa okungcolile kobuciko bezinhlelo ezingcolile zobulili futhi babonisa izenzo ezinkulu ze-neural ezithombeni zezocansi, ezihambisana nesifiso socansi esithuthukisiwe [178]. Ucwaningo lwe-FMRI lwamuva lubike ukuthi lezi zihloko ngokuziphatha okuphoqeleka ngokocansi zijwayele ukuhlela ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwezinkulumo ezingathathi hlangothi kanye nezenzo zobulili ezicacile kunezilawuli [86, 121]. Ngokuphindaphindiwe kwe-pornography e-intanethi, "ukufunwa" kungakhuphuka kokuhlelwa kwezinto ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi, izakhi ezinzima ukuzinakekela ngesikhathi socansi ohlukanisiwe. Ngokuvumelana nesimo sokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zingabonisa ukulindela ngokobulili, uSeok noSohn bathole ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli zamasosha ocansini kwakune-DLPFC eyengeziwe ekusebenziseni izici zobulili, nokho ukusebenza okuncane kwe-DLPFC ekusebenziseni okungezona ngokocansi [120]. Kuphinde kubonakale ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-intanethi kungabonisa ukuthi umsebenzisi angalindela noma "afune" intsha. Banca et al. kubike ukuthi izihloko ngokuziphatha okuphoqelekile ngokobulili zinezintandokazi kakhulu ezithombeni zothando zobulili futhi zibonisa ukujwayela okukhulu kakhulu ekubukeni kwe-cortex yangaphakathi ekubukeni kwezithombe ezifanayo zocansi [86]. Kwamanye abasebenzisi, okuthandwayo kwendabuko kuvela ngesidingo sokunqoba ukwehla kwe-libido nomsebenzi we-erectile, okungaholela ekutheni kube nokuthandwa okusha kobulili obungcolile [27].

Lapho umsebenzisi ebeke inkanuko yakhe yokuya ocansini ezithombeni ezingcolile ze-Intanethi, ucansi nabalingani abathandekayo bangempela bangabhalisa "njengokungahlangabezani nokulindelwe" (ukubikezelwa komvuzo omubi) okuholela ekwehleni okuhambisanayo kwe-dopamine. Kuhlanganiswe nokungakwazi ukuchofoza ekuvuseleleni okwengeziwe, lesi sibikezelo esingahlanganisiwe singaqinisa umbono wokuthi ucansi oluhlukanisiwe alubalulekile kangako kunokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi futhi zinikeza umbono wevoyeur ngokuvamile ongatholakali kulo lonke ucansi oluhlukanisiwe. Kungenzeka ukuthi uma umsebenzisi wezithombe zocansi we-Intanethi othintekayo eqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokuvuka nokubuka abanye abantu bezitika ngocansi ezikrinini ngenkathi evuswa kakhulu, ubudlelwane bakhe phakathi kokuhlangana kwezocansi okuvusa amadlingozi kanye nokuphila kwangempela okuhlangana nabo kungancipha.

Ukucwaninga mayelana nesimo sokuphendula ngesenzo socansi kubantu kunqunyelwe, kodwa kubonisa ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi kuyisimo esimisiwe [179, 180, 181], ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokudala [182]. Emadodeni, ukuvuvukala kungahle kulungiswe kumafilimu athile [183], kanye nezithombe [184]. Ukusebenza ngokocansi nokukhangwa ezilwaneni zesilisa (okungezona ezingabantu) kungahle kubekwe esimweni esiningi sezinkinga ezingavamile ngokobulili kubo, kufaka phakathi izithelo / izithelo ze-nut, ama-aversive scents, njenge-cadaverine, abalingani bobulili obufanayo, nokugqoka amajackethi amahhashi [177, 185, 186, 187]. Isibonelo, amagundane ayefundile ubulili nejacket ayenzanga ngokujwayelekile ngaphandle kwamagebengu awo [187].

Ngokuvumelana nalezi zifundo zesimo sokuziphatha, insizwa encane lapho abantu beqala ukuqala ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi njalo, futhi bathanda kakhulu ubulili obuhlukene, ukuthokozisa okuncane okushiwo yizocansi ezihlukanisiwe, futhi bakhulise ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zo-intanethi. [37]. Ngokufanayo, amadoda abika ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingenalutho (lapho abadlali bengagqoki khona amakhondomu) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngesikhathi esingaphansi, bahlanganyele ocansini obuningi abangavikelekile ngokwabo [188, 189]. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungase kuhlotshaniswe nesimo sokuthanda izinto ekugqugquzelweni okudlulele kakhulu [99,190].

Ukubuyekezwa ngu-Pfaus kubonisa ukuthi isimo sokuqala sibhekene nezihluthulelo ezihlotsheni ze-sex arousal templates: "Kuya ngokucacile ukuthi kukhona isikhathi esibucayi sokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha ngokobulili okwenza azungeze okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala komuntu ngokuvusa ucansi nesifiso, ukushaya indlwabu, i-orgasm, ne-sex ubulili ngokwalo "[191] (iphe. 32). Ukuphakanyiswa kwesikhathi esibucayi sokuthuthukiswa kuyahambisana nombiko kaVoon et al. ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile base-Internet babonisa umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu kwi-ventral striatum ekuphenduleni amavidiyo acacile [31]. I-striral striatum yisifunda esiyinhloko esithintekayo ekukhuthazeni umvuzo wemvelo kanye nezidakamizwa [103]. Voon et al. futhi kubika ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili ze-intanethi ziqale zibuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi esikhathini esingaphambili (ubudala obuneminyaka engu-13.9) kunamavolontiya anempilo (iminyaka yobudala i-17.2)31]. Ucwaningo lwe-2014 lithole ukuthi cishe isigamu samadoda ase-ekolishi-yobudala manje abika ukuthi babonwe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-13, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-14 kuphela ku-2008 [37]. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zisebenzise phakathi nesigaba sokuthuthukiswa esibucayi kwandisa ingozi yezinkinga ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet Kungenzeka kusize ukuchazela ukutholakala kwe-2015 ukuthi i-16% yamadoda amancane ase-Italy asebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingaphezu kweyodwa ngesonto abike isifiso sobulili esifushane, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-0% kwabangewona abathengi [29]? I-serviceman yethu yokuqala yayiyi-20 kuphela futhi beyisebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kusukela ekutholeni ukufinyelela kwi-intanethi ephezulu.

Abesilisa bangakwazi ukubhekana ngempumelelo nesenzo sabo sezocansi ebhokisatri enempendulo yokufundisa, kodwa ngaphandle kokuqiniswa okuqhubekayo, isimo esinjalo sokwenziwa kwelabhutri sanyamalala ekuvivinyeni kamuva [176]. Lokhu kukhishwa kwe-neuroplasticity kungase kusikisele ukuthi ukukhangwa okubuyiselwe kwamabili kwe-servicemen yethu kanye nokusebenza kobulili nabalingani emva kokushiya ithoyizi lesidakamizwa kanye / noma ukunciphisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili. Izimpendulo ezimisiwe zokuqeda noma zokuqeda ukukhanga okuvuselelwe okubuyiselwayo kanye nokusebenza kobulili nabalingani.

Izingcaphuno ezivela ekubukeni kwe-2017 kwezincwadi (Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, Ukuthakazelisa, Nezocansi: Ngokwemodeli Ye-Hedonic Yokuvuselela I-Internet Yezindaba Zezocansi) chaza indlela ehlukile yokuchaza ukuthi kanjani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zisebenzisa izimo zokulondeka ngokocansi (isifiso esingaphansi kobulili obuhlukanisiwe, ukwaneliseka okungezansi ngokobulili, ubudlelwane obubi):

Ukufingqa kanye Nezimpikiswano Zomfanekiso Wamanje

Umsebenzi wamanje umelela inhlangano yombhalo wezincwadi zocwaningo ezihlobene ne-IPU kanye nesiphakamiso somdwebo omusha wemfundiso. Ekuphakamiseni lesi simodeli nokubukeza izincwadi, sizame ukukhombisa ukuthi i-IPU ingahle ihlobene kanjani nezici ezithile zesisusa socansi. Siye sabonisa ukuthi i-IPU ngokuyinhloko iqhutshwa yizisusa zobulili ze-hedonic, ukuthi iqinisa ngokukhethekile lezo zisusa, nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iqhaza ekwakheni lezo zisusa ekugqugquzelweni ngokobulili ngabanye. Izimpendulo eziningana zigeleza ngokwemvelo kusuka kusibonelo sethu, esibukeza ngezansi.

Ukuma ngokobulili

Okushiwo ngokusobala ngemodeli ukuthi i-IPU ekugcineni ingahle ihlotshaniswe nokuncipha komphakathi noma kobudlelwano, ikakhulukazi kumongo wobudlelwano bezocansi nokusondelana. Ucwaningo lokuqala lwezobuciko kwi-IP lukhombisile ukuthi kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nokungathembeki, ukuzibophezela okuncishisiwe, kanye nezibopho zabalingani ezibuthakathaka (Young, Griffin-Shelley, Cooper, O'mara, & Buchanan, 2000), futhi ucwaningo lwamuva nje lukhombisile ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingathinta abalingani bezothando ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene (ISymzanski, Feltman, & Dunn, 2015; Tylka & Kroon Van Diest, 2015). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphesenti elikhulu labesilisa nabesifazane libika ukuthi i-IPU okwamanje noma kungenzeka ibe yingxenye yobudlelwano babo bezothando, ingasetshenziswa ngumuntu oyedwa noma ngabo bobabili abalingani (UCarroll, uBusby, uWilloughby, noBrown, u-2016; u-Olmstead, uNegash , Pasley, & Fincham, 2013). Ngokomlando, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zixhunyaniswe nokwehla kothando nokuheha umlingani (UKenrick, uGutierres, noGoldberg, 1989).

Kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi i-IPU ihlobene nokuzibophezela komuntu othandana naye (uLambert et al., 2012). Kuzo zonke izifundo ezinhlanu, kwakukhona ubufakazi obuqinile bombono wokuthi i-IP isiphelele ngokubanzi kokuzibophezela buthakathaka nokuthembeka kumlingani womlingani wakho. Emininingwaneni yokutadisha emaceleni (Lambert et al., 2012; Isifundo 1), abahlanganyeli ababika i-IPU enkulu nabo babika amazinga aphansi okuzibophezela kumlingani. Ukuqhubekela phambili (Isifundo se-2), abantu abathathu ababukeleyo babheka ngokunembile abathengi be-IP njengoba bebonisa ukuzibophezela okuncane kubalingani babo bomshado ekuxhumaneni kwezenhlalakahle. Lezi zithole zisekelwa ngokwengeziwe nedatha yokuhlola (Isifundo 3) lapho labo ababalekela khona i-IPU isikhathi esithile babezobika ukuzinikela okukhulu kubalingani babo bomshado kunabathengi be-IP. Okokugcina, usebenzisa ukubhekwa kokuziphatha, kwafunyanwa ukuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswa nokulingana okukhulu kunkulumo engxenyeni ye-inthanethi (Study 4) nangendlela engcono yokwenza ukungathembeki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Isifundo 5). Ngokubambisana, lezi zithole zidweba isithombe esifanayo lapho iPU ihlotshaniswa nokuzibophezela kobudlelwano bokunciphisa.

Kukhona nobunye ubufakazi bokuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswa nokuvuleleka okukhulu ekuzibandakanyeni kwezocansi ngaphandle komshado, okungabonakala njengommeleli wokuzibophezela kobudlelwano obuthakathaka. Ngokuqondile, kusampula yamadoda abamele izwe lonke e-US (General Social Survey from 2000 & 2002; Wright, 2012b), i-IPU yayihlotshaniswa nokuvuleleka okukhulu ekuziphatheni okwahlukile kwezocansi okungahlosiwe, kufaka phakathi ukuzibandakanya kwezocansi ngaphandle komshado. Ngokwengeziwe, ekuhlaziyweni kwabesifazane abasuka kusampula efanayo (Idatha ejwayelekile yeSocial Social evela ku-2000 & 2002; i-Wright, i-2013b), i-IPU yayihlotshaniswa nezimo zengqondo ezinhle ngokuya ocansini ngaphandle komshado kwabesifazane abangafundile kangako nabangakholwa kangako.

Izixhumanisi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokunciphisa ukuma noma ukuzibophezela komndeni nazo zibonakala isikhathi eside. Okungenani isifundo esisodwa se-longitudinal, kwakukhona ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IPU nokuziphatha okungeziwe-madyadic (Maddox et al., 2013). Ngokukodwa, phakathi kwesampula enkulu yabesifazane abangashadile abangashadile ebuhlotsheni (N=993), i-IPU eyazibika nomlingani wayo yayiqagela ukuthi kungenzeka kube nokuziphatha okwengeziwe kwe-dyadic esikhathini esiyizinyanga ezingama-20, kusikisela ukuthi kungadlala indima enkulu ekuholeni ekuzibophezeleni kokuya ocansini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le miphumela isekelwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-Portraits of American Life Study - isampula elimele izwe lonke labantu abadala baseMelika - elithole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nekhwalithi yomshado eyehlisiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Perry, 2016, 2017), kanye nokuhlaziywa kweGeneral Idatha ye-Social Survey evela ku-2006-2014 ethola ukuthi abantu abaqala ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi nocwaningo lwephaneli babecishe babe kabili ingozi yokuhlukanisa esikhathini sesifundo seminyaka engu-8 (Perry & Schleifer, 2017).

Ngaphezu kwamasampuli amele izwe lonke, izindlela zokuhlola zibuye zathola ukuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswa nezimo zengqondo ezinhle ngokwengeziwe ekuziphatheni okwengeziwe kwe-dyadic. Ngokuqondile, kusampula yabafundi abathola iziqu ebuhlotsheni obubodwa bokuzibophezela (Gwinn, Lambert, Fincham, & Maner, 2013; Study 1; N= 74, amadoda angu-36%, Age Median= 19), ekhombisa i-IPU (isib. Ukubhala incazelo yesithombe socansi ebukele ezinsukwini ze-30 ezedlule) kuhlotshaniswa nokukholelwa ukuthi omunye wayenezinye izindlela zokuxhumana ngekhwalithi ephezulu. Esifundweni esilandelayo se-undergraduates ngokuzibophezela kobudlelwane bomshado (Gwinn et al., 2013; Study 2; N= 291, amadoda angu-18%, Age Median= I-20), i-IPU yayihlotshaniswa isikhathi eside ekuziphatheni kokuziphatha okungeziwe, ngakho-ke, i-IPU ibike ngesikhathi esisezingeni eliyisisekelo yayibikezela ukuziphatha okungeziweko kwamasonto e-12 kamuva.

Ngokubambisana, imiphumela evela emigqeni ehamba phambili, ehlala isikhathi eside, emele uhulumeni, nasezifundweni zokuhlola isekela isiphetho sokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile futhi i-IPU ngokuqondile ihlotshaniswa nokuzibophezela nokuzibophezela kobudlelwano. Lokhu kutholakala kuhambisana nokuphikisana kwalesi simodeli samanje, ukuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswa nokunyuka kwezisusa zobulili ze-hedonic ezigxile ekuziphatheni, ngokuvamile ngezindleko ezithile ezithinteka ngokocansi noma ezenhlalo.

Ukwaneliseka ngokobulili

Esinye isizinda lapho umodeli wamanje ongase ube nawo khona kunokwaneliseka ngokocansi. Njengoba izisusa zobulili ze-hedonic zivame ukugxila ekutholeni ukwaneliseka ngokobulili, umuntu angalindela ukwanda kwezinhloso ezinjalo ezihlobene nemiphumela yokwaneliseka ngokobulili. Kodwa-ke, kunikezwe inani elikhulu lezinto ezibangela ukwaneliseka ngokocansi (isib. Ukuzondana, ukuzibophezela, ukuzethemba, ukuzethemba), futhi kungenzeka ukuthi lobu buhlobo phakathi kwe-IPU nokwaneliseka kuyoba nzima. Kubantu abathile, ukwanda kwezisusa zobulili ze-hedonic kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokwehliswa kwangempela ekuwaneliseni ngokocansi, njengoba amazinga aphezulu esifiso angase ahlangane nokukhungatheka, ikakhulukazi uma ukwenyuka okunjalo kungahlangabezane nokwenyuka kokwaneliseka okuhambisana nokusebenzisana ngokocansi okuhlanganyelwe (i-Santtila futhi al., 2007). Ngaphandle kwalokho, uma umuntu eqala ngamazinga aphansi e-hedonic isisusa socansi, ukwanda kwaleso sikhuthazo kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokwaneliseka okukhulu kocansi njengoba umuntu eqala ukugxila ekutholeni injabulo ekuhlanganisaneni ngokocansi.

Ngokungafani nezizinda eziningi ezixoxwe ngaphambili ezihlobene ne-IPU nezisusa, lapho ucwaningo lusalokhu lukhukhumezeka khona, ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-IPU nokwaneliseka ngokocansi kuye kwafundwa kabanzi, nezincwadi eziningi ezikhuluma ngesihloko. Esikhundleni sokubukeza ngokweqile uhlu lwezinhlolo zokuhlola i-IPU nokwaneliseka ngokocansi, ukutholakala kwalezi zifundo kufingqa kuThebula 1.

Ngokuvamile, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1, ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-IPU nokwaneliseka ngokocansi komuntu siqu kuyinkimbinkimbi, kepha kuyahambisana nokucabanga ukuthi i-IP ingakhuthaza izisusa eziningi zocansi ze-hedonic, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwanda. Phakathi kwemibhangqwana, kunokusekelwa okulinganiselwe komqondo wokuthi i-IPU ingakhulisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, kepha kuphela uma ifakwa emisebenzini yezocansi ehlukanisiwe. Ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye, kunobufakazi obungaguquguquki bokuthi i-IPU ibikezela ukwaneliseka okuphansi kwezocansi emadodeni, ngemisebenzi enqamulelayo neyesikhathi eside ekhomba ezinhlanganweni zalokhu kusetshenziswa nokwaneliseka okunciphile kwamadoda. Ngokuphathelene nabesifazane, ubufakazi obuhlakazekile bubonisa ukuthi i-IPU ingakhulisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, ingabi namthelela ekwanelisekeni, noma inciphise ukwaneliseka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphandle kokutholakele okuxubekile, isiphetho sokungabi namthelela obalulekile we-IPU ekwanelisekeni ngokocansi kwabesifazane ukutholakala okuvame kakhulu. Le miphumela iphinde yaqinisekiswa yi-meta-analysis yakamuva (iWright, iTokunaga, iKraus, neKlann, 2017). Ukubukeza izifundo ze-50 zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemiphumela ehlukahlukene yokwaneliseka (isb. Ukwaneliseka kwempilo, ukwaneliseka komuntu siqu, ukwaneliseka ngokobudlelwano, ukwaneliseka ngokocansi), lokhu kuhlaziywa kwe-meta kutholakale ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (hhayi okuqondene ne-inthanethi) kwakuhlobene njalo nokubikezela ukwaneliseka okuphakathi kwabantu okuguqukayo, kufaka phakathi ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, kepha kwabesilisa kuphela. Akukho okutholakele okuphawulekayo okutholwe ngabesifazane. Ngokubambisana, imiphumela enjalo exubile ivimbela iziphetho ezicacile mayelana nendima ye-IP ekuthonyeni ukwaneliseka kwabesifazane.

Okunye kokutholakele okubaluleke kakhulu kwemisebenzi yakamuva ehlola i-IPU nokwaneliseka kwezocansi ukuthi kubonakala sengathi kunobudlelwano be-curvilinear phakathi kokusetshenziswa nokweneliseka, ukuze ukwaneliseka kwehle kakhulu njengoba i-IPU iba yinsakavukela (isib.Wright, Steffen, & Sun, 2017 ; UWright, uBrigdes, uLanga, u-Ezzell, noJohnson, 2017). Imininingwane yalezi zifundo ikhonjisiwe kuThebula 1. Njengoba kunikezwe ubufakazi obucacile kumasampula amaningi aphesheya, kubonakala kunengqondo ukwamukela isiphetho sokuthi njengoba i-IPU inyuka iye ngaphezu kwesisodwa ngenyanga, ukwaneliseka ngokocansi kuyehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize lezi zifundo (Wright, Steffen, et al., 2017; Wright, Bridges et al., 2017) zazinqamulelana, zinikezwe inani lezifundo ezinde (isib, uPeter & Valkenburg, 2009) ezixhumanisa i-IPU nokwehlisa ucansi ukwaneliseka, kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi lezi zinhlangano ziyimbangela yendalo. Njengoba i-IPU inyuka, ukwaneliseka kwezocansi phakathi kwabantu kubonakala kwehla, okuhambisana nombango wesimanje wokuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswa nesisusa socansi se-hedonic nesokugxila kakhulu.

Kuka-2017 lapho Ucwaningo lwe-24 oluxhumanisa ukuhlukunyezwa kocansi / ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ezinkingeni zobulili kanye nokuvusa okuncane ezenzweni zobulili. Ukuxhuma izintambo noma ukulungisa isimo sokuvusa ucansi ocansini lwe-inthanethi nakho kubonakala ekukhuleni kube izinhlobo ezintsha, noma kudinga izinhlobo ezintsha nezingavamile ukuvuswa. Izifundo ezintathu manje zibuze abasebenzisi be-porn ikakhulukazi ngokukhuphuka kwezinhlobo ezintsha noma ukubekezelelana, okuqinisekisa zombili (1, 2, 3). Ukusebenzisa izindlela ezehlukene ezingaqondile, izifundo ezengeziwe ze-16 babike ukutholakala okuhambisana nokujwayela "i-porn ejwayelekile" noma ukukhuphukela ezinhlotsheni ezimbi kakhulu futhi ezingavamile. Izifundo ezilandelayo, ezikhethwe kulezi zinhlu ezimbili, zibonisa abasebenzisi be-porn bebeka isimo sabo esivumelwaneni se-porn ku-intanethi:

1) Ingabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Zibangela Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi? Ukubukezwa Ngemibiko Yomtholampilo (2016). Lokhu ukubuyekezwa okubanzi kwezincwadi ezihlobene nezinkinga zocansi ezibangelwa ucansi zifaka phakathi imibiko emitholampilo emi-3 yabasebenzi abasungula ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi okubangelwa ucansi. Ababili kulawa ma-servicemen amathathu baphulukisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwabo ngokocansi ngokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kocansi ngenkathi owesithathu engathuthuki kangako njengoba engakwazanga ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kocansi. Ababili kwabasebenzi abathathu babike ukujwayela i-porn yamanje nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kocansi. I-serviceman yokuqala ichaza ukujwayela kwayo ku- "porn ezithambile" kulandelwe ukukhuphuka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezibonisa okusobala nezokuziphatha:

Umsebenzi oneminyaka engu-20 osebenzayo owawufunwa yi-serviceman yaseCaucasia obhekene nezinkinga ekufinyeleleni i-orgasm ngesikhathi sokulala ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule. Kwenzeka okokuqala ngesikhathi esethunyelwa ngaphandle kwezilwandle. Wayenecala lokushaya indlwabu isikhathi esingangehora engenayo i-orgasm, futhi ipenisi yakhe yahamba engaqondakali. Ukuhlupheka kwakhe ukugcina ukulungiswa nokufeza i-orgasm kuqhubekile kulo lonke ukuthunyelwa kwakhe. Kusukela ekubuyeni kwakhe, wayengenakukwazi ukuhlaziya ngesikhathi sokulala nomyeni wakhe. Wayengakwazi ukufeza ukulungiswa kodwa akakwazanga ukugcoba, futhi emva kwe-10-15 min wayezolahlekelwa ukulungiswa kwakhe, okwakungekhona icala ngaphambi kokuba abe ne-ED.

Isiguli esivunyelwe ukushaya indlwabu njalo "iminyaka", kanye kanye noma kabili cishe cishe nsuku zonke iminyaka embalwa edlule. Wavuma ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ngokugqugquzela. Njengoba ekwazi ukufinyelela e-intanethi esheshayo, wayethembele kuphela kuyizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi. Ekuqaleni, "i-porn soft", lapho okuqukethwe akubandakanyi ukulala kwangempela, "wenza iphutha". Kodwa-ke, kancane kancane wayedinga izinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo noma ezithinta isisu. Ubike ukuvula amavidiyo amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi ubukele izingxenye ezithinta kakhulu.

I-serviceman yesibili ichaza ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kocansi nokukhuphuka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho walala nomkakhe “akusavuseleli njengakuqala”:

Umuntu oneminyaka engu-40 ubudala wase-Afrika waseMelika ujoyine i-serviceman ngeminyaka engu-17 yomsebenzi oqhubekayo osebenzayo obhekene nobunzima ekufezeni izikhathi ezinyangeni ezintathu ezedlule. Ubike ukuthi lapho ezama ukulala nomkakhe, waba nenkinga ekufezeni ukulungiswa nobunzima ukulondoloza isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba abe nomzimba. Kusukela ingane yabo encane ishiya ekolishi, izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambili, wayezitholele ukushaya indlwabu kanengi ngenxa yobumfihlo obuningi. Ngaphambili wayedlala ngesonto sonke ngesonto, kodwa lokho kwanda kabili kuya kathathu ngesonto. Wayelokhu esebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, kodwa lapho ejwayele ukuzisebenzisa, isikhathi eside sithatha i-orgasm ngempahla yakhe evamile. Lokhu kwaholela kuye esebenzisa ukwaziswa okuningi okucacile. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukulala nomkakhe "kwakungashukumisi" njengangaphambili futhi ngezinye izikhathi wathola umkakhe "engeyona ekhangayo". Wenqaba ukuthi abe nalezi zindaba ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yomshado wabo. Wayenenkinga emshadweni ngoba umkakhe wayesola ukuthi wayenomshado, okwenqabela kakhulu.

2) Umkhuba ongavamile we-masturbatory njengento etiological ekuxilongweni kanye nokwelashwa kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kumadoda amasha (2014) - Olunye lwezifundo ze-4 kuleli phepha libika ngendoda enezinkinga zocansi ezibangelwa izithombe zocansi (i-libido ephansi, ama-fetus, anorgasmia). Ngemuva kwezinyanga ze-8 le ndoda yabika isifiso sobulili esiphuthumayo, ubulili obuphumelelayo kanye ne-orgasm, nokujabulela "imikhuba emihle yobulili. Okucaphuno okuvela ephepheni:

"Lapho ebuzwa ngemikhuba ye-masturbatory, wabika ukuthi esikhathini esidlule wayesebenzisa ngokushaya indlwabu ngamandla nangesikhathi ebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusukela ebusheni. Ekuqaleni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zazihlanganisa nokuzikhohlisa, ukugqilaza, ukubuswa, ukudabuka, nokubukeka kwe-masochism, kodwa ekugcineni wajwayele lezi zinto futhi wadinga izigcawu ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile, okubandakanya ubulili be-transgender, ubudlova, nobulili obudlova. Wayevame ukuthenga ama-movie angcolile angekho emthethweni ngezenzo zobulili ezinobudlova nokudlwengula nokubukisa lezo zigcawu emcabangweni wakhe wokusebenzisana ngokocansi nabesifazane. Kancane kancane walahlekelwa isifiso sakhe namandla akhe okucabanga futhi wehlisa ukuvama kwendlela yokushaya indlwabu. "

Ngokubambisana nezikhathi zamasonto onke nomelaphi wezocansi, isiguli sayalwa ukuba sigweme noma yikuphi ukuvezwa kwezinto ezibeka obala ezocansi, kufaka phakathi amavidiyo, amaphephandaba, izincwadi, nezithombe zocansi ze-intanethi… .. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-8, isiguli sabika ukuthi sathola i-orgasm ephumelelayo nokuchama. Wavuselela ubuhlobo bakhe nalowo wesifazane, futhi kancane kancane baphumelela ekujabuleleni imikhuba emihle yezocansi.

3) Kunzima kangakanani ukuphatha ukujula okwephuzile ngaphakathi komodeli wesikhashana ongokwengqondo? Ukuqhathaniswa kwesifundo (2017) - Umbiko "ngamacala ahlanganisiwe" abonisa izimbangela nezindlela zokwelashwa zokubambezeleka kwe-ejaculation (anorgasmia). "Isiguli B" besimele izinsizwa eziningana eziphathwe yilapha owelapha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi leli phephandaba lithi "ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwePatient B kwase kukhule kwaba izinto ezinzima", "njengoba kwenzeka njalo". Leli phepha lithi okuhlobene nezocansi ukubambezeleka kwe-ejaculation akuyona into engavamile, futhi kuyanda. Umbhali ufuna ucwaningo oluthe xaxa ngemiphumela ye-porn yokusebenza kocansi. Ukuchithwa kokubambezeleka kwesiguli B kuphulukisiwe ngemuva kwamasonto e-10 kungekho porn. Izingcaphuno:

Amacala amacala ahlanganisiwe athathwa emsebenzini wami ngaphakathi kweNational Health Service eCroydon University Hospital, eLondon. Ngalesi sigameko (Isiguli B), kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi le nkulumo ibonisa inani labantu abesilisa abasha abathunyelwe amaGP abo ngokuhlonza okufanayo. Isiguli B ngumuntu oneminyaka eyi-19 owethule ngoba wayengenakukwazi ukungena ejaculate ngokungena. Ngesikhathi eyi-13, wayehlala efinyelela kumasayithi e-pornography ngedwa ngokwayo ngokuseshwa kwe-intanethi noma ngezixhumanisi abangane bakhe abamthumelele kuzo. Waqala ukushaya indlwabu ubusuku bonke ngesikhathi ecwaninga ifoni yakhe ngesithombe ... Uma engazange aphule indlala engakwazi ukulala. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ayezisebenzisayo zaye zanda, njengoba kunjalo njalo (bheka i-Hudson-Allez, i-2010), zibe izinto eziqinile (akukho okungekho emthethweni) ...

Isiguli B sasivezwe esithombeni sezocansi ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusukela eneminyaka engu-12 kanye nezithombe ezingcolile ayezisebenzisayo zaziye zafika ebugqilini futhi zibuswa yi-15.

Savuma ukuthi ngeke esasisebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukushaya indlwabu. Lokhu kwakusho ukushiya ifoni yakhe ekamelweni elihlukile ebusuku. Sivumile ukuthi uzoshaya indlwabu ngendlela ehlukile ....

Isiguli B sakwazi ukufeza i-orgasm ngokusebenzisa ukungena ngeseshini yesihlanu; lezi zifundo zihlinzeka kabili ebusuku eSibhedlela saseCroydon University ngakho-ke iseshini yesihlanu ilingana namaviki angaba ngu-10 kusukela kokubonisana. Wajabula futhi ekhululekile kakhulu. Ezinyangeni ezintathu ezilandelwayo nesiguli B, izinto zisaqhubeka kahle.

Isiguli B asilona icala elikude ngaphakathi kweNational Health Service (NHS) kanti empeleni abasha abasha abathola ukuphathwa kwengqondo kobulili, ngaphandle kobambisene nabo, bazikhulumela ngokwabo emiphakathini yokushintsha.

4) Ama-Neural Correlates e-Sexual Cue Reactivity kuNobuntu abangenazo ngaphandle kokucindezela ngokocansi (2014) - Lolu cwaningo lwe-FMRI yiCambridge University lathola ukuzwela kulabo abahlukumezayo bezocansi okubonisa ukuzwela kwezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa. Futhi bathola ukuthi izilonda zobulili ezingcolile zifanelana nesimodeli esamukelekile sokulutha umlutha wokufuna "it" ngaphezulu, kodwa hhayi ukuthanda "it" ngaphezulu. Abacwaningi baphinde babike ukuthi i-60% yezifundo (isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala: i-25) kunzima ukufeza ama-erections / ukuvusa nabalingani bangempela ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-porn, nokho kungafinyeleleka ukuphazamiseka nge-porn. Kusukela ekutadisheni (i-CSB yizimo zokuziphatha zocansi eziphoqelekile):

Izihloko ze-CSB zibike ukuthi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinto ezibekela obala ezocansi… .. [bona] bancipha ukusebenza kwe-libido noma kwe-erectile ikakhulukazi ebudlelwaneni bomzimba nabesifazane (yize kungenabudlelwano nezinto ezibekela obala ezocansi)

Uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo, izihloko ze-CSB zinezifiso ezingathí sina zobulili noma zifuna ukucacisa amagama futhi zinezici ezithandwa kakhulu ezihlokweni ezibucayi, ngaleyo ndlela zibonisa ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kokufuna nokuthanda. Izihloko ze-CSB nazo zinezinkinga ezinkulu zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kanye nobunzima be-erectile ebuhlotsheni obuseduze kodwa hhayi ngezinsiza ezicacile ngokocansi eziqokomisa ukuthi izifiso zesifiso ezithuthukisiwe zazingqayizivele ezichazwe ngokucacile hhayi ngesifiso sobulili esikhulisiwe.

5) Imisebenzi yezocansi e-intanethi: Ucwaningo lokuhlolisisa lwemikhakha yokusetshenziswa enenkinga futhi engekho inkinga kwisampula yamadoda (2016) - Lolu cwaningo lwaseBelgium oluvela ocwaningweni oluphambili lwenyuvesi luthole ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi kwe-inthanethi kuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi owehlisiwe we-erectile futhi kunciphise ukwaneliseka okuphelele kwezocansi. Kodwa-ke abasebenzisi be-porn abanenkinga babhekana nezifiso ezinkulu (ukuzwela). Ucwaningo lubika ukukhula, njengoba abesilisa abangama-49% bebheka izithombe zocansi ukuthi “bekungakatholakali ngaphambili kubo noma ukuthi babecabanga njengezinengiso. ” Ingcaphuno:

Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye akhulume okungenani ngezinye izikhathi efuna okuqukethwe kobulili noma ehilelekile kuma-OSA angazange abe mnandi ngabo ngaphambili noma ukuthi ayebhekwa njengento enengekayo, futhi i-61.7% ibike ukuthi okungenani ngezinye izikhathi ama-OSA ahlotshaniswa namahloni noma imizwa enecala.

Lolu cwaningo lwaseBelgium lwathola nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn okuyinkinga kwe-Intanethi kwakuhlotshaniswa nomsebenzi owehlisiwe we-erectile futhi kunciphise ukwaneliseka okuphelele kwezocansi. Noma kunjalo abasebenzisi be-porn abanenkinga babhekana nezifiso ezinkulu. (OSA's = online online activity, which was porn for 99% of subjects.) Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi u-20.3% wabahlanganyeli uthe inhloso eyodwa yokusebenzisa kwabo i-porn "ukugcina ukuvuka nomlingani wami." Ingcaphuno:

“Lolu cwaningo ngolokuqala ukuphenya ngqo ubudlelwano obuphakathi kokungasebenzi kahle kwezocansi nokubandakanyeka okuyinkinga kuma-OSA. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi isifiso sobulili esiphakeme, ukwaneliseka okuphansi kocansi, nokusebenza okuphansi kwe-erectile kuhlotshaniswa nama-OSA anenkinga (imisebenzi yezocansi online). Le miphumela ingaxhunyaniswa naleyo yezifundo zangaphambilini ezibika izinga eliphakeme lokuvuka ngokuhambisana nezimpawu zokulutha ngokocansi (iBancroft & Vukadinovic, 2004; Laier et al., 2013; Muise et al., 2013). ”

6) I-adolesolescent kanye ne-porn yewebhu: inkathi entsha yokucansi (2015) - Lesi sifundo sase-Italy sihlaziye imiphumela ye-porn inthanethi esikoleni esiphakeme esikoleni esiphakeme, esabhaliswa nguprofesa we-urology Carlo Foresta, umongameli we-Italian Society of Pathophysiologyology. Ukuthola okuthakazelisayo kunazo zonke ukuthi i-16% yalabo abasebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngesonto baveza isifiso esingavamile sobulili uma kuqhathaniswa ne-0% kwabangewona abathengi (no-6% kulabo abadla okungaphansi kwesonto ngesonto).

7) Intsha, isimo sokubheka kanye nokukhathalela ukunakekelwa kocansi”(2015). Ucwaningo lwe-fMRI lwaseCambridge University lubike ukujwayela okukhulu kwizenzo zocansi kubasebenzisi be-porn abacindezelayo. Ingcaphuno:

Ama-stimuli ecacile e-inthanethi amaningi futhi akhula, futhi lesi sici singase sikhuthaze ukukhula kwesisetshenziswa kwabanye abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, abesilisa abanempilo ababuka ngokuphindaphindiwe ifilimu ecacile efanayo bathole ukuthi bajwayele ukuvuselela futhi bathole ukukhushulwa okucacile njengokuvusa kancane kancane ngokocansi, okunciphisa kancane nokunciphisa kancane (Koukounas and Over, 2000). ... Sibonisa ngokulinganayo lokho okubonwayo emtholampilo ukuthi ukuziphatha kocansi okucindezelayo kubonakala ngokufuna izinto ezintsha, isimo sengqondo kanye nokujwayela ukwenza ucansi emadodeni.

Kusukela ku-press release ehlobene:

Bathola ukuthi uma izidakamizwa zobulili zibuka isithombe esifanayo socansi ngokuphindaphindiwe, uma kuqhathaniswa namavolontiya anempilo abhekana nokwehla okukhulu komsebenzi esifundeni sobuchopho owaziwa ngokuthi i-rorsal anterior cingulate cortex, eyaziwa ukuthi ihileleke ekulindeni imivuzo nokuphendula izenzakalo ezintsha. Lokhu kuhambisana 'nokujwayela', lapho umlutha uthola khona ukuvuselela okufanayo okuncane kakhulu - isibonelo, isiphuzo sekhofi singathola i-caffeine 'buzz' esitokisini sawo sokuqala, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baphuza kakhulu ikhofi, amancane buzz iba.

Lokhu kusebenza okufanayo kwendabuko kwenzeka emadodeni enempilo aboniswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ividiyo efanayo ye-porn. Kodwa uma bebuka ividiyo entsha, izinga lesithakazelo nokuvusa libuyela ezingeni langempela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ukuvimbela ukujwayela, umlutha wezocansi uzodinga ukufundwa njalo kwezithombe ezintsha. Ngamanye amazwi, ukujwayela kungase kuqhubekele ukucinga izithombe zeveli.

"Izinto esizifunayo zisebenza ngokukhethekile emlandweni wezithombe ezingcolile zobulili," kusho uDkt. Voon. "Akucaci ukuthi yini ebangela ukubheja ngokocansi endaweni yokuqala futhi kungenzeka ukuthi abanye abantu bajwayele ukubheja ngokweqile kunabanye, kodwa ukubonakala okungapheli kwezithombe zocansi ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi kusiza ukondla umlutha wabo, okwenze kube ngaphezulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukubaleka. "

8) Ukuphila Ngokobulili Kwabesilisa Nokubukwa Okuphindaphindiwe Ezingcolile. Inkinga Entsha? (I-2015)

Ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo kufanele bacabangele imiphumela engaba khona yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezenzweni zokuziphatha ngokobulili, izinkinga zesilisa zobulili nezinye izimo zengqondo ezihlobene nocansi. Ezikhathini ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kubonakala sengathi kudala ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, ikakhulukazi ukungakwazi komuntu ukuthola i-orgasm nomlingani wakhe. Umuntu ochitha isikhathi esiningi sokuphila kwakhe ngokobulili ngokushaya indlwabu ngesikhathi ebuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezithinta ubuchopho ekutheni abuyele emacansini akhe okuziphatha ngokocansi ukuze maduzane adinge ukuvuselela okubonakalayo ukuze afinyelele i-orgasm.

Izimpawu eziningi ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa kocansi, njengesidingo sokubandakanya umlingani ekubukeni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kunzima ukuthola i-orgasm, isidingo sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze kuguquleke zibe izinkinga zobulili. Lezi zimo zobulili zingase ziqhubeke izinyanga noma iminyaka futhi zingase zibe yingqondo nangokomzimba ezihambisana nokusebenza kabi kwe-erectile, nakuba kungeyona into eyenza ukungasebenzi. Ngenxa yalokhu kudideka, okudala ukuhlazeka, ukuhlazeka nokuphika, amadoda amaningi enqaba ukuhlangana nochwepheshe

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinikeza enye indlela elula ukuthola injabulo ngaphandle kokufakazela ezinye izinto ezihilelekile ekuziphatheni ngokocansi komlando wesintu. Ubuchopho buqala enye indlela yokuziphatha ngokobulili okungabandakanyi "omunye umuntu wangempela" kusukela ku-equation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile esikhathini eside kwenza amadoda angenele ubunzima ekutholeni ukulungiswa phambi kozakwethu.

9) Ukushaya indlwabu kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile Zisebenzise Phakathi Kwabesilisa Abahlukunyezwa Ngesinye Isisu Ngesifiso Sobulili Esinciphile: Zingaki Izindleko Zokushaya Indlwabu? (I-2015) - I-porn ejwayelekile yayihlobene nokuncipha kwesifiso sobulili nobuhlobo obuseduze nobudlelwano. Izingcaphuno:

Phakathi kwamadoda abesilisa ngokushaya indlwabu njalo, u-70% wasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okungenani kanye ngesonto. Ukuhlolwa okunamandla kubonisa ukuthi ukuxhashazwa ngokobulili, ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuvamile, nobuhlobo obuphansi obuseduze nobuhlobo obuseduze buyandisa amathuba okubika ukushaya indlwabu phakathi kwabantu abathintekayo ngokunciphisa isifiso socansi.

Phakathi kwamadoda [anesifiso socansi esinciphile] owasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okungenani kanye ngesonto [ku-2011], i-26.1% ibike ukuthi abakwazanga ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-26.7% yamadoda ibike ukuthi ukusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyithinte kabi ubulili babo obuhlukanisiwe.

10) Izindlela zokusebenzisana phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi (2017) - Ngenkathi leli phepha lixhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kocansi ukunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, liphinde labika ukuthi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kocansi ihlobene nokuthandayo (noma isidingo?) Se-porn phezu kwabantu ukufeza ukuvuswa kocansi. Ingcaphuno:

Okokugcina, sithole ukuthi ukuvama kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlobene ngokuqondile nesithandwa esihlotsheni sezocansi kunokuba kunesifiso sobulili obuhlanganisiwe. Abahlanganyeli esifundweni samanje baqede kakhulu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zokushaya indlwabu. Ngokuvamile izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuvusa ukushaya indlwabu, lapho umuntu engase abe nesimo se-pornography ngokungafani neminye imithombo yokuvusa ucansi.

11) "Ngicabanga ukuthi bekuyithonya elibi ngezindlela eziningi kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo angikwazi ukuyeka ukuyisebenzisa": Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezizimele zisebenzisa phakathi kwesampula yabase-Australia abasha (i-2017) - Ucwaningo oluku-inthanethi lwabantu base-Australia, abaneminyaka engu-15-29. Labo abake babuka izithombe zocansi (n = 856) babuzwa embuzweni ovulekile: 'Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyithonye kanjani impilo yakho?' Ingcaphuno:

Phakathi kwababambiqhaza abaphendule embuzweni ovulekile (n = 718), ukusetshenziselwa inkinga kubonakala ngabakhompendulo be-88. Abahlanganyeli abesilisa ababika ukusetshenziswa okunenkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bagcizelela imiphumela ezindaweni ezintathu: emsebenzini wocansi, ukuvusa kanye nobuhlobo.

12) Ucwaningo lubona ukuxhumanisa phakathi kocansi nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi (2017) - Okutholakele ocwaningweni oluzayo okwethulwe emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke we-American Urological Association. Izingcaphuno ezimbalwa:

Izinsizwa ezithanda izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunokuhlangana kocansi emhlabeni wangempela zingazithola zibhajwe ogibeni, zingakwazi ukwenza ucansi nabanye abantu lapho ithuba livela, kubika isifundo esisha. Abesilisa abayimilutha yezocansi banamathuba amaningi okuthi bahlupheke ngokungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile futhi mancane amathuba okuthi baneliseke ngokuya ocansini, ngokusho kokutholakele kocwaningo okwethulwe ngoLwesihlanu emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke weAmerican Urological Association, eBoston.

Izinga lezimbangela zezimbangela zokungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile kule nkinga yobudala liphansi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukwanda kokungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile esikubonile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaleli qembu kumele kuchazwe, ”kusho uChristman. “Sikholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaba yingxenye eyodwa yaleyo mpicabadala.

13) Ukuhlola umphumela wezinto ezicacile ngokocansi ezinkolelweni zobulili, ukuqonda kanye nemikhuba yezinsizwa: Inhlolovo efanele (2016). Imibiko yokutadisha efanele ikhula ngokwezinto ezimbi kakhulu. Ingcaphuno:

Okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi izingqikithi ezisemqoka yilezi: amazinga akhuphukile okutholakala kwe-SEM, kufaka phakathi ukukhuphuka kokuqukethwe okwedlulele (Yonke Indawo Obheka kuyo) ebonwa izinsizwa ezikulesi sifundo njengezinemiphumela engemihle kuzimo zokuziphatha kocansi nokuziphatha (Lokho Akukuhle). Imfundo yomndeni noma yezocansi inganikeza 'ukuvikelwa' (ama-Buffers) athile kuzinkambiso abantu abasha abazibona ku-SEM. Idatha iphakamisa ukubukwa okudidekile (amavesi wangempela amafantasy) azungeze okulindelwe yintsha yempilo yezocansi enempilo (Impilo Yezocansi Enempilo) kanye nezinkolelo ezifanele nokuziphatha (Ukwazi Ilungelo kokungalungile). Kuchazwa indlela engaba yimbangela futhi izindawo zokungenelela zigqanyisiwe.

14) Izintandokazi Zokunyathelisa Kusetshenziswa I-Pornography (1986) - Amaviki ayisithupha okuchayeka ezithombeni ezingcolile ezingenabudlova kuholele ekutheni izihloko zingabi nandaba ne-vanilla porn, zikhethe ukubuka kuphela "izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingajwayelekile" (ubugqila, isadomasochism, isilwane). Ingcaphuno:

Abafundi abesilisa nabesifazane kanye nabangenalo ithemba bavezwa ngehora elilodwa lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingekho emthethweni noma ezokungcola ngokobulili nangenhlamba emasontweni ayisithupha okulandelanayo. Emasontweni amabili ngemuva kwalokhu ukwelashwa, banikezwa ithuba lokubuka ama-videotapes esimweni sangasese. Izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe ngu-G, zilinganisiwe futhi zi-X zilinganisiwe. Izihloko ezinokubonwa ngaphambili kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile azibonanga isithakazelo esincane ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile, ezingakhethi, ezikhetha ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingavamile (ubugqila, sadomasochism, bestiality) esikhundleni salokho. Amadoda angenaso isifiso sokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile azidle izithombe ezingcolile ezingavamile. Abafundi besilisa babonisa iphethini efanayo, nakuba bekungathí sina kakhulu. Lokhu okukhethwa kukho kokusetshenziswa kwakubuye kubonakale kwabesifazane, kodwa kwakuncane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabafundi besifazane.

15) Ubudlelwane Phakathi Kokusetshenziswa Kokuqhathaniswa Kokuzilibazisa Okuvamile, Izithandani, Nokukhathazeka Ngokobulili Phakathi Kwabantwana Abesilisa AbaseSweden (2017) - Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Porn kwabesilisa abaneminyaka engu-18 bekuyinto yonke, futhi abasebenzisi be-porn abavame ukukhetha i-porn-hard. Ingabe lokhu kukhombisa ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kocansi?

Phakathi kwabasebenzisi abavamile, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezidliwe kwakuyizinkinga ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (71%) ezilandelwa yizithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (64%), kuyilapho izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ziyizinhlobo ezijwayelekile kakhulu ezikhethiwe (73%) nabasebenzisi abangenayo (36% ). Kube khona umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu okulingana abheke izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (71%, 48%, 10%) nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili (14%, 9%, 0%).

Abalobi basikisela ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuvamile zingase ziholele ekuthandeni izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile noma ezinonya:

Kuyaphawuleka nokuthi ubudlelwane obuphawulekayo obutholakala phakathi kokucabangela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile izikhathi eziningana ngesonto futhi ubukele izithombe ezingcolile zobulili eziyinhloko. Njengoba ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili ngokomlomo nangokwenyama kuyindawo evamile ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile, lokho intsha eningi eyibheka njengezicansi ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kungase kuchazwe ngokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobudlova. Uma kunjalo, futhi ngenxa yesimo esicacisiwe sezinkinga zobulili kuPetru naseValkenburg, kungenzeka ukuthi kunokuba 'ukuhlanza' abantu ngabanye ukucabanga kwabo kanye nokuthambekela kocansi, ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili eziqhubekayo kubandelela, ngaleyo ndlela zanda amathuba okuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi.

16) Ukusetshenziswa okungekho kokulawula kwe-intanethi ngezinhloso zocansi njengokulutha kokuziphatha? Ucwaningo oluzayo (olwethulwe engqungqutheleni yesi-4 Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokulutha Izenzo Zokuziphatha, ngoFebhuwari 20-22, 2017) nayo ebuze ngqo ngokubekezelelana nokuhoxa. Ithole bobabili "abayimilutha yezithombe zocansi".

Ingemuva futhi ihlose: Kukhona ingxabano eqhubekayo ukuthi ngabe ukuziphatha ngokweqile ngokocansi kufanele kuqondwe njengendlela yokuziphatha kabi komzimba (Karila, Wéry, Weistein et al., 2014). Ucwaningo lwamanje lwekhwalithi luhlose ukuhlaziya izinga lokusetshenziswa okungalawulwa kwe-intanethi ngezinjongo zocansi (OUISP) kungabhalwa umqondo wokulutha ukuziphatha phakathi kwalabo bantu ababeselashwa ngenxa ye-OUISP yabo.

Izindlela: Senze izingxoxo ngokujulile nabahlanganyeli be-21 abaneminyaka engu-22-54 (Image = iminyaka engu-34.24). Ukusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa okuqakathekileko, izimpawu zomtholampilo ze-OUISP zahlaziywa ngemigomo yokulutha ukuziphatha, ngokugxila ngokukhethekile ekubekezeleni nasekuzikhanyeni (Griffiths, 2001).

Imiphumela: Ukuziphatha okubucayi okuyizinkinga kwakuyi-inthanethi yokulawula izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (OOPU). Ukwakha ukubekezelelana ku-OOPU kubonakala njengesikhathi esengeziwe esichithwa kumawebhusayithi okuzihlambalaza kanye nokufuna isisho esisha esicacile sobulili ngaphakathi kwe-spectrum engaphenduki. Izimpawu zokuhoxiswa zazibonakalisa ezingeni le-psychosomatic futhi zathatha uhlobo lokufuna izinto ezihlukile zobulili. Abahlanganyeli abayishumi nesishiyagalolunye bafezekisa zonke izinqubo zokulutha umlutha.

Iziphetho: Ucwaningo lubonisa ukusizakala kohlaka lokuziphatha umlutha

Ekugcineni, umsebenzisi we-porn "wiring impendulo yakhe yezocansi kwi-inthanethi ye-porn" akabonwa kuphela ekuhlukunyezweni ngokocansi okubangelwa ucansi nokukhuphuka, kepha ngezinzwa ngokwengqondo (cue-reactivity, cravings, compulsion to use). Ukuzwela kubangela imiphumela ukwanda "okufunayo" noma ukuthanda ngenkathi ukuthanda noma injabulo kunciphisa. Kukhona manje ukuxilongwa kwe-20 yokubika ukubika, ukuthanda, noma ukucubungula-abasebenzisi be-porn / izidakamizwa zocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

SLIDE 8

Ubulili beqiniso, ngokuphambene, ngu: Ukusebenzelana, Ukuthintana, Ukuthinteka, Ukubhema, Ama-Pheromones, Ukuvuselela okungenamandla, Ukuxhuma ngokomzwelo, Ukuxhumana nomuntu. Kwenzekani lapho umfana wethu ekugcineni eba nomlingani wangempela?

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Le slide iphikisana ngokuthi ukushaya indlwabu ngokusakaza izithombe zocansi nge-tube sites akufani nokulala nomlingani wangempela. Nakuba lokhu kuwukuqonda, umqondo oyinhloko wukuthi izinsizwa ezisebenzisa ukuxhunywa kocansi zingenza isimo sabo sokuvuthwa ngokobulili sibe nakho konke okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi. Ukungafani phakathi kobulili wangempela nokushaya indlwabu ku-intanethi ye-Internet kuyisici esiyinhloko ebangelwa ukuhlukumeza ngokobulili-okubangelwa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi (i-erectile dysfunction, anorgasmia, libido ephansi, ukubambezeleka kwe-ejaculation), njengoba kubhekiswa kuma-slides kamuva. Ukusekelwa kwasekuqaleni kwavela kumakhulu ezinkulungwane zezimvo zokuzithathela ezithathwe kumaforamu okubuyisa ama-porn kanye nezinkundla ezingathintana ne-porn lapho amadoda athunyelwe khona mayelana nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuthinta ukusebenza kwabo ngokocansi (uhlu lwezinkundla ezinjalo). Futhi, lezi zinkulungwane zama-akhawunti zihambisana nodokotela wezifo zengqondo uNorman Doidge owathengisa kakhulu ngo-2007, “Ubuchopho Obuzishintshayo, ” okuphinde kwabonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi kungashintsha isifanekiso sezocansi. Okubhaliwe okusekela le slayidi:

Ubhadane lwamanje lwe-porn lunikeza ukubonisa okusobala ukuthi ukuthanda izinto zocansi kungatholakala. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ezilethwa ukuxhumeka kwe-Intanethi okushesha kakhulu, ziyanelisa zonke izidingo zokuguqulwa kwe-neuroplastic. …

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubonakala, uma uqala ukuqala, ukuba yindaba ejwayelekile nje: izithombe ezicacile zobulili zidala izimpendulo zangokwemvelo, eziwumkhiqizo wezigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kodwa uma lokho kuyiqiniso, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zazingeke zishintshe. Okubangela okufanayo, izingxenye zomzimba nobukhulu babo, obufisa okhokho bethu bekungathijabulisa. Yilokho abacwaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abangasenza sikholelwe, ngoba bathi banqoba ukucindezelwa ngokobulili, ukuxoshwa, nokwesaba nokuthi umgomo wabo ukukhulula izinhlobo zemvelo zobulili.

Kodwa empeleni okuqukethwe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyinto a ashukumisayo into ekhombisa ngokuphelele ukuqhubeka kwenambitheka etholakalayo. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile “ezinzima” ngokuvamile zazisho ukuthi kucacile ukuboniswa kocansi phakathi kwabalingani ababili abavukile, kukhombisa izitho zabo zangasese. “ISoftcore” ibisho izithombe zabesifazane, ikakhulukazi, besembhedeni, endlini yabo yangasese, noma endaweni ethile yothando, ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zokukhumula, kuvezwe amabele.

Manje i-hardcore iguqukile futhi iya ngokuya ilawulwa yizindikimba ze-sadomasochistic zocansi oluphoqelelwe, ama-ejaculations ebusweni besifazane, nobulili obuthukuthele obuthukuthele, konke okubandakanya imibhalo ehlanganisa ubulili nenzondo nokululazeka. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Hardcore manje zihlola umhlaba wokuhlanekezela, kuyilapho i-softcore manje iyilokho okunzima okwakuyiminyaka engamashumi ambalwa edlule, ucansi olucacile phakathi kwabantu abadala, manje olutholakala ku-cable TV. Izithombe ezithambile eziqanjiwe zangesikhathi esidlule — abesifazane besezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokukhumula — manje sezivela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana usuku lonke, kufakwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zento yonke, kufaka phakathi ithelevishini, ama-video e-rock, ama-soap opera, izikhangiso, njalonjalo.

I-Hardcore porn idalula amanye amanethiwekhi okuqala we-neural akha ezikhathini ezibucayi zokukhula kocansi futhi aletha zonke lezi zinto zakuqala, ezikhohliwe noma ezicindezelwe ndawonye ukwenza inethiwekhi entsha, lapho zonke izici zixhunywe ndawonye. Amasayithi we-Porn akhiqiza izinhlu zamakhinki ajwayelekile futhi azixube ndawonye ezithombeni. Ngokushesha noma kamuva umhlinzeki uthola inhlanganisela yombulali ocindezela izinkinobho zakhe eziningi zocansi ngasikhathi sinye. Ngemuva kwalokho uqinisa inethiwekhi ngokubuka izithombe ephindelela, ukushaya indlwabu, ukukhipha i-dopamine nokuqinisa la manethiwekhi. Udale uhlobo "lobungqingili," i-libido eyakhiwe kabusha enezimpande eziqinile ekuthambekeleni kwakhe kwezocansi okungcwatshiwe. Ngoba uvame ukudala ukubekezelelana, injabulo yokukhishwa ngokocansi kufanele ingezwe ngenjabulo yokukhishwa okunolaka, futhi izithombe zocansi nezinolaka ziya ngokuya zixubana- yingakho ukwanda kwezindikimba zesadomasochistic ku-hardcore porn.

Ngokuvamile, ngenkathi ngiphatha enye yalezi zinkinga ngenye yezinkinga, wayezobika, cishe njengecala futhi ekhuluma kabi, ukuthi uzithola echitha isikhathi esiningi kuyi-Inthanethi, ebheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokushaya indlwabu. Angase azame ukunciphisa ubuhlungu bakhe ngokufakazela ukuthi wonke umuntu wenza lokho. Kwezinye izimo wayezoqala ngokubuka a Playboy-thayipha isayithi noma esithombeni esinqunu noma ividyo kliphu ayithunyelwe othile njenge-lark. Kwezinye izimo wayevakashela isiza esingenabungozi, nesikhangiso esisikiselayo esasimqondisela kabusha kumasayithi ayingozi, futhi kungekudala uzobe esexhumekile. …

Abaningi balaba bantu babika nokunye okunye, ngokuvamile okudlulayo, okwangibambelela. Babika ubunzima obukhulayo bokushintshwa ngabalingani babo bobulili, abashadile noma izintombi, nakuba bebebheka njengento ekhangayo. Lapho ngabuza ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka yini ukuba nobuhlobo bokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, baphendula ukuthi ekuqaleni wabasiza ukuba bathole injabulo ngesikhathi sokulala kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kunomphumela ohlukile. Manje, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izinzwa zabo ukujabulela ukulala embhedeni, okwamanje, nabalingani babo, uthando lokuzijabulisa lubafuna ukuba bacabange ukuthi babeyingxenye yeskripthi se-porn. Abanye bezama ukuphoqa abathandi babo ukuba benze njengezinkanyezi ezingcolile, futhi babelokhu benesithakazelo "sokunqoba" ngokuphambene nokwenza "uthando." Imfashini yabo yezocansi iphila ngokuqhubekayo yizimo ezaba nazo, okusho ukuthi zilandelwe ubuchopho, futhi lezi zincwadi ezilotshiwe zazivame ukuzithokozisa futhi zihlukumeze kakhulu kunezinkolelo zabo zangaphambili zocansi. Nginomuzwa wokuthi noma yikuphi ubuciko bobulili laba besilisa babulawa nokuthi babeba umlutha we-porn.

Izinguquko engizibonayo azigcini kubantu abambalwa ekwelapheni. Ukushintshwa komphakathi kwenzeka.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

Lesi sigaba esikhulu kusukela ekubukeni kwe-2017 kwezincwadi, Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, Ukuthakazelisa, Nezocansi: Ngokwemodeli Ye-Hedonic Yokuvuselela I-Internet Yezindaba Zezocansi, iphikisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi ye-intanethi (i-IPU) kungase kuholele ekuthandweni kobulili obuhlukanisiwe:

Kungani i-IPU ingase ikhulise izisusa zobulili ezizimele, eziphathelene nobulili?

Okumaphakathi komqondo wokuthi i-IPU inyusa izisusa zobulili ezigxile kuwe kanye ne-hedonic ukucabanga ukuthi i-IP, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezizuzisa ngokukhethekile, iguqula ukuqiniswa okuhlobene nomsebenzi wezocansi ohlukanisiwe. Abantu bahlanganyela ekubaleni komzamo odingekayo ukuthola umvuzo othile (IGreen & Myerson, 2004; IKahneman, 2003). Lapho umvuzo uthathwa njengokufanele umzamo othile, umzamo uyenziwa. Lapho kwenziwa ukulungiswa kwalesi silinganiso, isimilo nokuziphatha kuyashintsha njengomphumela. Ukubuyela esibonelweni sethu esifanayo sokushayelwa indlala nokudla, kunobufakazi obuningi bokuthi ushintsho esimweni esivuzayo sokudla luguqula indlela yokuziphatha ebonakala kalula esikalini / emphakathini. Ukwanda kokudla okunambitheka kakhulu ngesimo eshibhile, okufinyeleleka kalula “ukudla okungenamsoco” kubhalwe kahle ezincwadini (bheka iMonteiro, Moubarac, Cannon, Ng, & Popkin, 2013). Inqwaba yokudla okunambitheka kakhulu ihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kokudla okunjalo kanye nokwehla komuntu ngamunye ekusetshenzisweni kokudla okunempilo-kepha okubiza kakhulu futhi okunganambitheki kahle (Drewnowski & Specter, 2004; Hardin-Fanning & Rayens, 2015). Ngamafuphi, ukuthandwa kokudla okutholakala kalula nokunomvuzo omkhulu kuye kwaba nemithelela yamasiko endleleni abantu abeza ngayo ekudleni.

Kungenzeka ukuthi inqubo efanayo iyenzeka nge-IPU. Yize imisebenzi yocansi eyedwa (isb., IPU) kanye nemisebenzi yezocansi edadic zombili zibandakanya ukukhonjiswa / ukugqugquzela (isb. Izithombe ezibeka obala ezocansi noma umlingani wezocansi) kanye nomgomo ocacile wokuzijabulisa ngokocansi (isb., I-orgasm), izindlela okutholakala ngazo lokho kuthokozisa zihlukile, ngemisebenzi yocansi eyedwa ebeka ngokusobala inqubo ye-hedonic egxile kuyo (isb. ukushaya indlwabu). Yize umuntu engacabanga ukuthi ukubuka i-IP noma ukushaya indlwabu akuncanyelwa kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezenzo zobulili ezihlukanisiwe, ukutholakala kalula nokufinyeleleka kwe-IP kungabenza bakhange kakhulu kwabanye abantu (isb., IWight, iSun, iSteffen, neTokunaga, i-2017), njengoba kungenzeka ubusha kanye nokwenza ngezifiso i-IP.

Okubalulekile, uma lokhu kucabanga-ukuthi i-IPU ibikezela ukwanda kwezisusa zobulili ezigxile kuwe kanye ne-hedonic- kuyiqiniso, kufanele kubonakale ezimeni zokuziphatha kocansi nokuziphatha okuhambisana ne-IPU. Ngokuqondile, singalindela ukuthola ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-IPU nezimo ezigxile ekuzijabuliseni ngocansi, njengokuvuleleka ekuhlanganyeleni ucansi okungajwayelekile nokugxila kokuthandwayo komuntu siqu. Singalindela futhi ukuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswe nemibono yokuphikisa noma yensimbi yalabo abazoba abalingani bezocansi, njengoba ukuphikiswa kwezocansi kungokwemvelo kugxile ekuthandeni nasekuthandeni, ukubheka abazoba ngabalingani njengendlela yokufeza (isb., Ukuzijabulisa ngocansi) kunokutshala imali kwezobudlelwano (iWright & Tokunaga, 2016). Kuzoba khona nezinhlangano ezinokugcizelelwa okukhulu komuntu ngamunye ekwanelisekeni ngokocansi komuntu siqu. Ekugcineni, singalindela ukuthola ukuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswa nokuziphatha kocansi okuhlukahlukene kakhulu futhi okungaba yingozi kanye nokuthandwa okuthe xaxa ngokocansi konke okusebenzela ukukhulisa injabulo yomuntu siqu yezocansi.

Ubufakazi bezimpembelelo ze-IPU ekugqugquzelweni ngokocansi

Senze impikiswano yokuthi i-IPU ingase ihlotshaniswe nezinguquko kwisisusa sobulili somuntu. Ngezansi, sifuna ukubuyekezwa ama-correlates aziwayo nezindlela zokuziphatha ezibonakalayo kanye nemiphumela ye-IPU ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi bayabekela yini ubudlelwane obuthakathaka.

Ukuziphatha Okuvamile Ngokobulili.

Obunye ubufakazi bokuthile kwe-hedonic nokugxila kakhulu kwezocansi kuzoba ukwanda kokuziphatha kocansi okungagunyaziwe (isb. Ucansi olungathandeki nabalingani abavumayo). Ukuziphatha kocansi okungazibophezeli kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezisusa zokufuna injabulo (Garcia & Reiber, 2008; Kruger & Fisher, 2008; Sirin, McCreary, & Mahalik, 2004). Abantu abahlanganyela ekuziphatheni ngokocansi okungagunyaziwe bavame ukuchaza imigomo ye-hedonistic njengesisusa esiyinhloko sokuhlangana okunjalo (I-Armstrong & Reissing, 2015; ILyons, Manning, Longmore, & Giordano, 2014; Regan & Dreyer, 1999) futhi bavame ukuphika ngokusobala izisusa zocansi zenhlalo njenge izizathu zokuhlangana okunjalo (ILyons et al., 2014). Ngakho-ke, isimilo sokuziphatha okungavumelekile kungenzeka ukuthi siyisibonakaliso esinamandla se-hedonic noma isisusa sokugxila ocansini, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamadoda (Regan & Dreyer, 1999), yize abesifazane futhi behlala bebika izizathu ze-hedonic zalokho kuhlangana (I-Lyons et al., 2014) .

Esifundweni sephaneli lesikhathi eside sabahlanganyeli beGeneral Social Survey (GSS) e-US (Wright, Tokunaga, & Bae, 2014), amasampuli amabili ahlolwe ngamaphoyinti amabili esikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emibili (Isampula 1, N= 269, Mage= 47.0, SD= 14.8, amadoda angu-37%, asampuliwe ku-2006 naku-2008; Isibonelo se-2, N= 282, Mage= 49.9, SD= 14.0, amadoda angu-50.1%, asampuliwe ku-2008 naku-2010). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kwemidiya ecacile ngokobulili (hhayi ngokuchazwa ngokuqondile njengokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kuphela) kwahlanganiswa nokwanda kokuvunyelwa ngokocansi kanye nemibono evulekile yokuziphatha ngokuziphatha kocansi. Ngokuphawulekayo, lo mbuthano uqhubekile, ngenhla nangaphezulu kwezingqondo zokuqala, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile kubikezela isimo sengqondo esinjalo. Ukwengeza, iphethini yayingabonakali ekubuyiseleni (isb. Ukuvuleka komuntu ongaphandle komshado akuzange kubikezele ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi esithile), okuphakamisa ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kweziguquko ezimbili akuyona i-bidirectional.

Lezi zithole zibuye zenzeke nakwezinye izindlela zokuziphatha. Ukuhlaziya okuvela kuma-sampuli awakhamuziwe ezweni lonke (General Social Survey) baye baxhuma ukusetshenziswa okwedlulele kwezixhobo ezicacile zobulili ukuze bahlanganyele kakhulu ekuziphatheni okubi ngokocansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Wright, 2012). Ngokuphawulekayo, lezi zinhlangano zazingabonakali ngokuphindaphindiwe: Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwahlotshaniswa nokuzibandakanya okwandayo ekuhlanganiseni ngokocansi okungajwayelekile, kodwa ukuhlangana kocansi okungajwayelekile akuhambisani ngokuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Nakuba lezi zithole zingenakuqinisekisa ubuhlobo obuqondile, obuseduze phakathi kwe-IPU nobulili obungavamile, bakhombisa ukuthi ukwanda kwe-IPU kuqala ngaphambi kokubandakanya okukhulu ekuziphatheni okubi ngokocansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ubuhlobo besikhathi esifanayo buhambisana nemodeli yethu ekhombisa ukuthi i-IPU ibangela ukunyuka okuphawulekayo kwezisusa zobulili ze-hedonic nokuziphatha.

Ubufakazi obusekela isixhumanisi phakathi kwe-IPU nokwanda kocansi okuziphathekayo nakho kuye kwabonakala ezinganeni. Ekucwaningweni kwentsha e-Southeastern United States (N = 967, 49.9% owesilisa, Mage= 13.6, SD= 0.7), ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezindaba zobulili ezicacile (5-point ordinal; ngaphezu kwesisodwa ngesonto-akakaze) yayihlotshaniswa ngokwehlukana nemikhuba evumelekile yezocansi nokwamukelwa okukhulu kokuziphatha okungajwayelekile ngokobulili kwabesilisa nabesifazane (uBrown & L'Engle, 2009). Okubalulekile, lapho isampuli futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-IPU ekuqaleni yayihlotshaniswa nokuthambekela okuqhubekayo kokuvumela okukhulu kwezocansi, kanye nokuzibandakanya okukhulu ekuziphatheni okuhlukahlukene kwezocansi. Ukutholwa okunjalo kudlulisa ucwaningo lwangaphambilini olukhombisile ukuthi i-IPU iyisibikezelo sesimo sengqondo nokuzibandakanya ezihlangothini zocansi ezingazibophezele ngokukhombisa lobu budlelwane ebusheni.

Ocwaningweni lobudlelwano "babangane abanezinzuzo" (i-FWB) (iBraithwaite, Aaron, Dowdle, Spjut, & Fincham, 2015), lapho abalingani behlanganyela ebudlelwaneni bobabili, obungathandani kanti futhi beya ocansini omunye nomunye, i-IPU kwavela njengesibikezelo esingaguquguquki sokuziphatha kocansi okungazibophezeli. Ngokuqondile, esifundweni esiphambanweni sabafundi abangaphansi kweziqu e-US (Study 1, N=850, amadoda angu-23%, Mage=19.3, SD= 1.3), i-IPU (i-8-iphuzu le-ordinal; angakaze-izikhathi eziningana ngosuku) lihlotshaniswa nethuba elikhulu lokuhlanganyela ebuhlotsheni be-FWB, inamba enkulu yabalingani obani ababenzile ebuhlotsheni obunjalo, kanye nenhlelo enkulu yokuqhubeka nobuhlobo obunjalo esikhathini esizayo. Ukwengeza, lezi zithole zenziwe ngokuqondile ngokulandelana ngokweqile (Study 2N= 992, amadoda angu-30%, Mage=19.5., I-SD =I-1.3) kwesinye isampula se-undergraduates, nazo zonke izinhlangano eziwela ngaphakathi kwesikhathi sokulindela okulindelekile. Lapho lezi zithole zihlolwe isikhathi eside esikhathini esiyizinyanga ezintathu, ubuhlobo phakathi kobuhlobo be-IPU no-FWB buphinde bubekwe, futhi bunamandla kunobunye obuhlangene phakathi kwezimo ezimbili zokuziphatha, ngemuva kokulungisa ukuqiniswa kobudlelwane be-FWB. Ngokubambisana, lokhu okutholakele kubhekisela esiphethweni sokuthi i-IP iyinto ehlukile futhi engase ibe ne-causal eyathonya amathuba okubandakanya ezenzweni zobulili ezingavamile.

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-IPU nokuziphatha okungajwayelekile ngokobulili nakho kuyavela phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi, okucatshangwa ukuthi ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile ngokocansi kuvame kakhulu (UGarcia, Reiber, Massey, noMerriwether, 2012). Ocwaningweni lwamasiko "wokuxhuma" ezinkampanini zasekolishi (iBraithwaite, iCoulson, iKeddington, neFincham, 2015), lapho abafundi basekolishi behlangana khona kanye kanye nabalingani abangathandani nabo, ukuxhumana kwaphinde kwatholakala phakathi kwe-IPU ( Ama-ordinal angama-8; angakaze-izikhathi eziningana ngosuku) nezenzo zokuziphatha zobulili ezingavamile. Ukusebenzisa amasampuli afanayo njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla (i-Braithwaite, i-Aaron, et al., I-2015), i-IPU yayihlotshaniswa nokuziphatha ngokocansi okungajwayelekile ngendlela efana ne-hookups kokubili ngokuhamba kwesigaba nangesikhathi eside. U-IPU wabikezela kokubili amathuba okuba ahlanganyele ku-hookup, inani labalingani bokuqala be-hookup, kanye nokuhlelwa okuhleliwe kokuhlanganyela esikhathini esizayo. Njengalokhu, kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi i-IPU ibikezela ukuziphatha ngokocansi okungahambi kahle ngezindlela eziningi (isb., Ubudlelwane be-FWB obungenziwanga kanye nokuhlangana kobulili ngesikhathi esisodwa).

Ngaphandle kwalokhu okutholayo okuphoqelelwe isikhathi eside, kunesisekelo esengeziwe sokusekelwa kwesigcawu sokuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswa nokwanda kwendlela yokuziphatha ngokobulili engavamile. Esikhathini sokutadisha kwesigaba sabantu abasha e-US (N=813, amadoda angu-38%; Mage=20, SD= 1.8), i-IPU (i-6-iphuzu le-ordinal; hhayi zonke izinsuku noma cishe nsuku zonke) kwakuvame ukubikwa yibo bobabili ubulili (ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesilisa: ama-86.1% amadoda kuqhathaniswa nama-31% wabesifazane) futhi kuhlotshaniswa kahle nokwamukelwa kwezindlela zokuziphatha ezingazinikeli zocansi (UCarroll et al., 2008). Ngokufanayo, ocwaningweni lwentsha e-US (iBraun-Courville & Rojas, i-2009; N= 433, 85% abesifazane, Mage= 18; SD= 2.1) I-IPU (i-4-iphuzu elingu-ordinal; akukho-okungaphezu kwezikhathi ze-10) yayihlotshaniswa nomlando omkhulu wokuhlangana ngokocansi okungajwayelekile kanye nezimo zengqondo eziyekelelayo maqondana nokuhlangana ngokocansi okungajwayelekile esikhathini esizayo. Ekugcineni, ocwaningweni olukhulu, olwehlukanisayo lwentsha yaseDashi (UPeter & Valkenburg, 2009; N= 2,343, amadoda angu-51%; Mage= 16.4, SD= 2.29), i-IPU (i-7-iphuzu le-ordinal; ungalokothi-izikhathi eziningana ngosuku) yayihlotshaniswa nokuvunyelwa okukhulu kocansi nokwamukelwa kokuhlola okungezona okwenziwe ngokocansi esikhathini esizayo.

Ngaphandle kwezimo zaseWestern, lezi zithole ziqhubeka. Esifundweni esiphambene nesigaba sabafundi baseyunivesithi (N= 556; Ama-73.4% abesifazane) emphakathini onamaSulumane onemithetho eqinile yokulwa nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (i-Indonesia; iHald & Mulya, i-2013), i-IPU (inkomba ejwayelekile yemvamisa nesikhathi esichithwe) bekubikezela ngokuziphatha kocansi okungazinikeli nokuziphatha kwezocansi ngaphandle komshado. Ngokuphawulekile, lokhu okutholakele bekubonakala kwabahlanganyeli besilisa kuphela, yize kungekho mehluko emazingeni ezigameko emadodeni nakwabesifazane ekuziphatheni kocansi ngokujwayelekile. Ngokwengeziwe, kusampula yentsha yaseTaiwan (N= 2,001; 50% wesilisa; Mage= 15.6, SD= 0.9) ithole ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi (Lo & Wei, 2005; 5-point ordinal scale; ungalokothi-cishe nsuku zonke) yayihlotshaniswa ngokwehlukana futhi ibikezela izimo zengqondo zokuziphatha ezivumela ucansi nokuziphatha (isb. ucansi olungathandeki). Ekugcineni, ekuhlaziyweni okuhlukaniswe kwamadoda eHong Kong (ILam & Chan, 2007; N= 229, Mage= 21.5, I-SD =I-1.8), i-IPU (i-4-iphuzu le-ordinal scale; Ungalokothi-Ngokuvamile) ngokuqinisekisiwe ihlotshaniswa nokuvunyelwa ngokocansi nokuzikhethela ukuhlanganyela ekuhlukunyezweni ngokocansi.

Ngokubambisana, lezi zitholakele zikhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-IPU kanye kokubili isimo sengqondo ngokuqondene nokubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni ngokocansi okungajwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba iningi lalezi zifunyenwe zisezingeni elide futhi limele emazweni, zinikeza ubufakazi obunamandla bokuthi i-IPU ibikezela ukugqugquzelwa kwe-hedonic yokwenza umsebenzi wezocansi.

Izinjongo zobulili.

Ubufakazi obuningi bethonya le-IP ku-egocentric kanye ne-hedonic yezisusa zocansi bungatholakala ocwaningweni oluhlobene ne-IP nokuphikiswa kocansi. Ukuphikiswa ngokocansi, ngokwemvelo, kufaka phakathi ukwehliswa kobuntu balabo abazoba abalingani bezocansi kanye nokubukwa kwabo njengezinto zokuzithokozisa komuntu siqu (UFredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi ngamadoda abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane, okucwaningwe kakhulu ngabo ukuphikiswa ngokobulili (isib. UFredrickson & Roberts, 1997; uSzymanski, Moffit, noCarr, 2010). Kodwa-ke, bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bangabheka abanye njengezinto zocansi (I-Strelan ne-Hargreaves, i-2005), futhi, yize befundisiwe kubantu be-LGBTQ, kunobufakazi bokuthi labo bantu bangaphikisana nabangase babe ngabalingani (Wilson et al., 2009). Uma kwenzeka umuntu ehlanganyela ezenzweni zobulili ezihlukanisiwe ngombono wokuzicabangela yena kuphela no-hedonic, kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu angabheka abazoba abalingani bezocansi njengezinto zocansi ezingatholwa ngazo injabulo enkulu yezocansi (iWright & Tokunaga, 2015, 2016). Ngakho-ke, inkomba eyodwa yobudlelwano phakathi kwe-IPU nokunyuka kwesisusa se-hedonic kungaba ukwanda kokuphikiswa ngokocansi okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa okunjalo.

Izincwadi ezishicilelwe ngokusetshenziswa kwemidiya yezocansi kanye nesimo sengqondo ngabesifazane ngokuvamile kukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezindaba ezibeka obala ezocansi kuhlotshaniswa nokwamukela okukhulu udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane (Allen, Emmers, Gebhardt, & Giery, 1995; Demare, Briere, & Lips, I-1988; I-Hald, i-Malamuth, ne-Yuen, i-2010), ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamadoda asevele enqunyelwe ukuthi azibandakanye nodlame lwezocansi (Malamuth, Hald, & Koss, 2012). Ngaphezu kwalokho, esifundweni se-meta-anaytic semiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswa ezimeni zengqondo zocansi (i-Wright, iTokunaga, ne-Kraus, i-2016), ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane kwakuhlotshaniswa nezimo zokuhlukumeza ngokocansi. Ukwakha kulokhu, esifundweni sesikhathi eside sentsha yaseDashi (N= 962, Ibanga= 14-20; Peter & Valkenburg, 2009), IPU (7-point ordinal; ungalokothi-izikhathi eziningana ngosuku) wabikezela imibono ejwayelekile yabesifazane njengento yezocansi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, kwaphawulwa ukuthi kuphela phakathi kwamadoda enza ukubuka okunjalo kwabesifazane njengento yezocansi bese kubikezela ukuthi ukwanda kwe-IPU. Ngamafuphi, kubahlanganyeli besilisa, i-IPU yayixhumene isikhathi eside nokuphikisana okukhulu kocansi kwabesifazane, okwathi futhi, kuhlobene isikhathi eside ne-IPU enkulu.

Ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kukhonjisiwe futhi ukubikezela izimo zengqondo eziphikiswa ngokobulili ngabesifazane ocwaningweni lokuhlola nolwe-correlational olwenziwe nabesilisa abasebenza nabo e-United States (Wright & Tokunaga, 2015, 2016). Isibonelo, kusampula yamadoda e-undergraduate (N= 133, Mage= 20.91, SD= 1.84), ababambiqhaza abebengayisebenzisi imidiya ebeka obala ezocansi futhi abakhonjiswe izithombe zedijithali zokugoqeka okuphakathi nendawo kusuka kwiwebhusayithi yezithombe zocansi (uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu ababoniswe izithombe zezemidlalo) babike izifiso ezengeziwe zocansi olungahlobene nobudlelwano, ukubaluleka okwandayo kokuheha komzimba abazoba ngabalingani, kanye nokubukwa okuningi kwabesifazane njengezinto zocansi ngenhloso yokuthola injabulo (Wright & Tokunaga, 2015).

Ngaphakathi, i-IPU (i-6-iphuzu le-ordinal; neze-nsuku zonke) ngokuqondile uye wahambisana nokuhlolisisa abesifazane phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi (N= 476; Amadoda angu-40.3%, Mage= 19.5, SD= 1.3) eJapan (i-Omori et al., I-2011). Ngokubambisana, lezi zithole ziphakamisa ukuthi, ikakhulukazi amadoda angqingili, i-IPU iyahlukaniswa ngokweqile, yesikhathi eside, futhi ihlolwe ngokuhambisana nokunyuka kokuphikisana ngokobulili, okuhambisana nokubukeka okugxile kokuzibandakanya nokubukwa kwe-hedonic kokusebenza ngokocansi.

Izintandokazi zocansi.

Ukwanda kwesisusa socansi lwe-hedonic ngenxa ye-IPU kuzobonakala futhi kokuthandwa komuntu ngokocansi. Ukushayela kweHedonic kwaziwa ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nesifiso sokuhlukahluka nobusha (IKashdan & Steger, 2007; IHolbrook neHirschman, 1982). Ukuqonda okufanayo kungasetshenziswa nasekuthandweni kocansi nemikhuba (okuxoxwe ngayo kamuva). Ngokuqondile, ukukhushulwa kokushayela ngokocansi kwe-hedonic kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nokwanda kokuthanda okuthile, inoveli, ukuhlukahluka, nokuzikhethela kocansi okugxile kuwe.

Esifundweni esiphambene nesigaba (uMorgan, 2011) wabafundi bekolishi eNyakatho-ntshonalanga (N=782, amadoda angu-41.7%, Mage= 19.9, Ibanga= 18-30), i-IPU ejwayelekile (i-10-point ordinal; ungalokothi-okungaphezu kwesisodwa ngosuku) kuhlotshaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene ekuthandweni kobulili kanye nokuthandwa okukhulu kwezinhlobonhlobo zobulili (isb., ukusebenzisa amathoyizi noma izisetshenziswa; ukudlala okudlalayo / ukuhambisa, ukuzama isikhundla seveli). Ngokuphawulekayo, i-IPU yayibikezela ngokuqinile ngezintandokazi ezihlukahlukene zobulili ezadlulela ngaphesheya komlando wezenzakalo zobulili zangempela. Abasebenzisi njalo babevame ukubika isifiso sokuhlanganyela ezihlanganisweni ezihlukahlukene zocansi, noma ngabe ngaphambili babengenalo ulwazi ngezoziphathamandla ezinjalo. Ukuthola okunjalo kubonisa ukuthi i-IPU ingase ibe nomthelela wesifiso socansi nesisusa noma ukuthi abantu ababika izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuthandwa ngokocansi nabo bavulekile kakhulu kwi-IP.

Ukwakha kulokhu, esifundweni esinqamulelayo (iLanga, iBridges, uJohnson, ne-Ezzell, i-2016) yamadoda e-undergraduate (N= 479, Ibanga= 18-29), i-IPU (i-8-iphuzu le-ordinal; neze-nsuku zonke noma cishe nsuku zonke) yayihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezintandokazi ezihlukahlukene zocansi kanye nezikripthi ezithintekayo. U-IPU wabikezela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu angacela izenzo ezithile zobulili ezitholakala ku-IP kusuka kumlingani wangempela wokuphila kanye nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zizohlanganiswa ekuhlanganisweni ngokocansi njengengxenye yokukhulisa ukuvusa. Ngamafuphi, i-IPU yayihlotshaniswa nesifiso sokuphinda sisebenzise noma sibandakanye lokho okubonwayo ekusebenzisaneni ngokocansi okuhlukanisiwe.

Ngokufanayo, kumasampula ahlukaniswe nge-inthanethi asebenzisa iziqu zabafundi (Amabhuloho, iLanga, i-Ezzell, neJohnson, i-2016; N= 1,883; Amadoda angu-38.6%; Mage= 22.6, SD= 8.0), i-IPU (i-8-iphuzu le-ordinal; neze-nsuku zonke noma cishe nsuku zonke) yayihlotshaniswa nesifiso sokuzama imikhuba ethile yezocansi ejwayele ukubonwa kokuqukethwe kwezocansi (isb., amadoda eshaya abalingani bawo, ukuphuma ebusweni, ukungena ezimpondweni). Ukutholwa okufanayo kuye kwabonwa nasezifundweni ezihlukanisiwe zamadoda aseJalimane (iWright, iSun, iSteffen, neTokunaga, i-2015; N= 384, Mage= 32.1, SD= 9.1) nabesifazane (ILanga, iWight, neSteffen, i-2017; N= 392, Mage= 27.5, SD= 6.7), ne-IPU (i-8-iphuzu elingu-ordinal; neze-nsuku zonke noma cishe nsuku zonke) kubo bobabili ubulili obuhlotshaniswa nesifiso sokuzibandakanya emikhubeni ethile yezocansi ebonwa ku-IP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezifundweni zentsha yaseDashi (Hald, Kuyper, Adam, & Wit, 2013; N= 4,600; Amadoda angu-30.5%; Ibanga= 15-25), i-IPU (i-5-iphuzu le-ordinal; ungalokothi-nsuku zonke) kwaba nokuhleleka kokubikezela kwesifiso sokuba nokuningi "kobulili obuyingozi" empilweni yangempela (isib. abalingani abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa; ukuhlangabezana nabalingani be-intanethi ngokuhlangana kwangempela), noma ngabe ezinye izinguquko ezichazayo (isb. ukufuna ukuzwa, ukuqinisela, ukuzethemba ngokocansi, inkolo) kwakulawulwa.

Ngokuhlola kukhona nobufakazi bokuthi i-IPU ihlotshaniswa nokwenyuka kwesisusa socansi lwe-hedonic. Isibonelo, emsebenzini wokuqala ngalesi sihloko (Isib. Zillman & Bryant, 1988a, 1988b), ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokujwayelekile (hhayi i-IP kuphela) kuxhunyaniswe nokuthanda kakhulu ubuciko bezocansi, abalingani abasha bezocansi, kanye nezocansi ezingazibophezeli ubudlelwano. Ngokuphathelene ne-IP ikakhulukazi, kuzinqubo zokuhlola ezichazwe ngaphambilini (i-Wright ne-Tokunaga, i-2015) ithole ukuthi ukuvezwa kwe-IP kubikezele nokuthandwa kakhulu kwe-hedonistic, njengabalingani abathandekayo. Ngokubambisana, okutholakele okunjalo kusikisela ukuthi i-IP ingadala ukwanda kokuthandwa kwezocansi kwe-hedonic.

Lokhu kutholakala kuqiniswa nakakhulu kokubili amasampula ocwaningo olulinganiselayo. Esikhathini esiphambene nesiqephu, isifundo esisekelwe ekuxoxweni kwe-undergraduates (N= 172; Amadoda angu-41%; Mage= 21.3; Ibanga= 18-34; I-Weinberg, i-Williams, i-Kleiner, ne-Irizarry, i-2010), ukuvezwa kwe-IP kuhlotshaniswa nokuvuleleka okwandayo ezenzweni ezahlukahlukene zocansi, kufaka phakathi ukuthintana ngomlomo-nezitho zangasese, ukusetshenziswa kwezithuthukisi zomshini (okusho, amathoyizi ocansi), ukuvuleleka ekuvuseleleni ezocansi, kanye nesifiso sokuhlanganyela ekuhlanganyeleni ngokocansi kwabalingani abaningi (okungukuthi, ukuhlangana ngokocansi ngezindlela ezintathu). Ngokuphawulekile, lokhu okutholakele bekuhambisana ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa nabesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekulandeleni, esifundweni sekhwalithi neziqu ze-undergraduates (N= 73, amadoda angu-26%; I-Weinberg et al., I-2010), izimpendulo zemibuzo evuliwe zibonisa ubudlelwane obufanayo phakathi kokubonakala kwe-IP nokuvuleka ezinhlobonhlobo zezenzo zocansi. Izimpendulo zemibuzo yamahhala ezivela kubesilisa nabesifazane zibonisa ukuqonda okubalulekile kobudlelwane phakathi kwe-IPU kanye nezintandokazi zobulili, ngokuphawula ukuthi i-IP yayivamile ukuziphatha okuningi kocansi futhi ithuthukise ukuvuleka komuntu siqu ekuziphatheni ezinjalo zokuziphatha. Ngamafuphi, nakuba iningi lezincwadi ezixhumanisa i-IPU nakwezinye izintandokazi zobulili ze-hedonic ziyi-cross-sectional, imibiko ephindaphindiwe ibonisa ukuthi abantu baqonda izixhumanisi ezinjalo njengemvelo. Nakuba ukuzithemba kwe-self-report kubonakala kahle (i-Chan, i-2009), abathengi be-IP babonakala bakholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuye kwashintsha indlela yabo yokuziphatha ngezindlela ze-hedonic, okunikeza ukusekelwa kumodeli wethu.

Ukuthatha Ingozi Yezocansi.

Izifundo ezihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuziphatha okubeka engcupheni yezocansi zingabonisa nokuzikhuthaza nokuzimela, njengoba izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi eziyingozi zivame ukushukunyiswa isifiso senjabulo yesikhashana yesikhashana ngaphandle kokubheka imiphumela engaba khona (Cooper et al., 1998) . Ngokwe-hedonism enkulu, abantu kungenzeka babe sengozini yokuthola injabulo (Broadbeck, Vilén, Bachmann, Znoj, & Alasker, 2010; O'Leary et al., 2005). Njengalokhu, ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-IPU nokuthatha ingozi yezocansi kungashiwo njengobunye ubufakazi bobudlelwano phakathi kwe-IPU nokuqiniswa kwe-hedonic.

Ngokwemvelo, imiphumela evela kuzwelonke emele, i-2008, isifundo somuntu omdala we-wave (N = 833) kanye nentsha (N= 1,445) eHolland (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011b) uphakamise ukuthi, kubantu abadala nentsha, i-IPU (7-point ordinal; angakaze-izikhathi eziningana ngosuku) yayihlotshaniswa nokuthatha ingozi enkulu kwezocansi. Ngaphakathi kwesigaba, ngaphakathi kokubili amasampuli, kwakukhona ukuhlangana okuncane phakathi kwe-IPU nemikhuba engavumelekile yobulili (okungukuthi, ucansi oluvikelekile). Ngesikhathi esingangezinyanga eziyisithupha, i-IPU yayingavumelani nemikhuba yokuziphatha ngokobulili engozini ebantwaneni, kodwa ukubikezela ngokuqondile ukuziphatha kocansi okuyingozi kubantu abadala, ngenhla nangaphezulu kwethonya elibikezelayo lokuziphatha okuphathelene nokuziphatha ngokocansi okuyisisekelo. Ukwengeza, akukho buhlobo obuhle bokutholwa kobulili olutholakala (okusho ukuthi ukuziphatha ngokobulili okungengozini akuzange kubikezele i-IPU ngokuhamba kwesikhathi), okuphakamisa ukuthi i-IPU ingase ibangele ukushayela kwendlela yokuziphatha ngokocansi eyingozi, kodwa hhayi ukuphikisa.

Esifundweni samadoda ase-US abanobulili namadoda (N=149), ubudlelwane obaziwayo phakathi kwe-IPU nokuziphatha okuyingozi kobulili kutholakele (Eaton, Cain, Pope, Garcia, & Cherry, 2012). Ngokuqondile, kusampula yamadoda angenayo i-HIV abamba iqhaza ekungeneleleni kokunciphisa ubungozi, i-IPU (ukusetshenziswa kwamasonto onke ngemizuzu; amaphuzu we-8-ordinal; Amaminithi we-0-amaminithi angu-180 noma ngaphezulu) yayihlotshaniswa nethuba elikhulu lokuthola ubulili obuvikelekile bamuva kanye nenani elikhulu labalingani abanobulili abangavikelekile okwenzekile. Ukwengeza, i-IPU yayihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwempahla emikhulu (umgqugquzeli ongakwazi ukuziphatha ngokuziphatha ngokocansi; Cooper, 2002) nokunciphisa ukulinganisa kwezinkinga zokutheleleka nge-HIV.

Esikhathini esiningi, ukutadisha kwesigaba esinqunyiwe samadoda angewona umama onobulili abesilisa nabesifazane (N= 751; Median Ubudala = 32; Ibanga= 18-68), kwakukhona ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kokubuka izindlela eziyingozi zokuya ocansini ku-IP nokuzibandakanya kwangempela kwempilo ekuziphatheni okunjalo okuyingozi kwezocansi (Stein, Silvera, Hagerty, & Marmor, 2012). Ngokuqondile, abesilisa ababike ukuthi babone ucansi olungavikelekile lwe-anal ku-IP nabo babenamathuba amaningi okuvuma ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okunjalo lapho behlangana ngokoqobo kwezocansi.

Ukwakha kulokhu okutholwe, ekufundeni okufanelekayo kwamadoda alala nobulili namadoda (N= 79; Mage= akubikiwe), izingxoxo ezihleliwe zembule izindlela ezintathu i-IPU engayenza ekuziphatheni okubi ngokocansi (Wilkerson et al., 2012). Ngokuqondile, izinqubo zokubhala nge-iterative zisebenzisa ama-standard standard (isb., Isofthiwe ye-coding ejwayelekile embonini, izintatheli eziningi, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, nokuxoxisana nabanye abathintekayo) kubonise ukuthi amathuba okuthi ukuziphatha ngokocansi noma umkhuba wobulili obuyingozi ku-IP kungase kuholele ekuziphatheni kwangempela ngokobulili kwakuwumsebenzi wokubamba iqhaza kwabahlanganyeli lapho bebuka i-IP ethize, imibono yabo yenjabulo ekubukeni i-IP, nokutholakala nokuzimisela komlingani ocansi othembekile ukuba ahlanganyele kuleyo IP. Lapho abahlanganyeli bethola izenzo ezivezwe ku-IP ukuthi zivusa futhi zijabulise (ngokubukeka), futhi uma umlingani othembekile ocansini etholakalayo, ukuziphatha okubi kocansi kwaba kubikwa njengomphumela omuhle.

Esikhathini sokutadisha okuhlangenwe nakho kwezingane ezisencane eNew York City (N= 433; 85% wesifazane; Mage= 18, SD= 2.1, Range = i-12-22), i-IPU (i-4-iphuzu le-ordinal; akukho-okungaphezu kwezikhathi ze-10) yayihlotshaniswa nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha kocansi okuyingozi (iBraun-Courville & Rojas, 2009). Ngokuqondile, i-IPU yayihlotshaniswa kahle nokuvama okukhulu kokuya ocansini, abalingani abaningi besikhathi sokuphila, abalingani abaningi ezinyangeni ezintathu ezedlule, amathuba amakhulu okusebenzisa utshwala noma izinto ezingekho emthethweni ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, amathuba okuba ube nobulili obudala, kanye nezikolo ezinobungozi obukhulu . Abukho ubudlelwano obatholwa phakathi kwe-IPU nokusetshenziswa kwamakhondomu. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olwehlukaniswa kwamanye amasampula (isb., I-Wright, iTokunaga, ne-Kraus, i-2016; Isifundo 1, N= 310, amadoda angu-54.5%; Mage= 20.4, SD= 1.8; Funda i-2, N= 418, 78.7% abesifazane; Mage= 21.2, SD= 2.8) uthole ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ikakhulukazi i-IP) zihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa okuncane kakhulu kwamakhondomu ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kocansi nokulinganisa okuphansi kokusetshenziswa kondomu kontanga (okungukuthi, ukukholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwekhondomu ngokuvamile kuvamile).

Lezi zithole zithatha ngaphezu kwezimo zaseWestern. Esifundweni esikhulu sabantu basekolishi eChina (N= 19,123; 48.7% wesilisa, Mage= 20.8, I-SD =I-1.5), IPU (isilinganiso esingacacisiwe) yayihlotshaniswa nezimo eziningana zobulili nemicabango engabhekwa njengengozi (Sun et al., 2013). Ngokuqondile, kokubili amadoda nabesifazane i-IPU yayihlotshaniswa nesimo sengqondo esifanele mayelana nokuziphatha kocansi okuyingozi njengokungasebenzisi amakhondomu. Ngokufanayo, ekutadisheni okukhulu abasebenzi bezithunywa ezihamba phambili eNdiya (N=11,219, amadoda angu-100%, Mage= 26.6, SD= 5.5), ukubukwa kwamavidiyo wezithombe ezivamile kwakuhlotshaniswa nethuba elikhulu lokuzibandakanya ocansini olukhokhelwayo, ulwazi lwe-STI, nokusetshenziswa okungahambisani kwamakhondomu (Mahapatra & Saggurti, 2014).

Ngaphandle kwamasampula asezingeni elijwayelekile, lokhu okutholakele nakho kuyabonakala ezifundweni ezimele izwe lonke. Ngokuphathelene ne-IPU ikakhulukazi, ekuhlaziyweni okususelwa ku-2000, 2002, naku-2004 General Social Surveys (iWight & Randall, 2012), ababambiqhaza besilisa (N= 1,079; Mage= 14.2; SD= 14.1) owavuma ukubukwa kwe-IP (i-4-point ordinal, izinsuku ezidlule ze-30; akakaze-angaphezu kwezihlanu) iphinde yavumela ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi eziyingozi kubandakanya ukuba nabalingani abaningi, ukuya ocansini ngaphandle komshado, nokukhokhela ucansi. Ukuhlaziywa kwabesifazane ngesikhathi esifanayo (2000-2004) kutholakale ukuthi abesifazane abavuma i-IPU babesengozini enkulu yokubika ukuthi banabalingani abaningi bezocansi (iWright & Arroyo, 2013). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwabesilisa, kwakungekho nhlobo ukuhlangana phakathi kwe-IPU nokusetshenziswa kwamakhondomu (i-Wright & Randall, i-2012), imethrikhi evame ukusetshenziswa njengebhentshi lezenzo eziphephile zocansi (i-Albarracin, iJohnson, iFishbein, ne-Muellerleile, i-2001). Ngokufanayo, ekuhlaziyweni kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-37 yedatha evela ku-GSS (1973-2010; Wright, 2013a), izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile-hhayi i-IP kuphela- emadodeni yayihlotshaniswa nabalingani abaningi bezocansi esikhathini sokuphila futhi kunamathuba amakhulu okucela noma ukhokhelwe ukuhlangana ngokocansi. Ukuhlaziywa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabesifazane ku-GSS ngesikhathi esifanayo (1973-2010) kutholakale ukuthi abesifazane abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nabo banamathuba amaningi okuthi babike ukuthi baye ocansini ngaphandle komshado, benza ucansi, futhi baba nabalingani abaningi bezocansi (iWight, Bae, & UFunk, 2013).

Amaphethini afanayo ayabonakala futhi maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kocansi nokusetshenziswa kwamakhondomu ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kocansi (IBraithwaite, i-Givens, iBrown, neFincham, i-2015). Esifundweni esinqamula esigabeni sabafundi basekolishi (N = 1216; 37% amadoda; Amadoda-Mage=19.6, I-SD =I-1.4; Abesifazane-Mage= 19.2, SD= 1.15), i-IPU (i-8-iphuzu le-ordinal; angakaze-izikhathi eziningana ngosuku) yayihlotshaniswa nokudakwa ngesikhathi sokuhlangana okungavunyelwe ngokocansi, namadoda abonisa ngokukhethekile iphethini ye-IPU enkulu ehlotshaniswa nokudakwa ngokweqile. Ukwengeza, kwabuye kuhlotshaniswe nesigameko esiphezulu sokungavinjelwe (isib. Akukho ikhondomu) ukuhlangana ngokocansi okungenayo ngenkathi kuxilisiwe, indlela yokuziphatha ngokocansi ikakhulukazi eyingozi.

Ngokungafani nalokho okutholakala ngenhla, okutholakele okufaka amasampula avela kwamanye amazwe kuye kwangakhohlisa kakhulu ekuboneni ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-IPU kanye nokuziphatha okubi kobulili. Esifundweni se-intanethi-esebenzisa intsha yaseSwitzerland (N=7,458, 51.5% wesilisa; U-Luder et al., 2011), kwakungekho izinhlangano ezitholakala phakathi kwe-IP ukuhlonza (ngokuzithandela noma okungenhloso) kanye nokuziphatha kocansi okuyingozi kubantu ababesilisa noma ababesifazane, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwekhondomu phakathi kwamadoda. Kwabesilisa, ukuvezwa ngokuzikhethela kwe-IP kwahlotshaniswa nokunciphisa amathuba okusebenzisa ikhondomu ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kocansi okwedlule. Ngokufanayo, ekucwaningweni okuchazwe ngaphambilini kwabasebasha baseCroatia (N= 1,005), kwakunezixhumanisi ezingaqondakali phakathi kwe-IPU nokuziphatha okubi kocansi (Sinkovic et al., 2013). Ngaphakathi kwalesi sampula, imvamisa ye-IPU nokubaluleka komuntu siqu kwe-IPU kwakungeyona ingqikithi yemikhuba ehlukahlukene engozini yokuziphatha ngokobulili. Kodwa-ke, ukuqala ukutholakala kwe-IP ngesikhathi sokuqala kwakuphawulekayo, kodwa obuthakathaka, okwenziwe ngengozi yezocansi, ukuthatha isikhathi esithile sokungcola okuhambisana nokuthatha ingozi enkulu. Lezi zifundo ezimbili zimelela ukuhlukana okubalulekile ezincwadini ezichazwe ngaphambili ezihlanganisa i-IPU necala lokuthatha ucansi olukhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi lezi zifundo ezimbili zenzeke phakathi kwentsha kanye nabantu abadala abasezweni lamazwe aseYurophu futhi zimelela ukuhlukahluka okuhlukene phakathi kwesigaba esicacile nesicindezelayo sokucwaninga kwe-longitudinal kanye nesigaba esinqunyiwe, sinqikazi ukucabangela ngezimo ezihlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha ebandakanya izingane zaseSwitzerland (uLuder et al., 2011) zaqoqwa ku-2002, ezandulela ukusakazwa okusabalalisa kwezinsizakalo zokulahla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezivumela ukuveliswa nokuhlukahluka kwe-IP ngaphambilini kuchazwe.

Ngokubambisana, ezifundweni eziningana kusetshenziswa amasampula nezindlela ezahlukahlukene, i-IPU ibonakala ihambisana njalo, ihlobene kahle nokuziphatha okuyingozi kwezocansi. Yize kukhona okutholakele okungaqondakali okukhona (isb., Sinkovic et al., 2013; Luder et al., 2011) iningi lezifundo lithola izinhlangano ezinhle nezibikezelayo phakathi kwe-IPU nokuthatha ingozi yokuya ocansini. Njengoba kunikezwe lo mzimba wobufakazi, mhlawumbe akumangazi ukuthi ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwangaphambilini kufinyelele esiphethweni esifanayo ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwane obuphawulekayo, obuhle phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezindaba ezibeka obala ezocansi nokuziphatha okuyingozi kocansi (Harkness, Mullan, & Blaszcynski, 2015) nokuthi lokhu isixhumanisi kungenzeka siyimbangela emvelweni.

Ukunciphisa Ukuncishiswa.

Ekugcineni, uma i-IPU ibingahlotshaniswa nezinguquko ekugqugquzelweni ngokobulili ekushayeleni okuningi kwe-hedonic nokuziqondisa, singalindela ukuthola ukuthi kunezinguquko eziyisisekelo ekuzilawuleni kwe-hedonic. Phambilini besiphikisana ngokuthi imo ye-IPU esheshayo futhi efinyeleleka kalula iqinisa ukwaneliseka okusheshayo kwesifiso socansi nokushayela. Kukhona nobufakazi bokuthi ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kungathinta amandla abantu okubambezela ukuthokozisa ngokujwayelekile (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Esifundweni eside sabafundi basekolishi (N= 123, amadoda e-32, abesifazane be-91; I-Median Age = i-20, i-Range = i-18-27), i-IPU yayihlotshaniswa nokuxhuma okukhulu ukukhipha imiphumela emihle (Negash et al., 2016, Study 1). Lezi zithole zabuye zavivinywa ekucwaningeni okuncane okusetshenziselwa abathengi abavamile be-IP (Negash et al., 2016, Study 2; N= 37; Amadoda we-24, abesifazane be-13). Kulolu cwaningo, abahlanganyeli be-16 babelwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukugwema i-IPU amasonto amathathu, kanti i-21 esele yacelwa ukuba ingakudli ukudla okuthandayo amaviki amathathu. Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokutadisha, labo abayeke ukuvela e-IPU babonisa ukwehliswa kokulibaziseka okuncishisiwe (okungukuthi, ikhono elandisiwe lokukhetha umvuzo omkhulu, wesikhathi esizayo, umphumela olinganiselayo, okuyingxenye η2= .11) kuqhathaniswa nalabo abayeke ukudla okuthandayo. Lokhu okutholwa kokuqala kubonisa ukuxhumana okungahle kube khona phakathi kwe-IPU nokulibala ukuphumula ngokujwayelekile.

Muva nje, ocwaningweni lokuhlola lwabafundi basekolishi laseTaiwan (uCheng & Chiou, 2017; Study 1, N= 122, amadoda angu-51%, Mage= 20.9, SD= 1.5), ukuvezwa kwe-IP kwaphinde kwahlotshaniswa nokukhipha ukulibala. Ngokucacile, uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli, abantu abavezwe emifanekisweni e-intanethi ehlotshaniswa ngokobulili kungenzeka ukuthi banciphise inani lemiklomelo yesikhathi esizayo ngokuthola imivuzo emincane, esheshayo, futhi kubonisa indlela i-IPU engase ihlotshaniswe ngayo nezinye izinyathelo ze-hedonic.

Ukufingqa Kwezisusa Zobulili Ze-Hedonic ezithuthukisiwe

Esigabeni sokugcina salesi simodeli esihlongozwayo, i-IP ithonya isisusa socansi, izimo zengqondo, nokuziphatha ngokuqinisa ngokuqinile isisusa socansi lwe-hedonic. Ngokuthonya inani eliqinisekisiwe lokuqinisa umvuzo wezocansi, i-IP ishintsha indlela abathengi abasabela ngayo emsebenzini wobulili kokubili izimo ezizimele nezihlukanisiwe. Ubufakazi balezi zinguquko kubonakala ezindaweni eziningi.

I-IPU ihlotshaniswa nokucabanga okuningi okuvumelayo ngokobulili obungavamile nokubandakanyeka ngokwengeziwe ngokobulili obungavamile, okubili kokubili okuyaziwa ukuthi kuyashukumiswa. Abasebenzisi be-IPU banamathuba amaningi okuvumela ukuhlolisisa ngokocansi labo abathintekayo nabo ocansini, ukubheka njengemishini yokuzijabulisa komuntu siqu. Abathengi be-IP bangase babike izisusa zobulili ze-hedonic nezintandokazi ukuthi zifakazela i-IPU yabo, ephakamisa ukuthi i-IPU iholela ekuthandweni okuningi kocansi lwe-hedonic. I-IPU ihamba kancane futhi ibikezela isikhathi eside ngengozi yezocansi, okuyinto enye yokuzijabulisa ngocansi. Okokugcina, abathengi be-IP babonisa ukuthambekela okukhulu ekukhethweni kwemivuzo encane esheshayo, ngokungafani nekusasa, imivuzo emikhulu (okungukuthi, ukuphuza ukuphumula). Ngokubambisana, lezi zithole zihambisana ne-hypothesis yokuthi i-IPU iyashayela ukwanda kwezifiso zobulili ezizimele, ezithandwayo. Okokugcina, ngenxa yokuthi eziningi zalezi zixhumanisi zide isikhathi eside kanti ezinye zihlola, le miphumela ibonisa ukuqonda i-IP njengento ebangela isisusa sokwenza ucansi lwe-hedonic.

Kusukela kokubuyekezwa nguNorman Doidge eshicilelwe kumagazini obuyekezwe kontanga: Ubulili ebuchosheni: Yiyiphi i-Brain Plasticity efundisa nge-Internet Porn (2014), nansi izingcaphuno ezimbalwa ezichaza indlela ukusetshenziswa kocansi okubunjwa ngayo ukuthanda ukuvuthwa ngokocansi, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezibucayi zentuthuko:

Kodwa iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi ezikhathini zethu ezibucayi singathola ukuthanda izinto zobulili nezothando kanye nokuthambekela okufakwe ngaphakathi kobuchopho bethu futhi kungaba nomthelela onamandla kuzo zonke izimpilo zethu. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi singathola ukuthanda izinto ezehlukene zocansi kunomthelela kwezinye zezinto ezihlukahlukene kakhulu zobulili phakathi kwethu.

Umqondo wokuthi isikhathi esibucayi sisiza ukuhlela isifiso sobulili kubantu abadala ngokuphikisana nalokho okushiwo okuthandwayo ukuthi lokho okusihehayo akuyona into emlandweni wethu, kodwa kuphela umphumela we-biology yethu evamile. Amamodeli nezinkanyezi ze-movie, isibonelo - zibhekwa kabanzi ngokuthi zihle kakhulu noma zithokozisa kakhulu. I-biology ethile ye-biology isifundisa ukuthi abanye abantu bayabonakala ngoba babonisa izibonakaliso zemvelo zokuqina, okuthembisa ukuzala namandla: ukukhanya okucacile nezici ezilinganiselwe kusho ukuthi umuntu oshade naye angenasifo; isibalo se-hourglass sibonakaliso owesifazane ovuthiwe; imisipha yomuntu ibikezela ukuthi uzokwazi ukuvikela owesifazane nenzalo yakhe.

"Ukuthanda izinto ezitholakalayo" kuncazelo ngokufundiwe, ngokungafani "nokuthanda", okuzalwa. Umntwana akudingeki athole ukunambitheka ubisi, amanzi, noma amaswidi; lokhu kubonakala sengathi kuyamnandi. Ukuthokozisa okutholakala ekuqaleni kuhlangene nokunganaki noma ukungathandi kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuba mnandi - iziphuzo zezinyosi, ama-bitters ase-Italiya, iwayini elomile, i-coffees, i-pâtés, i-urine e-kidney ethosiwe. Izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zokudla abantu abazikhokhela kakhulu, ukuthi kufanele "bathuthukise ukunambitheka", yilokho ukudla okubacasula njengabantwana.

Ezikhathini zika-Elizabethan abathandekayo babejabule kakhulu ngomzimba womunye nomunye ukuthi kwakungavamile ukuba owesifazane agcine i-apula ehlutshiwe emgodleni wakhe kuze kube yilapho eseyitholile ukuthuthumela nokuphunga. Wayengayinika lo "uthando lwama-apula" kumthandi wakhe ukuze aphume lapho engekho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sisebenzisa amakhemikhali ezakhiwe ngezithelo nezimbali ukugcoba iphunga lomzimba kusuka othandweni bethu. Ukuthandwa okuningi esicabanga ukuthi "zemvelo" kutholakala ngokufunda futhi sibe "uhlobo lwesibili" kithi. Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa "isimo sethu sesibili" kusukela "esimweni sethu sokuqala" ngenxa yokuthi ubuchopho bethu be-neuroplastic, once once rewired, bahlakulele isimo esisha, njalo njengoba biological njengoba original yethu.

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubonakala sengathi, ekuboneni kuqala, kube yindaba engokwemvelo, futhi kubonakala sengathi akukho lutho olutholakalayo ngakho; izithombe zobulili ezicacile, zabantu abasesimweni sabo esingokwemvelo, ubunqunu, bangela ukuphendula kwangokwemvelo, okuwumkhiqizo wezigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithakazelo samadoda omama kubalingani abahlukene, okuthiwa "umphumela weCoolidge", sibonakala siyingxenye yefa lethu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kodwa uma lokho kwakungokwakho konke, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zazingeke zishintshe, ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi amadoda angafuna abalingani abasha. Okubangela okufanayo, izingxenye zomzimba kanye nobukhulu babo, obufisa okhokho bethu bekungathijabulisa. Yilokho abacwaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abangasenza sikholelwe, ngoba bathi banqoba ukucindezelwa ngokobulili, ukukhathazeka nokwesaba, nokuthi umgomo wabo ukukhulula izinhlobo zemvelo zobulili.

Kodwa empeleni okuqukethwe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyisimo esibucayi esibonisa ngokuqhubekayo intuthuko yentando etholakalayo.

Ngokuqondene nezicelo zami ezizungeze "ama-pheromones" noma ukumane kunuke, ukuvuselelwa kabusha okusha kuyangisekela: "Amakhemikhali Ezocansi: Ubufakazi bokuthi Abesilisa Bacubungula Izimpawu Zokuzithokozisa Zabantu Abesifazane Abasukelwa Ngocansi".

SLIDE 9

Yebo, abacwaningi abazi okuningi ngemiphumela ye-porn ye-Intanethi - ngezizathu eziningana. Ku-2009 lapho uLajeunesse ezama ukutadisha umthelela we-porn kubasebenzisi, akatholanga abesilisa abaneminyaka yobudala basekolishi abebengayisebenzisi. Ngakho-ke, inkinga yokuqala enkulu ukuthi izifundo azinawo amaqembu wokulawula. Lokhu kudala indawo enkulu engaboni. Cabanga uma bonke abantu beqala ukubhema kakhulu lapho beneminyaka eyi-10 - futhi bekungekho maqembu abengazange. Singacabanga ukuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu uvamile kubafana.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Isihloko sokuqala ku-Science Daily, lapho uLajeunesse athi akatholanga abesilisa abaneminyaka yobudala ekolishi abangayisebenzisi.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

I-1) Lokhu Ukutadisha kwe-2017 kuma-Australia aphakathi kweminyaka engu-15-29 ithola ukuthi i-100% yamadoda ibheke i-porn. Iphinde yabika ukuthi ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile okuhambisana njalo nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo.

I-2) Ucwaningo lwesi-Swedish lwe-2017 lubike ukuthi i-98% yabesilisa abaneminyaka engu-18 ubudala babebukele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Ubudlelwane Phakathi Kokusetshenziswa Kokuqhathaniswa Kokuzilibazisa Okuvamile, Izithandani, Nokukhathazeka Ngokocansi phakathi Kwabantwana Abesilisa ESweden eSweden).

SLIDE 10

Enganikwanga ukungabi bikho kwabo abangasebenzisi, uLajeunesse ubuze abafundi besilisa abangama-20 - "Ngabe i-Internet iyathinta wena noma isimo sakho sengqondo ngabesifazane?" Baphendula bathini? “Hhayi, angicabangi ukuthi kunjalo.” Kepha bebeyisebenzisa cishe iminyaka eyishumi… engami kahle. Lokhu kufana nokubuza inhlanzi ukuthi icabangani ngamanzi.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Isihloko sokuqala ku-Science Daily, lapho uLajeunesse athi "Ngabe i-Internet iyathinta wena noma isimo sakho sengqondo ngabesifazane?"

Ku-2012 kube nobufakazi obuningi obuningi bokuthi izimo zengqondo ngabesifazane ziyashintsha kulandela ukuqedwa kwe-porn (amakhasi emibiko enjalo alapha: Amantombazane Abanikela Ngomuntu Ongcolile: Kuzocansi no-Romance). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka kobufakazi obunjalo ngaleso sikhathi kwabika izixhumanisi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi kanye nemicabango yabantu abampofu ngokuqondene nabesifazane. Ngokwesibonelo:

1) Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezimo zengqondo ezisekela ubudlova kwabesifazane: Ukubukeza Ubudlelwano Phakathi Nezifundo Ezizimele (2010) - Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi. Ingcaphuno:

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwenziwa ukuthola ukuthi ngabe izifundo ezingacwaningi ziveze ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zamadoda nezimo zabo zengqondo ezisekela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwalungisa izinkinga ngokuhlaziywa kwe-meta okushicilelwe ngaphambilini futhi kungeze okutholakele kwakamuva. Ngokuphambene nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwangaphambilini, imiphumela yamanje ikhombise ukuhlangana okuphelele okuphelele phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nezimo zengqondo ezisekela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane ezifundweni ezingapheli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo zengqondo ezinjalo zitholakale zihambelana kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinobudlova kunokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezingenabudlova, yize ubudlelwano bokugcina nabo butholakele bubalulekile.

2) Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile kanye Nokuxhaswa Ngokobulili Nokunciphisa Ukudlwengulwa (1982) - Ingcaphuno:

Wahlola imiphumela yokuqhubeka nokuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngezinkolelo ngokuphathelene nobulili ngokujwayelekile kanye nokuhlelwa kwabesifazane ngokukhethekile. Kutholakale ukuthi ukuvezwa okukhulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwaholela ekulahlekelweni ububele kubesifazane njengabahlukumezekile nokudlwengula abesifazane.

3) Ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesimo sengqondo esiphathelene nabesifazane nokudlwengula: Ucwaningo oluhlangene (1986) - Ingcaphuno:

Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elibukele ifilimu yokulawula, izifundo zesilisa ezaboniswa ifilimu enobudlova zavumelana kakhulu ngezinto ezivumela ubudlova obunqunyelwe ngabesifazane kunokwenziwa kwezihloko zokulawula. Kodwa, ngokuphambene nokubikezela, kwakungekho umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwamacembu amabili ekuwamukelweni kwezinganekwane zokudlwengula, nakuba kwakukhona umkhuba esiqondisweni esibikezelwe.

4) Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuzibandakanya okubikwayo ngokobulili phakathi kwentsha (2005) - Ingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo olwenziwe ngezansi luhlolisise i-804 intsha, abafana namantombazane, abaneminyaka engu-14 kuya ku-19, beya ezinhlobonhlobo zezikole eziphakeme enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Italy. Izinjongo eziyinhloko kwakuyizi: (i) ukuphenya ubuhlobo phakathi kwamafomu okuhlukumeza ngokocansi nobudlova kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ukufunda omagazini nokubukela amafilimu noma amavidiyo) kanye nobulili obungadingeki phakathi kwentsha; (ii) ukuhlola umehluko kulabo buhlobo ngokuqondene nobulili kanye nobudala; futhi (iii) ukuphenya izici (izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ubulili kanye nobudala) okungenzeka kakhulu ukugqugquzela ucansi olungadingeki. Okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi ubudlova obuphathelene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kanye nobulili obungadingeki kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zazihlobene.

5) Ubudlelwano phakathi kokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi, ukulingana ngokobulili, isimo sengqondo socansi kanye nesibonelelo sobudlova ngokocansi kwabasha (2007) - Ingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ukuphenya ukulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi, ukulingana ngokobulili, isimo sengqondo socansi kanye nesibonelelo sobudlova ngokocansi entsheni, nokukhomba ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezi ziguquko. Abahlanganyeli babeyi-690 abafundi abavela ezikoleni ezimbili eziphakathi nezikole ezintathu eziphakeme eSeoul. Ukulutha kocansi lwe-Cyber, ukulingana ngokobulili, isimo sengqondo socansi kanye nesibonelelo sobudlova ngokobulili kubantu abasha behlukile ngokwezinto ezijwayelekile. Ukulingana ngokobulili, isimo sengqondo socansi kanye nesibonelelo sobudlova ngokocansi kwabaselula babethonywe ukulutha kwe-inthanethi nge-cybersex.

6) Ukuboniswa Kwengane Yengane Yomuntu Obhekene Nezocansi Ngokwemvelo kanye Nemibono Yabo Abesifazane Njengemisebenzi Yezocansi (2007) - Ingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo lwenzelwe ukuphenya ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezingane ezithandana nabantu abathintekayo ngokobulili kuhlotshaniswa nezinkolelo ezinamandla ukuthi abesifazane bayinto yezocansi [ukuhlolwa kwe-inthanethi yezingane ezingu-745 zase-Dutch ezineminyaka engu-13 kuya ku-18]. Ngokuqondile, sifunde ukuthi ngabe inhlangano emkhatsini wemibono yebesifazane njengetintfo tekucansi nekwetfolakala emculweni webulili wekuhlathulula kwetintfo lehlukene (ie, ngebulili, hhayi emaciniso, emaciniso lacacile, nobe ecacile) nangetindlela letehlukene (sib. ) kungabhekwa kangcono njengokwenyuka noma njengokweqile. Ukuvezwa kwezinto ezingcolile zobulili kumabhayisikobho e-inthanethi kwakuwukuphela kwesilinganiso sokuchazwa okuhlobene kakhulu nezinkolelo ukuthi abesifazane banesisindo socansi endleleni yokugcina yokuhlukumezeka, lapho ukuvezwa kwezinye izinhlobo zokuqukethwe kocansi kwalawulwa. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuchazwa kwendawo yemidiya yezocansi kanye nemibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi ayengafani namantombazane nabafana

7) Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyberpornography ngamadoda amasha eHong Kong amanye ama-correlates angokwengqondo (i-2007) - Ingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukusabalalisa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi nokubukeka kwe-psychorelation phakathi kwesampula samadoda amancane aseShayina eHong Kong. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlanganyeli ababike ukuthi babe nokubuka izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kutholakala ukufaka amaphuzu aphezulu ezinyathelweni zokuvunyelwa ngokocansi ngaphambi kokushada nokuthengiswa ngokocansi.

8) I-X-Isilinganiso: Izimo zengqondo zobulili kanye nokuziphatha okuhambisana ne-US ekucaleni kwezingane ezisencane emibonweni yezocansi (2009) - Ingcaphuno:

Ama-correlates of ukusetshenziswa kanye nesimo sengqondo socansi nesilandelayo esilandelayo ngokuchazwa kokuqukethwe kocansi kumamagazini abadala, ama-movie avunyelwe i-X, ne-intanethi bahlolwe ekuhlolisweni kwe-sampula ehlukahlukene yezingane ezisencane (isilinganiso sobudala eminyakeni engu-13.6; N = 967).

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-longitudinal kubonise ukuthi ukuvezwa kwesikhashana kwabesilisa kwabikezela isimo sengqondo esingaphansi kwesigaba sobulili, izinkambiso ezingaphezulu zokuvuna ngokobulili, ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi, nokwenza ucansi ngomlomo kanye nobulili eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Ukuvezwa kokuqala kwabesifazane kwabikezela ukuthi isimo sengqondo sabantu abesilisa abesilisa abahamba phambili besifazane, nokuziphatha ngokocansi kanye nobulili.

9) Ukuboniswa Kwengane Yengane Kubonakala Ngezinsizwa Ezingcolile Ngocansi I-Material kanye Nemibono Yabesifazane Njengemisebenzi Yezocansi: Ukuhlola I-Causality and Process Underlying (2009) - Ingcaphuno:

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukucacisa ukuthi kwenzekani ekuxhumaneni okukhulunywe ngaphambili kwentsha phakathi kwezingane ezisencane ezitholakala ngokobulili (SEIM) kanye nemibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi. Ngesisekelo sedatha evela ekuhloleni kwamapulangwe amathathu emagqabeni phakathi kwezingane zase-962 zaseDutch, ukuhlelwa kwesimo sokulingana kwesakhiwo ekuqaleni kwabonisa ukuthi ukuchazwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi kwaba nemthelela eqondile komunye nomunye. Umthelela oqondile we-SEIM emibonweni yabesifazane njengento yezocansi ayihluki ngobulili. Kodwa-ke, ithonya eliqondile lezimvo zabesifazane njengento yokulala ngokobulili ekubonisweni kwe-SEIM kwakubaluleke kakhulu kubesilisa abasha. Ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kubonise ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubulili bobulili bezingane, ukuthanda i-SEIM bethinta ithonya lokuchayeka kwi-SEIM ngezinkolelo zabo ukuthi abesifazane bayintando yezinsizwa, kanye nomthelela walezi zinkolelo ekubonisweni kwe-SEIM.

10) I-Japanese College Students 'Media Exposure to Materials Materials ecacile ngokobulili, Imibono yabesifazane, kanye nemibono yokuvumela ngocansi (2011) - Ingcaphuno:

Isifundo samanje sihlolisise ukusetshenziselwa okucacile ngokobulili (N = 476) abafundi baseKhojiji (N = XNUMX) kanye nezinhlangano nemibono nemibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi kanye nemicabango yokuvumela ngokocansi. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi abafundi baseKhojiji baseJapan basebenzisa ukuphrinta imithombo kaningi njengomsuka we-SEM olandelwa yi-intanethi kanye nethelevishini / ividiyo / i-DVD. Abahlanganyeli besilisa basebenzise i-SEM kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ukwengeza, ukubhekana nesimo socansi kwasungula ubuhlobo phakathi kokuchazwa kwe-SEM kanye nemibono yabesifazane njengento yezocansi, kanti ukuvezwa kwe-SEM kuma-mass media kwahlangana ngokuqondile nama-Japanese abambe iqhaza ekuziphatheni ngokobulili.

11) Ithonya lezinto ezibucayi zobulili ezibucayi kanye nocabangayo ngezinkolelo ezicacile mayelana nezindima zobulili zesifazane: ukufana nokuhlukana phakathi kwentsha nabantu abadala (2011) - Ingcaphuno:

Sisebenzise idatha evela ocwaningweni lwamaphaneli ama-wave amabili amele izwe lonke phakathi kwentsha eyi-1,445 yaseDutch nabantu abadala abangama-833 abangamaDashi, sigxile enkolelweni yenkolelo yokuthi abesifazane bahlanganyela ekulweni nezimpawu zocansi (okungukuthi, umbono wokuthi abesifazane bathi "cha" kanti empeleni bahlose yenza ucansi). Ekugcineni, abantu abadala, kepha hhayi intsha, babethonywe umthelela we-SEIM ezinkolelweni zokuthi abesifazane bahlanganyela ekumelaneni ngamathokheni nocansi.

12) Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile Ukubukeka phakathi kwabantu abathandana nabo: Imiphumela ye-Intervention Stander, Ukwamukela Amacala Okudlwengula Nokuzibophezela Ukuziphatha Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi (2011) - Ingcaphuno:

Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisise i-62% yobuningi bomphakathi eYunivesithi yomphakathi yaseMidwestern ngokubuka izithombe zabo ezingcolile zobuciko, ukubhekana nokusebenza kahle, nokuzimisela ukusiza ezimweni zokudlwengula. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi amadoda abheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile angenasiphakamiso esincane kakhulu sokungenelela njengommeli, abike ngenhloso yokuziphatha ekhulayo yokudlwengula, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi akholelwe amacala okudlwengula.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

Okokuqala, ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ze-2016 - Imidiya nocansi: Umbuso woPhando lwezobuciko, i-1995-2015 (2016) - Abstract:

Ukuhloswa ngokobulili okubonakalayo kwabesifazane kuvame ukuvela emithonjeni yezindaba ezivamile, ukuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nomthelela ongase ube nawo wokuvezwa kulokhu kokuqukethwe kwabanye ngabesifazane kanye nokubukwa kwabesifazane ngokwabo. Umgomo walokhu kubuyekezwa kwakungenxa yokwenza umsebenzi wokuhlola uphenyo wemiphumela yokuhlolisisa imidiya. Okugxile ekucwaningweni okushicilelwe ezincwadini zamaphephandaba ezibukezwa kontanga, phakathi kwe-1995 ne-2015. Ingqikithi yezincwadi ze-109 eziqukethe izifundo ze-135 zabuyekezwa. Ukutholakala kwahlinzeka ngokufakazela okuphelele ukuthi kokubili ukuvezwa kwelabhoratri kanye nokwehliswa kwansuku zonke, okuqukethwe kwansuku zonke kulokhu okuqukethwe kuhambisana ngqo nemiphumela eminingi, kufaka phakathi amazinga aphezulu okunganeliseki komzimba, ukuzethemba okukhulu, ukwesekwa okukhulu kwezinkolelo zobulili kanye nezinkolelo zobulili ezingathandeki, futhi ukubekezelela okukhulu kobudlova ngokocansi kubesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvezwa kokuhlolwa kwalokhu okuqukethwe kuholela kokubili abesifazane nabesilisa ukuba babe nombono owehlisiwe wokufaneleka kwamakhosikazi, ukuziphatha nokubambisana kwabantu.

Izifundo ezishicilelwe kusukela ku-2012 ezixhumanisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zisebenzisa izimo zengqondo zobulili, ukuphikisana, ukubuka okungezansi kokulingana kwabesifazane, njll.:

1) Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nobulili phakathi kwama-Heterosexuals (2013) - Ingcaphuno:

Ukusebenzisa isampula esisekelwa ngamathuba abantu abadala abancane baseDenmark kanye nomklamo wokuhlola okungahleliwe, lolu cwaningo luphenye imiphumela yemifanekiso yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezedlule, ukuvezwa kwezilingo ezingcolile ezingcolile, kubonakala ukuthi ukubonakala kobulili ezingcolile, nobuntu (okungukuthi, i-agreeableness) ekuziphatheni kobulili (isib. kubomama, ubulili obubi nabanobubele). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhulumisana ngokobulili kuvuswa. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi, phakathi kwamadoda, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlobene kakhulu nemicabango engalingani ngokuqondene nabesifazane kanye nobulili obuyingozi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvumelanisa okuphansi kutholakala ukubikezela ngokucacile isimo sengqondo esiphakeme sobulili. Imiphumela ephawulekayo yokuvezwa kocansi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zitholakale ngokobulili obusondelene phakathi kwabantu abavumelene nokuhlanganyela ngokocansi phakathi kwabantu besifazane.

2) Ukuvuselela i-Centrefold Syndrome: Ukubukwa Kwesikhashana, Ukuzikhethela Ngokwecansi, Ukuvezwa Kwesikhathi Esidlule Ukufuna Inhloso Yezokuxhumana (2013) - Ingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo lokuhlola luvivinye ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezithombe eziphakathi kwamabhinqa kubangela ukuthi abesilisa abasebasha abadala bakholelwe ngokuqinile ngokwezintambo zezinkolelo zengqondo kwengqondo yeGary Brooks "i-centerfold syndrome." I-centerfold syndrome inezinkolelo ezinhlanu: i-voyeurism, ukunciphisa ngokocansi, ukuqinisekiswa kwamadoda, ukuphanga, nobulili obungenasithandana. Ukwehliswa kwesikhathi esidlule kokumangalela imithombo yezindaba kwakungqinelana kahle nazo zonke izinkolelo ezinhlanu ze-centralfold syndrome. Ukuvezwa kwamuva kwamaphakathi kwakunemiphumela eqinisa ngokushesha ekunciphiseni ngokobulili, ukuqinisekiswa kwamadoda, nezinkolelo zesilisa ezingekho ngaphansi kobulili abesilisa ababheka ukugxeka imithombo kaningi. Le miphumela yaqhubeka cishe amahora angu-48.

3) Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuphikisana nesenzo esiqinisekisayo sabesifazane: Isifundo Esifunayo (2013) - Ingcaphuno:

Ucwaningo lwethu luhlolisise umthombo ongase ube nomthelela wezenhlalakahle oye wavame ukuxilongwa ukuze unciphise ububele nokuzwelana ngabesifazane: izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Idatha yephaneli kazwelonke yaqashwa. Idatha yabuthwe ku-2006, 2008, naku-2010 kusuka kubantu abadala be-190 abaneminyaka yobudala kusukela ku-19 kuya ku-88 ekuqaleni. Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakukhokhelwe ngokusetshenziswa kwamabhayisikobho ezingcolile zobulili. Isimo sengqondo mayelana nesenzo sokuqinisekisa sasibekwe indeksi ngokuphikisana nokuqasha nokukhushulwa okwenzela abesifazane. Ngokuhambisana nombono wokufunda umphakathi emiphumeleni yemidiya, izithombe ezingcolile zangaphambi kokubuka izithombe ezibikezelayo zibikezela ukuphikisana okulandelayo ngemva kwesinyathelo sokuqinisekisa ngisho nangemva kokulawula ukubhekana nesimo sengqondo sokuqinisekisa isimo esithile kanye nezinye izinkinga ezingase zibe khona. Ubulili abuzange balinganise le nhlangano. Ngokuvamile, le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingase zibe ithonya lomphakathi elinciphisa ukwesekwa kwezinhlelo zokuqinisa izinyathelo zabesifazane.

4) Ama-Psychological, Relational, no-Sexual Correlates Wezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa ku-Amadoda Omncane Abadala Abesifazane Abashadile Ngobudlelwane Bothando (i-2014) - Ingcaphuno:

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola okuphikisiwe okushiwo (okungukuthi, ukungqubuzana kwendima yezobulili kanye nezitayela zokunamathisela) nemiphumela (okungukuthi, ikhwalithi yobudlelwano obumpofu nokwaneliseka ngokocansi) kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zamadoda ezisetshenziswa phakathi kwamadoda angama-373 abesilisa abadala abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane. Okutholakele kwembula ukuthi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlobene nokuphikisana okukhulu kwendima yezobulili, izitayela zokunamathela ezikhathazayo nezikhathazayo, ikhwalithi yobudlelwano empofu, nokwaneliseka okuncane kwezocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okutholakele kuhlinzekele ukusekelwa kwemodeli echazwe ngokusobala lapho ukungqubuzana kwendima yezobulili kwakuxhunyaniswa nemiphumela yezobudlelwano ngqo nangokungaqondile ngezitayela zokunamathisela nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.

5) Ucwaningo lukaZwelonke oluthile lwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile Ukusetshenziswa kanye nokubhekwa komuntu ngokuqondene nabesifazane (2015) - Ingcaphuno:

Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisise ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezimo zengqondo zobulili obuhlukile phakathi kwabantu abadala base-US. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlangene neminyaka ukubikezela isimo sengqondo sobulili. Ngokucacile, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumvuthwandaba owodwa kwabikezela isimo sengqondo esiphezulu soguquguquko embili kokudala-kodwa hhayi kubantu abadala.

6) Ukuzibandakanya kwentsha yezinsizwa ezinhlobonhlobo zempahla ye-intanethi ecacile ngokobulili: Ukufundwa kwe-longitudinal (2015) - Ibonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kokusebenzisa i-porn enobudlova nokuhlolwa kwesimo sengqondo se-hyper-masculine and hyper-feminine. Ingcaphuno:

Ucwaningo lwama-panel amabili lwamagagasi phakathi kwezingane ze-1557 zaseDutch zibhekene nalezi zinkosikazi ngokutadisha ukuchayeka ekuthandweni kwabo, ukubaluleka kwabo kanye nokuhlukumezeka kwabo. Abasha abasebasha babevame ukuvulwa ngothando lwabo, kuyilapho intsha esebekhulile kanye nentsha enamazinga aphakeme okuphumelela kwezemfundo yayivame ukuvezwa ekubuseni-i-SEIM yabo. Amantombazane angama-hyper masculine namantombazane angama-hyper abesifazane ayevame ukuvezwa ku-SEIM.

7) 'Kuhlala njalo nje ebusweni bakho': ukubukwa kwabantu abasha ku-porn (2015) - Ingcaphuno:

Okutholakele kugqamisa ukuthi abantu abasha abaningi bavezwa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ngamabomu nangokungenhloso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhathazekile ngemikhuba yobulili eqinisa amandla nokuzithoba kwabesifazane kwabesifazane. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokuchayeka kwe-porn, ukulindelwa kwezinsizwa kwezocansi kanye nengcindezi yabesifazane abasebasha yokwenza lokho okubukwayo, sekuveziwe.

8) Yini Okubhekayo? Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile Zisebenzise Izinhloso Ngokuphathelene Nokungenelela Kwabalandeli (2015) - Ingcaphuno:

Sithole ukuthi izinyathelo eziningana zokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zihlobene nokunciphisa ukuzimisela ukungenelela njengommeli, ngisho nangemva kokulawula imvamisa yezithombe zocansi ezisebenzisayo. Lolu cwaningo lujoyina abanye ekuphakanyiseni ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokungafuni ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi.

9) Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlola kwesimo sengqondo sabesifazane abasha ngokubhekisisa kwesilisa emva kokuchazwa kwezithombe eziphakathi kwamagama ahlukene ngokucacile (2015) - Abesifazane abavezwe emaceleni e-centerfold babemukela kakhulu ukwamukela amadoda abashada ngabo ngokobulili. Ingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo lilinganise isimo sengqondo sabesifazane abasha maqondana nokubuka kwabesilisa ngemuva kokuchayeka emiphakathini yesikhungo sokuchazeka okuhlukile. I-Explicitness isetshenziswe njengezinga lokukhumula. Abesifazane abadalulwe emaceleni emaphakathi acacile bazwakalisa ukwamukelwa okukhulu kokubuka kowesilisa kunabesifazane abachayeke kwizibaya eziphakathi nendawo ezingacacile ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvezwa kanye nokulandelwa kwamahora angama-48. Le miphumela ixhasa umbono wokuthi ukuboniswa kwabezindaba ngokwengeziwe kwabesifazane kukhombisa imizimba yabesifazane, kuyaqina umyalezo abawuthumelayo wokuthi abantu besifazane bayizinto zokubukwa ukuthi zibonwe ngabanye. Baphinde basikisela ukuthi ngisho nokuchayeka kafushane emigodini yezikhungo ecacile kungaba nethonya elingathathi hlangothi ezimeni zengqondo zabesifazane zobungqingili.

10) Ukuhloswe Kwabesilisa Ukusetshenziswa KweMidiya, Inhloso Yabesifazane, Nezimo Zengqondo Ukusekela Ubudlova Kwabesifazane (2016) - Ingcaphuno:

Kuqondiswa imiqondo yesikripthi esithile socansi kanye nesicashile ekutholeni iskripthi sezocansi sikaWright, ukwenza kusebenze, imodeli yokufaka isicelo sokuxhumana nabezindaba zocansi, lolu cwaningo luhlongoze ukuthi lapho amadoda amaningi evezwa ekuboniseni ukuboniswa, kulapho bezocabanga khona ngabesifazane njengezinto ezikhona ukwaneliseka kwabesilisa ngokocansi (imibhalo ethile yezocansi), nokuthi lo mbono owehlise isithunzi ngabesifazane ungasetshenziswa ukwazisa ngezimo eziphathelene nodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane (umbhalo ongabonakali ocansini).

Imininingwane yaqoqwa emadodeni abambisene nabo ahehwa ngabesifazane (N = 187). Ngokuhambisana nokulindelwe, izinhlangano eziphakathi kokuchayeka kwamadoda kokuhloselwe abezindaba nezimo zengqondo ezisekela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane zalungiswa ngemibono yabo ngabesifazane njengezinto zocansi. Ngokuqondile, ukuvama kokuchayeka komagazini bendlela yokuphila kwamadoda okukhomba abesifazane, izinhlelo ze-TV ezingokoqobo ezihlose abesifazane, nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwaqagula ukuhlonishwa okungafanele ngabesifazane, nakho okwabikezela izimo zengqondo ezinamandla ezisekela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane.

11) Ababukeli bezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile 'akunakwenzeka ukuthi babe nesimo sengqondo esihle ngabesifazane' (2016) - Ingcaphuno:

Abantu ababuka kaningi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezithambile, njengezithombe zamamodeli wabesifazane abanqunu futhi abangagqokile, akunakwenzeka ukuthi bacabange kahle ngabesifazane futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bangabe besazithanda izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezithambile ezivamile emaphephandabeni, kwezokukhangisa nakwezokusakaza. Imiphumela ikhombise ukuthi abantu ababevame ukubheka izithombe zocansi ezithambile abanamathuba amancane okuchaza lokhu njengezithombe zocansi kunabantu abanamazinga aphansi okuvezwa kwalezi zithombe. Abantu ababenqatshelwe kulezi zithombe babenamathuba amaningi kunabanye okuvuma izinganekwane zokudlwengulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu ababevame ukubuka lezi zithombe babencane amathuba okuthi babe nesimo sengqondo esihle ngabesifazane.

12) Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuqiniswa ngokobulili nokuhlukumezeka nokuthumelelana imiyalezo ebudlelwaneni obuseduze nabaselula: Isifundo se-European (2016) - Ingcaphuno:

Ubuchwepheshe obusha buye benza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zafinyelela kalula kubantu abasha, futhi isisekelo sobufakazi esikhulayo sikhombe ubudlelwane phakathi kokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuziphatha okunodlame noma okuhlukumezayo ezinsizweni. Lo mbhalo ubika okutholakele ocwaningweni olukhulu lwentsha engama-4,564 14 eneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-17 kuya kwengu-91 emazweni amahlanu aseYurophu ekhanyisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokubukwa njalo kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi, ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi nokuhlukunyezwa nokuthumela nokwamukelwa kwezithombe nemiyalezo yezocansi, eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukuthumela imiyalezo yocansi. . ” Ngaphezu kwalolu cwaningo, olwaqedwa ezikoleni, kwenziwa izingxoxo ezingama-XNUMX nabantu abasha ababenolwazi ngqo ngodlame kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu ebudlelwaneni babo.

Amanani wokubuka njalo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi abephakeme kakhulu phakathi kwabafana futhi iningi labo belikhethe ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile. Ukwenza kwabafana ukuphoqwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokubukwa okuvamile kwezithombe zocansi eziku-inthanethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafana ababehlala bebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi babenamathuba amakhulu okubamba isimo sengqondo esibi sobulili. Izingxoxo ezisezingeni zikhombisile ukuthi, yize ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yocansi kuyinto ejwayelekile futhi kubonwa kahle ngabantu abasha abaningi, kunamandla okuzala kabusha izici zobulili zezithombe zocansi njengokulawula nokululazeka.

13) Ubudala bokuqala ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubumba isimo sengqondo sabesilisa ngabesifazane (2017) - Ingcaphuno:

Ababambiqhaza (N = 330) babengamadoda angaphansi kweyunivesithi enkulu, eNyuvesi yaseMidwestern, ephakathi kweminyaka engu-17-54 (M = 20.65, SD = 3.06). Ababambiqhaza baqashelwa kakhulu njenge-White (84.9%) futhi bahlukunyezwa (92.6). Ngemuva kokunikeza imvume enolwazi, abahlanganyeli baqedile isifundo se-Inthanethi.

Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi iminyaka ephansi yokuchayeka kokuqala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile yabikezela ukunamathela okuphezulu kokubili Amandla phezu kwabesifazane kanye nemigomo ye-Playboy masculine. Ukwengeza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu baqala ukuvezwa yini ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (okungukuthi, ngamabomu, ngengozi, noma ngokuphoqeleka), abahlanganyeli babambelela ngokulinganayo kwi-Power Over Women kanye nesimiso se-Playboy masculine. Kungase kube khona izincazelo ezihlukahlukene ukuqonda lobu buhlobo, kodwa imiphumela ibonisa ukubaluleka kokuxoxisana nobudala bokuchayeka emasethini omtholampilo namadoda.

Kuthiwani ngalolu cwaningo lwakamuva olungathandeki - “Ingabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ngempela “Zenzela Abesifazane Inzondo”? Abasebenzisi Bezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Banobuningi Bokubukwa Kobulili Kunabangewona Ama-Nonusers Esimeleleni Sampula laseMelika"? Kucashunwe kakhulu njengobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuholela ekulinganisweni okukhulu nasekuboneni ubulili obuncane. Empeleni, lolu cwaningo lukaTaylor Kohut (njenge okwesibili iphepha le-2016 le-Kohut) inikeza isibonelo esivelayo sokuthi siphike kanjani indlela yokufinyelela umphumela oyifunayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuyasiza kuphela. Abalobi balolu cwaningo baqalile ukulingana njengokweseka lokhu okulandelayo: Ukuhlonza abesifazane, Abesifazane abaphethe isikhundla, Abesifazane abasebenza ngaphandle kwekhaya, nokukhipha isisu. Abantu abaningi, abavame ukukhululeka kakhulu, baye kude amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kocansi kunabantu abakholwayo. Ngokukhetha lezi zindlela futhi ukungazinaki ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingapheli, umlobi ohola uKohut wazi ukuthi uzoqeda abasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile ababeka phambili ekukhetheni kwakhe okukhethiwe ngokucophelela kwalokho okusho "ukulingana." Wabe esekhetha isihloko esiphelele.

SLIDE 11

Okusiletha enkingeni yesibili: abacwaningi abakabuzi abasebenzisi be-porn mayelana nezinhlobo zezimpawu ezichazwe nguZimbardo I-Demise of Guys [Inkulumo ye-TED]. Izimpawu "zokulutha ngokweqile" ziphutha kalula kwezinye izimo, njenge: ADHD, ukukhathazeka komphakathi, ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka kokusebenza, i-OCD, njalonjalo. Abahlinzeki bezokunakekelwa kwempilo bacabanga ukuthi lezi zimo ziyinhloko - mhlawumbe imbangela yokulutha, kepha hhayi i- umphumela wokulutha. Ngenxa yalokho, bayaphilisa laba bantu ngaphandle kokubuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukubheja inthanethi. Ngakho-ke, abantu abaningi abaqapheli ukuthi bangakwazi ukuguqula izimpawu zabo ngokushintsha ukuziphatha kwabo.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

"Umlutha we-Arousal" (umlutha we-inthanethi nezinhlokwana zawo):

UZimbardo uchaze "ukuluthwa okuvusa inkanuko" njengokulutha kwintsha, ngokungafani nokulutha kwezidakamizwa, okuwumlutha wokufana okufanayo. UZimbardo ubekhuluma "ngokulutha nge-Intanethi" egxile ezinhlokweni zayo ezimbili eziyinhloko, izithombe zocansi nemidlalo yevidiyo. Kusukela Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa kube yimpendulo ngqo kuPhilip Zimbardo "Ukudutshulwa kwamaGay”Inkulumo ye-TED, ngisebenzise igama elifanayo nelithi Zimbardo (“ umlutha wokuvusa inkanuko ”) ukuchaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuphoqelela (ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo, ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile) izinsizwa. Ku-Slide 20, nginikeze i-10-umlutha we-inthanethi "izifundo zobuchopho" ukusekela ubukhona bokulutha kwe-inthanethi nezinhlayiyana zayo. Kodwa-ke, vele ngo-2011 (lapho ngilungiselela inkulumo yami), izifundo eziningi ezingokwengqondo bezikhona zisekela ubukhona bokulutha kwe-inthanethi.

"Ukulutha ngokweqile" kukhulisa noma kubangela izimpawu (i-ADHD, ukukhathazeka komphakathi, ukukhathazeka, ukudangala, njll.):

Lesi simangalo sasinxenyeni enkulu esekelwe izinkulungwane zabasebenzisi abasha abashaya ucansi ababika izimpawu nezimo ezihlukahlukene emva kokuqeda izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ama-akhawunti amaningi anjalo avela emakhasini alandelayo:

Isimangalo esithi "ukuvusa umlutha" singadala noma sikhulise izinkinga zengqondo / zomzwelo saphinde sisekelwa yizifundo eziningi ezishicilelwe esezivele zixhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi (izithombe zocansi, ukudlala ividiyo) ezinkingeni ezingokomzwelo nezingqondo. Qaphela: Usesho lweGoogle Scholar lweminyaka 1990-2011 kubuyisela cishe iziqu ze-16,000 "Ukulutha kwe-inthanethi" + izimpawu zengqondo. Bheka Izifundo zishicilelwe ngaphambi kuya Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa okwabika izixhumanisi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi kanye nempilo yengqondo nengokomzwelo empofu. Nazi ezinye zazo:

1) Izinguquko ezinkingeni ezihlobene ne-intanethi nokusebenza kwengqondo emisebenzini yezocansi e-intanethi: impikiswano yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle kanye nezentando yabantu abadala (2004) - Izingcaphuno:

Abafundi abangazange babambe iqhaza kwezocansi ezenziwa online bakwaneliseka kakhulu ngempilo yabo engaxhunyiwe kwi-inthanethi futhi baxhumeke kakhulu kubangani nomndeni. Labo abahlanganyela kuzo zombili izenzo zocansi eziku-inthanethi babencike kakhulu kwi-Intanethi futhi babika ukusebenza okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi okuphansi. Ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza okuvamile kwabafundi emisebenzini yezocansi eku-inthanethi (i-OSA) njengendawo yokuthuthuka kwezenhlalo nezocansi, labo abathembele kwi-Intanethi kanye nezinhlangano ezihlinzekwayo babonakala besengozini yokwehla kokuhlanganiswa komphakathi.

2) Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Nesizungu: Inhlangano? (I-2005) - Ingcaphuno:

Imiphumela ibonise ubudlelwane obubalulekile phakathi kokusetshenziswa kobulili be-pornography nokulondeka njengoba kuboniswa ukuhlaziywa kwedatha.

3) Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kanye ne-Men's Well-Being (2005) - Ingcaphuno:

Nakuba abantu abaningi basebenzisa i-intanethi ngezinhloso zomsebenzi, ezemfundo, ezokungcebeleka, nezokungcebeleka, kunabantu abancane abakhulu, abaziwa ngokuthi ama-compulsives e-Cybersex kanye nabasebenzisi abasengozini, abafaka imali isikhathi esiningi, imali namandla abo ekuphishekeleni Ukuhlangenwe nakho kocansi nge-Cyber ​​nge-negative impactersonal ramifications ngokucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, nezinkinga ezizizwa zithandana nabalingani babo zangempela.

4) Ukusetshenziswa kwesayithi ye-intanethi ye-pornography esakhulayo: ukuhlaziywa kwe-multivariate ukuhlaziywa kwezinto ezibikezelayo zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuthinta kwengqondo (i-2009) - Ingcaphuno:

Uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzisi be-intanethi abangabonayo i-Internet, abasebenzisi be-intanethi abanobuciko be-intanethi abanobucayi babenezinkinga ezimbili zokuziphatha okungavamile; Abasebenzisi bezingosi ze-intanethi ezivamile zobulili ezingcolile babeningi amathuba okuba nezinkinga zokuziphatha ezingavamile. Ngakho-ke, kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwamawebhusayithi okungcolile okuvamile futhi okuvamile okuyi-Internet kuvamile futhi kuhloswe ngokuphawulekayo nokuhlukunyezwa kwezenhlalo phakathi kwezingane zaseGrisi.

5) Izibopho zomphakathi kanye nokuvezwa kocansi kwe-Internet phakathi kwentsha (2009) - Isifinyezo kusuka kokubuyekezwa:

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi intsha enezinga eliphakeme lokuxhumana komphakathi nokubopha ibingenamandla okudla izinto ezibeka obala ezocansi njengontanga yazo engaphansi (Mesch, 2009). Ukwengeza, uMesch wathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlobene kakhulu namazinga aphansi okuhlanganiswa komphakathi, ikakhulukazi ahlobene nenkolo, isikole, umphakathi kanye nomndeni. Ucwaningo luthole nobudlelwano obubalulekile ngokwezibalo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nobudlova esikoleni….

6)  Abasebenzisi abaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ucwaningo lwesifo esivela kubantu besilisa aseSweden (2010) - Izingcaphuno

Ukusetshenziswa kaningi kwakuhlobene nokuziphatha okuningi kwezinkinga. Ukubukwa okuvamile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungabonakala njengokuziphatha okunenkinga okudinga ukunakekelwa okungaphezulu kokubili kubazali kanye nothisha futhi futhi kumele kuxoxwe emibuthanweni yomtholampilo.

7) Izinkomba zempilo yengqondo nempilo kanye nokuziphatha okucacile kobulili ngokuziphatha kwabantu abadala (2011) - Ingcaphuno:

Ngemuva kokulungiswa kwezibalo zabantu, abasebenzisi be-Pornography (SEMB), uma kuqhathaniswa nabangabonisi, babike izimpawu ezinkulu zokucindezeleka, izinga lokuphila elibi kakhulu, izinsuku ezingezansi zempilo nezingokomzimba ezinciphile, kanye nesimo sezempilo esincane.

8) Ukubuka Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ku-intanethi: Indima Yokulinganisa Ngokwezocansi kanye Nezimo Zengqondo-I-Psychiatric for Ukusebenzisa I-Internet Sites Sites Ngokuphambene (2011) - Izikolo kuhlu lwemibuzo lokulutha umlutha we-porn (IATsex) ezihambisana namazinga aphezulu ezinkinga zengqondo ezinjengalezi: ukuzwela phakathi kwabantu, ukudana, ukucabanga okuphambene nalokho okusebenza kwengqondo. Izingcaphuno:

Sithole ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi kwe-subjective arousal yezocansi lapho ubukela izithombe ze-pornography ze-intanethi kanye nezinkinga ezibikiwe ezimpilweni zansuku zonke ngenxa yokwehla kwe-inthanethi ye-cyber njengoba kulinganiswa i-IATsex. Izilinganiso ezivusa ukuvota, ukuqina okukhulu komhlaba wonke wezibonakaliso ezingokwengqondo, kanye nenani lezinhlelo zobulili ezisetshenzisiwe kwakuyizibikezelo eziphawulekayo zesigaba se-IATsex, ngenkathi isikhathi esichithwa kumasayithi ezocansi e-intanethi akuzange kubambe iqhaza ekuchazeni ukuhlukahluka esikoleni se-IATsex.

Esikhathini sethu sesampula, ukuqina kwesifo somhlaba wonke (SCL GSI), kanye nokuzwela komuntu, ukucindezeleka, ukucabanga okuphambene nokucabanga kwengqondo, kwahlanganiswa ikakhulukazi ne score IATsex.

Izifundo ezishicilelwe ngaphambi Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa okwabika izixhumanisi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi nokusebenza okungenangqondo kokusebenza kwengqondo:

1) Ingabe ukusetshenziswa komshini kwabafundi ekhaya kuyahambisana nokusebenza kwezibalo esikoleni? (I-2008) - Ingcaphuno:

Futhi, amakhono abafundi okuqonda kahle ahlanganiswe kahle ekufezeni kwabo ngezibalo. Okokugcina, ukubukela ithelevishini kwaba nobuhlobo obubi nokusebenza kwabafundi. Ikakhulukazi, ukubukela amahlaya, izenzo, noma amafilimu ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zihlotshaniswa nezikolo zokuhlola eziphansi.

2) Ukungezwani okubikwayo ngokuzikhandla kwezinyathelo zokusebenza okuphezulu kanye nokuziphatha kocansi phakathi kwesimuli nesiguli samadoda (2010) - "Ukuziphatha kwe-Hypersexual" kwakuhambisana nomsebenzi ompofu ophethe (ovela ikakhulu kwi-prefrontal cortex). Ingcaphuno:

Iziguli ezifuna usizo ekuziphatheni kwe-hypersexual zivame ukukhombisa izici zokungacabangi, ukuqina kwengqondo, ukwahlulela okungafanele, ukwehluleka kokulawulwa kwemizwelo, nokukhathazeka ngokweqile ngocansi. Ezinye zalezi zici zivamile nasezigulini ezethula ngezifo zemizwa ezihambisana nokungasebenzi okuphezulu. Lokhu okubonile kuholele ekuphenyweni kwamanje kokwehluka phakathi kweqembu leziguli ezi-hypersexual (n = 87) nesampula somphakathi esingeyona eye-hypersexual (n = 92) yamadoda asebenzisa i-Behaeve Rating Inventory ye-Executive Function-Adult Version Ukuziphatha kwe-Hypersexual kuhlobene kahle ngama-indices womhlaba wonke wokungasebenzi okuphezulu kanye nokuxhaswa okuningana kwe-BRIEF-A. Lokhu okutholakele kunikeza ubufakazi bokuqala bokusekela umbono wokuthi ukungasebenzi okuphezulu kungabandakanyeka ekuziphatheni kwe-hypersexual.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

"Umlutha we-Arousal" (umlutha we-inthanethi nezinhlokwana zawo):

Ukusekela inkhulumo yakhe ye-TED uDkt. Philip Zimbardo washicilela izincwadi ezimbili (ngayinye enezinkulungwane zezibalo):

Izifundo ezisekela ukutholakala kwezidakamizwa ze-intanethi kanye nama-subtypes (ukudlala, imithombo yezokuxhumana, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile):

Ukubuyekezwa kokubili kwezincwadi zamuva (ezinamakhulu ezilinganiso) ziphikisana ngezigaba zokuxilongwa kwe-inthanethi ye-addiction subtypes (ukudlala, imidiya yezenhlalo, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile):

Uhlelo olulandelayo lwe-World Health Organization lwencwajana yalo yokuxilonga, i- I-ICD, iphuma ku-2018. Ukuvumelanisa nokuphambana kobufakazi the new I-ICD-11 iphakamisa ukuxilongwa kwe-"Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder," kanye nenye ye "Ukuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okuluthayo. ” I-ICD-11 nayo ibekelwe ukuthi ibandakanye “I-Gaming Disorder”('Gaming digital' noma 'video-gaming'), engaxhumeka ku-inthanethi (isb, nge-inthanethi) noma engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Omunye “umlutha ovusa inkanuko,” ukugembula ukubheja, usevele ku-DSM.

Ingxenye 1 (a) - "Ukulutha ngokweqile" kukhulisa noma kubangele izimpawu (i-ADHD, ukukhathazeka komphakathi, ukukhathazeka, ukudangala, njll.). Izifundo ezishicilelwe ngemuva Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa lokho kubika ukuxhumanisa phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi kanye nempilo engokwengqondo nengokomzwelo empofu:

1) Kuyini i-Pornography e-Inthanethi ebuka i-Problematic Among Men's College? Ukuhlola Inqubo Elinganiselayo Yokugwema Okuhlangenwe nakho (2012) - Ingcaphuno:

Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlolisise ubuhlobo bokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwi-intanethi kanye nokugwema okuhlangenwe nakho ezinkingeni zezinkinga zengqondo (ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukusebenza komphakathi kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nokubukwa) ngokusebenzisa ucwaningo olunzulu lwe-intanethi oluqhutshwe ngesampula esingekho emtholampilo I-157 i-lowergraduate yamadoda ekolishi. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ukubuka kokuvama kwakuhlobene kakhulu nokuhlukahluka komqondo ngamunye, okube ukubukwa okwengeziwe kwakuhlobene nezinkinga ezinkulu.

2) Abesilisa, Abesilisa Abesilisa Abesilisa Nabesifazane Abathandwayo, Nokusetshenziswa Kwe-Inthanethi (i-2012) - Lolu cwaningo luqhathanise abesifazane abayimilutha ye-cybersex nabesifazane abayimilutha yezocansi, nabesifazane abangewona imilutha. Abalutha nge-inthanethi ngocansi babhekana namazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka. Ingcaphuno:

Kuzo zonke lezi ziguquko, iphethini yilabo ababambiqhaza eqenjini le-cybersex kanye nabahlanganyeli eqenjini eliluthayo / elingenayo i-cybersex group babengase bakwazi ukubhekana nokucindezeleka, ukuzama ukuzibulala noma ukuthola izimpawu zokuhoxiswa kunokuba bahlanganyele eqenjini elingewona umlutha / ongenayo i-cybersex. Ababambiqhaza eqenjini le-inthanethi le-cycling babengase bakhulume ngokucindezeleka kunokubamba iqhaza kuqembu eliluthayo / elingenalo i-cybersex group.

3) Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo ezingcolile phakathi kwe-Hong Kong Ingane Yengane Yokuqala: Ukuphendulela (i-2012) - Izingcaphuno:

Ngokuvamile, amazinga aphezulu okuthuthukiswa kwentsha kanye nokusebenza komndeni okungcono kwakuhlobene nezinga eliphansi lokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ukubambisana okunomthelela kokuthuthukiswa kwentsha enhle kanye nemindeni ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto eziphathekayo zobulili ezingcolile nakho kwahlolwa.

Ucwaningo lwamanje luzama ukuhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kokusebenza komndeni nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Izici ezintathu zokusebenza komndeni, ukuphathwa komuntu, ukuxhumana nokuvumelana kwakungathintana kabi nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

4) Isimo Sokuzilibazisa Kwabantu Abadala Nezikhumba: Ingabe Ukuzizwa Ngamahloni? (I-2013) - Ingcaphuno:

Amahloni ayehlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okuzimele kobulili bokushaya indlwabu kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa amadoda.

5) I-Narcissism & I-Internet Pornography Sebenzisa (2014) - Ingcaphuno:

Amahora asetshenziselwe ukubuka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ahlobene kahle nezinga le-narcissism lababambe iqhaza. Ukwengeza, labo abake basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi bavumela amazinga aphezulu kuzo zonke izinyathelo ezintathu ze-narcissism kunalabo abangakaze basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi.

6) Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nomshado (2014) - Ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuhambisana nenjabulo encane. Ingcaphuno:

Sithole ukuthi abantu abadala ababebukele i-movie e-X ngonyaka odlule babe namathuba amaningi okuhlukaniswa, kungenzeka ukuthi babe nezindaba zangaphandle, futhi bancane amathuba okubika ukuthi bajabule ngomshado wabo noma jikelele. Sithole nokuthi, kubantu, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinciphisa ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi kwemvamisa yocansi nenjabulo.

7) Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, impilo ye-psychosomatic nezimpawu zokucindezeleka phakathi kwentsha yaseSweden (i-2014) - Izingcaphuno:

Izinhloso zalolu cwaningo bekungukuphenya ababikezeli bokusetshenziswa kaningi kwezithombe zocansi kanye nokuphenya ukusetshenziswa okunjalo maqondana nezimpawu zengqondo nezokucindezeleka phakathi kwentsha yaseSweden. … ..Sithole ukuthi ukuba intombazane, ukuhlala nabazali abahlukene, ukuya ohlelweni lokufundela esikoleni esiphakeme, nokuba ngumsebenzisi wezithombe zocansi ekuqaleni bekuba nemiphumela emikhulu ezimpawu zengqondo ekulandeleni.

Ukusetshenziswa kaningi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisekelwe esiteji esilandelayo izimpawu ze-psychosomatic ezilandelwayo ezilandelanayo kuze kube sezingeni eliphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpawu ezicindezelayo.

8) Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezinhlangano zayo ngezobulili, ukuphila nokuphila phakathi kwe-Adolescents (2014) - Izingcaphuno:

Esikhathini eside ukuhlaziya ukusetshenziswa kaningi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlobene kakhulu izimpawu psychosomatic kuqhathaniswa nezimpawu zokucindezeleka. Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa njalo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babevame ukubika izinkinga zontanga kunabo ontanga.

9) Ama-Psychological, Relational, no-Sexual Correlates Wezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Sebenzisa ku-Amadoda Omncane Abadala Abesifazane Abashadile Ngobudlelwane Bothando (i-2014) - Ukusetshenziswa kocansi oluphakeme nokusetshenziswa kocansi okunenkinga kwakuxhunyaniswa nezitayela zokunamathisela ezivikelekile nezikhathazayo. Ingcaphuno:

Ngakho-ke, inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola okuphikisanayo (okungukuthi, ukungqubuzana kwendima yezobulili kanye nezitayela zokunamathisela) nemiphumela (okungukuthi, ikhwalithi yobudlelwano empofu nokwaneliseka ngokocansi) kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zamadoda ezisetshenziswa phakathi kwamadoda amasha angama-373 abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane. Okutholakele kwembula ukuthi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlobene nokuphikisana okukhulu kwendima yezobulili, izitayela zokunamathela ezikhathazayo nezikhathazayo, ikhwalithi yobudlelwano empofu, nokwaneliseka okuncane kwezocansi.

10) Ama-Neural Correlates e-Sexual Cue Reactivity kuNobuntu abangenazo ngaphandle kokucindezela ngokocansi (2014) - Noma kunjalo Voon et al., Abantu abangu-2014 abangenayo izimo ezinkulu zempilo, izidakamizwa ezingcolile zobulili eziphakeme ziphakeme kakhulu ekucindezelweni nasekuhloleni ukukhathazeka. Umbhalo:

Izihloko ze-CSB [izidakamizwa ezingcolile] zinezinkinga eziphakeme kakhulu nokukhathazeka (ithebula le-S2 ku Ifayela le-S1) kodwa akukho ukutholakala kwamanje kokucindezeleka okukhulu

11) Akukho Kungozi Ekubukeni, Ngakwesokudla? Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, isithombe somzimba, nokuhleleka kahle (2014) - Ingcaphuno:

Ukuhlaziywa kwemigwaqo kwembula ukuthi imvamisa yamadoda ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisana (a) ngokuzibandakanya ngokungahambisani nokungahlali komzimba kanye nokungazanelisi kwamafutha omzimba ngokungena ngaphakathi komqondo we-mesomorphic, (b) ohlangene kabi nokuhlonishwa komzimba ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile ngokuqapha komzimba, (c) ngokuhloswe kuhlanganiswe ukuphazamiseka okungahambi ngokuqondile ngokukhathazeka okuthandanayo nokuzigwema, futhi (d) kuxhunyaniswe kabi ngokuthinta ngokuqondile ngokuxhumana okuhambisana nokukhathazeka nokugwema.

12) Iziguli ezibhekene nohlobo lwama-Referral: Ukubukezwa Kweshadi Lokulinganiswa Kwama-115 Amacala Amadoda Axoshwayo (2015) - Ucwaningo lubeke “abesilisa abathandana nobulili obufanayo” ezigabeni ezi-2: “iziphingi ezingamahlalakhona” kanye “nezishaya indlwabu ezigwema” (ababengabasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile ezingapheli).

I-subtype yokugwema i-masturbator isebenze njengalezi zimo ezibike ngaphezu kwe-1 hr (noma isiqephu esisodwa) sokushaya indlwabu ngosuku noma ngaphezulu kwe-1 hr yezithombe zocansi ezibukwa ngosuku, noma ngaphezulu kwe-7 hr (noma iziqephu) ngeviki.

Ngokuphathelene nokushintsha kwengqondo nokuhluka kwesimo sobulili, i-subtype yokugwema i-masturbator [abasebenzisi be-porn abathintekayo] yayinamandla kakhulu okubika umlando wezinkinga zokukhathazeka nezinkinga zokusebenza ngokobulili (i-71% vs. 31%) nge-ejaculation yokulibazisa ejwayelekile kakhulu kubika inkinga yokusebenza ngokocansi.

13) Ukulutha Umonakalo Wezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ne-Inthanethi: Ukuhlola Ubudlelwane Ngesikhathi Kanye Nesikhathi Esidlula (2015) - Ungayinaki le nkulumo ethi “ukubonwa njengomlutha, njengoba isho amaphuzu aphelele ku-Grubbs's CPUI-9, okuyi-questionnaire yangempela yokulutha izidakamizwa zocansi (bheka Ukuhlaziywa okugcwele kwe-YBOP komqondo we-porn addiction). Ngokumane nje, ukubheja kocansi kuhambisana nokucindezeleka kwengqondo (intukuthelo, ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka). Ingcaphuno:

Ekuqaleni kwalolu cwaningo, sagxila ukuthi "ukulutha okubonakalayo" kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kuzohlanganiswa kahle nokucindezeleka kwengqondo. Sisebenzisa isampula enkulu evundlile yabasebenzisi bewebhu abadala nesampula enkulu yokuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzisi bewebhu abathola iziqu, sithole ukusekelwa okungaguquguquki kwale mbono. Ukwengeza, ekuhlaziyweni kweminyaka engu-1 kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, sithole izixhumanisi phakathi kokulutha okubonakalayo nokucindezeleka kwengqondo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokubambisana, lokhu okutholakele kugcizelela kakhulu isimangalo sokuthi "umlutha obonakalayo" wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi cishe kunomthelela ekuhlushweni kwengqondo kwabanye abantu.

14) Ukuhlola oku-inthanethi koMuntu, izimo zengqondo, nokuziphatha kobulili Okuhlanganiswe nokuziphatha kobulili obuzimele (2015) - Umlutha wezocansi / ucansi wawungahlobene kuphela nokwesaba ukuthola ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile, futhi kwakuxhunyaniswa nokudangala nokukhathazeka. Ingcaphuno:

Ukuziphatha kwe-Hypersexual ”kubonisa ukwehluleka okubonakalayo ukulawula ukuziphatha komuntu kwezocansi. Ukuphenya ukuziphatha kwe-hypersexual, isampula yamazwe angama-510 abesilisa nabesifazane abazibiza ngokobulili obuhlukile, abesilisa nabesifazane nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane baqedile ibhethri lemibuzo yokuzibika engaziwa ku-intanethi. Ngaphezu kweminyaka nobulili (owesilisa), ukuziphatha kwe-hypersexual kwakuhlobene nezikolo eziphakeme ezinyathelweni zokuzijabulisa ngokocansi, ukuvinjelwa kocansi ngenxa yokusongelwa ukwehluleka kokusebenza, ukungahambisani nokuziphatha, kanye nomoya ocindezelekile nokukhathazeka.

15) I-Well Psychological Well-Being and Intshisekelo Engaphezu Kwezifiso Zobulili Ukubikezela Izimpawu Zokusetshenziswa Okuphoqelekile Kwe-Inthanethi I-Inthanethi Phakathi Kwezingane Zengane Zengane (2015) - Ingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo luphenye ukuthi ngabe izici ezivela ezizindeni ezintathu ezihlukile ezingokwengqondo (okungukuthi, inhlalakahle yengqondo, izintshisekelo zocansi / isimilo, kanye nobuntu obungacabangi-psychopathic) zibikezele izimpawu zokusebenzisa ngenkani izinto ze-Intanethi ezicacisa ngokocansi phakathi kwabafana abasebasha. Esikhathini eside, amazinga aphezulu emizwa yokudangala futhi, futhi, inzalo eyeqile yocansi yabikezela ukwanda kwesihlobo ezimpawu zokusebenzisa eziphoqelekile ezinyangeni eziyi-6 kamuva.

16) Ama-Psychological, Relational, ne-Biological Correlates we-Ego-Dystonic Ukushaya Indlwabu Ngokwemitholampilo (2016) - Iphepha lokuqala (lapha) wasebenzisa ibinzana elithi “Ukushaya Indlwabu Ngokucindezela” ukuchaza umsebenzi wezihloko. Umshicileli wephepha (Imithi Yezocansi Ivuliwe) washintsha “Ukushaya Indlwabu Ngokucindezela” kwaba “Ukushaya Indlwabu Ego-Dystonic.” Ku-2016, ukushaya indlwabu okuphoqelekile, esimweni somtholampilo, kufana nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuphoqelela. Ingcaphuno:

Idatha yethu iqinisekisa ukubonwa kwangaphambili ukuthi izidakamizwa ezingokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi kwemizwelo, ukukhathazeka, kanye nobuntu, yiyona ndlela yokubusa ngaphandle kwabantu abaziphatha ngokucindezela ngokocansi. 21, 22, 23, 24 Noma kunjalo, i-EM ingahle ihlotshaniswe nokusebenza okungaxhasi okukhathazayo.

17) Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili e-UK: ukusabalalisa nokuziphatha kwezinkinga ezihlobene (i-2016) - Ingcaphuno:

Labo ababika ukulutha kobulili bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bebaningi amathuba okuba bahlanganyele ezinhlobonhlobo ezinobungozi bokuziphatha okungahambi kahle, okubandakanya ukuphuza kakhulu, ukulwa, nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali, ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni nokubheja izithombe ezingekho emthethweni kodwa zimbalwa. Babuye babika impilo empofu engokomzimba nengokwengqondo.

18) Imodi iyashintsha ngemva kokubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet zixhunyaniswa nezimpawu ze-Inthanethi-izithombe zobulili ezingcolile-ukubhekwa kwezifo (2016) - Ingcaphuno:

I-Intanethi-i-pornography-yokubuka ukuphazamiseka (i-IPD) ithathwa njengohlobo olulodwa lokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi. Ekuthuthukisweni kwe-IPD, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okungafaneleki kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ukubhekana nokucindezeleka noma ukucindezeleka kungathathwa njengengozi. Idatha ikhombise ukuthi ukuthambekela kwe-IPD kuhlotshaniswa kabi nokuzizwa okuhle, ukuvuka, nokuzola futhi ngokuqinisekile ngokucindezeleka okubonakalayo empilweni yansuku zonke nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ukufuna ukuzijabulisa nokugwema ngokomzwelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthambekela kwe-IPD kwakuhlobene kabi nemizwa yangaphambi nangemva kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi.

19) Ukuziphatha kocansi okunenkinga kubantu abadala: Izinhlangano eziguquguqukayo zomtholampilo, zokuziphatha, kanye ne-neurocognitive (2016) - Abantu abanezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokocansi eziyinkinga (PSB) bakhombise ukusilela okuningana kwe-neuro-cognitive nezinkinga zengqondo. Izingcaphuno ezimbalwa:

Lokhu kuhlaziywa kuboniswe ukuthi i-PSB ihlotshaniswa nekhwalithi engcono yokuphila, ukuzethemba okungezansi, kanye namazinga aphezulu e-comorbidities ezinkingeni eziningana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu le-PSB libonise ukulahlekelwa ezindaweni eziningi ezinhlobonhlobo ze-neurocognitive, kubandakanya ukuvimbela imoto, inkumbulo yokusebenza yendawo, nesici sokwenza izinqumo. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi i-PSB inikeza izinkinga eziningana, kusukela ekuxhasweni kotshwala nokucindezeleka kuya ekuwohlokeni kwezinga lokuphila nokuzihlonipha.

20) Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ziyasebenzisa: Indima yokulangazelela, ukufisa ukucabanga, nokucaciswa (2017) - Ngenkathi kungacaci kangako embhalweni, lolu cwaningo luthole ukuhlangana phakathi kokulangazelela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezikolo ekucindezelweni nasemibuzweni yokukhathazeka (imiphumela emibi). Ingcaphuno:

Ucwaningo lwamanje luvivinye imodeli enembile yesifiso ukucabanga nokulangazelela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinenkinga, futhi kwandiswa phezu kwesibonelo esifanayo ukubandakanya umthelela omubi ohlobene nesifiso sokucabanga.

21) Imiphumela ye-intanethi kwimpilo yengqondo yengane yesikole e-Rourkela - Ukutadisha kwesigaba esiphambene (2017) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukuvakashela amasayithi we-porn kwakuhlotshaniswa nesithakazelo kocansi, isimo sengqondo esincane, ukungabi nokuhlushwa, nokukhathazeka okungaqondakali.

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zazihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinkinga eziningana ezingokwengqondo ezinganeni. Ngenxa yokungahlolisi kwesakhiwo sobuchopho obusha kanye nokungazi lutho, abakwazi ukucubungula ubuningi bokuqukethwe kocansi ku-inthanethi okungabangela izinkinga, ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka.

22) Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile Sebenzisa kanye nesizungu: Isibonelo se-Bi-Directional Recursive and Investigation Pilot (2017) - Ingcaphuno:

Ngokombono nangokomqondo, sihlola isizungu njengoba sihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile maqondana nokubhalwa kobudlelwano bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye namandla alo okulutha. Imiphumela evela ekuhlaziyweni kwethu iveze ubudlelwane obubalulekile futhi obuhle phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesizungu kuzo zontathu izinhlobo. Okutholakele kunikeza izizathu zokuba khona kokubhida okuzayo, imodeli ephindaphindayo yobudlelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nesizungu.

23) Indlela Ukuziqeda Kuthinta Izintandokazi (2016) [imiphumela yokuqala] - Amaphuzu avela kulesi sihloko:

Imiphumela Yamandla Wokuqala - Ukutholwa Okusemqoka

  1. Ubude bezakhamuzi ezide kunazo zonke ze-streak ezenziwe ngaphambi kokuba zihlanganyele ekuhloliseni kokuhlolisisa ngezintandokazi zesikhathi. Ucwaningo lwesibili luzophendula lo mbuzo uma izikhathi ezinengi zokuziqeda zenza abahlanganyeli bakwazi ukuphuza umvuzo, noma uma abanye ababambe iqhaza ngesiguli bengase bakwazi ukwenza izintambo ezinde.
  2. Isikhathi eside sokuziyeka singase sibangele ukuvuswa kwengozi encane (okulungile). Ucwaningo lwesibili luzonikeza ubufakazi bokugcina.
  3. Ubuntu buhambisana nobude be-streaks. Umvuthwandaba wesibili uzokwethula uma ukuyeka ukuthinta ubuntu noma uma umuntu engachaza ukuhlukahluka ebude bezintambo.

Imiphumela Yamandla Wesibili - Ukutholwa Okusemqoka

  1. Ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokushaya indlwabu kwandisa ikhono lokubambezela imivuzo
  2. Ukubamba iqhaza esikhathini sokuziqeda kwenza abantu bazimisele kakhulu ukuthatha izingozi
  3. Ukuziqhenya kwenza abantu bavelele ngokwengeziwe
  4. Ukuziqeda kwenza abantu baxoshwe, baqaphele futhi bangabi neurotic

24) Ukubuka Imidiya Ecacile Ngocansi kanye Nokusebenzisana Kwayo Ngempilo Yengqondo Phakathi Kwabesilisa Abesilisa Abesilisa Abesilisa Abesilisa Abesilisa Abesilisa Nabesifazane Ngasese-US (2017) - Izingcaphuno

Amadoda angamaGay kanye nabesilisa nabesifazane (GBM) abike ukuthi babheka imithombo yezokuxhumana ecacile ngokocansi (SEM) kunabesilisa abathandana nabo. Kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi ukubuka inani elikhulu le-SEM kungabangela isimo sengqondo esingalungile somzimba kanye nethonya elibi. Kodwa-ke, akukho zifundo eziye zahlola lezi zinguquko ngaphakathi kwesimo esifanayo.

Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-SEM kwakuhlobene ngokuqondile nomqondo ongathandeki womzimba okungaphezu kokubili nokucindezeleka nokucindezeleka. Kwakukhona nomphumela ophawulekayo oqondile wokusetshenziswa kwe-SEM kumpawu zokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka ngesimo sengqondo somzimba. Lezi zithole ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kokubili kwe-SEM emfanekisweni womzimba kanye nomthelela omubi kanye nesithombe somzimba esivela emidlalweni yokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka kwe-GBM.

25) Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisana nabesilisa abancane ngokobulili: Izinhlangano zokunganeliseki komzimba, ukudla izimpawu zesifo, ukucabanga ngokusebenzisa i-anabolic steroids kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila (i-2017) - Izingcaphuno:

Isampula se-2733 abesilisa abancane ngokobulili abahlala e-Australia naseNew Zealand bagcwalisa inhlolovo e-intanethi eyayinezinyathelo zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukunganeliseki komzimba, ukudla izimpawu zesifo, imicabango mayelana nokusebenzisa i-anabolic steroids kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila.

Cishe bonke abahlanganyeli (98.2%) babike ukuthi sebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokusetshenziswa kwamahora ama-5.33 ngenyanga. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Multivariate kwembulwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakunokunganeliseki okukhulu nge-muscularity, fat body kanye nokuphakama; izidakamizwa ezinkulu zokudla; imicabango eminingi ejwayelekile mayelana nokusebenzisa i-anabolic steroids; kanye nekhwalithi ephansi yokuphila.

26) Ukusetshenziswa kwabase-Australia abasezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuzibandakanya nezenzo zokuziphatha ngocansi (2017) - Ingcaphuno:

Iminyaka emincane ekubukweni kwezithombe zocansi yayihlotshaniswa… nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo ezisanda kwenziwa.

Ingxenye 1 (b) - Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngemuva kwe- “Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa”Lokho kubike ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kocansi nokusebenza kwengqondo okuncane:

1) Ukucubungula isithombe se-Pornographic kuphazamisa ukusebenza komemori wokusebenza (i-2013) - Ososayensi baseJalimane bathole ukuthi i-Internet eerotica inganciphisa inkumbulo yokusebenza. Kulolu cwaningo lwezithombe zocansi, abantu abangu-28 abanempilo benza imisebenzi yokukhumbula imemori besebenzisa iqoqo lezithombe ezihlukahlukene ze-4, enye yazo yayingcolile. Abahlanganyeli baphinde balinganisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile mayelana nokuvuswa kobulili nokushaya indlwabu ngaphambi kokuba, futhi ngemuva kwalokho, isethulo sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi inkumbulo yokusebenza yayibi nakakhulu ngesikhathi ukubukwa kwezingcolile futhi ukuthi ukuvusa okukhulu kwandisa ukungena. Ingcaphuno:

Imiphumela ifaka isandla ekuboneni ukuthi izinkomba zokuvusa ngocansi ngenxa yokucubungula isithombe sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziphazamisa ukusebenza kwememori yokusebenza. Okutholakele kuxoxwa mayelana nokulutha kocansi e-intanethi ngoba ukukhunjulwa komsebenzi ukuphazamiseka kwezici ezihlobene nokulutha izidakamizwa kuyaziwa ngokusuka kwezidakamizwa.

2) Ama-Interferes Okucubungula Ngesithombe Sobulili Ngokwenza Izinqumo Ngaphansi Kokunganaki (2013) - Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuphazamise ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okulinganiselwe kokuqonda. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kungathinta ukusebenza okuphezulu, okuyisethi yamakhono engqondo asiza ngezinjongo zokuhlangana. Lawa makghono alawulwa yindawo yobuchopho ebizwa nge-prefrontal cortex.

Ukusebenza kwezinqumo kwakubi nakakhulu lapho izithombe zobulili zihlotshaniswa nekhadi eliyingozi ekuqhathaniswa nokusebenza lapho izithombe zobulili zixhunyaniswa nezinsika ezizuzayo. Ukuvusa okucatshangelwayo ngokobulili kuhlolisisa ubuhlobo phakathi komsebenzi womsebenzi kanye nokusebenza kwezinqumo. Lolu cwaningo lugcizelele ukuthi ukuvuswa kocansi kuphazamise ukwenziwa kwezinqumo, okungase kuchaze ukuthi kungani abanye abantu behlangabezana nemiphumela emibi ekuhloleni kokusebenzisa i-inthanethi.

3) U-Arousal, amandla okukhumbula inkumbulo, nokwenza isinqumo socansi kumadoda (2014) - Izingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukuthi ukusebenza komthamo wememori (WMC) kuhlolisisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokuvuswa kokuphila ngokomzimba nokuthatha isinqumo socansi. Ingqikithi yamadoda we-59 ibheka izithombe ze-20 ezingenasisindo kanye ne-20 ezingavumelani nokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu abesilisa nabesifazane ngenkathi amazinga abo okuvuka komzimba aqoshiwe esebenzisa impendulo yokuziphatha kwesikhumba. Abahlanganyeli baphinde bagcwalisa ukuhlolwa kwe-WMC kanye nomsebenzi wokufaniswa kokudlwengulwa kwesikhashana okufanele bawuthole iphuzu lapho owesilisa wase-Australiya ejwayelekile eyoyeka zonke izinyathelo zobulili ngenxa yokumelana ngomlomo nangokwenyama kumlingani wesifazane. Ababambe iqhaza ababenomzimba obakhudlwana futhi bachitha isikhathi esiningi bebuka izithombe ezingezona ezithandwayo zobulili eziphakanyiswe ngokuphawulekayo ngemuva kokuyeka amaphuzu ngosuku lomsebenzi wokufanisa ukudlwengula. Ngokuvumelana nokubikezela kwethu, ubuhlobo phakathi kokuphakama kwezinto eziphilayo nokuphakanyiswa okuphakanyisiwe kwakunamandla kubahlanganyeli abanamazinga aphansi e-WMC. Kwababambiqhaza abane-WMC ephezulu, ukuvuswa komzimba akuhambisani nendawo yokumisa ekhethiwe. Ngakho-ke, ikhono lokusebenza eliphezulu (futhi i-WMC ikakhulukazi) libonakala lidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhloliseni izinqumo zamadoda ngokuziphatha kocansi.

4) Ukunamathela ezintweni ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile? Ukusebenzisa ngokweqile noma ukunganakwa kwezimo zocansi zocansi esimweni esinabantu abaningi kuhlobene nezibonakaliso zokulutha kocansi lwe-inthanethi (i-2015) - Izihloko ezinomthelela ophezulu ekubhebhethekeni kocansi zenza imisebenzi engasebenzi kahle (okuyizinto ezingaphansi kwe-prefrontal cortex). Izingcaphuno ezimbalwa:

Siphenya ukuthi ukuthambekela ekubhekaneni nokuxilongwa kwe-inthanethi ku-inthanethi kuhlobene nezinkinga ekusebenziseni ukulawulwa kwengqondo kunesimo se-multitasking esithinta izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Sasebenzisa i-paradigm ye-multitasking lapho abahlanganyeli babe nomgomo ocacile ukuze basebenze ngokulingana okulinganayo kwezinto ezingahambisani nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Sithole ukuthi abahlanganyeli ababika ukuthambekela ekubhekaneni nocansi lwe-inthanethi bahlukumezeka kakhulu kulo mgomo.

Imiphumela yocwaningo lwamanje olubhekele indima yemisebenzi yokulawula okuphezulu, okungukuthi isebenza nge-prefrontal cortex, ukuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kokusetshenziswa kocansi nge-inthanethi (njengoba kuphakanyiswe I-Brand et al., I-2014). Ngokuyinhloko ikhono elincishisiwe lokuqapha ukusetshenziswa nokushintsha phakathi kokuqukethwe kobulili nokunye okuqukethwe emgomweni ngendlela eyanele kungase kube yindlela eyodwa ekuthuthukiseni nasekugcinweni kokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi

5) Ukuziphatha kocansi okunenkinga kubantu abadala: Izinhlangano eziguquguqukayo zomtholampilo, zokuziphatha, kanye ne-neurocognitive (2016) - Abantu abaneZinkinga Zokuziphatha Ngokobulili Eziyinkinga (PSB) bakhombise ukusilela okuningana kwe-neuro-cognitive. Lokhu okutholakele kukhombisa ukuthi umpofu ukusebenza okuphezulu (ukungalungi) okuyinto a isici esiyinhloko sobuchopho esivela ezilutha izidakamizwa. Okucaphuno:

Kusukela kulesi sakhiwo, kungenzeka ukulandelela izinkinga ezibonakalayo kwi-PSB nakwezinye izici zomtholampilo, njengokungaboni kahle ngokomzwelo, ekulahlekeni okungokwengqondo .... Uma izinkinga zengqondo ezihlongozwe kulolu hlalutyo empeleni ziyisici esiyinhloko se-PSB, lokhu kungase kube nemiphumela ephawulekayo emitholampilo.

6) Imiphumela Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Kubafundi Bezikole Eziphezulu, eGhana. (I-2016) - Ingcaphuno:

Ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi iningi labafundi lavunywa ukuthi libukele izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqaphela ukuthi iningi labo lavuma ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zithinta ukusebenza kwabafundi ngokungathandeki ...

7) Ukusebenza Okusebenzayo Kwamadoda Okucindezela Ngokwecansi Nokungaxilisi Ngaphambi Kokubuka Nokubukela Ividiyo Ye-Erotic (2017) - Ukuvezwa kocansi kuthinte ukusebenza okuphezulu emadodeni ane "ziphoqelelo zokuziphatha ngocansi," kepha hhayi izilawuli ezinempilo. Ukusebenza okuphezulu okumpofu lapho kuvezwa izindlela ezihlobene nokulutha kuyimpawu yokuphazamiseka kwemithi (okukhombisa kokubili zashintsha izifunda ze-prefrontal futhi ukuzwela). Okucaphuno:

Lokhu kutholakala kubonisa ukuguquguquka okungcono kwengqondo emva kokugqugquzela ngokobulili ngokulawulwa uma kuqhathaniswa nabathintekayo ngokocansi. Lezi zesekelo zisekela umqondo wokuthi amadoda abesilisa ocansini akufanele asebenzise ngokunenzuzo umphumela wokufunda ongakuthola ohlangothini, okungabangela ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha okungcono. Lokhu kungase kuqondwe njengokuntuleka komphumela wokufunda yiqembu eliphoqeleka ngokocansi lapho bevuselelwa ngokocansi, okufana nalokho okwenzekayo emjikelezweni wokulutha ngokocansi, okuqala ngezinga elikhulayo lokuqashelwa ngokocansi, okulandelwa ukuqaliswa kobulili izikripthi bese i-orgasm, ngokuvamile ihilela ukuchayeka ezimweni eziyingozi.

8) Ukuvezwa kwe-Stimuli yezocansi kudonsa ukukhuphula okuphezulu okuholela ekubandakanyekeni okuqhubekayo ku-Cyber ​​Delinquency phakathi kwamadoda (2017) - Ezifundweni ezimbili ukuvezwa ezintweni ezibukwayo zocansi kuholele ku: 1) isaphulelo esikhulu sokubambezeleka (ukungakwazi ukubambezela ukuzanelisa), i-2) ukuthambekela okukhulu kokuzibandakanya ebugebengwini be-cyber, 3) ukuthambekela okukhulu kokuthenga izimpahla zomgunyathi nokugenca i-akhawunti yomunye umuntu ku-Facebook. Ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwandisa ukungabi namandla futhi kunganciphisa imisebenzi ethile yokuphatha (ukuzithiba, ukwahlulela, imiphumela yokubona kusengaphambili, ukulawula umfutho). Ingcaphuno:

Lokhu okutholakele kunikeza ukuqonda ngecebo lokunciphisa ukubandakanyeka kwamadoda ebuqilini be-cyber; okungukuthi, ngokuvezwa okuncane ezenzweni zocansi kanye nokukhuthaza ukuzithokozisa okubambezelekile. Imiphumela yamanje ikhombisa ukuthi ukutholakala okuphezulu kwezisusa zocansi kwi-cyberpace kungahle kuhlotshaniswe kakhulu nokuziphatha kabi kwabantu nge-cyber kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.

Ekugcineni kwalesi sigaba, Psychiatrist Victoria Dunckley uye wabika ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kuziguli zakhe ezincane ezithatha i-hiatus kusuka kumadivayisi asebenzisanayo.

Ingxenye 2 - "Ukulutha ngokweqile" kukhulisa noma kubangele izimpawu (i-ADHD, ukukhathazeka komphakathi, ukukhathazeka, ukudangala, ukukhathazeka kokusebenza, njll.). Izifundo ezibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kubonakala imbangela ingqondo, ingqondo, noma izinkinga zomzwelo.

Nakuba iningi lezifundo ezandulele zihambisana, izifundo ezilandelayo zibandakanya izindlela ezehlukene eziphakamisa noma eziqinisekisa ukusikeka.

A) Izithombe zocansi zibonisa ukukhombisa noma ukuphakamisa i-causation:

Nazi ezimbalwa zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zocwaningo lapho abasebenzisi be-porn beqeda ukusebenzisa i-porn futhi bachaza imiphumela. Ukugwema izithombe ezingcolile ukuze ubone ukuthi umphumela wabo kuwumqondo oyinhloko enkulumweni yami ye-TEDx, nakuleliphepha elibukeziwe kontanga engibhale ku-2016: Ukuqeda Amaphutha Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Zisebenzise Ukuveza Imiphumela Yalo. Nazi izifundo engazi lapho abasebenzisi be-porn bazama ukugwema khona izithombe ezingcolile. Bonke babika imiphumela ebalulekile. Izifundo eziyisishiyagalombili kwabayisishiyagalombili zaziqukethe abasebenzisi bezithombe eziphuthumayo ngokucindezeleka okukhulu kocansi ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Lezo zici ze-5 zibonisa ukuthi i-causation njengoba iziguli ziphulukise ukuhlukunyezwa okungavamile ngokocansi ngokususa okuguquguqukayo okulodwa (izithombe zobulili ezingcolile):

  1. Imikhuba yokushaya indlwabu kanye nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi (2016)
  2. Ingabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Zibangela Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi? Ukubukezwa Ngemibiko Yomtholampilo (2016)
  3. Umkhuba ongavamile we-masturbatory njengento etiological ekuxilongweni kanye nokwelashwa kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kumadoda amasha (2014)
  4. Isimo se-Psychogenic Anejaculation: Isifundo Sezifundo (2014)
  5. Kunzima kangakanani ukuphatha ukujula okwephuzile ngaphakathi komodeli wesikhashana ongokwengqondo? Ukuqhathaniswa kwesifundo (2017)

Ezinye izifundo ezintathu:

6) Imivuzo Yokuhweba Kamuva Yenjabulo Yamanje: Ukusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Ezingcolile Nokuphuza Isaphulelo (2015) - Ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile ezithatha abahlanganyeli, abangeke bakwazi ukuphuza ukuzithokozisa. Lolu cwaningo oluyingqayizivele lwenze nabasebenzisi be-porn ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwama-porn kumaviki e-3. Ucwaningo lufumene ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-porn causally okuhlobene nokuhluleka okukhulu ukulibazisa ukuzithokozisa (inothi lokuthi ikhono lokulibazisa ukuzithokozisa ngumsebenzi we-prefrontal cortex). Ingcaphuno yocwaningo lokuqala (i-median subject age 20) 'izici zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisayo ngezikolo zazo emsebenzini wokubambezeleka:

"Ukuya ocansini okwedlulele ababambiqhaza abakudlayo, kulapho babona khona ukuthi imivuzo yesikhathi esizayo ibiza kancane kunemivuzo esheshayo, yize imivuzo yangakusasa ibiza kakhulu."

Ucwaningo lwesibini (ubudala obuphakathi kwe-19) lwenziwe ukuhlola uma ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn izimbangela ukuphushulwa kokubambezeleka, noma ukungakwazi ukulibazisa ukuzithokozisa. Abacwaningi bahlukaniswe abasebenzisi be-porn bamanje ngamaqembu amabili:

  1. Iqembu elilodwa libalekile ekusetshenzisweni kocansi kwamaviki e-3,
  2. Iqembu lesibili lala ukudla okuthandayo kumaviki e-3.

Bonke ababambiqhaza batshelwa ukuthi ucwaningo belumayelana nokuzithiba, futhi bakhethwa ngokungahleliwe ukuthi bayeke ukwenza umsebenzi ababelwe wona. Ingxenye ehlakaniphile ukuthi abacwaningi babe neqembu lesibili labasebenzisi bezithombe ezingcolile abangadli ukudla abakuthandayo. Lokhu kuqinisekise ukuthi i-1) zonke izifundo ezihileleke emsebenzini wokuzithiba, kanye ne-2) ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn kweqembu lesibili akuzange kuthinteke. Ekupheleni kwamaviki ama-3, ababambiqhaza babebandakanyeka emsebenzini wokuhlola ukwehliselwa ukubambezeleka. Inothi elibalulekile: Ngenkathi "iqembu lokuziqhenya ngocansi" libheka izithombe ezingcolile ezingaphansi kakhulu kunezilingo "ezizithandayo zokudla," iningi alizange ligweme ngokuphelele ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile. Noma kunjalo, imiphumela:

"Njengoba kwakubikezelwe, ababambiqhaza ababonisa ukuzithiba ngenxa yesifiso sabo sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bakhetha amaphesenti amakhulu emiklomelo emikhulu, kamuva uma kuqhathaniswa nababambiqhaza ababezilawula ekudleni kwabo kodwa baqhubeka nokudla izithombe ezingcolile."

Iqembu elinciphise ukubukwa kwabo kocansi amasonto ama-3 likhombise isaphulelo sokulibaziseka okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elivele lidedele ukudla elikuthandayo. Kalula nje, ukuyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kukhulisa ikhono labasebenzisi be-porn lokulibazisa ukuzithokozisa. Kusuka esifundweni:

Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kokufundwa kwe-Longitudinal kwe-Study 1, sibonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlobene nokulingana okuphakeme kokuphuza ukuphuza. Ukusebenzisa ukuzithiba kusizinda socansi kunomthelela oqinile ekuphusheni ukulibaziseka kunokusebenzisa ukuzithiba kwesinye isidlo esithokozisa umzimba (isb., Ukudla ukudla okuthandayo).

7) Indlela Ukuziqeda Kuthinta Izintandokazi (2016) [imiphumela yokuqala] - Amaphuzu avela kulesi sihloko:

Imiphumela Yamandla Wokuqala - Ukutholwa Okusemqoka

  1. Ubude bezakhamuzi ezide kunazo zonke ze-streak ezenziwe ngaphambi kokuba zihlanganyele ekuhloliseni kokuhlolisisa ngezintandokazi zesikhathi. Ucwaningo lwesibili luzophendula lo mbuzo uma izikhathi ezinengi zokuziqeda zenza abahlanganyeli bakwazi ukuphuza umvuzo, noma uma abanye ababambe iqhaza ngesiguli bengase bakwazi ukwenza izintambo ezinde.
  2. Isikhathi eside sokuziyeka singase sibangele ukuvuswa kwengozi encane (okulungile). Ucwaningo lwesibili luzonikeza ubufakazi bokugcina.
  3. Ubuntu buhambisana nobude be-streaks. Umvuthwandaba wesibili uzokwethula uma ukuyeka ukuthinta ubuntu noma uma umuntu engachaza ukuhlukahluka ebude bezintambo.

Imiphumela Yamandla Wesibili - Ukutholwa Okusemqoka

  1. Ukugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokushaya indlwabu kwandisa ikhono lokubambezela imivuzo
  2. Ukubamba iqhaza esikhathini sokuziqeda kwenza abantu bazimisele kakhulu ukuthatha izingozi
  3. Ukuziqhenya kwenza abantu bavelele ngokwengeziwe
  4. Ukuziqeda kwenza abantu baxoshwe, baqaphele futhi bangabi neurotic

8) Uthando Lungahlali Kuphela: Ukusebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Nokuzibophezela Okunciphise Kwangxenye Yomuntu Oyedwa (2012) - Isifundo sinezihloko ezama ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwamaviki e-3. Lapho kuqhathaniswa amaqembu amabili, labo abaqhubeka besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babika amazinga aphansi okuzibophezela kunabo abazama ukugwema. Okucaphuno:

Ukungenelela kwafakazela ukuphumelela ekunciphiseni noma ekuqedeni ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi sokufunda isonto elilodwa, kodwa akuzange kuvimbele abahlanganyeli bokulawula ukuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kwabo. I-hypothesis yethu yaxhaswa njengabahlanganyeli esimweni sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babika ukunciphisa okukhulu ukuzibophezela uma kuqhathaniswa nabahlanganyeli ekugwemeni isimo sezocansi.

Futhi, umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuqhubekayo ekuzibophezelweni awukwazi ukuchazwa umahluko ekuqothulweni kwezinsiza zokuzilawula ezivela ekusebenziseni ukuzithiba okukhulu, njengoba abathintekayo kuzo zombili izimo behluke ezintweni ezithokozayo (okungukuthi, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma ukudla okuthandayo).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo eziningana zesikhathi eside ziphakamisa ngokucacile ukucubungula:

I-9) Ukufundwa kwe-longitudinal ekusetshenzisweni kobulili kumaduna abasha kanye nokusebenza kwezifundo: Ukuvezwa kwezingane zakuqala ezinganeni ezinganeni zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi: Ubudlelwane bokushicilela isikhathi, ukufunwa kwezinzwa nokusebenza kwezemfundo (2014) - Izingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo lwephaneli yamagagasi amabili luhlose ukuvivinya imodeli yokuhlanganisa kubafana bokuqala abasebasha (Iminyaka yobudala = 14.10; N = 325) lokho (a) kuchaza ukuvezwa kwabo ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ngokubheka ubudlelwano nesikhathi sokuzalwa kanye nokufuna ukuzwa, futhi (b ) ihlola imiphumela engaba khona yokuchayeka kwabo ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi ngokwenza kwabo izifundo .. .. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi kunciphise ukusebenza kwabafundi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva.

10) Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi nobuhlobo bomhlobo: Ukufundwa kwe-longitudinal ngaphakathi kanye naphakathi kwemiphumela yomlingani yokulungiswa, ukwaneliseka ngokocansi kanye nezinto zokuxhumana ze-intanethi ezicacile ngokobulili phakathi kwezintsha ezisanda kutholakala (2015) - Ucwaningo olude. Ingcaphuno:

Idatha evela esampula enkulu yabashadayo yabonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEIM kunemiphumela emibi kunemiphumela emihle yamadoda nabafazi. Okubalulekile, ukulungiswa kwamadoda kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEIM ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-SEIM kunciphise ukulungiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwaneliseka okwengeziwe kocansi emadodeni kwabikezela ukwehla emkhatsini wabafazi babo 'UKUSEBENZISWA kONYAKA ngonyaka owodwa, ngenkathi abafazi' UKUSEBENZISWA KWEZIMALI akuzange kushintshe ukwaneliseka kwabo ngokocansi.

11) Ingabe Ukubuka Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Kunciphisa Ubuningi Bomshado Ngokuhamba Nesikhathi? Ubufakazi obuvela ku-Longitudinal Data (2016) - Ucwaningo lokuqala lwe-longitudinal engxenyeni emele imibhangqwana eshadile. Ithole imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kocansi kwikhwalithi yomshado ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ingcaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo lungolokuqala ukudweba kumininingwane emele izwe lonke, imininingwane ye-longitudinal (2006-2012 Portraits ye-American Life Study) ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe izithombe zocansi ezivame kakhulu ziyayithonya yini imfanelo yomshado ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi ngabe lo mphumela ulinganiselwa ubulili. Ngokuvamile, abantu abashadile ababevame ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-2006 babike amazinga aphansi kakhulu wekhwalithi yomshado ku-2012, inetha lokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yangaphambilini yomshado kanye nama-correlates afanele. Umphumela wezithombe zocansi wawungewona nje ummeleli wokungagculiseki ngempilo yezocansi noma ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zomshado ngonyaka we-2006. Ngokuya ngethonya elinamandla, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngo-2006 kwaba yisibikezeli sesibili esiqine kakhulu sekhwalithi yomshado e2012.

12) Kuze Kuze Kube Nezingcolile Ukuthi Siyingxenye? Imiphumela Longitudinal Ye-Pornography Sebenzisa ku-Divorce (2017) - Lolu cwaningo lwe-longitudinal lusebenzise idatha yephaneli ejwayelekile ye-General Social Survey eqoqwe ezinkulungwaneni zabantu abadala baseMelika. Abaphenduli babuzwa kathathu ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesimo sabo somshado - njalo eminyakeni emibili kusuka ku-2006-2010, 2008-2012, noma i-2010-2014. Izingcaphuno:

Ukuqala ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwamagagasi okuhlola kucishe kwaphindeka kabili amathuba okuba umuntu ahlukanise ngenkathi elandelayo yocwaningo, kusuka kumaphesenti ayi-6 kuye kumaphesenti ayi-11, futhi kucishe kwaphindeka kathathu kwabesifazane, kusuka kumaphesenti ayi-6 kuya kumaphesenti ayi-16. Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zocansi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zenhlalo, kungaba nemiphumela emibi ekuzinzileni komshado. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwamagagasi ocwaningo kwakuhlotshaniswa namathuba amancane edivosi, kepha kwabesifazane kuphela.

Ngokwengeziwe, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi izinga labaphenduli ekuqaleni labika injabulo yasemshadweni lidlale indima ebalulekile ekutholeni ubukhulu bokuzibandakanya kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile namathuba edivosi. Phakathi kwabantu ababike ukuthi "bajabule kakhulu" emshadweni wabo kugagasi lokuqala locwaningo, ukuqala ukubukwa kwezithombe zocansi ngaphambi kocwaningo olulandelayo kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda okuphawuleka - kusuka kumaphesenti ama-3 kuye kumaphesenti ayi-12 - emathubeni okuba bahlukanise ngesikhathi lokho kuhlola okulandelayo.

Ukuhlaziywa okungeziwe kwabonisa nokuthi ubudlelwane phakathi kokuqala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile basebenzisa kanye namathuba okuhlukanisa kwaba namandla ikakhulukazi kwabaseMelika abancane, labo ababengaphansi kwezenkolo, nalabo ababika injabulo enkulu yomshado yokuqala.

13) I-Pornography Sebenzisa nokuhlukaniswa komshado: Ubufakazi obuvela kuDatha ye-Two-Wave Panel (2017) - Ukufundwa kwesikhatsi eside. Okucaphuno:

Ukudweba idatha esuka kuma-2006 nama-2012 amagagasi ama-Portraits awakhulunywa nguzwelonke e-American Life Study, lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi ngabe abashadile baseMelika ababukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-2006, noma kunjalo noma ngezikhathi eziningi, babe nethuba lokuhlukana komshado nge-2012. Ukuhlaziywa kwemibono kanambambili kubonisa ukuthi abantu baseMelika abashadile ababuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nhlobo ku-2006 babengaphezu kokuphindwe kabili njengalabo abangazange babheke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze bahlukane ngo-2012, ngisho nangemva kokulawula injabulo yomshado we-2006 nokwaneliseka ngokobulili kanye ne-sociodemographic efanelekayo ihambisana. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile basebenzisa imvamisa kanye nokuhlukana komshado, noma kunjalo, kwakuyi-curvilinear yekhono. Amathuba okuhlukaniswa komshado ngo-2012 akhuliswe nge-pornography ye-2006 asebenzisa iphuzu bese enqabela kumazinga aphakeme kakhulu okusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

14) Ingabe Abasebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Kungenzeka Basheshe Bahlangane? Ubufakazi obuvela ku-Longitudinal Data (2017) - Ukufundwa kwesikhatsi eside. Okucaphuno:

Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ukuthi ngabe amaMelika abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, noma kunjalo noma ngaphezulu, athambekele kakhulu ukubika ukuthi bahlukana ngothando ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Idatha ye-longitudinal ithathwe emagagasi e-2006 ne-2012 we-Portraits emele i-American Life Study. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezinto ezinobuntshonalanga kuhlaziya ukuthi abakwaMelika ababuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nhlobo ku-2006 babe cishe cishe kabili njengalabo abangakaze babheke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuthi babike ukuthi bahlukana ngothando ngo-2012, ngisho nangemva kokulawula izici ezifanele ezifana nobuhlobo be-2006 nobuhlobo be-sociodemographic correlates. Le nhlangano yayinamandla kakhulu kubantu kunabesifazane nakwabantu baseMelika abangashadile kunokuba abakwaMelika abashadile. Ukuhlaziya futhi kuboniswe ubuhlobo obuphakathi kokuthi ama-Amerika amaningi abheka kanjani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-2006 kanye nezinkinga zabo zokubhekana nokuhlukana nge-2012.

15) Ubudlelwane phakathi kokuboniswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezitholakala ku-intanethi, ukuziphatha kahle kwengqondo kanye nokuvunyelwa ngokocansi phakathi kwezingane zase-Hong Kong ezinshukela ezincane: isifundo se-longitudinal se-Wave-Three (2018) - Ucwaningo lwe-Longitudinal luthole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwakuhlobene nokudana, ukwaneliseka kwempilo ephansi kanye nesimo sengqondo sokuyekelela ngokocansi.

Njengokungathandabuzeki, ukuvezwa kwezingane ezisencane ezithombeni ezingcolile zobulili ku-intanethi kwakuhlobene nezimpawu zokucindezeleka, futhi kwakuhambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini (isib. Ma et al. 2018; Wolak et al. 2007). Izinsana, ezazivezwe ngamabomu ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile, zabika izinga eliphakeme lokubonisa ukucindezeleka. Le miphumela ihambisana nezifundo ezedlule mayelana nomthelela omubi wokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi enhlalakahleni yengqondo, njengezimpawu zokucindezeleka (uNesi no-Prinstein 2015; i-Primack et al. 2017; iZhao et al. 2017), ukuzethemba (Apaolaza et i-2013; iValkenburg et al. 2017), nesizungu (Bonetti et al. 2010; Ma 2017). Ukwengeza, lolu cwaningo lunikeza ukusekela okuyimpumelelo ngemiphumela yesikhathi eside yokudonswa ngokuzithandela kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-intanethi ngokucindezeleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ukutholakala ngokuzithandela kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi kungase kuholele ekugcineni kwezimpawu zokucindezeleka ngesikhathi sokukhula ...

Ubuhlobo obubi phakathi kokunethezeka kokuphila nokuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi kwakuhambisana nezifundo zangaphambili (Peter noValkenburg 2006; Ma et al. 2018; Wolak et al. 2007). Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi intsha enganelisekile kakhulu ekuphileni kwabo e-Wave 2 ingabaholela ekuvezweni kokubili ukuvezwa kocansi e-Wave 3.

Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa imiphumela ehambisanayo kanye neyesikhathi eside yokuzicabangela ngokobulili kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuvezwa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili. Njengoba kulindeleke ocwaningweni odlule (Lo no Wei 2006; uBrown no-L'Engle 2009; uPeter noValkenburg 2006), intsha evumela ucansi ibike amazinga aphezulu okuvezwa kokubili kwezinhlobo zocansi ezingcolile

B) Izifundo zokusebenzisa i-intanethi ezibonisa ukucubungula:

Nakuba izinkulungwane zezifundo zixhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi nokulutha kwe-inthanethi ezinkingeni ezingokwengqondo nezingqondweni, lezi zifundo ezilandelayo ziphakamisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kungabangela ukukhathazeka kwengqondo nangokomzwelo:

1) Ukukhulumisana kwe-intanethi, ukusetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi ngokuphoqelela, nokuphila kahle kwengqondo phakathi kwentsha: Ukufundwa kwe-longitudinal (2008) - Ukufundwa kwesikhatsi eside. Ngcaphuno: "Ukusebenzisa okuthunyelwe okusheshayo nokuxoxa emakamelo okuxoxa kwakunezizathu ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi ngokucindezela nokucindezeleka kwezinyanga ezingu-6."

2) Ukusetshenziswa kokusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi ye-intanethi kwi-Health Mental Health (2010) - Ucwaningo olulindelekile. Ingcaphuno: “Imiphumela igcizelele ukuthi abantu abasha abangenayo izinkinga zempilo yengqondo kodwa basebenzise i-Internet ngokwemvelo bangathuthukisa ukucindezeleka ngenxa yalokho."

3) I-Precursor noma i-Sequela: Ukuphazamiseka Kwemvelo Kubantu abane-Internet Addiction Disorder (2011) - Isici esiyingqayizivele kulolu cwaningo ukuthi izifundo zocwaningo bezingazange zisebenzise i-Intanethi ngaphambi kokubhalisa ekolishi. Ucwaningo lulandele unyaka wokuqala abafundi baseyunivesithi ukuthola ukuthi imaphi amaphesenti ahlakulela ukulutha kwe-Intanethi, nokuthi yiziphi izinto ezingaba yingozi ekudlaleni. Ngemuva konyaka owodwa wesikole amaphesenti amancane ahlukaniswa njengemilutha ye-Intanethi. Labo abathuthukisa ukulutha kwe-Intanethi ekuqaleni babephakeme ngokwesilinganiso esinqunyiwe, kepha baphansi kwizikolo zokucindezeleka kokukhathazeka, nobutha. Ingcaphuno:

Emva kokuthuthukisa umlutha we-intanethi izibalo eziphakeme kakhulu zabonwa ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, inzondo, ukuzwela komuntu siqu, nokukhathazeka kwengqondo, okuphakamisa ukuthi lezi ziyimiphumela yokukhubazeka kwe-inthanethi ye-inthanethi. Asikwazi ukuthola isilungiso esiqinile se-pathological for disorder addiction disorder. Ukukhubazeka kwezidakamizwa ze-intanethi kungase kulethe izinkinga ezithile zokuhlukunyezwa ngezindlela ezithile.

4) Imiphumela ye-electroacupuncture i-psycho-intervention ehlangene emisebenzini yokucabangela kanye nemikhuba ehlobene nomcimbi i-P300 futhi ihlukumeze ukungaboni kahle kweziguli ezinokulutha kwe-intanethi (2012) - Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-40 zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kanye nezihloko zokwelashwa zithole kangcono ekuhlolweni kokuqonda, nezinguquko ezihambisanayo ze-EEG.

5) Ukuguqulwa kwe-P300 nokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo ekuziphatheni ngezihloko ezine-disorder addiction disorder: Isifundo sokulandelela inyanga ye-3 (2011) - Ukufundwa kwe-EEG okwehlisiwe (okubonisa ukulahlekelwa kwengqondo) kubuyele kumazinga avamile emva kwezinyanga ze-3 zokwelashwa.

6) Abahlukumezi be-intanethi bahlobanisa nesimo esidabukisayo kodwa hhayi ukucindezeleka (2013) - Abahlukumezi be-Intanethi abasengozini enkulu bakhombisa isimo sokudangala esiqine kakhulu kepha abakhombisanga mkhuba ocindezelayo (lokhu kusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kungenzeka kubangele ukudana).

7) Ukukhushulwa kokucindezeleka, ubutha, nokukhathazeka komphakathi phakathi nokulutha kwe-intanethi phakathi kwentsha: Ukufundwa okuzokwenzeka (2014) - Ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside (ngonyaka we-1). Izinsana ezaba umlutha zaveza ukucindezeleka okwenyuka nokuzonda. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iqembu le-addiction remission remission libonise ukuncipha ukucindezeleka, ubutha, nokukhathazeka komphakathi.

8) Izikhulu zezempilo kanye nochwepheshe beyunivesithi e-Swansea bathole ubufakazi obusha bokuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-inthanethi kungabangela izinkinga zempilo yengqondo (2015) Ngcaphuno: "Manje sesiqala ukubona impikiswano yengqondo yokusebenzisa kabi i-inthanethi eqenjini labantu abasha. Le miphumela ibandakanya ukuthi bayakhuthazeka kakhulu, futhi abakwazi ukukhiqiza izinhlelo zesikhathi eside, okuphathelene nazo."

9) Imiphumela yokufisa ukungenelela kokuziphatha kuma-neural substrates wokufuna ukukhwabanisa ku-inthanethi yokudlala i-disorder (2016) - Ukungenelela kuholele ekuguquleni izinguquko zobuchopho kanye nezimpawu zokunciphisa umlutha.

10) Izinguquko zekhwalithi yokuphila nokusebenza kwengqondo kubantu abane-disorder yokudlala i-Inthanethi: Ukulandelwa kwezinyanga ezingu-6 (2016) - Ingcaphuno: “Iziguli ze-IGD zinezibonakaliso eziningi zokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka, amazinga aphezulu okugqugquzela ukufutheka kanye nentukuthelo / ukuhlukunyezwa, amazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka, i-QOL empofu, nokuvinjelwa kokuphendula okungafanelekile. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ze-6 zokwelashwa, iziguli ezine-IGD zikhombisa ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo ekubambeni kwe-IGD, naku-QOL, ukuvimbela impendulo, nokusebenza okuphezulu. "

11) Umphumela we-electro-acupuncture kuhlangene nokungenelela kwengqondo ezinzimweni zengqondo kanye ne-P50 yezinto ezibucayi ezikhishwayo ezigulini ezine-addiction disorder disorder (2017) - Ukungenelela kwaholela ekwenzeni ukufundwa kwezifundo ze-EEG nokunciphisa izimpawu zokubambisana, ukuphazamiseka kanye nezimpawu zengqondo zokucindezeleka noma ukukhathazeka.

12)  Isivivinyo se-Facebook: Ukuyeka i-Facebook kuholela kumazinga aphezulu okuba kuhle (2016) -Excerpt: "it kuboniswe ukuthi ukuphumula ku-Facebook kunemiphumela emihle ebukhulu bezenhlalakahle: ukwaneliseka kwethu kwempilo kwanda futhi imizwelo yethu iba ngcono kakhulu. "

13) Ukwelashwa kwe-Electro-acupuncture yokulutha kwe-intanethi: Ubufakazi bokujwayelekile kwe-disorder control disorder kubasha (2017) - Ukungenelela kwaholela ekunciphiseni ukukhungatheka kanye nezimpawu zengqondo.

14) I-Dark Side ye-Intanethi Ukusebenzisa: Izifundo ezimbili Zengxenyeni Esebenzisa Ukusebenzisa I-intanethi, Izimpawu Ezicindezelayo, Ukushisa Isikole Nokuzibandakanya Phakathi Kwama-Adolescent (Early and Early Adolescents) aseFinland (2016) - Ucwaningo lwe-Longitudinal luthi ukusetshenziselwa ngokweqile ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kungabangela imbangela yokushisa esikoleni okungase kuphele isikhathi eside kuphele izimpawu zokucindezeleka.

15) Ukuphumelela kokuziqeda okufushane ukuguqula izinkinga zokugembula ze-intanethi kanye nezinzuzo (2017) - Ingcaphuno: "Ukuziyeka ngokuzithandela ngokunciphisa kwaba yimpumelelo ekunciphiseni amahora okudlala, izingqinamba zokudlala imiladaptive, nezimpawu ze-IGD. "

16) Ukungenelela Kokuziphatha Kokungenelela ku-Ameliorating College Student 'Dis Display Game: A Longitudinal Study (2017) - Ukungenelela kwaholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwe-IGD, okwakubonakala njengokucindezeleka okuncane nokushintsha kwezidingo ezingokwengqondo kusuka kwi-intanethi kuya empilweni yangempela.

17) Izinguquko ezihlukile zomzimba ezilandela ukungena kwe-intanethi kubasebenzisi be-intanethi abaphezulu abanezinkinga (2017) - Ingcaphuno: "Abantu abazibheka njengabantu abanenkinga yokusebenzisa i-intanethi baboniswa ukwanda kwenhliziyo kanye nokucindezeleka kwegazi, kanye nokunciphisa isimo sengqondo nokunyuka kwesimo sokukhathazeka, emva kokuphela kweseshini ye-intanethi. Kwakungekho izinguquko ezinjalo kubantu abangenawo i-PIU eyaziwayo. Lezi zinguquko zazizimele ezingeni lokucindezeleka kanye nokukhathazeka. Lezi zinguquko ngemuva kokuphela kokusebenzisa i-intanethi zifana nalabo abonakele kubantu abayeke ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezidambisa noma ezixubileyo."

18) Ubudlelwane obuseduze phakathi kokulutha kwe-intanethi kanye nokuxhunyaniswa kwezidakamizwa ezihlobene nenethiwekhi phakathi kwe-Chinese College Freshmen: i-Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis (2017) - Ingcaphuno: "Inhlolovo yesikhathi esifushane yesikhathi eside .... Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-IA ingakwazi ukubikezela ngokuyinhloko isizukulwane nokuthuthukiswa kokwaziswa kwe-maladaptive ehlobene nenethiwekhi, nokuthi lapho kutholakale izinkomba ezinjalo ezingathandeki, zingase zithinte kakhulu izinga labafundi be-IA. "

19) Umphakathi phakathi kokubuntwana nokukhulelwa komuntu omdala ukuphazamiseka kwezifo ezibangelwa izifo ezinganeni zaseKorea ezinomlutha we-inthanethi (i-2017) - Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi i-ADHD yabantu abadala ingahle ihlobene nokulutha kwe-inthanethi.

20) Abacwaningi baseMontreal bathola ukuxhumana kwe-1st emkhatsini wamageyimu wokudubula, ukulahleka kwezinto ezimpunga ku-hippocampus (2017) - Ababambiqhaza bonke babeyimiqemane eneminyaka engama-18 kuye kwengama-30 bengenawo umlando wokudlala imidlalo yevidiyo. Ukuskena kobuchopho okwenziwa kubabambiqhaza ngaphambi nangemva kukhombisile ukuthi imidlalo yokuqala yokudubula umuntu iholele ekulahlekelweni kwendaba empunga ye-hippocampal.

21) Ukuthatha i-Facebook ngokubheka ubuso: kungani ukusetshenziswa kwezindaba zomphakathi kungabangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo (2017) - Ingcaphuno: "Ingabe kunengqondo ukuthi umphumela omubi we-Facebook ekusebenziseni inhlalakahle engqondweni kunomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ukugula kwengqondo okuqondile? Impendulo yalo mbuzo kungenzeka ukuthi yebo. "

22) Ukulahleka kwezinto ezibuhlungu ngokwe-Orbitofrontal njengemakethe we-Internet yokudlala ingxabano: ubufakazi obuguqulwayo obuvela kumklamo wesigcawu esiphambene nesigaba eside (2017) - Ucwaningo lweLongitudinal luthole ukuthi ukugembula kwe-inthanethi kubangele ukulahleka kwe-OFC grey ndaba kuzo zombili izilutha zemidlalo nezihloko ezazingebona abadlali bamageyimu.

23) Umphumela weNhlelo Yokungena Kwezinzwa Ze-Psychological: Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-intanethi Yentsha (i-2017) - Abasebenzisi be-intanethi abasebasha abanezinkinga abali-157 baqeda izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili zamasonto onke. Ingcaphuno: Iningi labahlanganyeli likwazile ukuphatha izimpawu ze-PIU… Ayigcinanga nje ngokubhekana nokuziphatha kwe-PIU kepha futhi yasiza ekwehliseni ukukhathazeka komphakathi nokwandisa ukuxhumana komphakathi.

24) Ukubhebhethekisa Inthanethi Kudala ukungalingani Ubunjiniyela (2017) - Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu elilawulayo, imilutha ye-intanethi ibinamazinga aphakeme we-gamma aminobutyric acid, noma i-GABA, i-neurotransmitter exhunywe nezinye izidakamizwa nezinkinga zengqondo. Ngemuva kwamasonto e-9 okusetshenzisiwe kwe-intanethi ancishisiwe, kanye nokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo, amazinga we-GABA "ajwayelekile".

25) Imiphumela Yobunikazi bevidiyo ye-Young Boys 'Ukusebenza Okusemthethweni Nokuziphatha: Isifundo Esingahleliwe, Esilawulwa Ngaphansi (2010) - Abafana abathole uhlelo lwegeyimu yevidiyo bahlangabezana nokwehla kwezikolo zabo zokufunda nokubhala.

26) Izibikezelo zemitholampilo zokudlala ukuzidela ekudingeni abadlali abanomdlandla abanenkinga (2018) - Ukutadisha okuyingqayizivele kokuba nabadlali abafuna ukwelashwa bazame ukuyeka isonto lonke. Abadlali abaningi babika izimpawu zokuhoxa okwenze kwaba nzima ukuyeka. Izimpawu zokuhoxa kusho ukuthi ukudlala kudale izinguquko zobuchopho ezihlobene nokulutha.

27) Izixhumanisi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-Inthanethi enempilo, okunenkinga, kanye nemilutha ngokuphathelene nama-comorbidities nezici ezihlobene nomqondo (2018) - Olunye ucwaningo olwehlukile oluhlola izifundo ezinezimpawu ezifana ne-ADHD ezisanda kuthuthukiswa. Ababhali bakholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi kubangela i-ADHD njengezimpawu.

28) Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi ye-Adolescent, Ukuhlanganiswa Komphakathi, Nezibonakaliso Ezicindezelayo: Ukuhlaziywa Kwe-Survey Cohort Survey (2018) - Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-inthanethi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuholela emazingeni aphezulu okudangala

SLIDE 12

Okwesithathu, njengesiko, asikholelwa ukuthi ukwenza ucansi kungaholela ekuluthekeni – ngoba “ucansi luphilile.” Kepha i-porn yanamuhla ye-Intanethi ayiyona eyezocansi. Ihluke kocansi lwangempela njengoba i- "World Of Warcraft" ivela kubahloli. Ukubuka isikrini esigcwele izitho zomzimba ezinqunu ngeke kuvikele umlingo kumlutha wokuvusa inkanuko. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lolu cwaningo lwesiDashi lwathola ukuthi-kuyo yonke imisebenzi eku-inthanethi – i-porn inamandla amakhulu okuba umlutha.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Qaphela: Amaslayidi i-3, i-4, i-5, i-6 ne-8 inikeza ukusekelwa kwesimangalo sokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi (nge-tube sites) zihluke ngokwehluke kwi-porn yedlule.

Ucwaningo olushiwo kwisilayidi lusekela isimangalo sokuthi i-intanethi ye-internet inamandla kakhulu okuba umlutha: Ukubikezela Ukusebenzisa I-intanethi Yomshwalense: Konke Okuphathelene Nezocansi! (I-2006) - Ingcaphuno evela kulolu cwaningo olude:

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola amandla okubikezela kwezicelo ezahlukene ze-intanethi ekuthuthukiseni ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi (CIU). Ukutadisha kunomklamo wesikhathi eside we-wave ngesikhatsi se-1 unyaka. Isilinganiso sokuqala sasine-447 abasebenzisi abakhulu abasebenzisa i-intanethi abasebenzisa i-Inthanethi okungenani i-16 h ngesonto futhi babe nokufinyelela kwe-intanethi ekhaya okungenani ngonyaka we-1. Ngokwesilinganiso sesibili, bonke abahlanganyeli bamenyiwe futhi, okwakuxhunywe ngu-229. Ngombuzo wemibuzo e-intanethi, abaphenduliwe babuzwa mayelana nesikhathi esichithwe kwizinhlelo ezahlukene ze-Inthanethi ne-CIU. Ngesisekelo sokuhlukanisa, ukugembula kanye ne-eerotica kubonakala sengathi yizinhlelo zokusebenza ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Inthanethi ezihlobene ne-CIU. Ngesikhathi eside, ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi ku-eerotica kwabikezela ukwanda konyaka we-CIU 1 kamuva. Amandla okulutha kwezicelo ezahlukene ahluka; I-Erotica ibonakala inamandla kakhulu.

Ezinye izifundo zokusekela lesi simangalo se-2011:

1) I-Cybersex kanye ne-E-teen: Yimuphi Umshado Nomndeni Abahlinzeki Abafanele Kufanele Bazi (2008) - Ingcaphuno:

Intsha esebenzisa i-Intanethi njalo (i- "e-teen") yethula izinselelo ezintsha zomshado kanye nabelaphi bomndeni. Abelaphi bomshado nabomndeni abakwazi ukungayinaki indima edlalwa yi-Intanethi ekuthuthukiseni ucansi lwentsha kanye nomthelela wayo emndenini. Le ndatshana izosebenza njengesisekelo somelaphi womshado nomndeni lapho yethulwa nentsha ehlanganyela ekuziphatheni kocansi online.

2) Ukuvezwa Kwengane Yengane Kubonakala Nge-Internet Ngokuya Ngocansi Okubalulekile Nokubhekana Nezocansi: Isifundo Se-Panel Three Wave (2008) - Ukuvezwa kocansi kuyandisa ukukhathazeka ngokocansi. Ingcaphuno:

Imvelo yemidiya yezocansi ingathinta ukukhula kwezocansi kwentsha ngaphezu kokuguquguqukayo okwenziwe ngokwesiko, njengezimo zocansi nokuziphatha kocansi.

Ngokuvamile izingane ezisanda kusetshenziswa zisetshenziselwa i-SEIM, ukuvame ukucabanga ngocansi, ukuqina kwabo kwezobulili kwaqina ngokwengeziwe, kanti njalo baphazamiseka ngenxa yemicabango yabo mayelana nobulili.

3) I-Adolescents ne-Inthanethi ye-Sex Addiction (2009) - Ingcaphuno:

Ucabanga kakhulu noma ucwaningo luqondiswe esihlokweni sezingane ezisencane kanye nokulutha kocansi. Izingane ezisakhula ezisebenzisa i-Inthanethi zinikeza njalo izinselelo ezintsha zezinkinga zabahlengikazi. Lesi sihloko sihlolisisa (a) imiqondo eyisisekelo nezici ezingokwengqondo eziyingqayizivele ze-intanethi ehlobene nezindlela zokuziphatha zobulili ezinganeni, (b) i-etiology yezingane ezisencane zokuxilonga ngocansi, futhi (c) ukwelashwa nokuvimbela lapho kunenkinga yokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ukuziphatha kwabasha. Kuphetha ngokuthi abahlinzeki abakwazi ukungazinaki indima abezindaba, ikakhulukazi i-intanethi, edlala empilweni yabasakhulayo kanye nomthelela wayo emndenini nasemphakathini.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

Izifundo ezibandakanya amanani "okulutha kwezocansi" namanje azivamile. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezintathu zakamuva ezihlola abasebenzisi be-porn abesilisa babike amazinga okulutha angama-27.6%, 28%, no-19%:

1) Imisebenzi yezocansi e-intanethi: Ucwaningo lokuhlolisisa lwemikhakha yokusetshenziswa enenkinga futhi engekho inkinga kwisampula yamadoda (2016) - Lolu cwaningo lwaseBelgium (Leuven) luthole ukuthi izihloko ezingama-27.6% ezazisebenzise i-porn ezinyangeni ezi-3 ezedlule zazihlola ukuthi imisebenzi yazo yezocansi eku-inthanethi iyinkinga yini. Ingcaphuno (izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-inthanethi ze-OSA):

Inani labahlanganyeli abathi babhekene nokukhathazeka mayelana nokubandakanyeka kwabo kuma-OSA kwakungu-27.6% futhi kulawa, i-33.9% ibike ukuthi kakade bacabange ukucela usizo lwe-OSA.

2) Izitho zomtholampilo zabantu abafisa ukufuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile (2016) - Ucwaningo olwenziwe emadodeni angaphezu kwe-18 abebuke izithombe zocansi okungenani kanye ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 ezedlule. Ucwaningo lubike ukuthi i-28% yamadoda yazuza (noma ngenhla) i-cutoff ngenxa yokungahleleki kwe-hypersexual.

3) Umlutha we-Cybersex phakathi kwabafundi baseKholeji: Isifundo Esivamile (2017) - Ocwaningweni lokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe kwabafundi (isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala engama-23), ama-10.3% athola uhla lwemitholampilo yokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngocansi (19% wamadoda no-4% wabesifazane). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela lokho lolu cwaningo aluzange lubekelwe abahlanganyeli kubasebenzisi be-porn.

Izifundo ezilandelayo zichaza uhlobo olusha "lokulutha ngokocansi," okungukuthi, abantu abasha abangenakho ukuhlukumezeka okukhulu abayimilutha kuphela kwi-porn ye-intanethi (abenzi nabantu):

1) Isizukulwane esisha soMlutha Wezocansi (2013). Abahlengikazi sebeqalile ukubona "uhlobo olusha" lomlutha wezocansi osemncane ongumlutha we-porn ye-intanethi, nokho ehluke kakhulu "emilonyeni yezocansi" yendabuko:

Ngokuphambene nalokho, uhlobo oluthile lwezikhathi zokuhlaselwa ngokobulili luye lwaqala ngokukhula okukhulu kobuchwepheshe be-intanethi futhi luvezwa yi "3Cs": ukuguga, okuqukethwe, kanye namasiko. Okukhathazeka ngokukhethekile ukuvezwa kokuqala kwezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi eziphazamisa ukuvuthwa kwegazi, nentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, kwentsha.

2) Ukucwasana ngokocansi: Ingabe kuyisifo esihlukile? (I-2016) - Futhi, ngichaza uhlobo olusha lomlutha wezocansi ”: abantu abasha abangenayo i-comorbidities noma i-psychopathology esivele ikhona (njengoba kunjalo ngemilutha yobulili bendabuko).

Ubungqingili bentsha, kanye nokuma kwayo ngaphakathi kobuntu, kuyisihloko sale nkulumo. Isimo sobuntu esihlolwe kwakuyisitayela sokunamathisela, ubumnene, ubulili, inkolo, kanye ne-psychopathology. Ukwenza kanjalo, intsha engama-311 esikole samabanga aphezulu (abafana abayi-184, amantombazane ayi-127) abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-16-18 iningi labo (95.8%) babengabokudabuka kwa-Israyeli. Izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezinamandla zokuhlola zahlolwa, konke kususelwa kumcabango wamanje nocwaningo ngobungqingili. Imodeli yesine itholwe ukuthi iyahambisana nedatha, ekhombisa ukuthi i-psychopathology kanye ne-hypersexuality yizinkinga ezizimele futhi azihlobene nenqubo yokulamula.

3) Ukuhlolwa nokwelashwa kwabantu abadala abadala abesilisa nabesifazane abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abanobuciko bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babhekene nazo: Ukubuyekeza (2017) - Isigaba esilandelayo sesingeniso sokubuyekeza sinikeza ukusekelwa okuqinile kwezimangalo ezibekwe kuSilayidi 12 naku- Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa:

Ucwaningo lweBurgeoning neurobiological luye lwangabaza umqondo wokulutha, obe ngokwesiko kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kotshwala okunenkinga nezinye izinto (Uthando, uLaier, uBrand, uHatch, noHajela, 2015). Ubufakazi buthi, noma kunjalo, ukuthi izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha zingabekwa njengomlutha ngenxa yezinqubo ezivamile ze-neurobiological nezinqubo ezikhuthazayo ezidlalwa ngazo zombili izinto nokuziphatha okuluthayo (Grant, Brewer, & Potenza, 2006; Koob & Le Moal, 2008; Robinson & IBerridge, 2008). Lokhu kuguqulwa okukhulu ekuqondeni ukuluthwa kuhambisane nemiphumela ebalulekile ekuhlolweni nasekwelashweni komtholampilo nokwelashwa (Uthando et al., 2015). Lokhu kufakazelwa yiAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA) evuma ukulutha okukodwa kokuziphatha, ukuGembula Disorder, ngesigaba sayo esisemthethweni nenye, i-Internet Gaming Disorder, njenge 'Isimo Sokuqhubeka Nokufunda' ngaphakathi kweDSM 5 (APA, 2013). Kodwa-ke, i-APA ayizange inikeze abacwaningi nabelaphi uhlaka olukhulu lokuhlola ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezivelayo nezingaba umlutha. Enye indlela yokuziphatha okunjengalena ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuphoqelela, okungahle kube namandla okulutha kakhulu kuzo zonke izindlela zokuziphatha ezihlobene ne-Intanethi (IGriffiths, 2012; UMeerkerk, uVan Den Eijnden, noGarretsen, 2006).

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'ukulutha kabi kocansi' noma 'ukuluthwa kocansi lwe-inthanethi', kungacatshangwa njenganoma ikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuholela futhi / noma okuveza imiphumela emibi yokuhlangana kwabantu, yokufunda, noma yomuntu siqu kumsebenzisi (iGrubbs, Exline , IPargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015; Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015). Ubufakazi obandayo bukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokweqile nokucindezela kunemiphumela efanayo ekuncikeni kwezidakamizwa, kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwememori yokusebenza (I-Laier, i-Schulte, ne-Brand, i-2013), izinguquko ze-neuroplastic eziqinisa ukusetshenziswa (i-Hilton, i-2013; i-Love et al., I-2015 ), kanye nobudlelwano obubi obubi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kanye nevolumu yempunga ebuchosheni (IKühn & Gallinat, 2014). Ngempela, ucwaningo lokuhlola ubuchopho luye lwabonisa ukuthi ubuchopho bezidakamizwa ezingcolile zobulili obufanayo buqhathaniswa nabantu abanokuthembela kwezinto ngokwemisebenzi yobuchopho njengoba kuhlolwe idatha esebenzayo ye-magnetic imaging (fMRI) (Gola et al., 2017; Voon et al. , 2014).

Ukuphazamiseka kwezocansi, kukonke, kukhishiwe ekuhlukanisweni okusemthethweni ku-DSM-5. Ku-2010, isiphakamiso sikaKafka sokuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual (Kafka, 2010), noma ngabe ukuhlolwa kwensimu okwalandela kwasekela ukuthembeka nokusebenza kwemigomo yokuphazamiseka kwe-hypersexual (Reid et al., 2012). Iningi locwaningo lwamanje lwesayensi oluphathelene nokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga lucatshangelwe njengokulutha ngokocansi (i-Orzack & Ross, 2000), ukufutheka ngokocansi (UMick & Hollander, 2006), ukuphoqelelwa ngokocansi (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon, & Boies, 1999), noma ukuziphatha kwe-hypersexual (URinehart noMcCabe, 1998), okuphakamisa ukuthi kungahle kube nokufana phakathi kwemibandela yalokhu okunye, ukuhlukaniswa okuhlobene. UKraus nozakwabo baphakamise ukwamukelwa kwegama elithi Ukuziphatha Ngokobulili Okucindezelayo (CSB) ukukhombisa isigaba esibanzi sezinkinga zokuziphatha zocansi (kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi) ezifaka yonke le migomo engenhla (Kraus, Voon, et al., 2016). Naphezu kokufana, noma kunjalo, izincwadi zikhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga kungahluka futhi kuhluke kwezinye izifo zocansi (UDuffy, uDawson, noDas Nair, 2016). Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunezinkinga kungahluka ekuluthweni okuvamile kocansi ngoba ukwenza ucansi okubandakanya ukuthintana nabantu kungashukumisa kakhulu kunokukhululeka kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokungaziwa, ngasese, nangendlela engabizi online (iDemo, iWetterneck, iBistricky, iShutter, neChase, i-2016 ).

Noma ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga kungathinta imikhuba yezocansi, kudale ubunzima bezocansi, futhi kuguqule kabi izimo zengqondo ezihlobene nezocansi (I-Cotiga neDumitrache, i-2015), abelaphi nabahlengikazi abazimisele uma kukhulunywa ngokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga. Abantu abazibona benenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babhekana nesimo esinzima lapho abelaphi bengenakho ukuqeqeshwa okwanele okudingekayo ukuphatha ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (Ayres & Haddock, 2009), noma ngabe odokotela bakholelwa ukuthi amaphethini wokusetshenziswa anjalo afanele ukwelashwa nokungenelela (Pyle & Amabhuloho, i-2012) kanye namakhasimende aqhubeka nokudalula njalo ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngezikhathi (i-Ayres neHaddock, i-2009). Ngaphandle kokuqonda okufanele kokuhlolwa nokwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga, kungenzeka ukuthi ukwelashwa okungekho emthethweni kukhuphuke kusukela izindlela zokwelashwa zabeluleki kungenzeka zithonywe ukucwasana nezinkolelo zomuntu (I-Ayres & Haddock, 2009).

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga (SPPPU), noma ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, sekuye kwavela njengesihloko ocwaningweni lwezesayensi, yize kuswele ukuqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengokuphazamiseka nokuqhubeka nokungavumelani mayelana nencazelo yaso, noma ngisho nokuba khona (Duffy et al., 2016). Umuntu angathola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengenkinga ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi okomuntu siqu noma okokuziphatha, ubudlelwano nobudlelwano, isikhathi esichithwe kubukwa, noma ukubukwa ezimeni ezingafanele ezifana nasemsebenzini (iTimehig & Crosby, 2010). Ngenxa yalokho, noma imikhuba yokusebenzisa kanye nokuziphatha kungahle kungabi yinkinga, izindleko zabantu ngabanye okunenkinga kubo zingabonakala (iTimehig & Crosby, 2010).

I-SPPPU ibhekisa ezingeni lapho umuntu azikhomba khona njengomlutha wezithombe zocansi futhi ezwa sengathi abakwazi ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi. Le ncazelo incike ekuziboneni okuzimele komsebenzisi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho lapho kunqunywa ukuthi ukuphishekelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo kwezithombe zocansi kuphazamisa kanjani impilo yansuku zonke (I-Grubbs, i-Exline, et al., I-2015; iGrubbs, iVolk, et al., I-2015). Abantu abaningi abazibona benenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili banomuzwa wokuthi abanakho izindlela zokwelashwa ezingasebenza; ngaphandle kwalokho babeyofuna usizo (Ross, Månsson, & Daneback, 2012). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bazizwa sengathi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akusalawuleki futhi bake baba nemizamo ehlulekile yokunciphisa noma yokuyeka (IKraus, iMartino, nePotenza, i-2016). Emaphesentini amancane abantu abafuna ukwelashwa, ukwelashwa okukhonjisiwe kakhulu kwakusiza kancane kuphela (Kraus, Martino, et al., 2016). Inhloso yalokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ukuqoqa, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlaziya izincwadi zamanje ezibhekelela ukwelashwa kwe-SPPPU emadodeni amadala abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa, ngenhloso yomgomo wokufaka isandla kwizincomo zabelaphi, abelaphi, nocwaningo oluzayo emkhakheni.

SLIDE 13

Nakhu. Lesi sigaba sasendulo sobuchopho sathuthuka ukuze sisitshele ekubhekeni kokudla, ubulili nokubopha. Ngenxa yalokho, izinguqulo ezidlulele kule rejista yembuyekezo yemvelo njengenani eliyigugu kakhulu. Okungukuthi, sithola i-dopamine eyengeziwe yokudla okuphezulu kwekhalori nezinsana ezishisayo ezinoveli. I-dopamine eningi kakhulu ingaphazamisa izindlela zethu zokusatshalaliswa kwemvelo.

OKUQALA & Kubuyekeziwe UKUSEBENZA:

Lezi zimangalo ezimbili zivezwe ku-slide 13:

  1. Isifunda sokuvuza sathuthuka ukuze sisitshele ekubhekeni kokudla, ubulili nokubopha.
  2. Izinguquko ezivame kakhulu (okungavamile) zemivuzo yemvelo zingakhuphula i-dopamine. Amarejistreshini anomthwalo wemfanelo njengabalulekile futhi ngaleyo ndlela angadlulela izindlela zemvelo zokusatshalaliswa.

Njengoba izimangalo ze-2 ezivezwe ku-Slide 13 zisekelwa ngokucwaninga kwamashumi eminyaka futhi zibhekwa njengolwazi oluvamile, ngadala ingxenye eyodwa kuphela.

Umangalo #1: Lokhu kungolwazi oluvamile hhayi ekuphikisaneni. Bona lokhu amandla we-point slide kusuka ku-National Institute on Drug Abuse, noma leli khasi elivela I-Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Umangalo #2: Okokuqala, i-phasic dopamine encoding yenani elingaba khona noma ubuqili isekelwa ngokuphelele ezincwadini futhi ithathwa njengeyisisekelo se-neuroscience tenet. Ukusesha kwesazi se-Google "okubonisa inani lomvuzo we-dopamine" kuyabuya Izibalo ze-59,000. Ngokwemigomo elula, ukuhlolwa okungahle kube khona kuhlolwe nge-phasic mesolimbic dopamine (isifunda somvuzo). Ukubuyekezwa okumbalwa okusekela lesi simangalo:

1) I-Dopamine ivuselela ukufunwa komvuzo ngokugqugquzela ukukhushulwa kwe-cue-evoked ku-nucleus accumbens (2014) - Ingcaphuno:

Ukuhlolwa kwe-dopamine endaweni ye-ventral tegmental (VTA) kuya ku-NAc kuyisici esibalulekile sesekethe ye-neural ekhuthaza ukuziphatha okufuna umvuzo (UNicola, i-2007). Uma i-NAc dopamine umsebenzi isinciphile ngokuhlola, izilwane zincane amathuba okuzama ukuthola umvuzo (Salamone no-Correa, i-2012) futhi ngokuvamile ahluleki ukuphendula emibhalweni yokubikezela umvuzo (Di Ciano et al., 2001; Yun et al., 2004; UNicola, i-2007, 2010; Saunders noRobinson, i-2012). Lezi zinsizakalo zibangelwa ukukhubazeka kwesigaba esithile somvuzo ofunayo: i-latency yokuqala indlela yokuziphatha iyenyuka, kanti ijubane lokufinyelela, ikhono lokuthola umgomo nokwenza ukuziphatha okudingekayo okudingekayo ukuze uthole umvuzo, kanye nokukwazi kudla umvuzo akuthintekile (UNicola, i-2010). I-Dopamine kumele ikhuthaze indlela ngokuthonya umsebenzi we-NAc neurons, kodwa isimo salo thonya asihlali ngokucacile. Ubukhulu obukhulu be-NAc neurons bajabule noma bavinjelwe ngamaphuzu okubikezela umvuzo (UNicola et al., 2004a; Roitman et al., 2005; I-Ambroggi et al., I-2008, 2011; McGinty et al., 2013), futhi ama-excitations aqala ngaphambi kokuqala kokuziphatha kokukhamela nokubikezela i-latency yokuqala ukuqhutshwa komkhiqizo (McGinty et al., 2013). Ngakho-ke, lo msebenzi unezici ezidingekayo zesignali esithembele ku-dopamine ekhuthaza indlela yokupheka ....

Ngamafuphi, kungakhathaliseki indlela ethile yokwelapha, imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi i-NAc dopamine ikhuthaza ukuziphatha okufuna umvuzo ngokuphakamisa ukuxhaswa kwama-NAc neurons ukuze kube khona umonakalo obalulekile wemvelo. Ubukhulu balesi sizathu sibeka isikhathi sokuqala sendaba ukuqala indlela yokuphendula. Ngalolu hlelo, i-dopamine ilawula kokubili amandla kanye namathuba okufuna umvuzo.

2) Izimpawu ze-Dopamine zenani lomvuzo kanye nobungozi: idatha eyisisekelo namuva (i-2010) - Ingcaphuno:

I-Dopamine neurons ibonisa ukusebenza kwe-phasic ku-stimuli yangaphandle. Isibonakaliso sibonisa umvuzo, ubuhlungu obungokwenyama, ingozi kanye nokujeziswa, ngokuhlehla kwezingxenyana ze-neurons ephendulayo. Ukulindela inani lomvuzo kuyinhlangano yokwenza isinqumo esiyinhloko ekukhethweni kwezomnotho. Amakhodi wokuphendula impendulo abuyisa inani, kungenzeka futhi nomkhiqizo wabo obambezelwe, inani elilindelekile. Ikhodi ye-neurons umvuzo uyigugu njengoba ihluke ekubikezelweni, ngaleyo ndlela igcwalise imfuneko eyisisekelo yesignali yokufundisa iphutha lokubikezela iphutha lokubikezela elihlelwe yi-learningory theory ....

Ubukhulu obukhulu be-dopamine neurons nazo zenziwa ngokusebenza okunamandla, ngokomzimba. Le mpendulo ithuthukisiwe uma inhlawulo iyinveli; kubonakala sengathi ihlukile kunesignali yenani lomvuzo. I-Dopamine neurons ibonisa nokusebenza okungaqondile okuyiyona into evuzayo okungenzeka ngenxa yokukhiqiza ngokuhlelwa okufanayo nokuphambene nokubuyekezwa okuyinhloko. Lokhu kusebenze kufushane kunokuphendula izimpendulo futhi kuvame ukulandelwa ukucindezeleka komsebenzi. Isignali ehlukile, ephuthumayo ye-dopamine ikwazisa ngengozi, esinye isinqumo esibalulekile esinqunyiwe. Ukusabela kwephutha lokubikezela livela kuphela ngomvuzo; kukhishwa ngengozi yomvuzo obikezelwe ....

Ucwaningo lwe-neurophysiological lwembula izibonakaliso ze-dopamine ezihamba phambili ezidlulisa ulwazi oluhlobene kakhulu kodwa hhayi kuphela ukuvuza. Nakuba kungenakuqhathaniswa ngokuphelele, isignali ye-dopamine ivinjelwe kakhulu futhi igxiliwe kunomsebenzi we-neuronal kwezinye izakhiwo eziningi zobuchopho ezihilelekile ekuhlosweni kokuziphatha okuqondisiwe.

3) I-Dopamine ekulawuleni ukugqugquzela: Ukuvuza, ukuphendula, nokuxwayisa (i-2010) - Ingcaphuno

Ama-Midbrain dopamine neurons aziwa kakhulu ngezimpendulo zawo eziqinile zemivuzo kanye nendima yabo ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni okuhle. Kucace ngokusobala, kepha ukuthi ama-dopamine neurons nawo adlulisa amasiginali ahlobene nokuhlangenwe nakho okubalulekile kepha okungabuyiseli okunjengemicimbi yokuphindisela nokuxwayisa. Lapha sibukeza intuthuko yakamuva yokuqonda umvuzo kanye nemisebenzi engabuyiseli ye-dopamine. Ngokuya ngale datha, siphakamisa ukuthi ama-dopamine neurons eze ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezixhunywe kumanethiwekhi wobuchopho ahlukile futhi anezindima ezihlukile ekulawulweni kokugqugquzela. Amanye ama-dopamine neurons afaka inani lokugqugquzela, asekela amanethiwekhi wobuchopho ekufuneni, ekuhloleni nasekufundeni ukubaluleka. Abanye bafaka amandla okukhuthaza, basekele amanethiwekhi wobuchopho wokuqondisa, ukuqonda, kanye nogqozi olujwayelekile. Zombili lezi zinhlobo ze-dopamine neurons zengezwa yisiginali yokuxwayisa ebandakanyeka ekutholeni ngokushesha imikhondo yezinzwa ebaluleke kakhulu. Sicabanga ukuthi lezi zindlela ze-dopaminergic zenani, ubuqili, nokuxwayisa ziyabambisana ukusekela isimilo esivumelanayo.

4) Imisebenzi Engavamile Yokuvuselela iMesolimbic Dopamine (2012) - Ingcaphuno:

I-Nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) ibandakanyeke emisebenzini eminingi yokuziphatha ehlobene nesisusa. Kodwa okushiwo lokhu kuhilela kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngezinye izikhathi kungaba nzima ukuhlukumeza. Ukubaluleka okubalulekile ekuchazeni lezi zitholakala yikhono lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezici ezihlukahlukene zomsebenzi wokugqugquzela ohlukunyezwa ngokwehlukahlukana yizinqubo zokusebenzisa i-dopaminergic. Nakuba i-neurons ye-ventral tegmental ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umvuzo" we-neurons ne-DA eyelimbic ebizwa ngokuthi uhlelo "lomvuzo", lokhu kudala okungaqondakali akuhambisani nezinto ezitholakalayo eziye zabonwa. Incazelo yesayense yegama elithi "umvuzo" ayicacile, futhi ukuhlobana kwayo nemibono efana nokuqiniswa nokugqugquzela kuvame ukuchazwa kabi. Ucwaningo lwe-Pharmacological kanye ne-DA lubonisa ukuthi i-DA ye-mesolimbic ibalulekile kwezinye izici zomsebenzi wokugqugquzela, kodwa okuncane noma okungabalulekile kwabanye. Eminye yemisebenzi yokugqugquzela i-DA ye-mesolimbic imelela izindawo ezihamba phambili phakathi kwezici zokugqugquzela kanye nezici zokulawulwa kwezimoto, okuhambisana nokubandakanya kahle kwe-nucleus accumbens ekwenzeni izinkinga kanye nezinqubo ezihlobene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, naphezu kwezincwadi ezinkulu ezixhumanisa i-DA ye-mesolimbic ezicini zokugqugquzela nokufunda, izincwadi ezibuyela emuva emashumini eminyaka (isib. USalamone et al., 1994), ukuthambekela okuqinisekisiwe kuye kwaba ukugcizelela ukubandakanyeka kwe-dopaminergic emvuzweni, enjabulweni, emilonyeni, nasekufundeni okuhlobene nomvuzo, ngokucutshungulwa okuncane kokubandakanyeka kwe-DA ye-mesolimbic ezinkambisweni ezinamandla. Ukubuyekezwa okwamanje kuzoxoxa ngokubandakanyeka kwe-DA ye-mesolimbic ngezici ezihlukahlukene zokugqugquzela, ngokugcizelela

5) I-Dopamine inkokhelo yokubikezela iphutha lokubikezela (2016) - Ingcaphuno:

Amaphutha okubikezela umvuzo ahlanganisa umehluko emkhatsini wemiklomelo etholakeleko kanye nalokubikezelwe. Zibalulekile ezifweni eziyisisekelo zokufunda ngemiklomelo futhi zisenze silwele imivuzo engaphezulu-into ezuzisayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Iningi le-dopamine neurons emkhatsini wabantu, izinkawu, namagundane kubonisa iphutha lokubikezela umvuzo; zivuselelwa ngomvuzo owedlula ukubikezelwa (iphutha elibikezelayo elibikezelayo), hlala emisebenzini eyisisekelo yemiphumela yokubikezela ngokugcwele, futhi ubonise umsebenzi ocindezelekile onomvuzo ongaphansi kunalokho okubikezelwe (iphutha lokubikezela elibi). Isignali ye-dopamine iyanda ngokungenamkhawulo ngokubaluleka komvuzo kanye namakhodi asetshenziswa ngokomnotho. Izidakamizwa zokulutha izidakamizwa zikhiqiza, ukugqekeza, futhi zikhulise isignali yesibonakaliso se-dopamine futhi zidale imiphumela engavamile yokulawulwa kwe-dopamine ku-plastic neuronal.

Isimangalo # 2: Lezi zinguquko eziphezulu kakhulu zemiklomelo yemvelo ziphakamisa i-dopamine ye-phasic futhi iphoqelele izindlela zokukhipha isisu kahle, njengoba i-dopamine inikeza isisusa sokuphishekela umvuzo. Ukudla okunomusa kakhulu (ushukela okhululekile / amafutha / usawoti), imidlalo yevidiyo, kanye ne-porn ye-intanethi ibonakala njengenhlawulo engavamile (njengoba kuxoxwe nge-Slide 3). Okokuqala, izifundo ezimbalwa ezihlola izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-intanethi (i-porn, imidlalo yevidiyo, i-Facebook) njengeyinto engavamile kakhulu:

1) I-neuroscience ye-Inthanethi ye-Pornography Umlutha: Ukubukeza nokuvuselelwa (2015) - Ingcaphuno:

Eminye imisebenzi ye-intanethi, ngenxa yamandla abo okuletha ukuvuselela okungahleliwe (nokusebenza komshini wokuvuza), kucatshangwa ukuthi yakha isimiso esingavamile [24], okusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani abasebenzisi abanobuchopho babo obonakalisa izinguquko ezihlobene nokulutha izidakamizwa babanjwa ekuphishekeleni kwabo. Usosayensi weNobel wokuwina umklomelo uNicokolaas Tinbergen [25] wenza umqondo "wendlela engavamile," into ekhona lapho kungenziwa khona ukukhwabanisa okuzokwenza kube ngcono ukuphendulwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ukufanekisa lesi simo, i-Tinbergen yakha amaqanda amazinyo ayenziwe amakhulu futhi ayenemibala kunamaqanda wangempela ezinyoni. Ngokumangazayo, izinyoni zenyoni zakhetha ukuhlala emaqanda aqhamukayo futhi zilahla amaqanda azo ngokwawo ngokwemvelo. Ngokufanayo, i-Tinbergen yakha izimvemvane ezibonakalayo ezinamaphiko amakhulu nezinamabalabala, futhi izivunguvungu zamadoda zizama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukushada nalezi zimvemvane ezenziwe esikhundleni sezimvemvane zangempela zesifazane. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uDierdre Barrett wathatha lo mqondo encwadini yakhe yakamuva i-Supernormal Stimuli: Ukuthi U-Primal Urges Over Overan Inhloso Yabo Yokuguquguquka [26]. "Izilwane zihlangabezana nokulimala okungavamile uma izivivinyo zakha. Thina bantu singakwazi ukukhiqiza eyethu. "[4] (iphe. 4). Izibonelo zikaBarrett zivela ku-candy kuya ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokudla okungenamsoco okunamanzi noma okungawunakho okunamnandi okudliwayo kumdlalo wevidiyo we-video ohlanganyele kakhulu. Ngamafuphi, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-intanethi okungavamile kuvuselela kakhulu. Isebenzisa isimiso sethu somvuzo wemvelo, kodwa singase siyivuselele emazingeni aphezulu kunamazinga okusebenza okhokho bethu ababhekana nawo njengoba ubuchopho bethu beguquka, okwenza ukuba bakwazi ukushintshela kwimodi yokulutha [27].

2) Ukulinganisa Izintandokazi Zemivuzo Engokwemvelo Engaphezu Kokwemvelo: I-Two-Dimensional Anticipatory Pleasure Scale (2015) - Ingcaphuno:

Okungajwayelekile (i-SN) yinkinga yemikhiqizo yokusebenza eyenza indlela yokuvuza kanye nokuziphatha ngendlela yokuziphatha okungaphezu kwalokho okwenzeka ngokwemvelo lapho lezi zinhlelo zihloselwe khona. Imikhiqizo eminingi yanamuhla yabathengi (isib. Ukudla okudla okuphuza, utshwala, kanye nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile) kubonakala sengathi kufaka izici ze-SN, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni okudlulele, ngokukhetha izindlela ezingokwemvelo. Ayikho into ekhona okwamanje yokuhlolwa kombiko we-self-report of umehluko ngamunye noma izinguquko ekufinyeleleni kulokho okushiwo yi-stimuli. Ngakho-ke, isilinganiso sezinjabulo esilindelekile sashintshwa ukuze kufakwe izinto ezimelela kokubili ama-SN namakilasi emvelo (N) okuvuselela ama-stimuli. Ukuhlaziywa kwesici okuhlolisayo kwaveza isisombululo sezinto ezimbili, futhi njengoba kwabikezelwa, izinto ze-N ne-SN zilayishwe ngokwethembeka ngobukhulu obuhlukene. Ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kwezikali ezimbili bekuphezulu, ρ = .93 no-ρ = .90, ngokulandelanayo. Isilinganiso sezinhlangothi zombili sasihlolwe ngendlela yokusebenzisa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-N ne-SN esilinganisweni njengama-predictors kanye nemibiko yokuzibandakanya kokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwemikhiqizo ye-21 enezici ze-SN njengemiphumela. Njengoba kulindelwe, izilinganiso ze-SN zenjabulo zazihlobene nokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo ophezulu we-SN, ngenkathi i-N izilinganiso zenjabulo yayinezinhlangano ezimbi noma ezingathathi hlangothi ekusetshenzisweni kwalo mkhiqizo. Siphetha ngokuthi isilinganiso esilandelayo sokwemibono emibili yisilinganiso sokuzethemba esingasethemba futhi esivumelekile sokukhetha okuhlukile umahluko we-SN stimuli. Ngenkathi kuhlolwa okunye okudingekayo (isibonelo, ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuhlola), isikali esicatshangwayo singadlala indima ewusizo ekuhloleni kokubili ukuhlukahluka kwesimo kanye nesimo esivela emphakathini ekufinyeleleni komuntu ku-SN stimuli.

Ukudla okucutshungulwayo, izinto zokusebenza kwengqondo, izinto ezithile zokuthengisa, kanye nemidiya ehlukahlukene yezenhlalo kanye nemikhiqizo yokudlala ilula kakhulu, iveza izinselelo eziningi zempilo yabantu (URoberts, van Vught, noDunbar, 2012). I-psychology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo inikeza incazelo ekhombisayo yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile. Izilwane, kuhlanganise nabantu, zivame ukusondela (ie, ukuqoqa, ukuzuza, nokudla) inhlawulo ehlinzeka ngomvuzo ophezulu kunayo yonke imizamo yabo, ngaleyo ndlela ivuselele amandla azo (Chakravarthy & Booth, 2004; IKacelnik neBateson, ngo-1996). Izinqubo ze-neurological rewards zashintsha ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo ngokuqinisa ukukhwabanisa okuthumela izimpawu zokugqugquzela ukuqina, njengokunikeza izakhi noma amathuba okuzala. I-Tinbergen (i-1948) wahlanganisa igama elithi "Stimulus Overnormal" lapho ethola ukuthi izilwane zivame ukubonisa izimpendulo eziphakeme ekuguqukiseni okuguquguqukayo kwemvelo yemvelo. Le "asymmetry yokukhetha" (I-Staddon, i-1975; Iwadi, i-2013) akuyona into engathintekayo ezindaweni zemvelo lapho izihumusho ezishintshayo ze-stimulus zingavamile-kodwa zikhona izinkinga uma kunezinye izindlela zokufakelwa nokugqweba ezikhona. Isibonelo, inhlanzi entsha ye-herring ihlose ukugoba ngentonga ebomvu eboshiwe enezintambo ezimhlophe ngesiphakamiso sayo, kunokuba umlomo omncane obomvu obunombala obomvu obumnyama (I-Tinbergen ne-Perdeck, ngo-1951). Emkhakheni wokukhethwa kwezinsiza, umphumela uwukuziphatha okuphathelene nokuziphatha "uthole konke ongakwenza": isu eliguquguqukayo ezindaweni ezendalo lapho ukutholakala kwezinsiza kungatholakali noma kungathembeki. Emvelweni wesintu wanamuhla, okuhlangenwe nakho okuningi okunomvuzo okukhona okukhona kunomkhiqizo wemikhiqizo yabathengi oye waklanywa noma ohlanjululwa ukuba abe okungavamile. Okusho ukuthi, bashukumisa isimiso somvuzo esivela ku-degree ngezinga elingatholakali kwisimiso semvelo (I-Barrett, i-2010). Isibonelo, izinto zengqondo (INesse neBerridge, ngo-1997), imikhiqizo yokudla okusheshayo (I-Barrett, i-2007), imikhiqizo yokugembula (Rockloff, i-2014), imibukiso yethelevishini (I-Barrett, i-2010; UDerrick, uGabriel, noHugenberg, 2009), ukuxhumana nabantu be-digital kanye ne-inthanethi (Rocci, 2013; Iwadi, i-2013), nemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokudayisa, njengezimoto ezibizayo (U-Erk, Spitzer, Wunderlich, Galley, noWalter, 2002), izicathulo eziphakeme kakhulu (UMorris, uMhlophe, uMorrison, noFisher, ngo-2013), izimonyo (Etcoff, Stock, Haley, Vickery, & House, 2011), kanye namathoyizi wezingane (UMorris, uReddy, noBunting, ngo-1995) konke kuye kwaxoxwa njengamafomu wezinsuku zanamuhla eziyingozi kakhulu. Eminye yalezi zindlela, ubufakazi bezinzwa buye babonisa ukuthi bathambekele ekusebenziseni i-dopamine izindlela ngokujulile, bethawula impendulo yomvuzo eyenzelwe imivuzo yemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela bakhuthaze ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile futhi kwezinye izimo, ukulutha umlutha (I-Barrett, i-2010; IBlumenthal neGolide, ngo-2010; U-Wang et al., I-2001).

Ngezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene, ukukhwabanisa okungavamile kuyinto engafanele. Ukutholakala okulungiselelwe kokudla okuphezulu kwekhalori kanye nokudla okuluthayo, ubuthi obutshwala nezinye izinto, umsebenzi wokuhlala ohilelekile ohilelekile ekubukeni ithelevishini, ngokusebenzisa imidiya yedijithali nemikhiqizo yokudlala, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokudayisa noma ukugembula, bonke bakhonza ukuhlinzekela imvelo lokho kukhuthaza ukuziphatha okungahambi kahle, okuholela ekulimazeni (I-Barrett, i-2007, 2010; Birch, 1999; I-Hantula, i-2003; Iwadi, i-2013). Lokhu kwenza isifundo sokuthi abantu banamuhla bakwazi ukuthatha izinto ezingaphezu kokuvamile. Embikweni wamanje, sisebenzisa leli gama igama elibi kakhulu lokubhekisela emikhiqizweni yesimanje kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okwenziwe ukukhethwa kwe-asymmetric (ukungalawulwa okungalawulwayo kuyahlukahluka okukhulu) futhi kwenziwa ngokwanele ezweni elinamuhla. Le mikhiqizo ivame ukucubungulwa, ehlanjululwayo, noma izimpahla zabathengi ezihlanganiswa kubandakanya ukudla okudla noma izinto. Izibonelo ezimbalwa ezicacile zifaka imilayezo etholakele ngezindaba zomphakathi. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kungakhuthazi okuncane kunengxoxo ebuso ubuso nobuso, le ndlela yokuxhumana inikeza izici ezibukwayo, ezisheshayo, nezidingo ezithuthukisiwe. Ngokufanayo, izingubo eziningi zanamuhla nezokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo ziveza abalingani abafanayo abathintekayo bokuthola noma ukufaneleka, kanye nesibindi esithinta umlingani wesimo socansi noma sezenhlalakahle. Ukusetshenziswa noma ukutholakala kwemikhiqizo kuhloswe ukuhlinzeka ngomvuzo osheshayo ngenxa yokuhunyushwa njengokuthuthukiswa komzimba.

Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukukhethwa komvuzo ongaphezu kwemvelo kungaba umphumela wokungafani kokusebenza kwe-dopamine. Ukutholakala kwe-Dopamine kuye kwatholakala ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa okudlulele okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala, ukudla ukudla ngokweqile, ukugembula inkinga, nokulutha kwe-inthanethi (IBergh, i-Eklund, iSödersten, ne-Nordin, ngo-1997; Blum, Cull, Braverman, & Comings, 1996; UJohnson & Kenny, 2010; Kim et al., 2011). Umqondo wokuthola okungavamile okungavamile kuhambisana nokuhumusha ngokuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye ekusebenzeni kwe-dopamine. Izindlela ze-Dopaminergic, zashintsha ukubeka phambili ukutholakala kwemithombo kanye nokusetshenziswa esimweni esingekho emithonjeni yemvelo, kungenzeka ukuthi zizwele ikakhulukazi izinto eziphathelene nokusebenza kwengqondo, ukudla okunamandla, kanye neminye imikhiqizo yomthengi yosuku lwanamuhla ekhombisa umvuzo wokuzikhandla (I-Barrett, i-2010; INesse neBerridge, ngo-1997; U-Wang et al., I-2001). Uma kunjalo, khona-ke i-NPS / i-SNPS emibili echazwe lapha ingalindeleka ukuba icacise abantu abane-dopamine ukungasebenzi. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungase lusetshenziswe ngokunenzuzo ngamasu we-neurophysiological ngokubambisana nezinyathelo zokubika, ukuze kuqinisekiswe izincwadi eziphakathi kwala mazinga amabili encazelo.

Okuhlangenwe nakho okungavamile kungokwemvelo futhi kungenakudliwa ngokweqile ngenxa yezici zabo ezicutshungulwayo (isb., Ukudla okulula futhi kuthatha ukudla) nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha okude isikhathi eside (isib. Ukuxhumana nabantu nokudlala). Ngakho-ke, ikhono lokubona abantu abakhetha lezi zinhlobo zomvuzo inikeza usizo olubalulekile kulabo abacwaninga, abaphatha, futhi bevimbela izinkinga zempilo yabantu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa.

3) Ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile - ukugqugquzela okuphezulu okucatshangwa kumongo we-neuroplasticity (2013) - Ingcaphuno:

Isiyaluyalu sekuyisikhathi sokuhlukanisa uma sisetshenziselwa ukuziphatha okucindezelayo ngokocansi (CSBs), kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa okugqamile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Naphezu kokwamukelwa okukhulayo kokukhona kwezidakamizwa zemvelo noma inqubo esekelwe ekuqondeni ukwandiswa komsebenzi we-systemlialic dopaminergic imivuzo yokuhlelwa, kuye kwaba nokubonakala kokubiza ama-CSB njengokungathi umlutha. Ngesikhathi ukugembula kwe-pathological (PG) nokukhuluphala kunakekelwe kakhulu ekufundeni okusebenzayo nokuziphatha, ubufakazi ngokuya ngokusekela ukuchazwa kwama-CSB njengomlutha. Lobu bufakazi buningi futhi busekelwe ekuqondeni okuqhubekayo kwendima ye-neuronal receptor ekungeneni kwe-anti-addiction, okusekelwe ngokomqondo wokuziphatha ngokomlando. Lo mthelela wokulutha ungathuthukiswa yintsha yokuphuthumayo kanye 'ne-supranormal stimulus' (ibinzana elakhiwe nguNicolaas Tinbergen) isici esithathwe yizithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ....

Kuyamangaza ukuthi ukulutha kokudla ngeke kuhlanganiswe njengokulutha kokuziphatha, naphezu kokuhlola okubonisa ukwehla kwe-dopaminergic receptor ngokweqile (Wang et al., 2001), ngokubuyiselwa okubonwe ngokudliwayo nokujwayelekile komzimba womzimba (BMI) (Steele et al., 2010). Umqondo 'we-supranormal stimulus', ecela igama likaNikolaas Tinbergen (Tinbergen, 1951), kusanda kuchazwa kumongo wobumnandi obedlula umvuzo wecocaine, nawo osekela isisekelo sokulutha kokudla (Lenoir, Serre, Laurine, & Ahmed, 2007). I-Tinbergen yasithola ukuthi izinyoni, izimvemvane nezinye izilwane zingase ziphonswe ekukhethweni kwezindawo zokufakelwa ezenzelwe ukubonakala ezikhangayo kakhulu kuneziqanda ezivamile nezilwane. Yiqiniso, kukhona ukungabi nemisebenzi efana nokusebenza komsebenzi ekuhloleni ukulutha komuntu ngokobulili, uma kuqhathaniswa nokugembula nokulutha kwezidakamizwa, kodwa kungathiwa yilowo nalowo walezi zimo angaba nesimiso esiphezulu. UDeirdre Barrett (2010) ufake izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengesibonelo se-stimulus supranormal ...

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyi-laboratory ephelele yalolu hlobo lokufunda lombhalo oluhlangene nokushayela okunamandla kwenjabulo. Ukucwaninga okugxilile nokuchofoza, ukufuna isihloko esiphezulu se-masturbatory, kuyisenzo sokufunda nge-neuroplastic. Ngempela, kubonisa umqondo kaTinbergen we "supranormal stimulus" (Tinbergen, 1951), ngamabele asepulasitiki aphuthumayo ahlinzekwa ngendlela engenamkhawulo kubantu abasebenzela inhloso efanayo njengamamodeli we-butterfly kaTinbergen's and Magnus; abesilisa bazo zonke izinhlobo zikhetha ukufakelwa okwenzeka ngokwemvelo (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951). Ngalesi sizathu, ubuciko obuthuthukisiwe buhlinzeka, ngomqondo okokufanisa, umphumela ofana ne-pheromone emadodeni angabantu, njengamabhu, 'okuvimbela ukuma' nokuphazamisa ukuxhumana kwangaphambi kokukhwelana phakathi kobulili ngokugcwala emoyeni '(UGaston, uShorey, NaseSaario, 1967) ... ..

Ngisho nombono womphakathi kubonakala sengathi uzama ukuchaza lesi senzakalo sezinto eziphilayo, njengaleli sitatimende kuNawomi Wolf; 'Ngesihlandlo sokuqala emlandweni wesintu, izithombe' amandla kanye nokukhwabanisa kuye kwandisa lokho okwakungowesifazane wangempela uhamba. Namuhla abesifazane abahamba ngezimoto zangempela bangabantu ababi kakhulu '(Wolf, 2003). Njengoba nje uThimbergen's and 'Magnus' porno 'Magunus' bephumelela ngokuphumelela ukunakekelwa kwebesilisa ngenxa yezinduna zangempela (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951), sibona le nqubo efanayo eyenzeka kubantu.

4) Ingabe Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zase-Internet Zibangela Ukuhlukunyezwa Ngokocansi? Ukubukezwa Ngemibiko Yomtholampilo (2016) - Ingcaphuno:

I-3.2. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet njenge-Stimulus engavamile

Ngokusobala, ukuthuthukiswa okubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezinkinga zokuziphatha ngokobulili kuyinkinga indlela i-intanethi ethonya ngayo futhi yenza lula ukuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile [73]. Ama-movie anecala angenakukhawulwa ngokusakaza nge-"tube sites" manje ayatholakala mahhala futhi afinyeleleka kakhulu, ngosuku lwe-24 ngekhompyutha, amaphilisi kanye nama-smartphones, futhi kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ziyisikhuthazo esingavamile, ukulingisa okuphambene nalokho okuthiwa ubuchopho bethu buguquke ukuphishekela ngenxa yobuqotho bayo bokuziphendukela kwemvelo [74,75]. Izinto ezicacile ngokobulili zilokhu ziseduze isikhathi eside, kodwa (i-1) yezocansi ezingcolile zevidiyo zivusa kakhulu ngokobulili kunezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [76,77] noma iphutha [78]; (I-2) ukubukwa kwezocansi zamanoveli kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kubangele ukuvuvukala okukhulu, ukujula okusheshayo, nokwenza okuningi komzimba nokwenziwa komsebenzi kuqhathaniswa nolwazi olujwayelekile, mhlawumbe ngoba ukunakwa kwabangane abanoveli abanobuchwepheshe kanye nokuvusa kunempilo yokuzala [75,79,80,81,82,83,84]; futhi (i-3) ikhono lokuzikhethela ngokuzikhethela kalula lenza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zivusa kakhulu kunezingqoqo ezikhethiwe [79]. Umsebenzisi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile angakwazi ukugcina noma ukukhulisa ukuvusa ngocansi ngokuchofoza kweso simo esivumelwaneni, ividiyo entsha noma engakaze ihlangane nhlobo. Ucwaningo lwe-2015 lokuhlola imiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Inthanethi ngokubambezeleka kokuphumula (ukukhetha ukuzithokozisa okusheshayo mayelana nemiphumela yokubambezeleka okubaluleke kakhulu) kusho ukuthi, "Inzuzo ehlala njalo kanye nobukhulu bezenzo zobulili njengemivuzo yemvelo enamandla kakhulu yenza i-Internet pornography ibe isishoshovu esiyingqayizivele ohlelweni lomvuzo wobuchopho. ... Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuphatha izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengesimo esiyingqayizivele ekufundiseni umvuzo, ukungaziphathi kahle nokulutha umlutha "[75] (iphe. 1, 10).

I-novelty irejistreshini njengobuningi, ikhulisa inani lomvuzo, futhi inemivuzo ehlala njalo ekukhuthazeni, ekufundeni nasekumemori [85]. Njengesisusa socansi kanye nezakhiwo ezivuzayo zokusebenzisana ngokocansi, ubuhle buyacindezela ngoba kubangela ukuqhuma kwe-dopamine ezindaweni ezibuchopho ezihlotshaniswa kakhulu nomvuzo nomgomo-okuqondiswe ngayo [66]. Ngesikhathi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi bephoqelela ukubonisa okunamandla kakhulu kwezithombe zobulili zomsindo kunezindlela zokulawula okunempilo, i-DACC yabo (ukukhipha i-cortex yangaphakathi) ibonisa ukujwayela okusheshayo kwezithombe kunokulawula okunempilo [86], okwenza usesho lwezithombe ezingezansi zocansi ngaphezulu. Njengombhali wezobambiswano uVoon wachaza ngesifundo se-2015 sethimba lakhe ekwenzeni izinto ezintsha nezindlela zokuhlala ezitholakala kubasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Internet, "Ukutholakala okubonakala okungenamkhawulo kwezithombe zocansi ezitholakala kuyi-intanethi [kungadla] ukulutha, okwenze kube nzima nakakhulu ukuphunyuka" [87]. Umsebenzi we-Mesolimbic dopamine nawo ungathuthukiswa izakhiwo ezengeziwe ezivame ukuhambisana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zo-Inthanethi zisebenzisa njengokuthi, ukwephulwa kokulindelwe, ukulindela umvuzo, nesenzo sokufuna / ukufaka (ngokuqondene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi) [88,89,90,91,92,93]. Ukukhathazeka, okuye kwaboniswa ukwandisa ukuvusa ngocansi [89,94], kungase futhi kuhambisane nokusetshenziswa kocansi kwe-intanethi. Ngamafuphi, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zinikeza zonke lezi zimfanelo, ezibhalisa njengezingokoqobo, zivuselele i-dopamine bursts, futhi zithuthukise ukuvusa ucansi.

Ngenxa yezizathu ezicacile izifundo zesilwane emiphumeleni yezinzwa ze-inthanethi ye-porn ne-video yokudlala ngeke neze yenziwe. Kodwa-ke, izifundo eziningi zezilwane eziveza imiphumela yezinzwa ezithandekayo kakhulu (ishukela / amafutha agxile kakhulu), zishicilelwe. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa ezisekela ukufakazela ukuthi ukudla okunomsoco (okungajwayelekile kakhulu) kuguqula ubuchopho ngezindlela zokudla okujwayelekile akukwazi:

1) Ukulutha Kokudla (2013) - Izingcaphuno:

Kuwo wonke umlando, abantu babekhathazekile ngokudla ngokwanele ukuze baphile futhi bazalise. Kusekupheleni nje kuphela ukufika kwembonini yokudla yesimanje ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okutholakala kalula kwekhalori eliphezulu, ukudla okunomsoco (isib., Ushukela ophezulu kanye / noma amafutha) kuye kwaveza isimo somlando esivamile lapho abantu abaningi badla kakhulu futhi iba fathe kakhulu. Esikhathini samanje sokudla, abantu babika ukudla ukudla okungenakuthola kuphela ukuthola amakhilogrekhi kodwa futhi nokuzwa izinzwa ezithokozayo, ukubhekana nokucindezeleka noma ukukhathala, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi, kanye / noma ukuthuthukisa isimo sengqondo. Ukudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu okuqukethe ukuphakama okuphezulu kwama macronutrients ahlanjululwanga akubhekwa kuphela kusuka ekungeni kwezamandla. Ezinye izithako ezihlanjululwe, njenge-ushukela, zibhekwa ngokuqhubekayo, ngabantu abanobuchwepheshe kanye nososayensi ngokufanayo, njengezinto eziluthayo nokucindezeleka okungapheli njengokulutha kokudla. Uma sekuyinto ephikisanayo, ukulutha kokudla manje kubhekwa njengento enzima njengezinye izinhlobo zokulutha, okubandakanya i-cocaine noma i-heroin yokulutha. Isahluko samanje sichaza ucwaningo olusungulwe, olubandakanya kokubili izilwane zezilwane kanye nokucwaninga ngemitholampilo, kwi-neurobiology yokulutha udoti. Ukugxila kokuluthwa ushukela njengesibonelo sendlela yokubaluleka kubaluleke kakhulu ekubhekiseni "ukunambitheka kokudla kwezwe." Ukuthokozisa okuningi kwansuku zonke abantu abazithola ekudleni kokudla kuvela ekunambithekeni okumnandi kokudla okushukela okweshukela neziphuzo ezinomsoco. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ubufakazi obukhulayo obuxhumanisa ukwanda kokutholakala ushukela nokusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, kuze kube manje isifo sengculazi emhlabeni jikelele. Naphezu kokugxila kokulutha kweshukela, ezinye iziphetho eziqakathekile ezithathwe zingenziwa ezinye izinhlobo zokulutha kokudla.

2) Ubumnandi obuningi bubusisa umvuzo weClaineine (2008) - Izingcaphuno:

Ishukela elicwengekileyo (isib. I-sucrose, i-fructose) ayengekho ekudleni kwabantu abaningi kuze kube manje emlandweni wesintu. Namuhla ukunqwabelana kokudla okucebile ushukela kunomthelela kanye nezinye izici ukushayela isifo sofuba samanje. Ukweqa ngokweqile ukudla okuneshukela noma iziphuzo okokuqala kukhuthazwa yinjabulo yokunambitheka okumnandi futhi kuvame ukufaniswa nokulutha izidakamizwa. Nakuba kunezinto ezivamile eziphilayo phakathi kokudla okunomsoco kanye nezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, amandla okulutha komuntu owayekade ehlobene nalokhu okwamanje engaziwa.

Okutholakele kwethu kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ubumnandi obukhulu bungaphezu komvuzo we-cocaine, ngisho nasezikhungweni ezithinta izidakamizwa futhi ezihlaselwe izidakamizwa. Sicabanga ukuthi amandla okulutha komswakama omkhulu avela ku-hypersensitivity engakazalwa kuya ezinambithekisayo ezimnandi. Eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo, kuhlanganise namagundane nabantu, ama-receptors amnandi aguqukile ezindaweni ezikhokho ezinotshani futhi ngaleyo ndlela azivumelananga nokubhekwa okunamnandi kwamnandi. Ukugqugquzela okuphezulu kwala ma-receptors ngemifuno ecebile ushukela, njengaleyo manje etholakala kakhulu emiphakathini yanamuhla, kuyokhipha isignali emivuzo emihle ebuchosheni, okusemandleni okweqa izindlela zokuzithiba futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuholele ekuluthweni.

3) Ukuhlola izakhiwo ezinjengezilutha zokudla ngokweqile ngokusebenzisa imodeli yezilwane ekuxhomekeni kokushukela (2007) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukwanda kwengozi yokukhuluphala nokukhathazeka kokudla kuye kwakhuthaza imizamo yocwaningo ehlose ukuqonda i-etiology yokuziphatha okungavamile kokuziphatha. Imibiko yemitholampilo iholele ekusikiseni ukuthi abanye abantu bangase bahlakulele ukuziphatha okunjengomlutha lapho bedla ukudla okunomsoco. Ukudla ukudla ngokweqile kuyinkampani yokuziphatha ye-bulimia nokukhuluphala futhi sekuye kwaba yinto evame kakhulu emiphakathini engekho emiphakathini emphakathini wethu. Lokhu kuhlaziya kufingqa ukufana kokuziphatha kanye neurochemical phakathi kokudla okudliwayo kokudla okunomsoco nokuphathwa kwezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa. Isibonelo sezilwane sokuzibopha ushukela sisetshenziselwa ukufanekisa ukuziphatha okutholakala neminye imithi yokuhlukunyezwa, njengezimpawu zokuzihoxisa njenge-opiate-like, ukudla okuthuthukisiwe ngokulandela ukuzithiba, nokunciphisa umzimba. Izinguquko ezihlobene neurochemicalism ezivame ukubonwa nezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, kuhlanganise nezinguquko ku-dopamine nokukhululwa kwe-acetylcholine ku-nucleus accumbens, kungatholakala nokuzibopha ushukela.

4) Amamodeli ezilwane ze-Sugar ne-Fat Bingeing: Ubudlelwane nokuLawisana nokuKhulelwa kwesisindo (2012) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukudla ngokweqile ukuziphatha okuvela kwezinye izifo zokudla, kanye nokukhuluphala futhi ezindaweni ezingekho emthethweni. Zombili ushukela namafutha zisetshenziswa kalula ngabantu futhi zikhona izingxenye ezivamile zamabhayingi. Lesi sahluko sichaza izilwane zezilwane zeshukela namafutha okugcoba, okuvumela ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwalezi ziphathamandla kanye nemiphumela yabo ehambisana nomzimba. Isibonelo sokubheja ushukela sisetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo ukuveza izibonakaliso zokuziphatha nezesifo sezinzwa zokuxhomeka kwamagundane; isib, izinkomba zokuhoxiswa kwe-opiate-like, ukwandisa emva kokuziyeka, ukuzwela ngokudakamizwa nezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, nokukhululwa okuphindaphindiwe kwe-dopamine ku-nucleus accumbens ngokulandela ukuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiwe. Izifundo ezisebenzisa imodeli yamafutha okugcoba zibonisa ukuthi zingakhipha ezinye, kodwa hhayi zonke, izibonakaliso zokuthembela ezibonakala ngoshukela lokudla ukudla, kanye nokwandisa isisindo somzimba, okungenzeka kuholele ekukhulupheni.

5) Izibonakaliso zase-Homeostatic ne-Hedonic Zisetshenziselwa Ukulawulwa Kwezokudla Ukudla (2009) - Izingcaphuno:

Njengoba kungenzeka kulindeleke, ukuvuselelwa isikhathi eside kwesimiso semilenze ngezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa kuholela ekuvumelaneni kwamaselula kanye nama-molecule okusebenza ngengxenye yokugcina i-homeostasis ekudaleni i-dopamine (2). Ngaphakathi kwe-neoponic dopaminergic ye-VTA, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungapheli kuhlotshaniswa nokunciphisa ukucinwa kwe-basop dopamine, kunciphise usayizi we-neuronal, nokwenyuka komsebenzi we-tyrosine hydroxylase (i-enzyme yokulinganisa okulinganiselwe ku-dopamine biosynthesis) kanye ne-transcription factor element ye-AMP impendulo ehlanganisa amaprotheni (I-CREB) (2,10). Ngaphakathi kwe-neurons ekuhlosweni kwe-striatum, ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa okungapheli kwandisa amazinga e-CREB kanye nalawo okunye okubhaliwe, i-DeltaFosB, kokubili okushintsha ukuphendula kwe-neuronal ekudaleni i-dopamine (2). Lezi zindlela zokuzivumelanisa zicatshangwa ukuthi zibalulekile ekugqugquzelweni okuphazamisayo ukuthola izidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa ezigcinwe ezigulini eziluthayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhula kwamazinga e-deltaFosB ku-striatum kwandisa ubuhlungu emiphumeleni emihle yezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa ezifana ne-cocaine ne-morphine futhi kwandisa ukugqugquzela ukuzithola (2).

Izinguquko ezifanayo zamaselula nezama-molecule ziye zachazwa kumagundane adluliselwe ekudleni okunomsoco kakhulu. Amagundane adluliselwe ekudleni okunamafutha aphezulu kwe-4 wk bese ehoxiswa ngokungazelelwe ekudleni okungenakuthandeka kakhulu okwehlisiwe wabonisa ukuthi wehla amazinga we-CREB esebenzayo ku-striatum kuze kube yi-1 wk ngemuva komshini (11). Lezi zithole zihambisana nomsebenzi kaBarrot et al. (12) owabika ukuthi ukunciphisa umsebenzi we-CREB esitelekeni se-ventral ukwandisa okukhethwa kukho kokubili isisombululo se-sucrose (umvuzo wemvelo) kanye ne-morphine, izidakamizwa ezibonakala kahle zokuxhashazwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane avela ku-4 wk wokudla okunamafutha aphezulu abonisa ukuphakama okuphawulekayo ezingeni le-deltaFosB ku-nucleus accumbens (11), kufana nezinguquko eziphawula ngemuva kokuchazwa kwezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa (2). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuliswa kwe-DeltaFosB kulesi sifunda sobuchopho kuthuthukisa ukuphendula okuphazamisayo kokudla, kubonise indima ecacile ye-deltaFosB ekukhuthazeni okukhulayo ukuthola izinzuzo zokudla (13). Ukuhlanganiswa, lezi zifundo zibonisa ukuthi izifunda zomzimba zihlangabezana nezinkinga ezifanayo emva kokuchazwa kokubili kokudla nezidakamizwa umvuzo nokuthi lezi zindlela eziguquguqukayo zishintsha ukugqugquzela ukuthola zonke izinhlobo zemivuzo.

6) Ukuguquguquka kokuhlelwa kobuchopho obusakazwa yizicabangela zokudla okukhathazayo nokukhathazeka okubangelwa ukukhishwa kwamafutha aphezulu (2013) - Izingcaphuno:

Amaviki ayisithupha e-HFD okuholela ekuzuzeni okunomzimba obalulekile enza ukuba i-anhedonia ixube i-suchedse, ukuziphatha okunjengokukhathazeka kanye ne-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) yokucindezela ukucindezeleka. Ukuhoxiswa kusuka ku-HFD kodwa hhayi ama-anxiety okubangelwa yi-LFD namazinga ase-coralosterone kanye nesisusa esithuthukisiwe se-sucrose kanye nemivuzo yokudla kwamafutha amaningi. Ukudla okunomsoco okuphezulu okunciphisa ama-CRF-R1 nokwandisa ama-BDNF nama-pCREB amaprotheni amazinga amygdala futhi anciphisa i-TH futhi kwandiswe i-API ye-FosB e-NAc nase-VTA. Umvuzo wokudla okunomsoco okhushulwayo kumagundane ohoxisiwe kusuka ku-HFD uhambelana namazinga eeprotheni e-BDNF okwandisiwe ku-NAc futhi wehla ukukhuluma kwe-TH ne-PCREB ku-amygdala.

I-Anhedonia, ukukhathazeka nokuzwela kokucindezeleka kuqhubeka ngesikhathi se-HFD futhi ingaba nendima ebalulekile emjikelezweni ononya owenza ngcono ukudla okunamafutha nokuthuthukiswa kokukhuluphala. Ukususwa kwe-HFD kwandisa izimpendulo zokucindezeleka futhi kukhulise ubunzima bokudla okunomsoco ngokuthuthukisa ukuziphatha okukhuthazayo kokudla. Izinguquko ezihlala njalo embonini ye-dopamine kanye ne-plasticity emjikelezweni we-rewardry zingase zithuthukise izimo ezingokomzwelo ezimbi, ukudla nokudla okunomsoco okunomsoco.

7) Ukuguqulwa kwe-FosB-Mediated ku-Dopamine Signaling Isungulwe yi-Diet High-Fat Diet (2008) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukuzwela ukuvuza kubhekwe njengento ebangelwa ukuziphatha okuhlobene nokuhlukumeza izidakamizwa kanye nokudla ngokweqile. Kodwa-ke, izindlela ezisisekelo ezifakazela ukuvuza ubuzwela aziwa. Sifakazela ukuthi ukuchithwa kwe-dopamine ukubonisa kungase kube imbangela eyinhloko yomvuzo ophakeme wokuzwela lapho ukukhokha okungahle kwenzeke khona kungase kusebenze ukuze kulungiswe uhlelo.

Sasebenzisa imodeli ye-genetic ye-genetic yokwandisa ukuzwela komvuzo, igundane le-ΔFosB-overexpressing, ukuhlola izinguquko zendlela yokuthola indlela yokubhekana nokudla okunomsoco ophezulu. Amaklayenti okufaka umvuzo kulezi zinambuzane ahlolwe kokubili futhi ngokulandela amasonto e-6 wokudliwa kokudla okunomsoco. Amagundane ahlolwe ekuhlolweni kokuziphatha ngokulandela ukukhishwa kokudla kwamafutha amaningi ukuze kuhlolwe ukukhubazeka kwalesi simodeli ukususwa kwemizamo evuzayo.

Imiphumela yethu ibonisa ukuguqulwa komvuzo endleleni yokusebenza ku-nucleus accumbens-hypothalamic-ventral endaweni ye-tegmental eyakhela ukuphuma ngokweqile kwe-ΔFosB ku-nucleus accumbens nasezindaweni ezibulalayo. Amanothi we-phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) isici esiphendukayo esibopha amaprotheni (pCREB), i-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) etholakala ebuchosheni, futhi i-dopamine ne-cyclic adenosine monophosphate ilawula i-phosphoprotein ene-molecular molecule ye-32 kDa (DARPP-32) ku-nucleus accumbens zancishiswa kuma-ΔFosB amagundane, okusikisela kokusatshalaliswa kwe-dopamine. Amasonto ayisithupha ekudleni kokudla okunamafutha aphakeme kakhulu akhuthaza lokhu okungafani, eveza amandla amakhulu okuvuza okudla okunomsoco. I-FosB amagundane iphinde ikhombise ukwanda okwenziwe kumsebenzi wokwakha kanye nezimpendulo ezihlobene nokukhathazeka amahora angu-24 ngemuva kokuhoxiswa kwamafutha aphezulu.

Lezi ziphumo zakha ukuzwela okuyisisekelo ekushintsheni ekuhlotsheni okuhlobene nokuhlukunyezwa kwe-ΔFosB ne-dopamine ukubonisa ukuthi kungavamile ukudla okunomsoco futhi kungase ibe yinto yokuqhathanisa kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zokukhuluphala.

8) Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kokudla kukhuthaza ukuziphatha okucindezelekayo okuhlotshaniswa nokuguquguquka kwe-neural kumjikelezo womvuzo womqondo (2013) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukunquma umthelela wokudla okunamafutha aphezulu (HFD) ekuziphatheni okucindezelayo kanye nokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali emjikelezweni womvuzo womqondo ukuze kuqondwe izinqubo ze-neural ezingabangela ekuthuthukiseni ukucindezeleka esimweni sokukhuluphala ngokweqile kokudla ( I-DIO).

Imiphumela yethu ibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okungapheli kokudla okunamafutha amaningi nokukhuluphala kwenza ukuba izinguquko ezihlobene nesipulasitiki zitholakale ezijikelezweni ezihlotshaniswa nesimo senhliziyo esicindezelayo. Njengoba ukwenyuka komsebenzi we-BDNF wokuhlaselwa kanye nomsebenzi we-CREB kuhloswe kahle ekuziphatheni okucindezelayo kanye nomvuzo, siphakamisa ukuthi lezi zimvukuzane zokubonisa zingase zihlangane nemiphumela yokudla okunamafutha aphakeme kanye ne-DIO ukugqugquzela ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo nokucindezeleka okunjengezibonakaliso.

Isimangalo sokuthi i-dopamine ephakeme ingasebenza ukweqisa izindlela zokusuthisa zemvelo yamukelwa kabanzi futhi isisekelo semodeli yamanje yokulutha, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Ukubuyekezwa okulandelayo kuchaza indima ye-dopamine ekwandeni kokufuna noma ukunxanela, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezidakamizwa nemivuzo yemvelo:

1) Intshisekelo yokukhuthaza ukukhushulwa: ezinye zezinkinga zamanje (i-2008) - Izingcaphuno:

Kulula ukuthola impendulo evela ezincwadini zokuthi ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha kungalingana 'nokukhuthaza ukuqhutshwa komsebenzi', kodwa ukuvuthwa kungomunye wemiphumela ehlukahlukene yokusebenza kwengqondo yezidakamizwa ezitholakalayo, eziningi zazo ezihlukaniswayo (URobinson noBecker 1986). Kubalulekile ukukhumbuza ukuthi kulokhu okusho ukuthi ukukhulunywa ngezwi kubhekisela ekukhuleni komphumela wezidakamizwa obangelwa ukuphathwa kwezidakamizwa eziphindaphindiwe. Yini ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi intshisekelo yokugqugquzela ukugqugquzela akuyona 'ukukhuthaza ukuvakasha', noma ngisho 'nokukhathazeka kwengqondo', kodwa ukukhuthaza ukugqugquzela. Ngokucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwe-psychomotor kucatshangelwa ukuthi kubonakalise ukubandakanya kwezinhlelo zokugqugquzela ubuchopho, kubandakanya izinhlelo ze-dopamine zamasotelencephalic (Wise & Bozarth 1987), ukukhuthazwa kwengqondo kungase kusetshenziswe njengobungqina (naphezu kobufakazi obungacacile) bokuxoshwa komuntu ekuthathweni okubalulekile. Kodwa yi-hypersensitivity kulezi zindawo ezigqugquzelayo, hhayi ezakhiweni zokuvuthwa, okubangela iningi lokulutha ukufuna izidakamizwa.

2) Isiyaluyalu: Isifo Sokufunda Nememori (2007) - Izingcaphuno:

Umsebenzi omningi, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwemithi, izilonda, ezithintekayo, kanye neziqu ze-microdialysis, uye wafakazela ukuthi izindawo ezivuzayo zezidakamizwa eziluthayo zixhomeke ekwenzeni kwabo ukwandisa i-dopamine ngama-synapses eyenziwe yi-midbrain ventral tegmental area neurons kwi-nucleus accumbens (38-40), okuyinto ethatha striratum ventral, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi nucleus accumbens igobolondo esifundeni (41). I-Ventral tegmental indawo ye-dopamine yokuhlolisisa kwezinye izindawo ezinjenge-prefrontal cortex kanye ne-amygdala nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ukuziphatha kwezidakamizwa (42).

Izidakamizwa ezithathelisayo zimelela imindeni ehlukahlukene yamakhemikhali, ivuselele noma ivimbele ukuhloswa okuhlukile kwamangqamuzana okuqala, futhi ibe nezenzo eziningi ezingavumelani ngaphandle kwendawo ye-ventral tegmental / nucleus accumbens circuit, kodwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene (isib. Bheka izikhombo 43, 44), konke ekugcineni kwandisa i-synaptic dopamine ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus accumbens ....

Izingqinamba zememori ngokuvamile zicatshangwa njengezimo ezibandakanya ukulahleka kwenkumbulo, kodwa kuthiwani uma ubuchopho bukhumbula kakhulu noma bunamandla kakhulu ukuloba izinhlangano zezinkinga zomzimba? Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule, ukuthuthukiswa kokuqonda indima ye-dopamine ekufundeni okuhlobene nomvuzo (8) baye benza icala eliphoqelela "imfundo yokuhlukumezeka" yokulutha ngokweqile okuhambisana nokubheka isikhathi eside mayelana nokuziphatha kwabantu abanomlutha (6). Lo msebenzi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kamuva kwamakhompiyutha we-dopamine (9, 10), uye wafaka izindlela zokuthi izidakamizwa nezidakamizwa ezihlobene nezidakamizwa zithole amandla angashukumisayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uphenyo lwamaseli kanye namakhemikhali luveze ukufana phakathi kwezenzo zezidakamizwa eziluthayo kanye nezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokufunda nokukhumbula (11-14), ne-caveat ukuthi ulwazi lwethu lwamanje lwendlela inkumbulo efakwe ngayo (15) nokuthi liphikelela (15, 16) akuphelelanga nanoma yisiphi isimiso sememori yamammalia. Lapha ngiphikisana ngokuthi ukulutha umlutha kubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwamathambo ezinqubo ze-neural zokufunda kanye nenkumbulo ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kudala ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo okuhlobene nokuphishekela imivuzo kanye nezici ezibikezelayo (11, 17-20).

3) Ukuboniswa kwe-Dopamine ekuziphatheni okuhlobene nomvuzo (2013) - Izingcaphuno:

I-Dopamine (i-DA) ilawula ukuziphatha ngokomzwelo nokugqugquzela ngendlela ye-mesolimbic dopaminergic. Izinguquko ku-neurotransmission ye-DA ye-mesolimbic zitholakale ukuguqula izimpendulo zokuziphatha ezihlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo ezihambisana nemikhuba yokuziphatha. I-Psychostimulants, izidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, kanye nomvuzo wemvelo njengokudla kungabangela ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwe-synaptic kuhlelo lwe-DA lwe-mesolimbic. Ucwaningo lwamuva olwenziwe nge-optogenetics ne-DREADDs, kanye ne-neuron-ethize noma i-circuit specific specific manipulations ezithuthukise ukuqonda kwethu kwe-DA ekuboniseni umjikelezo, futhi zanikeza izindlela zokukhomba izansi ze-neural zezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nokulutha kwezidakamizwa nokukhathazeka kokudla.

Ukulawulwa kwesistimu ye-DA ekuziphatheni okuhlobene nomvuzo kuye kwathola ukunakwa okukhulu ngenxa yemiphumela emibi yokungasebenzi kule ndawo, njengokudakwa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokudla okunomvuzo wokuxhuma kakhulu, okubili okuyizindaba ezinkulu zomphakathi. Manje sekwamukelwa kahle ukuthi ukulandela ukuphindaphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe kwezidakamizwa, izinguquko eziguquguqukayo zenzeka ezingeni lezinqamuzana nezamaselula ku-DA eyelimbic path, okuyinto enesibopho sokulawula ukuziphatha okugqugquzelayo kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimo ezingokomzwelo nezingokomongo (U-Nestler noCarlezon, i-2006; I-Steketee ne-Kalivas, i-2011). Lezi zindlela zokuguqula umzila we-mesolimbic zicatshangelwa ukuthi ziholele ekuxhasweni kwezidakamizwa, okuyisifo esingapheli, sokubuyela emuva lapho ukuziphatha okudinga izidakamizwa nokuziphatha kwezidakamizwa kuqhubeka naphezu kwemiphumela emibi kakhulu (Thomas et al., 2008).

Ubufakazi obubonakalayo manje bukhombisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwe-synaptic kohlelo lwe-mesolimbic DA kuhlotshaniswa hhayi nemiphumela emihle kuphela yama-psychostimulants nezinye izidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza, kepha futhi nemiphumela emihle yomvuzo wemvelo, njengokudla; Kodwa-ke, indlela izidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza ezenza ngayo amandla okuguqula i-synaptic kulesi sifunda isalokhu ingekho. Empeleni, ukusayinwa komvuzo we-DA kubukeka kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele, futhi kuyathinteka nasezinhlelweni zokufunda nokulungisa isimo, njengoba kufakazelwa izifundo eziveza impendulo ye-DAergic ebhala iphutha lokubikezela ekufundeni kokuziphatha….

4) Umthelela we-ΔFosB ku-Nucleus Accumbens kwi-Natural Reward Related Behavior (2008) - Ingcaphuno:

I-factual factor deltaFosB (ΔFosB), eyenziwe ku-nucleus accumbens (NAc) ngokuchayeka okungapheli kwezidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza, iye yaboniswa ukuxazulula izimpendulo ezithintekayo kulezi zidakamizwa. Kodwa-ke, kuncane okuyaziwa ngendima ye-ΔFosB ekulawuleni izimpendulo kumvuzo wemvelo. Lapha, sibonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okunempilo emibili yemvelo, ukuphuza utshwala nokuziphatha ngokobulili, ukwandisa amazinga e-ΔFosB ku-NAc. Sisebenzisa i-gene-mediated transfer transfer (gene-mediated transfer transfer) ukuze sifunde ukuthi i-ΔFosB induction ithonya kanjani izimpendulo zokuziphatha kule mivuzo yemvelo. Sibonisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwe-ΔFosB ku-NAc kwandisa i-sucrose ukudla futhi kukhuthaza izici zokuziphatha ngokocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonisa ukuthi izilwane ezinezici zocansi zangaphambilini, ezibonisa ukukhula kwama-ΔFosB, zikhombisa nokwanda kwe-sucrose ukusetshenziswa. Lo msebenzi ubonisa ukuthi i-ΔFosB ayitholakali kuphela ku-NAc ngezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, kodwa futhi ngokusungulwa kwemvelo okuvuzayo. Ukwengeza, ukutholakala kwethu kubonisa ukuthi ukutholakala okungapheli kwesimo esenza ukuba i-ΔFosB ku-NAc ingakwandisa ukusetshenziswa kweminye imivuzo yemvelo.

5) I-neuroplasticity ohlelweni lwe-Mesolimbic olwenziwe umvuzo wemvelo kanye nokuzithiba komvuzo okuqhubekayo. (I-2010) - Izingcaphuno:

Umvuzo wemvelo kanye nezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa ziguqulela ohlelweni lwe-mesolimbic, lapho izidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa zidala ukuguqulwa kwe-neuronal. Lapha, sihlolwe i-plasticity kule nqubo emva komvuzo wemvelo kanye nomthelela olandelayo kwizimpendulo zezidakamizwa.

Okuhlangenwe nakho ngokobulili kudala ukuguqulwa okusebenzayo kanye nokuziphatha komzimba ohlelweni lwe-mesolimbic olufana nokuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe kuma-psychostimulants. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuziyeka ekuziphatheni ngokocansi ngemuva kokubambisana ngokuphindaphindiwe kwakudingeka ukuze kukhule umuthi wezidakamizwa kanye namadwala e-NAc, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa umvuzo wezocansi kungase kube negalelo le-eyelimbic system. Le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi ezinye izinguquko ohlelweni lwe-mesolimbic zivame umvuzo wemvelo kanye nezidakamizwa futhi zingase zidlale indima ekuqiniseni jikelele.

Ukwesekwa okungeziwe ngomqondo wokuthi i-dopamine idlulela izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuxoshwa kwabantu zivela ezifundweni zeziguli ezinikezwe i-dopamine agonists. Izifundo ezimbalwa ezinjalo:

1) I-Dopamine agonist-yaholela ekuziphatheni okuphathelene nokukhubazeka: ukubhekwa emtholampilo we-PD kwembula amazinga aphezulu (i-2011). Umbhalo ocacile:

Eziguli ze-321 ze-PD ezithatha i-agonist, i-69 (22%) yabhekana nokuziphatha okucindezelayo, futhi i-50 / 321 (16%) yayine-pathologic. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukuhlaziywa kwakuvinjelwe kulabo abathatha izidakamizwa ze-agonist okungenani zokwelashwa okungenani, izimo zokuziphatha ezinomzimba zazibhalwe ku-24%. I-subtypes yile: ukugembula (i-25; i-36%), ukuxhaswa ngokobulili (24; i-35%), ukuchitha imali ngokweqile / ukuthenga (18; 26%), ukudla okudlayo (12; 17%), ukuzithokozisa okucindezelayo (8; 12%) nokucindezela ukusetshenziswa komshini (6; 9%).

2) Ukuvama kokugembula okushayelwayo okusha noma ukuxhumela komzimba ngokobulili ngemuva kokuphathwa kwezidakamizwa ze-idiopathic Parkinson isifo (2009). Umbhalo ocacile:

Phakathi kweziguli ezicwaninga nge-PD, ukugembula okuphoqeleka kokuqala noma ukuxhumene nocansi kubhalwe ku-7 (18.4%) yeziguli ze-38 ezithatha izifo zokwelashwa zama-dopamine agonists kodwa azitholakali phakathi kweziguli ezingaphenduliwe, labo abasebenzisa izilinganiso ze-agonist ezingezansi, noma labo abathwala i-carbidopa / i-levodopa yedwa.

3) Ukudla okuphoqelekile nokuzuzwa kwesisindo kuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-dopamine agonist (2006). Umbhalo ocacile:

Ama-agonists e-Dopamine afakiwe ekubangeleni isimilo sokucindezela ezigulini ezinesifo sikaParkinson's (PD). Lokhu kufaka ukubheja, ubungqingili, ukuzilibazisa, nokunye okuphindaphindayo, izindlela zokuziphatha ezingenanjongo ("ukubhekabheka").

4) Imibiko yokugembula okufuywayo, ukucwasa ngokobulili, nokuthengwa ngokweqile okuhlobene nezidakamizwa ze-dopamine receptor agonist (2014). Umbhalo ocacile:

Ukukhathazeka okukhululekile kokulawula umfutho okubandakanya ukugembula kwe-pathological, ukuxilonga ngokocansi nokuthengwa ngokweqile kuye kwabikwa ngokubambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ze-dopamine receptor agonist uma kwenzeka uchungechunge kanye nokuhlola okuqhubekayo kwesiguli. Lawa ma-agent asetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-Parkinson isifo, isifo esingenalutho somlenze, kanye ne-hyperprolactinemia. Izinto esizifunayo ziqinisekisa futhi zandisa ubufakazi bokuthi izidakamizwa ze-dopamine receptor agonist zihlotshaniswa nalezi zimbangela eziqondile

SLIDE 14

Isibonelo, nikeza amagundane ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo kokudla okungenamsoco okuhehayo futhi cishe konke kuzozitika ngokukhuluphala. Kungakho futhi abantu abadala baseMelika abahlanu kwabayisihlanu bekhuluphele ngokweqile kanti uhhafu wabo ukhuluphele - okusho ukuthi, banomlutha wokudla. Ngokuphikisana nemivuzo yemvelo, izidakamizwa - njengotshwala noma i-cocaine, zizoxhuma kuphela abasebenzisi abayi-4-5%, kungaba ngabantu noma amagundane.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Isimangalo # 1: Ukusekelwa “kokunikeza amagundane ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo kokudla okungenamsoco okuhehayo futhi cishe bonke bazozitika ngokukhuluphala” kwavela kulolu cwaningo lwango-2010: Ukungahambi kahle komlutha wokulutha umlutha nokudla okuphoqelelwe kwamakhompi amaningi kakhulu: Indima ye-dopamine D2 receptors (2010) - Abstract:

Sithole ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokukhuluphala kwakuhambisana nokuvela kokulahlekelwa komvuzo okuqhubekayo kobuchopho. Izinguquko ezifanayo ekubusweni kwe-homeostasis okubangelwa i-cocaine noma i-heroin kubhekwa njengesiqalo esibucayi ekuguquleni kusuka ekuziphatheni okuvamile kuya ekuthathweni kwezidakamizwa. Ngakho-ke, sithole ukuziphatha okunjengokudla okunjengokudla okunamakhemikhali kumaqanda anamafutha kodwa angapheli, okulinganiswa njengokusetshenziswa kokudla okunomsoco okungavumelani nokuphazanyiswa ngesikhuthazo esifanelekile. I-striatal dopamine i-D2 receptors (i-D2R) yahlukunyezwa emakomodini amaningi, afana nemibiko yangaphambilini emilutha yezidakamizwa zabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-knockdown ye-lentivirus ye-D2R yokushayisana yashesha ngokushesha ukuthuthukiswa kokunciphisa umlutha-njengokufana nokudla okuphoqelelwe ukufuna amagundane onokufinyelela okunwetshiwe ekudleni okunamafutha aphezulu. Lezi zindaba zibonisa ukuthi ukunqwabelana kokudla okuthakazelisayo kubangela ukulutha-okufana nezimpendulo ze-neuroadaptive ezingxenyeni zomjikelezo zobuchopho futhi kuqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kokudla okuphoqelekile. Ngakho-ke izindlela ezivamile ze-hedonic zingase zinciphise ukukhuluphala ngokweqile nokulutha izidakamizwa.

Isihloko esilandelayo mayelana nesifundo esingenhla (i-2010) - Izingcaphuno:

Ubuchopho bamagundane ababezigcoba ekudleni kwamafutha omuntu bashintshiwe.

I-Dopamine ibonakala ibhekene nokuziphatha kwamagundane okudla kakhulu.

Ososayensi ekugcineni baye baqinisekisa lokho okushiwo sonke esikholelwa iminyaka: Bacon, cheesecake, nezinye ukudla okumnandi kodwa fattening kungaba umlutha.

Ucwaningo olusha kumazinyo lubonisa ukuthi ukudla okunamafutha amaningi, okuphezulu-khalori kuthinta ubuchopho ngendlela efanayo ne-cocaine ne-heroin. Uma amagundane adla lokhu kudla ngobuningi obukhulu, kuholela ekutheni ukudla okuphoqeleka okufana nokulutha izidakamizwa, isifundo sitholile.

Ukwenza izidakamizwa ezinjenge-cocaine nokudla kakhulu ukudla okungenamsoco kokubili kulayisha ngokweqile izindawo ezibizwa ngokuthi izenjabulo ebuchosheni, ngokusho kukaPaul J. Kenny, Ph.D., onguprofesa ohlangene wezokwelapha ngamangqamuzana eScripps Research Institute, eJupiter , EFlorida. Ekugcineni izikhungo zobumnandi “ziyaphahlazeka,” futhi zithola ubumnandi obufanayo – noma nje ukuzizwa zijwayelekile-zidinga inani elikhulayo lomuthi noma ukudla, kusho uKenny, umbhali ophambili wocwaningo.

Ezifundweni zangaphambilini, amagundane abonise izinguquko ezifanayo zobuchopho lapho enikeza ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo we-cocaine noma i-heroin. Futhi izinja ziye zalahla isinqumo sokuqhubeka nokudla i-cocaine, abacwaningi bayabika.

Iqiniso lokuthi ukudla okungenamsoco okungadala le mpendulo akumangazi ngokuphelele, kusho uDkt Gene-Jack Wang, MD, ongusihlalo womnyango wezokwelapha eMnyangweni Wezamandla waseBrookhaven Kazwelonke eMnyangweni Wezamandla wase-Upton, eNew York.

"Senza ukudla kwethu kufane kakhulu ne-cocaine manje," esho.

I-neurotransmitter dopamine ibonakala inesibopho sokuziphatha kwamagundane adla ngokweqile, ngokusho kocwaningo. I-Dopamine ibandakanyekile ezikhungweni zobumnandi (noma zomvuzo) zobuchopho, futhi ibamba iqhaza ekuqiniseni isimilo. “Itshela ubuchopho ukuthi kukhona okwenzekile futhi kufanele ufunde kulokhu okusanda kwenzeka,” kusho uKenny.

Ukudla ngokweqile kwabangela ukuthi amazinga e-dopamine receptor ezinkathini zamagundane alula kakhulu, isifundo sathola. Kubantu, amazinga aphansi amamukeli afanayo aye ahlotshaniswa nokulutha kwezidakamizwa nokukhuluphala, futhi angase abe nezakhi zofuzo, uKenny uthi.

Umangalo #2: Leli khasi iqukethe ukusekelwa kwalaba: “Abantu abadala baseMelika abahlanu kwabayisihlanu bakhuluphele futhi ingxenye yabo ikhuluphele

Umangalo #3: Le PDF futhi lolu cwaningo iqukethe ukusekelwa kwalokhu: "Ngokuphikisana nemivuzo yemvelo, izidakamizwa - njengotshwala noma i-cocaine, zizobamba kuphela abasebenzisi ababalelwa ku-10-15%, kungaba ngabantu noma ngamagundane."

Isimangalo # 4: Ngo-2011, kwakukhona ukwesekwa okunamandla kakhulu kwe-neurobiological (isilwane nezifundo zabantu) ngokuba khona “kokulutha kokudla.” Ukwesekwa kwe-Neurobiological kuyaqhubeka nokuqongelela ngesilinganiso esimangazayo (bheka isigaba esilandelayo ne- lolu hlu lwezifundo ezingaphezu kwe-300 zezinzwa). Ukubuyekeza okukhethiwe okushicilelwe ngaphambi kwenkulumo ye-2012 TEDx:

1) Imivuzo yemvelo, i-neuroplasticity, kanye nokulutha kwezidakamizwa (2011) - Abstract:

Kukhona ukugqagqana okukhulu phakathi kwezifunda zobuchopho ezibandakanyeka ekucubunguleni imivuzo yemvelo nezidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza. Izidakamizwa "ezingezona izidakamizwa" noma "zokuziphatha" sezibhalwe phansi ngokwengeziwe emtholampilo, futhi izifo zifo zihlanganisa imisebenzi ephoqelela njengokuthenga, ukudla, ukuzivocavoca, ukuziphatha ngokocansi nokugembula. Njengokulutha izidakamizwa, izidakamizwa ezingezona izidakamizwa zibonakaliswa ngezimpawu ezibandakanya ukulangazelela, ukulawula okungalawuleki ekuziphatheni, ukubekezelelana, ukuhoxa, kanye namazinga aphezulu okubuyela emuva. Lezi zinguquko ekuziphatheni ziphakamisa ukuthi i-plasticity kungenzeka yenzeke ezifundeni zobuchopho ezihambisana nokulutha kwezidakamizwa. Kulesi sibuyekezo, ngifingqa idatha ekhombisa ukuthi ukuvezwa kwemivuzo engeyona eyezidakamizwa kungashintsha ukubumbana kwepulasitiki kwezifunda zobuchopho ezithinteka yizidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi kunokufana okuningana phakathi kwe-neuroplasticity ebangelwa yimivuzo yemvelo neyezidakamizwa nokuthi, ngokuya ngomvuzo, ukuvezwa okuphindaphindiwe kwemivuzo yemvelo kungadala i-neuroplasticity ekhuthaza noma ephikisana nokuziphatha okuluthayo.

2) Izindlela ezivamile zamangqamuzana nezindlela zamangqamuzana ekukhulupheni nokulutha izidakamizwa (2011) - Abstract:

Izakhiwo ze-hedonic zokudla zingakhuthaza ukuziphatha kokudla ngisho nalapho kudingeka izidingo zamandla, okufaka isandla ekuzuzeni isisindo nokukhuluphala. Ngokufanayo, imiphumela ye-hedonic yezidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza ingashukumisela ukudliwa kwabo ngokweqile, ekugcineni ekugqilazweni. I-substrates evamile yobuchopho ilawula izindawo ze-hedonic zokudla okunomsoco nezidakamizwa eziluthayo, nemibiko yamuva iphakamisa ukuthi ukudla okudlulele ngokweqile noma izidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa kubangela izimpendulo ezifanayo ze-neuroadaptive ezingxenyeni zomjikelezo zobuchopho. Lapha, sibukeza ubufakazi obukhomba ukuthi ukukhuluphala ngokweqile nokudakwa kwezidakamizwa kungabelana ngezindlela ezivamile zamangqamuzana, amaselula nezinhlelo.

3) Ingabe Ukudla Kungadala? Impumelelo Yomphakathi Nenqubomgomo (2011) - Izingcaphuno:

Idatha ibonisa ukuthi ukudla okungasetshenziselwa ukuxuba kungase kukwazi ukwenza inqubo yokulutha. Nakuba amandla okulutha okuluthayo aqhubeka ephikisana, izifundo ezibalulekile ezitholwa ekunciphiseni imiphumela yempilo nezomnotho yokulutha izidakamizwa zingasiza kakhulu ekulwa nezinkinga ezihlobene nokudla.

Nakuba kukhona ukungezwani okubalulekile phakathi kokudla kanye nezidakamizwa eziluthayo, ukungazinaki imiphumela ehambisanayo ye-neural kanye nokuziphatha kokudla kanye nezidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza kungabangela ukukhushulwa kwezifo ezihlobene nokudla kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi nezomnotho. Ukungenelela kwempilo yomphakathi okuye kwaphumelela ekunciphiseni umthelela wezidakamizwa eziluthayo kungase kube nengxenye ekubhekiseni ukukhuluphala nokugula okuhlobene.

4) I-Neural Correlates Yokulutha Ukudla (2011) - Izingcaphuno:

Ucwaningo lufake inqubo yokulutha ekuthuthukiseni nasekugcineni ukukhuluphala. Nakuba ukufana kokusebenza kwe-neural phakathi kokukhuluphala nokuxhomeka kwempahla kuye kwatholakala, kolwazi lwethu, akukho zifundo eziye zahlola ama-neural correlates wokuziphatha okunjengokudla okulutha umlutha.

Amaphethini afanayo we-activation neural ahlanganiswe ekuziphatheni okuluthayo okufana nokudla nokuxhomekeka kwezinto ezibonakalayo: ukuvuselela okuphezulu kumjikelezi wokuvuza ekuphenduleni kokudla kokudla nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwezindawo ezivimbela ukuphendula ukudla kokudla.

5) Ukudla Nezilingo: Amafutha Okushukela Ne-Hedonic Overeating. (I-2011) - Izingcaphuno:

Ngokusobala, akuzona zonke ukudla okungaba yizidingo zokulutha umlutha: Gearhardt et al. ukuphikisa ukuthi ukudla okunomsoco ocebile ngamafutha, ushukela kanye / noma usawoti, okuvame ukuhlanganiswa kwezithako eziningi, kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu wokulutha kunezidlo zendabuko njengezithelo, imifino kanye namaprotheni aphilile. Siyazi kusukela ekufundeni kokuziphatha kokudla ukuthi izakhi ezehlukene zingathinta inzwa ethile ye-brain neptitransmitter [14,15]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwama-preclinical lubonisa ukuthi ukudla ngokweqile kukukhiqiza ukuziphatha okuhlukile kokulutha umlutha uma kuqhathaniswa namafutha okudla ngokweqile [5].

6) Ukudla ngokweqile, ukukhuluphala, kanye ne-Dopamine Receptors (2010) - Izingcaphuno:

I-dopamine ye-neurotransmitter idlala indima ebalulekile esifundeni somvuzo wengqondo. Ukudla kwezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa kakhulu ezifana ne-cocaine kubangela ukwanda kwamazinga e-dopamine ebuchosheni bomzimba kubandakanya i-nucleus accumbens ye-striatum, eholela ekuqiniseni ukuziphatha okuhambisanayo (1). Ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwafakazela nokubandakanyeka kwe-striatum ekudleni kwabantu abakhulu kakhulu. Ngokuphawulekayo, izifundo ze-positron emission tomography zibonise ukuthi i-dopamine yokubeletha D2 i-receptors incishiswe kubantu abakhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa noD2 ama-receptors avela kumalingani abo aphikisayo (2). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi abantu abakhuluphele bavame ukudla ngokweqile ukukhokhela ukuzwela okubangelwa ukuhlukumezeka (3). Ukuntuleka kokuhlukunyezwa ekubonakalweni kwe-dopamine yokuzala kubuye kubonwe ngabanye abadakwa izidakamizwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ukudla ngokweqile kubuye kuqhutshwe injabulo nokuphoqeleka ukuba kuqhubeke naphezu kwemiphumela emibi eyaziwayo, njengokudakwa kwezidakamizwa, kucatshangwa ukuthi kuhilela i-dopamine neurotransmission. Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lezi zinsalela ku-D2 ukwamukelwa kwe-receptor ukuguqula ukukhuluphala ngokweqile noma ngabe abantu abakhulupheleyo bakhula ukuhluleka ngenxa yomphumela wokungasebenzi kahle ngumbuzo ovulekile.

7) Izidlo ze-obesogenic zingase ziguqule ngokwahlukana ukulawula i-dopamine ye-sucrose kanye ne-fructose ekudleni kuma-rats (2011) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukondla ngokweqile kwezidlo ezinobuthi kungabangela ukukhuluphala, kunciphise ukubonakaliswa kwe-dopamine, nokusetshenziswa kokwanda kwe-ushukela okweziwe ukukhokhela umvuzo ongenayo. Ngakho-ke, kubonakala sengathi ukukhuluphala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela zamafutha okudla kanye noshukela kunamafutha angaphezu kwamakholori angamafutha okudla kuphela kungabangela ukwehliswa kwe-D2 yokuthola izimpawu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlekelwa okunjalo kubonakala sengathi kuthinta ukulawula ukudla kwe-fructose.

Lokhu kutholakala kubonisa okokuqala ukuthi ukuxhumana okubonakalayo phakathi kokubunjwa kokudla nokulawula i-dopamine yokudla kwe-carbohydrate kumazinyo obese anesidlo. Ibuye inikeze ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi i-sucrose kanye nokudla kwe-fructose kulawulwa ngokuhlukile ngokwemiso yesistimu ye-dopamine.

9) Izindlela Zomvuzo Wokukhuluphala: Ukuqonda Okusha Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo (2011) - Ingcaphuno:

Ukudla kudliwa ukuze kugcinwe ukulinganisela kwamandla kumazinga asekhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okunomsoco nakho kusetshenziselwa izindawo zayo ze-hedonic ezizimele zesimo samandla. Ukusetshenziswa okunjalo okuhlobene nomvuzo kungaholela ekudleni kwe-caloric ngokweqile futhi kubhekwa njengecala elikhulu ekukhuleni okusheshayo kokukhuluphala emazweni athuthukile. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo ze-homeostatic zokudla, kancane kancane uyaziwa ngokuthi indlela ye-hedonic ebuchosheni ithonya kanjani ukudla. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kokudla okunomsoco kungabangela izimpendulo ezingenasisindo ezinhlokweni zokuvuza ezibuchopho ezifana nezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukunyezwa okufanayo kwezakhi zofuzo emiphakathini yokuvuza ebuchosheni kungandisa ukwedluliselwa kwezidakamizwa nokukhuluphala. Lapha, intuthuko yakamuva ekuqondeni kwethu abajikelezi bobuchopho obulawula izici ze-hedonic zokuziphatha kokudla kuzobuyekezwa. Futhi, ubufakazi obusukayo obonisa ukuthi ukukhuluphala ngokweqile nokudakwa kwezidakamizwa kungabelana ngezindlela ezijwayelekile ze-hedonic kuzocatshangelwa.

10) Uhlangothi olumnyama lokulutha kokudla (2011) - Ingcaphuno:

Ekulweni nokudakwa kwezidakamizwa, ukuguqulwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa ezivamile ukuxhomeke kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokuguqulwa kokuqiniswa okuhle futhi kuqiniswe ukuqiniswa okungalungile. Okokuthi, izidakamizwa ekugcineni zithembeka ekuvimbeleni noma ekunciphiseni izimo ezimbi ezingaholela ekuziqeleni (isib. Ukuhoxiswa) noma ezivela ezimweni ezimbi ezingokwemvelo (isib. Ukucindezeleka). Umsebenzi wakamuva uphakamise ukuthi lokhu "ohlangothini olumnyama" ukushintsha futhi kuyisihluthulelo ekuthuthukiseni ukulutha kokudla. Ekuqaleni, ukusetshenziswa kokudla okunomsoco kunempilo emihle, okujabulisayo kanye nokuqiniswa okungalungile, "okududuzayo" imiphumela engenza ukuthi izimpendulo zemizimba zikwazi ukucindezeleka. Ukuphindaphindiwe, ukudla okuphakathi kokudla okunomsoco kungase kukhulise ukucindezeleka kobuchopho futhi kunciphise izindlela zokuvuza zobuchopho njengokuthi ukuqhubeka nokudla kunesibophezelo sokuvimbela izimo ezingokomzwelo ezimbi ngokuqiniswa okungalungile. Ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka kuveze ukukhathazeka okuphezulu futhi okusemandleni okubangela ukugqilaza-njengokuziphatha kokudla kubantu. Izibonelo zezilwane zikhombisa ukuthi ukutholakala okuphindaphindiwe, okuphakathi kokudla okunomsoco kungabangela izimpawu ezingokomzwelo nezengqondo zokuhoxiswa lapho ukudla kungasatholakali, ukubekezelelana nokunciphisa umjikelezo wombukiso womqondo, ukufuna ngokuphoqeleka ukudla okunomsoco naphezu kwemiphumela engase ibe yinkinga, futhi ubuyele emuva ukufunwa kokudla ekuphenduleni ukukhathazeka okufana ne-anxiogenic. I-neurocircuitry ekhonjiswe ukuthi idethi ehlangothini "olumnyama" lokulutha ngokweqile lokudla lifana nelokuhambisana nokuxhomeka kwezidakamizwa nezidakamizwa. Ukubuyekezwa kwamanje kufingqa imikhawulo yeB Bart Hoebel yomqondo womqondo kanye nemikhawulo yokuqondisa indima "ohlangothini olumnyama" ekudleni kokudla kanye nomsebenzi ohlobene nalabo abamlandeleyo

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

Amakhulu wezilwane nezifundo zabantu ezisekela inkokhelo #4 (ukutholakala kokulutha kokudla) kuye kwashicilelwa kusukela ku-2011. Ngokwesibonelo "Umlutha wokudla" kubuyisela iziqu ze-7,400 kusuka isazi se-Google, ngenkathi "Umlutha wokudla" + i-neurobiology kubuyisela iziqu ze-3,330 kusuka kwesazi se-Google. Kusukela kulokhu uhlu lwezifundo ze-300 zezinzwa, Ngikhethe izibuyekezo ezimbalwa zakamuva ukuqhubekisela phambili ukusekela imodeli yokulutha ukudla:

  1. Ukukhuluphala nokulutha komzimba: I-Neurobiological Overlaps (2012) uNora Volkow
  2. Ukukhuluphala kuhlotshaniswa nokusebenza kobuchopho obushintshiwe: ukuzwela nobuzenzisi (2012)
  3. Isifo sokuqeda ukukhuluphala nokulutha kokudla: ukufana kwemitholampilo nokuxhomeka kwezidakamizwa (2012)
  4. Isifo sokukhuluphala: indima yokulutha (2012)
  5. Umzila ongathintekiyo wezindlela ezibhebhethekisa izidakamizwa kanye nokukhuluphala: Ukungafani nokufana (2013) Nora Volkow
  6. Ukuqhekeka phakathi kokudliwa kwezidakamizwa nokugula kwezidakamizwa: Ukuxilongwa kanye neurobiology (2013)
  7. Isizathu esivamile sokuphila ngokweqile nokulutha komuthi we-nicotine (2013)
  8. I-Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (i-2013)
  9. Amamodeli ezilwane ze-Compulsive Eating Behavior (2014)
  10. Ingabe Ukudla okuthile Kuyalutha? - Impendulo (2014)
  11. Ukulutha Kokudla ekukhanyeni kwe-DSM-5 (2014)
  12. Ukudla ngokweqile kumamodeli wangaphambi kwemitholampilo (i-2015)
  13. Ukucabangela okwamanje mayelana nokulutha kokudla (2015)
  14. Yikuphi Ukudla Okungahle Kube Umlutha? Imisebenzi Yokucubungula, Okuqukethwe Kwamafutha, nomthwalo We-Glycemic (2015)
  15. Izici ze-Neurobiological zokudakwa kwezidakamizwa zokudla (2015)
  16. I-Aberrant mesolimbic dopamine-opiate ukuxhumana ekukhulupheni (2015)
  17. Ukulutha kokudla njengesiqephu esisha sohlaka lokukhuluphala (2015)
  18. Ukukhubazeka-okufana nokukhubazeka kwe-Synaptic ku-Obesity Yokudla Okudumile (i-2016)
  19. I-Allostasis yokulutha kwempilo nokudla: fMRI (2016)
  20. Ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha kokuqiniswa kokudla: Yikuphi ukudla nezidakamizwa ezifanayo (i-2016)
  21. Ukulutha kwezidakamizwa njengokulutha ukuziphatha okusha (2016)
  22. Ama-correlates we-Psychological and Neurobiological of Addiction Addiction (2016)
  23. Umthelela Wezinkuni Eziphathekayo Ekusebenziseni Kwesistimu Yomvuzo: I-Mini Review (2016)
  24. I-substrates enkulu kakhulu ehlanganisa i-neuronal substrates yokusebenzisa kabusha izidakamizwa, ukugembula, ukudla kanye nezici zobulili: Ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwe-meta (2016)
  25. I-Neurobiology ye- "Addiction Food" kanye Nemiphumela Yayo Ekwelapheni Okukhuluphele Nenqubomgomo (2016)
  26. Izidakamizwa zokudla nezidakamizwa: Ukufana nokuhluka (2017)
  27. Ukudla okucatshangelwayo: Izindlela zokuvuza kanye nokudla okudliwayo kwe-Hedonic ngokweqile (2017)
  28. Ukuqothulwa kwe-Neural Endophenotypes e-Addiction nokukhuluphala (2017)
  29. Impikiswano yokudla ye-Hyper-Caloric ephathekayo e-Neuronal Plasticity (2017)
  30. Ukudla Okudlulayo Kwemvelo: Ukufakazela Okufakazela Ukuphoqeleka Kwakha (2017)

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukubuyekezwa kwe-2017 yalezincwadi ezihlongozwayo imodeli yokusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi evumelana nemodeli elula kakhulu ethunyelwe kumaSlayidi 13-17 (Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile, Ukuthakazelisa, Nezocansi: Ngokwemodeli Ye-Hedonic Yokuvuselela I-Internet Yezindaba Zezocansi). Iphakamisa ukuthi kokubili ukudla okunomsoco kakhulu nokusabalalisa i-intanethi porn kunezakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ezingase zibonwe njengezivuza kakhulu kumthengi. Ukubeka kalula kokubili ukudla okungenamsoco nokusakaza i-intanethi ye-porn kungaphazamisa izindlela zokukhathala futhi kususe izinguqulo zendabuko zocansi nokudla. Izingcaphuno ezimbalwa ezivela ekubuyekezweni:

Umqondo wemfundiso

Ngenkathi imisebenzi yangaphambilini icabange ukuthi i-IPU ifana nokugembula (isb., King, 1999) noma ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (isb. Park et al., 2016), umcabango wethiyori wemodeli yamanje usekelwa kakhulu ngumsebenzi wakamuva kwenye idrayivu yomzimba: indlala. Imibono namamodeli endlala nokusetshenziswa kokudla kusebenza njengokuqhathanisa okunengqondo okungazisa ukucatshangelwa kwezisusa zocansi nokuziphatha, uma kunikezwa ukuthi zombili zinokufana ekuthuthukisweni kokuvela, ukuthi zombili izenzo zocansi nokusetshenziswa kokudla kuyadingeka ukuze usinde, lokho kokubili kunikeza imivuzo ye-hedonic , ukuthi zombili zigqugquzela maphakathi ekuziphatheni okuningi kwabantu, nokuthi zombili zibonakala zisuthiswa okwesikhashana lapho zithonyelwa. Ukusebenza kusukela ku-analogue, umzimba wezincwadi zakamuva wenze ukuthi imibono yendlala ye-hedonic yande (I-Lowe & Butryn, 2007). Esikhundleni sokushukunyiswa yisidingo sekhalori, indlala ye-hedonic ibhekisa ngqo esifisweni sokudla ngenxa yenjabulo eletha umthengi (Lowe & Butryn, 2007). Yize izisusa ze-hedonic kungenzeka ukuthi bezilokhu ziyingxenye yendlala, lo mehluko phakathi kwendlala ye-hedonic nendlala yomzimba uye wanda ngentuthuko yakamuva ekukhiqizweni kokudla okungenakuphikiswa, noma ukudla okwenzelwe ukunxenxa ngokunamandla izinketho ezithile zokunambitheka ezitholwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo (isib. , usawoti, okunamafutha, okumnandi; I-Avena neGolide, 2011; UGearhardt, uDavis et al., 2011; UGearhardt, uDavis, uKuschner, noBrownell, 2011). Lokhu kudla kusanda kwenzeka (kumongo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu) intuthuko evuza abantu ngamandla futhi ikhuthaze ushintsho lokuziphatha.

Ngezinga elilodwa, ukudla okungaxhunyeki kahle kungakhuthaza ushintsho ekuziphatheni, kodwa futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kubhekene nezinguquko zokudla kwamasiko emazweni athuthukile (Fortuna, 2012). Njengoba ukudla sekuye kwaba mnandi kakhulu, ukudla sekubuye kube okuzuzisa kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izisusa zokufuna injabulo sezivusiwe. Ngokubambisana, lezi zici ziye zashintsha indlela abantu abaningi ababhekana ngayo nendlala nokudla kuwo wonke amazinga kanye namasiko (ukuze kubukezwe, bheka i-Pinel et al., I-2000), nemiphakathi yaseNtshonalanga-ikakhulukazi i-US-iba yi-hedonic eyengeziwe endleleni yabo ekudleni.

Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wamanje, siphakamisa ukuthi i-IP imelela isimo samasiko esifanayo nokudla okungaxhunyeki kahle kanye nendlala ye-hedonic ngokuphathelene nesisusa socansi kanye nezinhloso ezihlobene nobulili. Ingxenye ngayinye yemodeli yethu ehlongozwayo ifana nokuthola okutholakala ekudleni izincwadi, futhi ukufaniswa kuzoxoxwa ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi. Ngokubambisana, izincwadi zangaphambili zibonisa ukuthi indlala ye-hedonic iqiniswa ngokuzidla ngokugcizelela ukudla okungaqondakali kalula, ngaleyo ndlela kuholela ekutholeni izindlela eziningi zokudla nokudla. Ngendlela efanayo, siphikisa ukuthi i-IP idliwe ngokuyinhloko ngezizathu ze-hedonic; ukuthi kuqiniswa ngokukhethekile ngenxa yokufinyeleleka kwayo, ngokwezifiso, ubuhle, nokuhlukahluka; nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kukhuthaza izindlela eziningi ze-hedonic eziphathelene nobulili

Ukuphuza ngokweqile

Njengoba kubuyekezwe ekuqaleni kwalo msebenzi, iningi lezincwadi zangaphambilini ze-IPU zigxile kuzindikimba zokulutha, ukuphoqeleka, kanye nokungafisi (iDemo et al., 2012). Okunye kuze kube manje, kunokuphikisana okusobala ezifundweni zakuqala (isb., Cooper et al., 1998) kanye nokwaziwa kwamanje (isb., Foubert, 2016; Wilson, 2014) izincwadi i-IP enezimfanelo zokulutha. Ngempela, izincwadi zokucwaninga zigcwele izifundo zamacala nezibonelo zomtholampilo zabantu abafuna ukwelashwa ngokulutha kwe-IP (isb., UFord, iDurtschi, noFranklin, i-2012; IGola nePotenza, i-2016; IGriffiths, i-2000; iKraus, iMeshberg-Cohen, IMartino, nePotenza, i-2015), imvamisa ichaza abantu ababhekana nokuphazamiseka okukhulu nemiphumela emibi ehambisana ne-IPU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbono we-IPU onenkinga noma owedlulele awunampikiswano, ngezifundo ezithile ezinamandla ezibhala ukuthi abanye abantu bangacindezela kanjani noma basebenzise ngokweqile ekusebenziseni kwabo (isb., ICrosby & Twohig, 2016; For et al., 2014; Sirianni & Vishwanath, 2016 ). Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ama-syntheses amaningi abuyekezwa ngontanga aphethe ngokuthi ukubhekisa kwi-IPU ejwayelekile njengomlutha kuyisinqumo sangaphambi kwesikhathi (isib. UDuffy et al., 2016; IKraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Reid, 2016).

Esikhundleni sokuzibandakanya nama-nuances ale mpikiswano, imodeli yamanje ihlela izincwadi ngendlela engabhekisisa ngokunembile ukulutha noma ukuphoqeleka kunamamodeli wangaphambilini. Lo mqondo usekelwa ngumsebenzi wakamuva ngokufana kwemodeli yethu yethiyori: indlala. Isikhuthazo esizuzisa kakhulu esisuthisa idrayivu yezinto eziphilayo ngokusobala sinethuba lokusetshenziswa ngokweqile noma ukuhlukunyezwa (isb., Gearhardt, Yokum, et al., 2011). Ngaphakathi kwezincwadi zokudla nezokukhuluphala, umbono wokulutha ukudla usanda kuzuza kakhulu (isb., UGearhardt, uWhite, uMasheb, noGrilo, 2013; U-Hebebrand et al., 2014; USmith noRobbins, 2013). Yize le modeli yokuqonda ukusetshenziswa kokudla okuphoqelekile ingenangxabano (isb., I-Benton & Young, i-2016; iZiauddeen & Fletcher, 2013), kufakazelwe ukuthi kuwumqondo owusizo ekuqondeni nasekuhlukanisweni kokuziphatha okuyinkinga, okuphoqayo, noma okweqile (I-Avena, iGearhardt, iGolide, iWang, nePotenza, 2012). Usebenzisa le mibhalo njengesibonelo ngaleso sikhathi, kungenzeka ukuthi amamodeli okulutha kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwezinkinga ze-IPU nawo anokusetshenziswa okuthile ekubalweni kwe-IPU eyeqile noma ephazamisayo.

Kungenzeka ukuthi impikiswano mayelana nokuhlukaniswa okulungile kwe-IPU njengenkinga yokulutha, ukuphoqelelwa, noma isifo sokulawula ukucindezeleka sizoqhubeka iminyaka eminingi (isib. Reid, 2016). Kodwa-ke, isibonelo samanje sifuna ukuhlela i-IPU ngendlela engathembeki kumibono ye-IP njengokwemilutha ngokwemvelo. Njengendlela yokuvuselela kakhulu, i-IPU ingathonya abantu abahlukene ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ngendlela efanayo ukuthi abanye abantu bangase bathambekele ekudambiseni ukudla noma ezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha ezifana nokugembula kwezemvelo, abantu abathile bangase bazwele ngokwengeziwe isimo esivuzayo se-IP, okungase kubangele amaphethini wokuziphatha okunenkinga okuqhubekayo.

SLIDE 15

Le "ndlela yokuzilolonga" yokudla nobulili yake yaba inzuzo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kusisizile ukuthi "sikuthole ngenkathi ukutholwa kukuhle". Cabanga ngezimpisi ezilahla amakhilogremu angama-20 enyama ngokubulala ngakunye. Noma kuyinkathi yokukhwelana futhi ungowesilisa we-alpha.

OKUQALA & Kubuyekeziwe UKUSEBENZA:

Isimangalo: Leyo "ndlela yokuzilolonga" yokudla nobulili ikhona.

Izindlela zokubheja zibandakanya i-dopamine ephakeme ephakeme ukuzwela, futhi mhlawumbe ukungafuneki (kwandiswe ku Slide i-18, Slide i-13, Slide i-14, Futhi Slide i-16). Lapha ngethula amazwibela okuthi ukuzwela nokuzwela ngamandla kukhuthaza kanjani ukuzitika ngocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunikezwa nezinye “izindlela zokuzitika” ezisanda kutholwa zokudla okunambitheka kakhulu.

Ukuzwela kuholela ekukhuleni okufunayo, ukuthanda, nokungakwazi ukulawula ukusetshenziswa. Lokhu kukwanele ukuhoxisa ukubheja (njengoba kwenza ngokulutha ngokugcwele). Ukwehliswa kwemvelo kungakwandisa izifiso ezibangelwa ukukhuthaza.

Ukuzwela: Njengoba kuchaziwe kwamanye amasilayidi, ukuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe- imivuzo yemvelo (sex, ushukela, amafutha amaningi, ukuvivinya umzimba) noma ukuphathwa okungapheli cishe kwanoma yikuphi izidakamizwa zokuxhashazwa DeltaFosB ukuqongelela kancane kancane kuzinhlelo eziningi zokuvuza (PFC, nucleus accumbens). I-deltaFosB isebenzisa izakhi zofuzo ezithile ezenza ushintsho oluthile lobuchopho, ngokuyinhloko ukuzwela. Lokhu kubonisa njengokuqamba-ukubuyisana, ukufisa okukhulu, nobunzima bokulawula ukusetshenziswa. Ukuzikhandla kwe-cue kanye nezifiso eziqinile zokusebenzisa yizimpawu zokulutha, futhi zingahlolwa nge-imaging yobuchopho nokuhlolwa kwe-neuropsychological noma imibiko yokuzimela. Njengoba ku-2017, izifundo ezingamashumi amabili zokubika ukukhushulwa noma ukucubungula-ukucubungula / ukufisa kubasebenzisi be-porn noma izidakamizwa zobulili kushicilelwe: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

Ukungahlehlisi: Njengoba izifiso ezikhudlwana ziphoqelela umsebenzisi ukuba adle ezithombeni ezingcolile, ukuxoshwa komjikelezi wokuvuza kuholela ekuhlubukeleni kwendawo. Uma i-DeltaFosB iyindlela yokubheja, i-molecule i-CREB isebenza njengama-brakes. I-CREB inciphisa indlela esabela ngayo injabulo. Ivimbela i-dopamine. I-CREB izama ukuthatha injabulo ngaphandle kokuzibopha ukuze uzinike ukuphumula.

Ngokusobala, amazinga aphezulu e-dopamine akhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kokubili i-CREB futhi DeltaFosB. Kodwa i-glitch ekwenzeni ukulinganisa kwe-CREB / DeltaFosB ukuthi yashintsha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi abantu bavezwe eziqinisweni ezinamandla ezifana ne-whiskey, i-cocaine, i-ayisikhilimu noma amasayithi we-tube tube. Konke kunethuba lokunyusa izindlela zokuguqulwa, okufaka amabhuleki e-CREB. Ukuqhubeka ngokweqile kungase kuholele ekunciphiseni ngokushesha kwe-Dopamine D2 receptors (njengoba kwenzeke namagundane ebhekela ukudla okungenamsoco). Lokhu kungakwandisa izifiso njengoba izamukeli ze-D2 zisebenza ukuvimbela ngokweqile ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nemivuzo yemvelo. Ukwehliswa kwemvelo kuholela ekwenzeni ukubekezelelana, okuyinto isidingo sokuba ngaphezulu ukufeza umphumela ofanayo. Ngokuqondene nezifundo eziyisithupha ze-2017 kubasebenzisi be-porn babika ukutholwa okuhambisana nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi noma ukujwayela: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Ungase uzibuze ukuthi ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okungapheli kungakhipha kanjani imiphumela emibili ebonakala ephikisanayo. Okokuqala, kungenzeka ukwandisa umsebenzi we-dopamine (ukuzwela nge-DeltaFosB). Okwesibili, kungaba ukwehla umsebenzi we-dopamine (ukungafuni ukuxhaswa nge-CREB). Impendulo yukuthi ikakhulukazi mayelana nesikhathi. Kodwa futhi futhi umehluko wezinzwa phakathi befuna futhi ukuthanda.

Ukuzwela kuholela ezipikeni eziphezulu ze-dopamine ekuphenduleni ama-cues kanye nezimbangela ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa. I-spopes ye-dopamine ivela ngaphambi ukungenisa izidakamizwa noma ukushaya indlwabu ezingcolile, futhi abanolwazi njengoba befuna ukusebenzisa. Kodwa-ke, ukukhishwa kwe-anti-dopamine encane engafaniyo (kanye nama-opioid angaphansi) okukhishwayo (ukuxoshwa). Lokhu kunciphisa kwenjabulo kwenzeka Ngesikhathi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa noma ngenkathi kushaya indlwabu ku-porn. Umsebenti ujabule njengenjabulo encane, ukwanda okufisa okunye.

Lezi zifundo ezilandelayo zichaza izindlela ezihlukahlukene lapho ukudla okunomthelela kakhulu kudala ukuzwela nokuzibophezela okulandelayo:

1) Isifundo Sithola Okwenza Sifise Ama-Chips & Fries (2011) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukudla okunamafutha njengama-chips namafriji kubangela umzimba ukuthi ukhiqize amakhemikhali afana nalawo atholakala kwensangu, abacwaningi babika namuhla ephephabhukwini i-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Lawa makhemikhali, abizwa ngokuthi "ama-endocannabinoids," ayingxenye yomjikelezo okugcina ukubuyela kokuluma kanye kuphela kwamafriji eshizi, ucwaningo lutholile.

Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi amafutha olimini abangela isignali ebuchosheni, okuyinto ehambisa umlayezo phansi emathunjini ngesigxobo sezinzwa okuthiwa i-vagus nerve. Lo mlayezo uyala ukukhiqizwa kwe-endocannabinoids emgodini, okuholela ekuqhumeni kwezinye izibonakaliso zonke ukuphonsela umyalezo ofanayo: Yidla, udle, udle!

Lo mlayezo ubuzoba wusizo emlandweni wokuvela kwezilwane ezincelisayo, kusho uPiomelli. Amafutha abalulekile ekusindeni, futhi kwake kwaba nzima ukuza ekudleni kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Kepha ezweni lanamuhla, lapho isitolo esilula esigcwele ukudla okungenamsoco sihlala kuwo wonke amakhona, uthando lwethu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo lwamafutha lubuyela emuva kalula.

2) Isenzo se-insulin ebuchosheni singaholela ekukhulupheni (2011) - Ukudla okunamafutha aphezulu kwenza umuntu asebenzise i-neurochemical cascade ekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa nokunciphisa izindleko zamandla. Okucaphuno:

Ukudla okunothe okunamafutha kukwenza ukhuluphale. Ngemuva kwalesi sibalo esilula kunezindlela zokusayina eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho ama-neurotransmitters asebuchosheni alawula khona amandla omzimba.

Ukusetshenziswa kokudla okunamafutha aphezulu kubangela ukuba i-insulin iningi ikhishwe yi-pancreas. Lokhu kubangela ukuphazamiseka kwamaseli amangqamuzana akhethekile ebuchosheni, i-SF-1 neurons, lapho i-P13-kinase enzyme idlala indima ebalulekile. Ngesikhathi sezinyathelo ezimbalwa eziphakathi, i-insulin inqanda ukudluliselwa kwemizwa ye-nerve ngendlela yokuthi umuzwa wokukhathala unqanyulwa futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezindleko kunciphise. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukukhuluphala ngokweqile nokukhuluphala.

I-hypothalamus ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ku-homeostasis yamandla: ukulawulwa kokulinganiswa kwamandla omzimba. Ama-neurons akhethekile kule ngxenye yobuchopho, awaziwa njengamaseli e-POMC, asabela kuma-neurotransmitters futhi ngaleyo ndlela alawule indlela yokuziphatha nokusebenzisa amandla. Lapho kudliwa ukudla okunamafutha amaningi, kukhiqizwa i-insulin eningi kumanyikwe, futhi ukugxila kwayo ebuchosheni nakho kuyanda. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-insulin kanye namaseli aqondiwe ebuchosheni nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi yamandla omzimba.

"Ngakho-ke, kubantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile, i-insulin cishe ivimbela ngokungaqondile izinzwa ze-POMC, ezibhekele umuzwa wokusutha, ngesiteshi sabalamuli se-SF-1 neurons," kusho usosayensi. "Ngasikhathi sinye, kukhona okunye ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kokudla." Ubufakazi obuqondile bokuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ze-neurons ziyaxhumana ngale ndlela namanje busatholakala, noma kunjalo.

Ngokudla okuvamile, abacwaningi bathola umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu amabili. Lokhu kungabonisa ukuthi i-insulin ayisebenzisi ithonya elibalulekile emsebenzini wale maseli kubantu abancane. Kodwa-ke, lapho ama-rodents edla ukudla okunamafutha amaningi, labo abane-receptor engenamaphutha bahlala bengenasiphelo, kuyilapho labo abasebenzisa ama-receptor esebenza kahle bazuza isisindo ngokushesha. Inzuzo yesisindo kwakungenxa yokunyuka kwesifiso sokudla nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwekhalori. Umphumela we-insulini ungabangela ukuguquguquka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngomzimba ekuhlinzekeni kokudla okungavamile kanye nesikhathi esibekiwe sokulamba: uma ukutholakala ngokweqile kokudla okunamafutha amaningi kutholakala okwesikhashana, umzimba ungabeka izinqolobane zamandla ngokukhethekile ngempumelelo yesenzo se-insulin .

3) Izimpawu ezisuka emathunjini emathunjini amathumbu amafutha okudla (2014) - Lapha abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ukungeniswa kwesikhashana kwamafutha agxilile kudala izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezikhuthaza ukusutha, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kwamafutha adlayo kunciphisa izindlela zokusuthisa. Ingcaphuno:

Ngokufingqa, idatha ekhona ikhombisa ukuthi i-OEA, eyenziwa ngama-entocyte amancane emathunjini ngesikhathi sokugaya ukudla okunezidakamizwa, kubangele ukuphazamiseka ngokusebenzisa i-paracrine i-PPARα-indlela ehlanganyelwe efuna ukuqashwa kwezingcingo ezihlukahlukene. Le mpendulo ibuye ibuyele ekubeni khona kwesistimu yomzwelo ezwelayo - engase isebenze ukugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kwe-OEA enamafutha emanzini - futhi ihlanganisa i-oxytocin, i-histamine, ne-dopamine ukudluliselwa ku-CNS. Ukubonwa okuthakazelisayo kodwa okwamanje okungaqondakali ukuthi ukuqhubeka nokuvezwa kwamafutha okudla kunciphisa amazinga omzimba omncane we-OEA emathunjini (i-124, i-125) iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela eqondisa i-OEA ukusayina emanzini kanye nomsebenzi ongase udlale ekudleni ngokweqile nokukhuluphala.

4) Ukudla okungenamsoco kuthinta kanjani indlela yokuziphatha ebuchosheni yokufuna ukudla (2015) - Ukusetshenziswa kokudla okunambitheka ngokweqile — ikakhulukazi, ukudla okunamafutha aphezulu okunomsoco— ​​kukhuthaza izinguquko ze-neuroplastic ze-dopamine ezikhiqiza ama-neurons. Empeleni, ukukhuthaza. Lokhu kwaholela ekufuneni okukhulu. Izingcaphuno:

(Medical Xpress) —Umqedazwe wamanje wokukhuluphala emazweni athuthukile kufanele ube yisexwayiso kubasebenzi bezempilo emazweni asathuthuka abanezimakethe ezisanda kuvulwa. Abakhiqizi bokudla, izinkampani ezidayisa ukudla ezindaweni zokudlela, amaketanga okuhlinzeka ngokudla kanye nabakhangisi bayasebenzisana ukudala izindawo lapho kutholakala kalula ukudla okunomsoco, okunamandla kagesi kanye nezindlela ezihlobene nakho; kodwa-ke, abantu basenokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwe-neural okulungele kangcono indawo yokuntuleka kokudla. Ngamanye amagama, izinhlelo zobuchopho zingenza kube nzima ukuphatha indawo yesimanje yokudla ngendlela enempilo.

Abantu, njengazo zonke izilwane, banezinhlelo zakudala zofuzo eziguqulwe ngqo ukuqinisekisa ukudla nokuziphatha kokufuna ukudla. Izinkomba zemvelo zinomthelela omkhulu kulezi ziphatho ngokushintsha ukwakheka kwe-neural, futhi izinkampani ziye zacubungula isayensi yokusebenzisa amandla okuphendula komuntu futhi mhlawumbe ngokuhlehlisa kabusha ubuchopho babantu ukuze bafune ama-calories amaningi. Emvelweni ocebile ngokudla okunambitheka kakhulu, okunamandla, ukusabalala kwezinto ezihlobene nokudla kungaholela ekufuneni ukudla nasekudleni ngokweqile kungakhathalekile ukuthi usuthi, okungahle kube ngumshayeli wokukhuluphala.

Iqembu labacwaningi baseCanada e-University of Calgary naseYunivesithi yaseBrithani Columbia lisanda kushicilela imiphumela yesifundo segundane ku Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences lapho bahlola khona izindlela ze-neural ezalandela lezi zinguquko ekuzifuneni kokudla.

Bika ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okwesikhashana kokudla okunomthelela kakhulu-ngokukhethekile, ukudla okunomsoco ophakeme kakhulu-empeleni kubaluleke kakhulu ekuziphatheni kokudla kokuzayo. Bathole ukuthi umphumela uhambelana nokuqiniswa kokudluliselwa kwe-syntaptic exitatory kwi-dopamine neurons, futhi kuthatha izinsuku ngemuva kokudalwa kwehora le-24-kokudla okunamakha amafutha aphezulu.

Lezi zinguquko zenzeka endaweni yobuchopho ye-ventral tegmental area (VTA) kanye nokuqagela kwayo kwe-mesolimbic, indawo ebandakanyeka ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo zemvelo ezisetshenziselwa ukubikezela imiphumela efanelekile-ngamanye amagama, i-VTA inesibopho sokwakha izifiso zezinto ezitholwa zinomvuzo ngandlela thile.

Abaphenyi babhala ukuthi, "Ngenxa yokuthi ukudluliswa kwe-synaptic ye-excitatory ethuthukisiwe kuma-dopamine neurons kucatshangwa ukuthi kuguqula izinto ezingathathi hlangothi kulwazi olubalulekile, lezi zinguquko ekudlulisweni kwe-synaptic okujabulisayo zingase zibe yisisekelo sokuziphatha kokudla okwenziwe ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuchayeka ekudleni okunamafutha aphezulu futhi okungenzeka kube yinhloko ukudla okwandisiwe. ”

Amandla ase-synaptic ethuthukisiwe ahlala ezinsukwini emva kokutholakala kokudla okuphezulu kwamandla, futhi ahlanganyelwe ukuphakama kwesisindo se-synaptic esandayo. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukwethula i-insulin ngokuqondile kwi-VTA yokuphazamisa ukudluliswa kwe-synaptic emnandi kwi-dopamine neurons futhi kuphazamisa ngokuphelele ukuziphatha okufuna ukudla okugcinwe ngemuva kokufinyelela kwehora le-24 kokudla okunamafutha aphezulu.

Ulwazi oluthe xaxa: Ukusetshenziswa kokudla kokudla okunamnandi kokudla kokuziphatha ngokukhulisa ngokushesha i-synaptic kwabantu ku-VTA. I-PNAS I-2016; eshicilelwe ngaphambi kokuphrinta ngoFebhuwari 16, i-2016, I-DOI: 10.1073 / pnas.1515724113

5) Ingabe ama-Orex afaka isandla ekubhebhethekiseni ukuphuza ngokweqile nokuvuselela ekuxhasweni kwezidakamizwa / ukudla? (I-2015) - Ukuzibandakanya ngezidakamizwa eziluthayo kanye nokudla okungenamsoco kuhilela izindlela ezifanayo (okusho ukuthi izidakamizwa zishaya izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo endaweni yokudla ukudla).

Ama-Orexins (OX) ama-neuropeptides ahlanganiswa endaweni yesimo se-lateral hypothalamic edlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini eminingi yemvelo neyengqondo kuhlanganise nokuvusa, ukucindezeleka, ukugqugquzela noma ukuziphatha kokuziphatha. Leli phepha libukeza ngaphansi kohlaka lokujikeleza umlutha (i-Koob, i-2010), indima ye-OX uhlelo njengomoduli oyisihluthulelo ekusetshenzisweni okuphoqelelwe ukucindezelwa okubandakanya i-ethanol, ukudla okudliwayo nezidakamizwa kanye nendima yabo ekusebenziseni ukungathandwa kwabathengi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa izidakamizwa ezingencike futhi.

Siphakamisa lapha ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa / ukudla okunjengezinto ezithintekayo ezikhungweni ezisengozini kukhulisa umsebenzi we-OX, okwenza kube nokungahambi kahle komzimba nokuqhutshwa kokubhebhetheka komfutho okubhekiswe ekuziphatheni komzimba okuzogqugquzela ukubheja ngokweqile nokuguqula izidakamizwa / ukuphazamiseka kokudla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

6) Ukwenyuka kwamafutha aphezulu ekudleni okudliwayo ngokweqile kwenza i-dopamine neurons yendawo ye-ventral futhi idinga ukufaka uphawu lwe-ghrelin (i-2015) - Ukudla okunamafutha aphezulu kukhuthaza ukuzitika ngezinqubo ezenzelwe i-dopamine. Izingcaphuno:

Ukudla ngokweqile kuyindlela yokuziphatha ebonwa ezinhlobonhlobo zokuphazamiseka kokudla kwabantu. I-Ad libitum fed rodents nsuku zonke nesikhathi esilinganiselwe esivezwe ekudleni okunamafutha aphezulu (i-HFD) ekhombisa imicimbi yokudla okunamandla ekhula kancane kancane ngokufinyelela kokuqala. Ukukhuphuka kokutholwa kuhlongozwa ukuba yingxenye yenguquko kusuka kokulawulwayo kuye ekuziphatheni okucindezelayo noma kokulahlekelwa kokuziphatha. Lapha, sisebenzise inhlanganisela yezifundo zokuziphatha nezengqondo kumagundane nsuku zonke nesikhathi esilinganiselwe esidalulwe ku-HFD ukunquma izinhloso zobuchopho ze-neuronal ezenziwa zasebenza - njengoba kukhonjisiwe umaka wokwenza kusebenze kwamaselula c-Fos - ngaphansi kwalezi zimo. Futhi, sisebenzise amagundane aphathwa ngokwemithi noma ngofuzo ukutadisha indima ye-orexin noma i-ghrelin signaling, ngokulandelana, ekushintsheni kwalokhu kuziphatha.

Sithole ukuthi ukutholakala okunezinsuku ezine nesikhathi esinqunyiwe ku-HFD kwenza: (i) i-hyperphagia enamandla enephrofayli ekhulayo, (ii) ukuvuselelwa kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons futhi kuhlangene ne-neurons, ngokujwayelekile , okukhulunywa kakhulu kune-activation egcinwe ngemva komcimbi owodwa wokusetshenziswa kwe-HFD, kanye (iii) nokusungulwa kwe-orexin neurons ye-hypothalamic, nakuba ukuvinjelwa kwe-orexin kungabonakali ekukhuleni kwe-HFD. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sithole ukuthi amagundane angenayo i-ghrelin receptor ayiphumeleli kokubili ayenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-HFD ngezinsuku ezilandelanayo zokuchayeka futhi avuselele ngokugcwele ukusebenza kwendlela ye-mesolimbic ekuphenduleni ukusetshenziswa kwe-HFD. Idatha yamanje ibonisa ukuthi ukukhula kwamanoni aphakeme ngesikhathi sokufinyelela okuphindaphindiwe ngokungafani kuhlanganisa i-dopamine neurons yendawo ye-ventral futhi idinga ukukhombisa ukubonakala kwe-ghrelin.

7) Uhlelo lwe-opioid ku-prefrontal cortex ye-intermedial lixubanisa ukudla okunama-binge-like (2013) - Ukudla okunamnandi kakhulu kusebenze indlela yokubheja e-opioid emagatsheni. Okucaphuno:

Ukuzidla ngokweqile kuyinkinga efana nokulutha umlutha ebonakala ngokudla ngokweqile esikhathini esithile.

Lolu cwaningo lwaluhloswe ekuqondeni indima ye-opioid system ngaphakathi kwe-prefrontal cortex (i-mPFC) emidlalweni yokuphelisa nokugqugquzela kokudla okunjenge-binge. Ngalesi sizathu, saqeqesha amagundane abesilisa ukuthola i-sugary, ukudla okunomsoco kakhulu (ama-rats angenayo) noma ukudla okudlayo (ama-chow rats) wehora le-1 / usuku.

Sabe sesihlola imiphumela yomphikisi we-opioid receptor, naltrexone, enikezwe uhlelo noma isayithi-ikakhulukazi kwi-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) noma i-mPFC kwi-fixed ratio ye-1 (FR1) kanye nesimiso sokuqhubeka kwesilinganiso sokuqiniswa kokudla.

Ekugcineni, sihlolisise ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ze-proopiomelanocortin (POMC), i-pro-dynorphin (PDyn) nepro-enkephalin (PEnk), ikhodi ye-opioids peptides ku-NAcc kanye ne-mPFC kulawo maqembu amabili.

Amagundane ahlulekayo akhula ngokushesha ngokudla kwawo izikhathi ezine. I-Naltrexone, uma ilawulwa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi ibe yi-NAcc, iyancishiswa i-FR1 yokuphendula ngokudla nokugqugquzela ukudla ngaphansi kwenani eliqhubekayo kokubili ama-Chow nama-Palatable rats; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kusetshenziselwa i-mPFC, imiphumela yayikhetha kakhulu ama-rats okudliwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sithole ukwanda okuphindwe kabili ku-POMC nokunciphisa ~50% ekuboniseni kwe-PDyn gene ku-mPFC yamagundane alinganisiwe, uma kuqhathaniswa namakhompi okulawula; Nokho, akukho ushintsho olwalubonakala ku-NAcc.

Idatha yethu ibonisa ukuthi izinqubo ze-opioid ze-opioid ku-mPFC zenzeka ngemuva kokufinyelela okuphakathi kokudla okuthakazelisayo kakhulu, okungenzeka kube nesibopho sokuthuthukiswa kokudla okunomsoco.

SLIDE 16

 Kuthiwani uma isikhathi sokubuthana singapheli? Yonke leyo hits ye-dopamine yenza izinto ze-2:

  • Okokuqala, batshela ubuchopho bakho ukuthi ushaye i jackpot yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
  • Okwesibili, (kubaluleke kakhulu) baqala ushintsho lwamangqamuzana okuthiwa ...

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Isilayidi 16 asinazo izimangalo ezithile. Ushintsho phakathi kwamaslayidi 14/15 nesilayidi 17.

SLIDE 17

I-DeltaFosB - eqala ukuqoqeka kumjikelezo womvuzo wobuchopho bakho. Ngokusebenzisa ngokweqile izidakamizwa noma imivuzo yemvelo, lokhu kwakhiwa kweDeltaFosB (kuqala ukushintsha ubuchopho futhi) kukhuthaza umjikelezo wokuzitika nokulangazelela.

UKUSEBENZA OKUQALA:

Isimangalo sesilayidi: I-dopamine ephakanyiswe ngokungapheli, ngokuphendula isikhuthazo esinomvuzo, kungadala ukwakhiwa kwe-DeltaFosB, okuholela ekufuneni (ukuzwela).

Isimangalo salesi silayidi sisekelwa ezincwadini zesayensi. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezidakamizwa eziluthayo noma imivuzo yemvelo (kufaka phakathi imivuzo yezocansi) kungaholela ekuqongeleleni kweDeltaFosB, okuholela ekuvuseleleni nasekufiseni okuyisebenzisayo. Bona uhlu olulandelayo lwezifundo eziyi-130:

Ngokuqondile, izifundo zezinzwa zithole lokho konke ukulutha, kokubili amakhemikhali nokuziphatha, kubonakala ukwabelana ngokushintshwa kwe-molecular key: DeltaFosB. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kokubili ukuvuthwa ngokobulili / i-orgasm kanye nezidakamizwa eziluthayo (i-cocaine, i-meth) kwenza ukuba kube nezinqubo ezifanayo zamakhemikhali, okwenza ubuchopho obufanayo obuyisisekelo buguquke ngaphakathi kwendlela efanayo yomvuzo we-neurons. Ngokumane nje, i-dopamine ye-phasic ephakanyisiwe ivuselela ukukhiqizwa kwe-DeltaFosB. Lokhu nakho kuveza ukuzwela - the inguquko yomqondo oyinhloko kokubili ukulutha kanye nesimo socansi.

Nazi ezinye zezifundo eziningi ezishicilelwe ngaphambi konyaka wezi-2012 ezisekele okushiwo yile slide:

1) I-DeltaFosB: Ukushintshwa kwamangqamuzana omlutha wokulutha (2001) - Ingcaphuno:

Ngokubambisana, lezi zithole zakuqala ziphakamisa ukuthi i-ΔFosB, ngaphezu kokwandisa ukuzwela kwezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, iveza izinguquko ezihambisana nokuziphatha okukhuthaza ukuziphatha kwezidakamizwa. Ngakho-ke, i-ΔFosB ingasebenza njenge-"switch switch" eqhubekayo esiza ukuqala bese igcina izici ezibalulekile zombuso onomlutha.

2) I-deltaFosB: Isango Lama-Molecular Process Processing In the Nucleus Accumbens? (I-2006) - Ingcaphuno:

I-nucleus accumbens (NAc) sekuyisikhathi eside ibonwe njenge-interface phakathi kwe-limbic ne-motor systems ngenxa yalokho okufakwayo kwe-glutamatergic eguquguqukayo evela ezinhlokweni eziningi ze-limbic cortical, njenge-prefrontal cortex, kanye nemiphumela yayo ezakhiweni ezihilelekile ekulawulweni kwezimoto, ezifana i-pallidum. I-NAc ibuye ithole ukungena kwe-dopaminergic enkulu kusukela endaweni ye-ventral nge-volimbic endleleni ehileleke ngokujulile ezinkambisweni ezihlobene nomvuzo kanye nokulutha umlutha. Ngaphakathi kwe-NAc, iziphakamiso ze-dopaminergic ne-glutamatergic zingase zisebenzisane ukulawula ukuziphatha kwezinto eziqondiswe emgomweni (izinqubo ezithinta impendulo) eziqhutshwa imivuzo yemvelo (ukudla, amanzi, ubulili) noma izidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, kanye nesimo esithintekayo esihambisana nabo.

Ukwehliswa kwezidakamizwa okuphindaphindiwe kudala amaselula okuhlala isikhathi eside nezinguquko zamangqamuzana ngaphakathi kwe-NAc okucatshangelwa ukuthi ibambe iqhaza ekuziphatheni okwesikhashana okuhambisana nokulutha. Phakathi kokuzivumelanisa okunjalo, ukufakwa kwe-faction factor ΔFosB ngaphakathi kwe-dynorphin-positive spin ne-spin medium inesithakazelo esikhulu. I-FosB ibilokhu ibe yilapho eqala ukuguqula i-transcriptional regulator eboniswe ukuthi ihileleke ezinkambeni zepulasitiki ezihambisana nokuguqulwa kokulutha.

Lezi ziphumo zibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwe-ΔFosB ku-NAc kwandisa ukuphendula okuyisisekelo futhi kwandisa isisusa sokudla. Ngakho-ke i-FosB iphakanyisiwe ukuba ibe ishintshi ejwayelekile yamangqamuzana ehilelekile ekuguquleni kwezinto ezigqugquzelayo zokuziphatha okuqondisiwe.

3) Okuhlangenwe nakho ngokobulili kumagundane wesifazane: izindlela zamaselula nemiphumela yokusebenza (2006) - Ingcaphuno:

Ukuphakama kwe-dopamine ukukhululwa kuma-hamsters wesifazane okuhlangenwe nakho kuyakhumbuza imiphumela yokuvezwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwezilwane kwizidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa [75]. Kulezi zincwadi, izinga eliphakeme le-dopamine ekuphenduleni umthamo ohleliwe wezidakamizwa kuthiwa "ukuzwela" [75]. Ukuzwela izidakamizwa kuhambisane nezinhlobonhlobo zezimpendulo zamaselula ezicatshangelwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-synaptic kanye nolwazi olugeleza ngendlela ye-mesolimbic. Ukuphathwa okuphindaphindiwe kwezidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene ezihlukunyezwe ngamaphrofayli ahlukene e-pharmacy kuzothuthukisa ubude be-dendritic kanye / noma ubukhulu bomgogodla emagatsheni ase-dendritic aphethwe yi-neurons aphakathi kwe-spin [13,23,44,45,64,76,77,78] …… Zimbalwa kakhulu izibonelo ezikhona zokuhlangenwe nakho kokuziphatha okuveza imiphumela efanayo kuma-dendrites, yize kungeniswa kokudla kasawoti [79], ukuziphatha ngokobulili wesilisa [24] nokuziphatha kobulili wesifazane [59] izoshintsha i-dphoritic morphology ezinhlangothini eziphakathi kwezinkanyezi ze-nucleus accumbens.

4) Umthelela we-ΔFosB ku-Nucleus Accumbens kwi-Natural Reward Related Behavior (2008) - Ingcaphuno:

I-factual factor deltaFosB (ΔFosB), eyenziwe ku-nucleus accumbens (NAc) ngokuchayeka okungapheli kwezidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza, iye yaboniswa ukuxazulula izimpendulo ezithintekayo kulezi zidakamizwa. Kodwa-ke, kuncane okuyaziwa ngendima ye-ΔFosB ekulawuleni izimpendulo kumvuzo wemvelo. Lapha, sibonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okunempilo emibili yemvelo, ukuphuza utshwala nokuziphatha ngokobulili, ukwandisa amazinga e-ΔFosB ku-NAc. Sisebenzisa i-gene-mediated transfer transfer (gene-mediated transfer transfer) ukuze sifunde ukuthi i-ΔFosB induction ithonya kanjani izimpendulo zokuziphatha kule mivuzo yemvelo. Sibonisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwe-ΔFosB ku-NAc kwandisa i-sucrose ukudla futhi kugqugquzela izici zokuziphatha ngokocansi Lo msebenzi ubonisa ukuthi i-API ayitholakali kuphela ku-NAc ngezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, kodwa futhi ngenxa yesikhuthazo semvelo esivuzayo. Ukwengeza, ukutholakala kwethu kubonisa ukuthi ukutholakala okungapheli kwesimo esenza ukuba i-ΔFosB ku-NAc ingakwandisa ukusetshenziswa kweminye imivuzo yemvelo.

5) Izinqubo zokudlulisela umlutha: indima ye-ΔFosB (2008) - Ingcaphuno:

Imiphumela ye-ΔFosB ingadlulisa ngaphezu komthethonqubo wokuzwela kwezidakamizwa nge-se kuya eziphatheni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlobene nenqubo yokulutha. I-FFBB isebenza kanzima ekuziphatheni okwenziwe yi-cocaine ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlolwa kwe-self self-administration, okubonisa ukuthi i-FosB ingase ivuselele izilwane ekukhuthazeni izakhiwo zokugqugquzela i-cocaine futhi ngaleyo ndlela ziholele ekutheni zibuyele ngemuva kokuhoxiswa kwezidakamizwa (I-Colby et al. I-2003). Amagundane e-FosB-overexpressing nawo abonisa imiphumela ephezulu ye-anxiolytic yotshwala (I-Picetti et al. I-2001), i-phenotype ehlotshaniswa nokunyuka utshwala kubantu. Ngokubambisana, lokhu okutholwe ekuqaleni kuphakamisa ukuthi i-ΔFosB, ngaphezu kokukhuphula ukuzwela kwezidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa, ikhiqiza izinguquko ezibonakalayo ekuziphatheni okugqugquzela ukuziphatha kwezidakamizwa, nokusekela umbono, okukhulunywe ngenhla, ukuthi i-ΔFosB isebenza njengomshini wokugcina umlutha ngenxa yomlutha isimo.

Lokhu kutholakala kusikisela ukuthi i-ΔFosB kulesi sifunda sobuchopho ivuselela izilwane hhayi nje ngemiphumela yezidakamizwa kodwa nemivuzo yemvelo futhi, futhi ingase ibe nomthelela emazweni wokulutha kwemvelo.

6) DeltaFosB Ukuzivocavoca Ngokwe-Nucleus Accumbens Kuthuthukisa Umvuzo Wocansi Ngo-Hamster Wesifazane Wesifazane (i-2009) - Ingcaphuno:

Ukuvuselelwa okuphindaphindiwe kwesistimu ye-dopamine ye-mesolimbic kubangela ukushintsha okuqhubekayo kokuziphatha okuhambisana nephethini le-plastic neuralus accumbens (NAc). Njengoba ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezibhaliwe ΔFosB kungase kube yingxenye ebalulekile yalesi sipulasitiki, umbuzo obhekiswe ocwaningweni lwethu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-FosB ilawulwa yizocansi ezenzelwe abesifazane. Siye sabonisa ukuthi ama-hamster aseSyria abanikezwa ukuhlangenwe nakho ngokobulili abonisa ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kokuziphatha okubandakanya ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kocansi nge-hamster yesilisa engavamile, umvuzo wobulili kanye nokuziphendulela okuthuthukisayo ekuvuseleleni kwengqondo (isib. Amphetamine).

Sesanda kubonisa ukuthi isipiliyoni sezocansi sanda amazinga we-ΔFosB ku-NAc yamadodakazi aseSyria aseSyria. Ukugxila kwalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola imiphumela esebenzayo yalokhu kukhishwa ngokunquma ukuthi ukucindezeleka okubalulekile kwe-ΔFosB yi-adeno-associated associated viral (AAV) e-NAc kungalingisa imiphumela yokuziphatha kobulili.

Izilwane ezine-AAV-mediated overpersion of ΔFosB ku-NAc zibonise ubufakazi bokuvuza ngokocansi endaweni ye-preference paradigm ngaphansi kwezimo lapho izilwane ezilawulayo ezithola umjovo we-AAV-green fluorescent protein (GFP) ku-NAc azizange. Ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha ngokocansi kwaqhubeka kubonisa ukuthi abesilisa abathintekayo nge-AAV-ΔFosB abesifazane basebenze ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula njengoba kulinganiswa nenani lezintaba ezihlanganisa ukuxhuma uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abanjwe nabesifazane be-AAV-GFP. Le miphumela isekela indima ye-ΔFosB ekuxhumaniseni iziphathamandla ezishukumisayo zemvelo, kulokhu ukuziphatha kobulili besifazane, futhi inikeze ukuqonda okusha ngezenzo ezingapheli ze-ΔFosB.

7) I-neuroplasticity ohlelweni lwe-Mesolimbic olwenziwe umvuzo wemvelo kanye nokuyeka ukuziphindisela (2010) - Ingcaphuno:

Okuhlangenwe nakho ngokobulili kudala ukuguqulwa okusebenzayo kanye nokuziphatha komzimba ohlelweni lwe-mesolimbic olufana nokuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe kuma-psychostimulants. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuziyeka ekuziphatheni ngokocansi ngemuva kokubambisana ngokuphindaphindiwe kwakudingeka ukuze kukhule umuthi wezidakamizwa kanye namadwala e-NAc, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa umvuzo wezocansi kungase kube negalelo le-eyelimbic system. Le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi ezinye izinguquko ohlelweni lwe-mesolimbic zivame umvuzo wemvelo kanye nezidakamizwa futhi zingase zidlale indima ekuqiniseni jikelele.

8) I-deltaFosB ku-Nucleus Accumbens yiyona Eyimbangela Yokuvuselela Imiphumela Yomvuzo Wezocansi (2010) - Ingcaphuno:

Okuhlangenwe nakho kobulili kuboniswe ukuthi kubangele ukuqoqwa kwe-FosB ezindaweni eziningana zobuchopho ezingxenyeni ezihlanganisa i-nucleus accumbens (NAc), i-prefrontal cortex yangaphakathi, indawo ye-ventral tegmental kanye ne-caudate putamen kodwa hhayi i-nucleus yangaphambili ye-preoptic. Okokugcina, amazinga we-FosB kanye nomsebenzi walo ku-NAc basebenziselwa ukusebenzisa ukudluliswa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi ukuze bafunde indima yawo engaba khona ekuxhumaniseni isipiliyoni socansi kanye nokusizwa okuhlangenwe nakho kohlelo lokusebenza kocansi. Izilwane ezine-ΔFosB ngokweqile ziboniswa ukuthuthukiswa okuthuthukisiwe kokusebenza kocansi ngesipiliyoni socansi ngokuphathelene nezilawuli. Ngokubambisana, lezi zithole zisekela indima ebalulekile ye-ΔFosB inkulumo e-NAc yokuqinisa imiphumela yokuziphatha ngokocansi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kobulili-ukugqugquzelwa kokusebenza kocansi.

Nakulokhu, u-Professor Norman Doidge owathengisa kakhulu ngo-2007, “Ubuchopho Obuziguqukayo ” uphakamise ukuthi ukulimala kwe-pornography e-intanethi kukhona, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kuhilela ukwakha i-DeltaFosB. Okubhaliwe okusekela le slayidi:

Ukugxila kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi akusona isifaniso. Akuzona zonke izidakamizwa eziphathelene nezidakamizwa noma utshwala. Abantu bangaba nomlutha omkhulu wokugembula, ngisho nokusebenza. Bonke abahlukumezayo babonisa ukulahlekelwa kokulawulwa komsebenzi, bawufune ngokucindezela ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi, ukuthuthukisa ukubekezelelana ukuze badinga amazinga aphakeme nakakhulu okuvuselela ukwaneliseka, futhi isipiliyoni sokuhoxiswa uma bengakwazi ukuqeda isenzo sokulutha.

Konke ukuluthwa kuhilela ushintsho lwesikhathi eside, kwesinye isikhathi lokuphila konke, lwe-neuroplastic ebuchosheni. Kubantu abayimilutha, ukulinganisela akunakwenzeka, futhi kufanele bagweme into noma umsebenzi ngokuphelele uma bezogwema isimilo. I-Alcoholics Anonymous igcizelela ukuthi abekho “abantu ababeyizidakwa” futhi yenza abantu abangaphuzile amashumi eminyaka bazethule emhlanganweni ngokuthi, “Igama lami nginguJohn, futhi ngiyisidakwa.” Ngokuya ngepulasitiki [yobuchopho], zivamisile ukuthi zilungile.

Ukuze kunqume ukuthi umlutha wesigcawu ungumlutha kangakanani, abacwaningi e-National Institutes of Health (NIH) eMaryland baqeqesha udoti ukuba baqhube ibha kuze kube yilapho bethola isibhamu semithi. Ngokubi kakhulu isilwane sizimisele ukusebenzela ukucindezela ibha, ukulutha kakhulu lesi sidakamizwa. I-Cocaine, cishe zonke ezinye izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, ngisho nezidakamizwa ezinjengezidakamizwa ezifana nokugijima kwenza i-neurotransmitter dopamine inomsebenzi osebenzayo ebuchosheni. I-Dopamine ibizwa ngokuthi i-transmitter yomvuzo, ngoba lapho sifeza okuthile-sigijimela umncintiswano futhi siphumelele-ubuchopho bethu bubangela ukukhululwa. Nakuba siphelelwe amandla, sithola amandla amaningi, injabulo ezithakazelisayo, nokuzethemba futhi ngisho nokuphakamisa izandla zethu futhi sisebenzise ithonya lokunqoba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abalahlekelwa yibo abangenayo i-dopamine, futhi bavele baphume amandla, bawa phansi, futhi bazizwa behlukumezekile ngokwabo. Ngokudubula uhlelo lwethu lwe-dopamine, izinto zokulutha zisinika injabulo ngaphandle kokuthi sizisebenzele.

I-Dopamine, njengoba sibonile emsebenzini kaMerzenick, nayo iyabandakanyeka ekushintsheni kwepulasitiki. Ukwanda okufanayo kwe-dopamine okusithokozisayo futhi kuhlanganisa ukuxhumana kwe-neuronal okubhekele ekuziphatheni okusiholele ekufezeni inhloso yethu. Ngenkathi uMerzenick esebenzisa i-electrode ukuvuselela uhlelo lomvuzo we-dopamine wesilwane ngenkathi edlala umsindo, ukukhishwa kwe-dopamine kukhuthaze ushintsho lweplastiki, kukhulisa ukumelwa komsindo ebalazweni lokuhlola lesilwane. Isixhumanisi esibalulekile ne-porn ukuthi i-dopamine nayo ikhishwa ngenjabulo yezocansi, ikhuphula idrayivu yocansi kubo bobubili ubulili, yenza lula i-orgasm, futhi isebenze nezikhungo zobumnandi zobuchopho. Ngakho-ke amandla okulutha ezithombe zocansi.

U-Eric Nestler, eYunivesithi yaseTexas, ubonise ukuthi izidakamizwa zenza kanjani ushintsho oluhlala njalo ezinkathini zezilwane. Umthamo owodwa wezidakamizwa eziningi eziluthayo uzokhiqiza iphrotheni, ebizwa ngokuthi i-delta FosB eqoqa ama-neurons. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho kusetshenziselwa izidakamizwa, i-delos FosB eyengeziwe iqoqa kuze kube yilapho iphonsa ukushintsha komzimba, okuthinta ukuthi yiziphi izakhi zofuzo ezivuliwe noma ezivaliwe. Ukweqa lokhu kushintsho kubangela izinguquko eziqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuba umuthi umisiwe, okuholela ekulimaleni okungenakuguqulwa ohlelweni lobuchopho lobuchopho futhi unikeze isilwane ukuba sibhekane nokulutha. Izidakamizwa ezingezona izidakamizwa, ezifana nokusebenza nokuphuza utshwala, nazo ziholela ekuqongeni kwe-deltaFosB kanye nezinguquko ezifanayo njalo ohlelweni lwe-dopamine.

Abacwaningi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bathembisa injabulo enempilo nokukhululeka ekucindezelekeni ngokocansi, kepha lokho abajwayele ukukuletha ukulutha, ukubekezelelana, nokwehla kokuthokozisa ekugcineni. Ngokudabukisayo, iziguli zesilisa engangisebenza nazo zazivame ukufisa izithombe ezingcolile kodwa zingazithandi. Umbono ojwayelekile ngukuthi umlutha ubuyela emuva ukuyolungisa okuningi ngoba uyayithanda injabulo ayinikezayo futhi akabuthandi ubuhlungu bokuhoxa. Kepha imilutha idla izidakamizwa uma ikhona cha ithuba lokuzijabulisa, uma beyazi ukuthi banamanani okwanele okubenza baphakame, futhi bayothanda ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukuhoxisa. Ukufuna nokuthanda kukhona izinto ezimbili ezihlukene.

Umlutha uhlangabezana nezifiso ngoba ubuchopho bakhe bepulasitiki buye lwaziswa kwisidakamizwa noma isipiliyoni. Ukuzwela kuholela ekukhuleni okufunayo. Kuyinto yokuqoqwa kwe-deltaFosB, okubangelwa ukuvezwa kwento noma umshwalense wokulutha, okuholela ekusenizeni.

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zijabulisa kakhulu kunokwaneliseka ngoba sinezinhlelo ezimbili zokuzijabulisa ezibuchosheni bethu, okuhlobene nokujabula okuthakazelisayo kanye nokuthokozisa okwanelisayo. Uhlelo oluthakazelisayo lubhekisela enjabulweni "yokunciphisa" esiyifinyelela ekucabangeni into esiyifunayo, njengezocansi noma ukudla okuhle. I-neurochemistry yayo ihlobene kakhulu ne-dopamine, futhi iphakamisa izinga lethu lokucindezeleka.

Uhlelo lwesibili lokuthokozisa luhlobene nokwaneliseka, noma injabulo yokuqeda ukudla, ehamba empeleni ukuba nezocansi noma ukuba nesidlo, ukutholisa, ukuthokozisa okujabulisayo. I-neurochemistry yayo ixhomeke ekukhululweni kwe-endorphins, ehlobene nama-opiate futhi anikeze ukuthula, ukuthula okukhulu.

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngokunikela ngesidleke esingapheli sezinto zocansi, senza kusebenze uhlelo lokuheha. Ababukeli be-Porn bakha amamephu amasha ebuchosheni babo, ngokususelwa kuzithombe namavidiyo abawabonayo. Ngoba ubuchopho bokuyisebenzisa noma obulahlekile, lapho sakha indawo yemephu, silangazelela ukuyigcina isebenza. Njengoba nje imisipha yethu iphelelwa yisineke sokuzivocavoca umzimba uma sihleli usuku lonke, kanjalo nezinzwa zethu zilambele ukukhuthazeka.

Amadoda kumakhompiyutha abo abheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokungenalutho njengamagundane asezikhungweni ze-NIH, ecindezela ibha ukuthola isibhamu se-dopamine noma okulingana nayo. Yize bebengazi, babekhohliswe ngezikhathi zokuqeqeshwa kwezithombe zocansi ezihlangabezana nazo zonke izimo ezidingekayo zokushintsha kwepulasitiki kwamamephu obuchopho. Njengoba ama-neurons ahlangana ndawonye ngocingo ndawonye, ​​la madoda athola inani elikhulu lokuzijwayeza ukufaka lezi zithombe ezikhungweni zobumnandi zobuchopho, ngokubhekisisa okukhulu okudingekayo ekuguqulweni kwepulasitiki. Bacabanga lezi zithombe lapho bekude namakhompyutha abo, noma ngenkathi benza ucansi nezintombi zabo, beziqinisa. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho bezwa ukujabula ngocansi futhi beba ne-orgasm lapho beshaya indlwabu, "i-spritz ye-dopamine," i-neurotransmitter yomvuzo, yahlanganisa ukuxhumana okwenziwe ebuchosheni phakathi nezikhathi. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi umvuzo wenza lula ukusebenza; ayicasulanga lutho lwamahloni ababezizwa belithenga Playboy esitolo. Nasi ukuziphatha okungenakho "isijeziso," kuphela umvuzo.

Okuqukethwe kwalokho abakutholile okuthakazelisayo kushintshile njengoba izingosi zeWebhu zenza ama-themes nezikripthi ezishintsha ubuchopho babo ngaphandle kokuqaphela. Ngenxa yokuthi i-plasticity iyancintisana, ubuchopho buhlela izithombe ezintsha, ezithakazelisayo zanda ngenxa yalokho okwakudonsele ngaphambili-isizathu, ngikholelwa ukuthi baqala ukuthola izintombi zabo kancane kancane.

UKUSEBENZA OKUFANELEKILE:

Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi iDeltaFosB ilulaza ngokushesha, okusho ukuthi kufanele ihlolwe emilutha esebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinga weDeltaFosB angatholwa kuphela ngokuhlolwa kwesidumbu. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhawulwa, amazinga womvuzo womuntu we-DeltaFosB alinganiswe kuphela ocwaningweni olulodwa ngemilutha ye-cocaine eyazibulala noma yafa ngaphandle kwezifo ezinde: Izimpendulo Zezenzo Zokuziphatha Nezakhi Zomkhuhlane We-Cocaine Ezidinga Ukudinga Umkhiqizo Wokudla Okuphakelayo Okubandakanya i-API ne-Calcium / Calmodulin-I-Protein Encike Kinase II ku-Nucleus Accumbens Shell (2013). Njengoba bekulindelekile, amasistimu wemivuzo yabalutha i-cocaine aqukethe amazinga aphakeme ngokweqile eDeltaFosB.

Njengoba kuchaziwe, i-dopamine ephakeme engapheli ibangela i-DeltaFosB, ethi yona ikhiqize ukuzwela - inguquko eyinhloko yobuchopho ekuluthweni nasesimweni socansi. Ukuzwela kuholela ekusebenzeni kabusha kwe-cue-reactivity, izifiso ezinzima, nobunzima bokulawula ukusetshenziswa uma ukusetshenziswa sekuqalisiwe. I-cue-reactivity kanye "nokulangazelela ukusebenzisa" okunamandla kuyizimpawu zokulutha, futhi kungahlolwa nge-imaging yobuchopho nokuhlolwa kwe-neuropsychological noma imibiko yokuzenzela. Kusukela ngoDisemba 2011, kuye kwashicilelwa izifundo ezingamashumi amabili zokubika ukuzwela noma ukucubungula-kabusha kubasebenzisi be-porn noma imilutha yezocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Lokhu kuphela kusekela ngokugcwele izicelo ezenziwe ku-Slide 17.

Iphepha lezinzwa elishicilelwe ngemuva kwenkulumo yami ye-TEDx ixoxa ngokubaluleka koDeltaFosB ekuziphatheni okuphoqeleka ngokocansi: Ukulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile - ukugqugquzela okuphezulu okucatshangwa kumongo we-neuroplasticity (2013). Ingcaphuno:

Ukwamukela ubufakazi obusekela umqondo wokulutha ngokocansi, kuyadingeka ukuthi ube nokuqonda imiqondo yamanje yokufunda kwamaselula kanye nepulasitiki. I-Dendritic arborization nezinye izinguquko zeselula kwandulela ukubaza kwe-gyral (iZatorre, Field, & Johansen-Berg, 2012 I-Zatorre R. J, Field R. D, uJohansen-Berg H. I-Plasticity ngegrey and white: Izinguquko ze-Neuroimaging ekuhlelweni kobuchopho ngesikhathi sokufunda. Imvelo Neuroscience. I-2012; 15: 528-536. [I-Google Scholar]) ngokufunda, nokufunda okususelwa kumvuzo akuhlukile. Ukulutha umlutha ngakho-ke kuba yindlela enamandla yokufunda, ne-neuroplasticity ehambisana nayo iba yingozi (Kauer & Malenka, 2007 I-Kauer J. A, i-Malenka JC i-synaptic plastic and addiction. Ukuhlolwa Kwemvelo Neuroscience. I-2007; 8: 844-858. [I-Google Scholar]). Ukufunda okuhlobene nomlutha kuyindlela yokwandisa kokufunda okuzuzwa umvuzo kulo modeli, ngakho-ke kuhilela izici ezifanayo zokubhaliselwa kanye nama-neurotransmitters. Ngokwesibonelo, i-DeltaFosB itholwe eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi eyedlule ukuze iphakanyiswe ngokungapheli ikakhulukazi kwi-neurons e-spin ephakathi ye-nucleus accumbens ebuchosheni bezilwane zezokwelapha ezilutha izidakamizwa (Kelz et al., 1999 UKelz M. B, uKen J, uCarlezon W. A, Whisler K, Gilden L, uBackmann A. M, et al. Ukuchaza kwe-facta factor deltaFosB ebuchosheni ilawula ubuzwe be-cocaine. Imvelo. I-1999; 401: 272-276. [I-Google Scholar]). Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lubonise ukuthi luphakanyisiwe kulawo maseli ezilwaneni ezibonisa ukwedlulela ngokwemvelo kwemivuzo yemvelo, kuhlanganise nokudla kanye nobulili (uNestler, 2005 I-Nestler EJ Ingabe ikhona indlela evamile yamangqamuzana yokulutha? Imvelo Neuroscience. I-2005; 9 (11): 1445-1449. [I-Google Scholar]).

Izinga eliphezulu le-Supraphysiologic likaDeltaFosB kubonakala sengathi libonisa izici eziphathelene nokulutha kwemvelo (Nestler, 2008 I-Nestler EJ Izindlela zokudlulisa umlutha: Umsebenzi we-DFosB. Ukuhwebelana kwefilosofi ye-Royal Society. I-2008; 363: 3245-3256. [I-Google Scholar]). Leyo DeltaFosB ayiyona kuphela uphawu kodwa futhi umgqugquzeli wokuziphatha okuphezulu (njengendlela yokusiza i-neuroplasticity) iboniswe kahle. Izindlela ezimbili ezihlobene eduze ziye zasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izakhi zohlobo lweDeltaFosB ezizimele eziguquguqukayo zokuziphatha. Omunye uhilela ukukhiqiza imigqa yamagundane okuthiwa yi-bitransgenic okukhetha ngokukhethekile i-DeltaFosB ngokukhethekile ezindaweni zokuvuza ezibulalayo, kanti okwesibili kuhilela ukudluliselwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokusebenzisa i-adeno-ezihambisana nezilonda ezibangelwa amagciwane ezilwaneni ezikhulile, okwenza kube nokudlula noma okungaqondakali kwe-DeltaFosB. Lezi zilwane eziguqulwa ngokwezakhi zofuzo zibonisa ukuziphatha okuluthayo okuphathelene nokudla okubandakanya ukudla (Olausson et al., 2006 Olausson P, Jentsch J. D, Tonrson N, Neve R. L, Nestler E. J, Tayor JR DeltaFosB kule nucleus accumbens ilawula ukudla nokuqiniswa kokusebenza kwama instrumental kanye nokugqugquzela. Journal of Neuroscience. I-2006; 26 (36): 9196-9204. [I-Google Scholar]), isondo eligijima (Werme et al., 2002 Werme M, Messer C, Olson L, Gilden L, Thoren P, Nestler E. J, et al. I-DeltaFosB ilawula ukugijima kwesondo. Journal of Neuroscience. I-2002; 22 (18): 8133-8138. [I-Google Scholar]), kanye nobulili (Wallace et al., 2008 Wallace D. L, Vialou V, Rios L, uCarle-Florence T. L, Chakravarty S, u-Arvind Kumar A, et al. Ithonya le-DeltaFosB ku-nucleus accumbens ekuphatheni okuhlobene nomvuzo wemvelo. Journal of Neuroscience. I-2008; 28 (4): 10272-19277. [I-Google Scholar]). Isibonelo, lapho ukucindezeleka okukhulu kweDeltaFosB kunqunywe ngalezi zilwane ezinamavivolonti ezilwaneni ze-laboratory, babonisa ukuthuthukiswa okuphezulu kwesenzo socansi (amaHedges, Chakravarty, Nestler, Meisel, 2009 I-Hedges V. L, i-Chakravarty S, i-Nestler E. J, i-Meisel RL Delta i-FosB i-Delta FosB ngokugqama okukhulu ku-nucleus accumbens ithuthukisa umvuzo wezocansi kuma hamster aseSyria. I-Genes Brain nokuziphatha. I-2009; 8 (4): 442-449. [I-Google Scholar]; Wallace et al., 2008 Wallace D. L, Vialou V, Rios L, uCarle-Florence T. L, Chakravarty S, u-Arvind Kumar A, et al. Ithonya le-DeltaFosB ku-nucleus accumbens ekuphatheni okuhlobene nomvuzo wemvelo. Journal of Neuroscience. I-2008; 28 (4): 10272-19277. [I-Google Scholar]). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucindezelwa kweDeltaFosB kunciphisa ukusebenza (Pitchers et al., 2010 Pitchers K. K, Frohmader K. S, Vialou V, Mouzon E, Nestler E. J, Lehman M. N, et al. I-FosB ku-nucleus accumbens ibalulekile ekuqiniseni imiphumela yomvuzo wezocansi. I-Genes Brain nokuziphatha. I-2010; 9 (7): 831-840. [I-Google Scholar]), ngaleyo ndlela eqinisekisa ukuthi inendima ejwayelekile ye-physiologic homeostasis.

Manje kubonakala sengathi i-DeltaFosB iyinhlangano ye-molecular transcription switch ephendukela kwezinye izakhi zofuzo, okuyinto ehlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwe-neuroplastic kulezi zineurons; Ngamanye amazwi, zikhuthaza ukufundiswa kwe-neuronal. I-DeltaFosB ikhulisa i-dendritic spine mass in neurons esiphezulu ephakathi kwe-nucleus accumbens ezilwaneni ezinomlutha ngenkathi yenziwe isikhathi eside sokuziyeka ngenxa yokugqugquzela amaprotheni i-Cdk5, ngaleyo ndlela iba ibhuloho ekwengeziwe kwe-neuroplasticity (Bibb et al., 2001 Bibb J. A, Chen J, Taylor J. R, Svenningsson P, Nisha A, uSnyder G. L, et al. Imiphumela ye-cocaine yokudalwa okungapheli ilawulwa amaprotheni we-neuronal Cdk5. Imvelo. I-2001; 410 (6826): 376-380. [I-Google Scholar]; Norrholm et al., 2003 I-Norrholm S. D, i-Bibb J. A, i-Nestler E. J, i-Ouimet C. C, i-Taylor J. R, i-Greengard P. ukwanda kwe-Cocaine-ukunyanyiswa kwe-dendritic imibala ye-nucleus accumbens kuxhomeke emsebenzini we-cyclin-dependent-kinase-5 . I-neuroscience. I-2003; 116: 19-22. [I-Google Scholar]). I-DeltaFosB iye yaboniswa ukuthi isebenze ku-loop impendulo enhle neproteinyini ye-Calcium / Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II ukuze kutholakale izimpendulo ze-neuroplastic cell in the drug of cocaine. Ngokuphawulekayo, lo mbuthano waboniswa futhi, okokuqala ngqá, ekulutha komuntu we-cocaine (Robison et al., 2013 U-Robison A. J, u-Violou V, Mazei-Robison M, u-Feng J, uKourrich S, u-Collins M, etal. Izimpendulo zokuziphatha nokuhlelwa kwe-cocaine engapheli kudinga i-feedforward loop ehlanganisa i-DeltaFosB ne-Calcium / Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II esikhunjeni se-nucleus accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience. I-2013; 33 (10): 4295-4307. [I-Google Scholar]).

Ubufakazi bamuva buveze ukuthi i-DeltaFosB ibaluleke kakhulu kule-plastiki ye-dendritic ngomphumela wayo ohlelweni lwe-mesolimbic umvuzo kokubili umvuzo wezocansi kanye nezidakamizwa, umphumela ophikisana namukeli we-D1 dopamine ku-nucleus accumbens (Pitchers et al., 2013 I-Pitchers K. K, uVialou V, uNestler E. J, uLaviolette S. R, Lehman M. N, Coolen LM imivuzo yemvelo kanye nezidakamizwa isebenza ezindleleni ezivamile ze-plastic neural DeltaFosB njengomlamuleli oyinhloko. Journal of Neuroscience. I-2013; 33 (8): 3434-3442. [I-Google Scholar]). I-Dopamine ibaluleke kakhulu ekunikezeni ubucayi ezinkomba zocansi (IBerridge neRobinson, 1998 I-Berridge K. C, uRobinson TE Iyiphi indima ye-dopamine ekuvuza: umthelela we-Hedonic, ukufunda ukuvuza, noma ukukhuthazeka? Ukubuyekeza kobuchopho. I-1998; 28: 309-369. [I-Google Scholar]), kanye nezifundo zakamuva zisekela indima ye-physiologic ekusebenzeni kocansi kanye nomphumela wayo ekusebenzisaneni nezinhlelo ze-hypothalamic oxytocinergic (iBaskerville, Allard, Wayman, neDouglas., 2009 I-Baskerville T. A, i-Allard J, i-Wayman C, i-Douglas AJ Dopamine i-oxytocin ukusebenzisana e-penile erection. I-European Journal ye-Neuroscience. I-2009; 30 (11): 2151-2164. [I-Google Scholar]; Succu et al., 2007 I-Succu S, i-Sanna F, i-Melis T, i-Boi T, i-Argiolas A, i-Melis MR Ukukhuthazwa kwe-dopamine receptors engxenyeni ye-hypothalamus yamadayimani edala i-penile erection futhi ikhulisa i-dopamine eyengeziwe ye-nucleus accumbens: Ukubandakanywa kwe-oxytocin ephakathi. I-Neuropharmacology. I-2007; 52 (3): 1034-1043. [I-Google Scholar]). Leli thonya lilondolozwe kabanzi kuyo yonke i-phyla (Kleitz-Nelson, Dominguez, & Ball, 2010 U-Kleitz-Nelson H. K, uDominguez J. M, Ball GF Dopamine ukukhululwa endaweni yangaphambili ye-preoptic ihlobene nesenzo se-hormonal kanye nesisusa socansi. I-Neuroscience yezenzo. I-2010; 124 (6): 773-779. [I-Google Scholar]; UKleitz-Nelson, iDominguez, uCornil, neBhola, 2010 Kleitz-Nelson H. K, Dominguez J. M, Cornil C. A, Ball GJ Ingabe isimo sesisusa socansi esixhunywe ku-dopamine ukukhululwa endaweni yangaphakathi? Ukuziphatha Neuroscience. I-2010; 124 (2): 300-304. [I-Google Scholar], Pfaus, 2010 I-Pfaus JG Dopamine: Ukusiza abesilisa ukuthi balandele okungenani iminyaka eyi-200 yeminyaka: Ukuphawula kwemfundiso kaKleitz-Nelson et al. (I-2010). I-Neuroscience yezenzo. I-2010; 124 (6): 877-880. [I-Google Scholar]), ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulili, obalulekile ekusindeni kwezinhlobonhlobo, luhlala luqinile. Ukuziphatha kobulili obufanayo ngenxa yokungenelela kwemithi ye-dopaminergic kuyindlela eyaziwa ngayo yokwelashwa okunjalo, futhi kuhloswe 'nokugqugquzela ukukhushulwa okugqugquzela ukugqugquzelwa kwesibindi' (Politis et al., 2013 UPolitis M, uLoane C, uWu K, u-O'Sullivan S. S, uWoodhead Z, uKiferle L, etal. Impendulo ye-Neural ezinkomba zocansi ezibukwayo ku-dopamine yokwelashwa okuxhunyaniswe nokwelashwa kwesifo sikaParkinson. Ubuchopho. 2013; 136 (Pt. 2): 400–411. [I-Google Scholar]). Isiyaluyalu, Yebo, singachazwa njengengqondo ephikisayo. Esikhundleni sokufuna lokho okuzokwenza kube ngcono ukusinda, izidakamizwa zikhuthazwa ukuba zifune ngisho nalapho zilimaza ngokucacile, inqubo ye-neuroplastic ephindaphinda iphuzu le-hedonic.

Lokhu sikubona nge-neuroplasticity ezingeni lamaselula ngokusebenzisa i-dendritic arborization kanye nezinye izinguquko zeselula ezinikezela nge-neuroplastic 'scaffolding' yezinhlobo zama-synapses amasha okufanele zenziwe. Izizwe ezinxanelwe kakhulu ezihlotshaniswa nokusutha okwalandela zikhiqize lezi zinguquko ze-micromorphologic, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngamamodeli wokuqothula ahlukahlukene anjengecocaine (Robinson & Kolb, 1999 URobinson T. E, Kolb B. Ukuguqulwa kwe-morphology yama-dendrites nezinsiza ze-dendritic ku-nucleus accumbens ne-prefrontal cortex elandela ukwelapha okuphindaphindiwe nge-amphetamine ye-cocaine. I-European Journal ye-Neuroscience. I-1999; 11: 1598-1604. [I-Google Scholar]), amphetamine (Li, Kolb, & Robinson, 2003 Li Y, Kolb B, Robinson TE Indawo yezinguquko eziphikisana nezinguquko ze-amphetamine ekuhlanganiseni kwemifino ye-dendritic kuma-neurons aphakathi-spiny ku-nucleus accumbens ne-caudate-putamen. I-Neurospsychopharmacology. I-2003; 28: 1082-1085. [I-Google Scholar]), usawoti (Roitman, Na, Anderson, Jones, & Berstein, 2002 U-Roitman M. F, Na E, Anderson G, Jones T. A, Berstein IL Ukukhishwa kwesidlo sikasawoti kuguqula i-dopritis morphology kwinucleus accumbens futhi kukhuthaza amakhophu ukuba amphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience. I-2002; 22 (11): RC225: 1-5. [I-Google Scholar]), kanye nobulili (Pitchers, Balfour et al., 2012 I-Pitchers K. K, uBalfour M. E, Lehman M. N, Richtand N. M, Yu L, Coolen LM I-neuroplasticity ohlelweni lwe-mesolimbic olwenziwe umvuzo wemvelo kanye nokuzibamba umvuzo. I-Psychiatry yezinto eziphilayo. I-2012; 67: 872-879. [I-Google Scholar]). Amakhomikhali okukhwabanisa okusawoti okwenziwe ngosawoti aboniswe ngokubambisana ngokubambisana nezici zegesi ezifanayo ezenziwe yi-cocaine model, futhi lokhu kuhlanganiswa kugxilwe yizintatheli ze-dopamine, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukulutha izidakamizwa kudonsa izindlela zokuvuselela zasendulo ezibalulekile ekusindeni (Liedtke et al., 2011 Liedtke W. B, McKinley M. J, Walker L. L, Zhang H, Pfenning A. R, Drago J, etal. Uhlobo lokulutha kwezidakamizwa ku-gene hypothalamic lushintsha ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo kanye nokuthokozisa kwesimiso semvelo, isifiso sodium. Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences. I-2011; 108 (30): 12509-12514. [I-Google Scholar]).

Ukuthengiswa kwe-receptor ye-glutamate kubonisa ubuciko beplastiki. Ubulili, njengomvuzo obunamandla wobuchopho, buye bubonisa ubufakazi bokukhula kwe-synapses engathuli, ebonakala njengokunyuka kwesilinganiso se-NMDA-AMPA se-receptor, i-harbinger ye-plastic and synthetic synaptic esilandelayo njengoba lezi zinsuku ze-synapses zingagunyaziwe, okufana nalokho okwenzeka nge-cocaine sebenzisa (Pitchers, Schmid et al., 2012 Pitchers K. K, Schmid S, Sebastiano A. R, Wang X, uLaviolette S. R, Lehman M. N, etal. Okuhlangenwe nakho komvuzo wemvelo kushintshela i-AMPA kanye ne-NMDA ukusatshalaliswa kwemisebenzi kanye nomsebenzi ku-nucleus accumbens. PloS One. I-2012; 7 (4): e34700. [I-Google Scholar]). Ngokuqondile, lokhu kuguquka kwesilinganiso kwakushesha futhi kuhlala njalo, futhi kwatholakala kwi-nucleus accumbens neurons efana ne-prefrontal cortex, indawo ebalulekile ekuxhumaniseni ama-CSB (Pitchers, Schmid et al., 2012 Pitchers K. K, Schmid S, Sebastiano A. R, Wang X, uLaviolette S. R, Lehman M. N, etal. Okuhlangenwe nakho komvuzo wemvelo kushintshela i-AMPA kanye ne-NMDA ukusatshalaliswa kwemisebenzi kanye nomsebenzi ku-nucleus accumbens. PloS One. I-2012; 7 (4): e34700. [I-Google Scholar]). Kulokhu, ubulili buyingqayizivele phakathi kwemivuzo yemvelo, kulowo mvuzo wokudla awuzange kubangele ushintsho olufanayo oluqhubekayo ku-plastic synaptic (Chen et al., 2008 Chen B. T, Bowers M. S, Martin M, Hopf F. W, Guillory A. M, Carelli R. M, etal. I-Cocaine kodwa hhayi umvuzo wemvelo ngokwakho-ukuphathwa noma ukukhipha i-cocaine engenzi lutho kuveza i-LTP eqhubekayo ku-VTA. I-Neuron. I-2008; 59: 288-297. [I-Google Scholar]). Ngokweqile, izinguquko ze-neuroplastic kokubili kwe-dendritic morphology kanye nokuthengiswa kwe-receptor receptor zihambisana nokuhlangenwe nakho kobulili okwandisiwe nokwandisa ukuzwela kwe-amphetamine, okunye okuphawulekayo kokulutha. Ngisho nangemva kwezinsuku ze-28, lapho lezi zinguquko zishintsha, ukukhishwa kwe-sex-induced induced amphtamine kwaqhubeka (Pitchers et al., 2013 I-Pitchers K. K, uVialou V, uNestler E. J, uLaviolette S. R, Lehman M. N, Coolen LM imivuzo yemvelo kanye nezidakamizwa isebenza ezindleleni ezivamile ze-plastic neural DeltaFosB njengomlamuleli oyinhloko. Journal of Neuroscience. I-2013; 33 (8): 3434-3442. [I-Google Scholar]), nokuqinisa ubufakazi bokulutha kwemvelo.

Izifundo ezimbalwa ezikhethiwe mayelana nomvuzo wezocansi noDeltaFosB zanyatheliswa ngemuva Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa Inkulumo ye-TEDx, futhi kusukela ekubuyekezweni okungenhla.

1) I-DeltaFosB: Ukushintshwa Kwama-Molecular for Reward (2013) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukwenziwa isikhathi eside okunjalo kwe-ΔFosB, ezifundeni zemivuzo yobuchopho, kufakiwe kwizibonelo zezilwane zokulutha izidakamizwa, ngobufakazi obuningi obukhombisa ukuthi i-ΔFosB ithuthukisa umvuzo kanye nogqozi futhi isebenza njengendlela esemqoka yokuzwela izidakamizwa nokwandisa ukuzilawula kwezidakamizwa . Lokhu kuqinisekiswe ku-postmortem yabantu, ngamazinga aphakeme e-osBFosB abonakala ezifundeni zemiklomelo yobuchopho obuyimilutha….

Lokhu kutholakala kusikisela ukuthi i-ΔFosB kule ndawo yobuchopho ikhuthaza izilwane hhayi nje ngemiklomelo yezidakamizwa, kodwa nemiphumela emihle yemvelo futhi, ngaleyo ndlela idlulisela isimo esiphezulu sokubangela imivuzo ngokujwayelekile futhi ingase ibambe iqhaza ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa zemvelo ... ..

Uma le ngqondo iqinisile, iphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amazinga e-ΔFosB e-NAc noma mhlawumbe ezinye izifunda zobuchopho zingasetshenziswa njenge-biomarker ukuhlola isimo sokusebenza komsebenzi womuntu ngamunye, kanye nesilinganiso umuntu asebenza ngayo "Umlutha," kokubili ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa umlutha nokunciphisa kancane kancane ngesikhathi sokuxoshwa okwengeziwe noma ukwelashwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ΔFosB njengommaki wesimo sokulutha komzimba kuye kwaboniswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane. Izilwane ezinesibindi zibonisa ukungenelela okukhulu kwe-ΔFosB uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezindala, ezihambisana nobungozi babo obukhulu bokulutha.

2) Umthetho Wemihlahlandlela Yokwemvelo Nezidakamizwa Ngezinqubo Ezivamile Ze-Neural Plasticity ne-ΔFosB njenge-Key Mediator (2013) - Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise imiphumela yomvuzo wobulili ku-DeltaFosB nemiphumela ye-DeltaFosB ekuziphatheni kocansi nasemvuzweni. Izinguquko ezijwayelekile zamangqamuzana ezaziwa ukuthi zenzeka ngokulutha kwezidakamizwa zitholwe zifana nokuthi zenzeka ngomvuzo wezocansi. Amasekethe afanayo, izindlela ezifanayo, izinguquko ezifanayo zeselula, izindlela ezifanayo zokuziphatha ezihambisana - ezinomehluko omncane. Izingcaphuno:

Izidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza zidala ukungasebenzi kahle emgwaqweni wemvelo, ikakhulukazi i-nucleus accumbens (NAc), ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukuthuthukiswa nokuveza ukuziphatha okuluthayo. Ubufakazi bamuva bubonisa ukuthi imivuzo yemvelo ingabangela ushintsho olufanayo ku-NAc, ephakamisa ukuthi izidakamizwa zingase zisebenzise izindlela ze-plasticity ezabelwana ngemiklomelo yemvelo, futhi zivumela ukusebenzisana okuyingqayizivele phakathi kwemivuzo yemvelo nemithi.

Ngokubambisana, lokhu okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi izidakamizwa zokuhlukumeza kanye nokuziphatha komvuzo wemvelo zisebenzisana nezinqubo ezivamile zamangqamuzana namaselula we-plasticity ezilawula ukubhekela ekubhekaneni nezidakamizwa, nokuthi lokhu kukhishwa kwengozi kuhlanganiswa yi-ΔFosB kanye nezinhloso zayo ezingezansi zokubhala.

Ngakho-ke, imivuzo yemvelo [yezocansi] nezidakamizwa ayiguquki nje kuphela emgwaqweni owodwa we-neural, iguquguquka emaphethandabeni afanayo yamangqamuzana (Nestler et al., 2001; Wallace et al., 2008; Hedges et al., 2009; Pitchers et al., 2010b), futhi mhlawumbe ku-neurons efanayo ku-NAc (I-Frohmader et al., 2010b), ukuthelela amandla okukhuthaza kanye "nokufunwa" kokubili izinhlobo zokuvuza (IBerridge noRobinson, i-1998).

3) Ukudlula phambili kwe-Delta JunD ku-nucleus accumbens kuvimbela umvuzo wezocansi kuma hamster aseSyria aseSyria (2013) - Izingcaphuno:

Ukuziphatha okugqugquzelayo, kuhlanganise nesipiliyoni sezocansi, kusebenze uhlelo lwe-dopamine ye-mesolimbic futhi lenze izinguquko ezinomsoco ezinomsoco nezingokwakhiwa ku-nucleus accumbens. Isici sokubhalwa kwe-ΔFosB sinokwethenjelwa ukuze kuhlanganisane nalesi sipulasitiki esincike ekuhlangenwe nakho.

Sithole ukuthi ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwe-ΔJunD kuvimbele ukwakheka kokukhethwa kwendawo okumele kwenziwe ngokulandela okuhlangenwe nakho okuphindaphindiwe ngokobulili. Lezi datha, uma zihlangene neziphumo zethu zangaphambilini, ziphakamisa ukuthi i-ΔFosB iyadingeka futhi iwanele ipulasitiki yokuziphatha elandela isipiliyoni socansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le miphumela ibangela ukuba kubonakale izincwadi ezibalulekile ezikhulayo ezibonisa isidingo sokukhulumisana kwe-ΔFosB okungapheliyo ku-nucleus accumbens ukuze kulungele ukuphendula ngokumangalisa ngokwemvelo.

4) I-Nucleus accumbens Ukuvuselelwa kwe-NMDA yokusungula kuqondisa u-amphetamine ukuzwela ukuhamba phambili kanye ne-deltaI-expression ye-FoosB elandela isipiliyoni socansi kuma-rats angamadoda (i-2015) - Izingcaphuno:

Okuhlangenwe nakho ngokobulili kumantombazane abesilisa okulandelwa yisikhathi sokuziqeda kubangele ukuzwela ku-d-Amphetamine (Amph) umvuzo, oboniswa yindawo ephakanyisiwe yokuhlala (CPP) yezinga elincane le-Amph. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isipiliyoni socansi senza i-neural plasticity ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus accumbens (NAc), kufaka phakathi ukungeniswa kwe-deltaFosB, edlala indima ebalulekile ku-Amph ukubuyisela ukuzwela okukhulu.

Ngokubodwa, le miphumela inikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ukusebenza kwe-NAc NMDA ukwamukela ngesikhathi sokuziphatha ngokobulili kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhulumeni kwe-cFos kanye ne-deltaFosB nokukhulumisana kanye nokwaziswa okwenziwe isipiliyoni esivela ku-Amphetamine.

6) I-Ventral Tegmental Area I-Dopamine Cell Activation ngesikhathi sokuziphatha kobulili beMaduna Ukulawula ukuhlukumeza ngokobulili ilawula ukungasebenzi kwe-neuroplasticity kanye ne-d-Amphetamine Cross-senensisation emva kokulahla ngokocansi (2016) - Izingcaphuno:

Izidakamizwa zokuhlukunyezwa zisebenza ezindleleni ze-neural ezihlanganisa ukufundiswa kwemvelo nokuvuza. Ukuvezwa kwemikhuba yokuziphatha yemvelo kungashintsha umvuzo ohlobene ngokulandela izidakamizwa. Ngokuqondile, isipiliyoni ngokuziphatha ngokobulili, kulandelwa isikhathi sokuzigwema ekuziphatheni ngokocansi, kubangele ukukhuphula umvuzo we-amphetamine kumagundane angamadoda. Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwe-ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons ngenkathi isipiliyoni socansi ilawula ukukhuthazwa kokunciphisa umvuzo we-amphetamine. Okokugcina, ukuvuselelwa kwe-ventral tegmental cell activation cell kubalulekile ekuvumelaneni kwe-neural-induced neuralus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, kanye nendawo ye-ventral tegmental. Lokhu kutholakala kubonisa indima ye-mesolimbic dopamine ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwemivuzo yemvelo kanye nezidakamizwa, futhi ukukhomba i-mesolimbic dopamine njengomlamuleli oyinhloko wezinguquko ekungcupheni kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngemuva kokulahlekelwa umvuzo wemvelo.

Okokugcina, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abagxekayo Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa, njengoNicole Prause, uJim Pfaus, uDavid Ley, noMarty Klein bonke baye bathi ukuvuswa kocansi / i-orgasm akufani neurobiologically kuneminye imivuzo yemvelo (ukudla, amanzi). Ngaphakathi lesi sihloko se-HuffPost, UNicole Prause uphakamise ukuthi ukushaya indlwabu ezingcolile kanye nokubukela izingane ezitholayo kuyalingana neurologically.

Ngikhuluma lokhu lapha ngoba uPrause usho ukuthi uthintane noTED izikhathi eziningana ukuze akhononde Isivivinyo Esikhulu Sokuzijabulisa. I-TED kufanele iqaphele izimangalo ezingasekelwa ezivezwa yilabo abathi bangabalingani bangempela. Isimanga sokuthi izingane zokubuka izingane azifani neze ngegazi kusukela ekuziphatheni ngokushaya indlwabu kuya ku-Donaldton MD kulokhu okushiwo: Ukulungisa Ukungezwani Ngokuphathelene Neuroscience Nezinkinga Zokuhlukunyezwa Ngokobulili. Ingcaphuno efanele:

Ngesikhathi ukudlala nezingane kungase kusebenze uhlelo lokuvuza (ngaphandle uma ungumuntu wekati), ukuvuselelwa okunjalo akusekeli isimangalo sokuthi yonke imivuzo yemvelo ingalingani ngokweqile. Okokuqala, ukuvuswa kobulili kanye ne-orgasm kwenza amazinga aphakeme kakhulu e-dopamine nama-opioid angapheli kunanoma yimuphi omunye umvuzo wemvelo. Ucwaningo lwezilinganiso lwembula ukuthi amazinga e-dopamine avela ngokuvuthwa ngokocansi afana nalabo abaholwa ukuphathwa kwe-morphine noma i-nicotine.

Ukuvusa ngokocansi nakho kuyingqayizivele ngoba kusebenza ngokuqondile uhlelo olufanayo lomvuzo wesistimu yesisindo njengezidakamizwa eziluthayo. Ngokuphikisana, kukhona kuphela i- amaphesenti amancane ukuvuselelwa kwamagciwane emzimbeni phakathi kwezidakamizwa zokulutha nemiklomelo yemvelo njengokudla noma amanzi. Akumangalisi ukuthi abacwaningi baye basungula ukuthi umvuzo wemvelo wokudla awubangeli ushintsho olufanayo oluqhubekayo ku-plastic synaptic njengomsebenzi wezocansi (Chen et al., 2008).

Noma kunjalo, lokhu akusho ukuthi umvuzo wokudla awukwazi abe umlutha noma ukuphazamisa abantu ngabanye futhi kunciphisa ukukhathazeka kwezempilo komphakathi, noma kubangele ukuguqulwa kobuchopho emibuthaneni yokuvuza. Noma yimuphi udokotela uyazi ukuthi ukukhuluphala kungukukhathazeka okukhulu kwempilo kudla izigidigidi zezindleko zezokwelapha, futhi i-dopamine receptor ekunciphiseni esikhungweni sokubuyiselwa kwengqondo ebuyela ebujameni obuvamile ngokwesisindo emva kokuhlinzwa kwe-gastric banding. Futhi, imibhalo ye-DNA eveza amaprotheni wesistimu yomvuzo ebalulekile ekukhanukeni okushiwo ukuthi ukukhishwa kasawoti / ukuchithwa kufana nalabo abakhiqizwa ngesifiso sezidakamizwa (ULeidke et al., 2011, i-PNAS). A National Geographic I-athikili kuleli phephandaba ithi izidakamizwa "ukugqekeza" lezi zindlela zomvuzo wemvelo, futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso kuwo wonke umlutha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-poker, i-porn, noma i-popcorn.

Izidakamizwa eziluthayo akugcini nje ukugijima ama cell nerve eqondile kusetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuvusa ngocansi, bakhetha izindlela zokufunda ezifanayo ezenze isifiso sobulili sibe nesifiso. Ukusetshenziselwa kwamaseli afanayo omzimba okwenza ukuvuvukala ngokobulili kusize kakhulu ukuthi kungani i-meth, i-cocaine ne-heroin ingaba umlutha kakhulu. Futhi, kokubili sex futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kungabangela i-transcription factor DeltaFosB, okuholela ekushintsheni kwe-neuroplastiki okuyiyo cishe kufana kokubili kwesimo socansi futhi ukusetshenziswa okungapheli kwezidakamizwa.

Ngenkathi kunzima kakhulu ukucacisa ngokuningiliziwe, izinguquko eziningi zesikhashana ze-neurological and hormonal kwenzeka nge-orgasm lokho okwenzeki nanoma imiphi imivuzo yemvelo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuncipha kwe-androgen receptors, ukuncipha kwe-estrogen receptors, i-enkephaline ye-hypothalamic eyengeziwe, ne-prolactin eyanda. Isibonelo, i-ejaculation ilingisa imiphumela ye-heroin yokuphathwa okungapheli emaseleni omzimba wesisindo (i-ventral tegmental area, noma i-VTA). Ngokuqondile, Ukujula kwe-ejaculation kwehlisa okwesikhashana i-dopamine efanayo eveza amangqamuzana omzimba lokho okwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-heroin okungapheli, okuholela ekugcineni phansi-komthethonqubo we-dopamine esikhungweni sokuvuza (i-nucleus accumbens).

Ucwaningo lwe-2000 fMRI uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kobuchopho ngokusebenzisa imivuzo emibili yemvelo ehlukene, enye yazo yayiyi-porn. Ukulutha kwe-Cocaine kanye nokulawula okunempilo kubheka amafilimu: 1) okuqukethwe okucacile ngokobulili, i-2) izigcawu zemvelo zangaphandle, ne-3) abantu ababhema i-crack cocaine. Imiphumela: izidakamizwa ze-cocaine zase zifana namaphethini wokusebenzisa ubuchopho lapho zibukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi zibukeka zihlobene nokulutha. (Ngokusobala, kokubili izidakamizwa ze-cocaine nokulawula okunempilo kunamaphethini okusebenza okufana nobuchopho.) Nokho, kokubili ukulutha nokulawula, amaphethini wokusebenza kobuchopho lapho ukubukela izigcawu zemvelo kuhluke ngokuphelele kumaphethini lapho ubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngamafuphi, zikhona izizathu eziningi eziphilayo sizwa i-orgasm ngokuhlukile ekudlaleni nemidlwane noma ekubukeni kokushona kwelanga. Izigidi zabafana abasakhulayo namantombazane andayo awabuki nje imidlwane ku-Intanethi, kanti iMindgeek iyazi ukuthi ukwenza izinkulungwane zezigidi emalini etholakalayo ubiza isayithi “i-Pornhub,” hhayi “iPuppyHub!”

Leli khasi lesibili liqukethe i-slides 18 nge-35