UPDATES uvuliwe I-DeltaFosB (ALSO WRITTEN ΔFosB)
- Ukulutha kobulili / ucansi? Leli khasi libala Ucwaningo lwe-41 lwe-neuroscience (I-MRI, i-fMRI, i-EEG, i-neuropsychological, i-hormonal). Banikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile kwemodeli yokulutha njengoba abakutholayo bebonisa okutholwe yi-neurological ocwaningweni olubhekiswe kwizidakamizwa. I-DeltaFosB yinto esemqoka.
- Imibono yangempela yezobuchwepheshe ekubhekaneni nocansi / ucansi? Lolu hlu luqukethe Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ezingama-21 zakamuva nezincazelo ngezinye zezazi eziphezulu zezinzwa emhlabeni. Bonke basekela imodeli yokulutha.
- Izimpawu zokulutha umlutha nokukhula kwezinto ezimbi kakhulu? Ngaphezulu kwezifundo ze-30 zokubika okutholakele okuhambisana nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kocansi (ukubekezelelana), ukujwayela i-porn, kanye nezimpawu zokuhoxa (zonke izimpawu nezimpawu ezihlobene nokulutha).
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Isihloko: Ungakwazi yini ukubona lezi zinkolelo ezijwayelekile ze-5 mayelana nokulutha kocansi?
Uma uzwa othile ethi umlutha we-inthanethi we-porn iyingozi i-pseudoscience, kungenzeka futhi uzwe ezinye zalezi zinganekwane ezidumile:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi kwi-Intanethi "kuyimpoqo" hhayi "ukulutha."
- Uma umlutha we-inthanethi we-Internet ngamashumi ukuze ziqashe, kuzodingeka zicwaningwe / ziqinisekiswe njengesimo esihlukile kwezinye izidakamizwa.
- Umqondo "wokusetshenziswa kocansi kwe-pathological" awunamqondo ngoba akekho ongasho lapho umsebenzisi eqa umugqa.
- Njengoba "i-porn" ingeke ichazwe, ubukhona bomlutha wezocansi kufanele buhlale bungabaza.
- Abantu kuphela abanezimo ezikhona ngaphambili (i-ADHD, ukucindezeleka, njll).
Kungenzeka ukuthi kungabonakali, ukutholakala kwe-neurobiological eyodwa kuphela, okuyiminyaka embalwa nje kuphela, kuvimbela zonke lezi zizathu ezicacile zokuqeda ukutholakala kwezidakamizwa ezingcolile zobulili kwi-intanethi.
Yikuphi ukutholakala? I-FosB (i-DeltaFosB)
Izidakamizwa ze-neurobiologists ziye zembula lokho konke ukuluthwa, kokubili amakhemikhali nokuziphatha, kubonakala kwabelana ngokushintshwa kokhiye wamangqamuzana. Ngokusobala, i-mileage iyahluka, kepha ngesiNgisi esicacile (ngemininingwane ethe xaxa kamuva), nakhu kusebenza kanjani lokhu:
- Uqeda ukudla okunamafutha / okushukela, izidakamizwa noma amazinga aphezulu womsebenzi wobulili kubangela i-dopamine ukuze iqhubeke ngokuphindaphindiwe.
- Ukweqa ngokweqile, kanye ne-dopamine spikes ehlobene, imbangela ΔFosB ukuqoqa kancane kancane ezindaweni ezibalulekile zobuchopho bakho. (ΔFosB iyi isici sokubhala, okungukuthi, iprotheni ebophezela kumagciwane akho bese uwavala noma avaliwe.)
- I-FosB ivele ilenga isikhathi esithile, iguqule izimpendulo zofuzo, ukuletha ebuchosheni obulinganisako, obungokwenyama. Lezi ziqala ukuzwela, okungukuthi, ukusebenza ngamandla kwe-circry yomvuzo wobuchopho-kepha kuphela ekuphenduleni izinkomba ezithile ezihambisana nokulutha okukhulayo.
- Zonke izinguquko zobuchopho eziqaliswe i-ΔFosB zivame ukukugcina uzigcinile noma, uma kwenzeka ucansi lwe-intanethi, uhloselwe kulokho okucatshangwa khona ubuchopho njengamaFest Fest.
Ukushintsha kwamangqamuzana
Ngokusho komcwaningi Eric Nestler,
[ΔFosB] cishe i-a inkinobho yamangqamuzana. … Uma isivele ivuliwe, ihlala isikhashana futhi ingasuki kalula. Lesi simo sibonakala ekuphenduleni ukuphathwa okungapheli kwanoma yisiphi isidakamizwa sokuhlukumeza. Kubuye kubhekwe ngemuva kwezinga eliphakeme lokusetshenziswa kwe- imivuzo yemvelo (Ukuvivinya, i-sucrose, ukudla okunamafutha aphezulu, sex).
Olunye ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi kuthatha amaviki ayisithupha kuye kwayi-6 ukuyeka i-DeltaFosB ukwehla. Kuningi okusamele kufundwe. Noma iDeltaFosB ingasekho, izindlela eziqinisekisiwe zihlala, mhlawumbe impilo yonke. Khumbula, inhloso yeDeltaFosB ukukhuthaza ukuphinda ubuye ubuchopho, ukuze uzokwazi ukuqhuma okukhulu kunakho konke obukade ukwedlula ngokweqile. Le nkumbulo, noma ukufunda okugxilile ngokujulile, kuhlala isikhathi eside ngemuva komcimbi. Umlutha awulona ukulimala - kunjalo Ukufunda okufuywayo.
Iphuzu liwukuthi wonke umuntu une-DeltaFosB, futhi uma iqoqa ngenxa yokugqama okungapheli noma ubani kithi angaqeda ukuguqulwa kobuchopho okuholela ekucindezelweni nasekufiseni ukusebenzisa. Eqinisweni, ukushaywa ngokweqile uma izilingo zizungezile zitholakala kuwo wonke umbuso wezilwane.
Umnakekeli wezilwane uMark Edwards ubonisa ukuthi, "Sonke sinzima ukusebenzisa izinsiza ezingaphezu kwezidingo zansuku zonke. Angikwazi ukucabanga ngezinhlobo ezingafani. " Amanoni aseTamarin baye babonakala badla amajikijolo amaningi ngaleso sikhathi lapho amathumbu abo ephazamiseke futhi maduzane bayakujabulela zonke izithelo abazenzayo.
I-Novelty nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile
Ngakho-ke ukuthi ukuheha emvelweni yethu kudlala indima enkulu ekutheni sidla ngokweqile yini, futhi inkanuko ye-inthanethi yamahhala, yanamuhla iheha ikakhulukazi-ikakhulukazi intsha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ucwaningo lwe-osBFosB luphakamisa nokuthi kungani ukulutheka kuyingozi enkulu kubo kunabantu abadala. Ngokuvumelana ne Nestler,
Izilwane ezisencane zikhombisa ukungeniswa okukhulu kwe-ΔFosB uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezindala, ezihambisana nokukhungatheka kwazo okukhulu.
I-ΔFosB ephakeme iyingxenye eyodwa kuphela isici esiyingqayizivele sezinzwa zentsha okubenza babe besengozini yokulutha.
Ngokuqonda okukhulu ukubaluleka kwe-ΔFosB, ake sicabangele izinganekwane ezinhlanu:
1. INKOLELOZE: Ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi kuyi-Internet “kuyimpoqo” hhayi “ukulutha.”
Lokhu “ngumahluko ohlukile ngaphandle komehluko,” osukela ezinsukwini lapho abelaphi behlukanisa ukulutha kokuziphatha ("ukuphoqelelwa") kusuka ekubeni imilutha yezidakamizwa. Leli gama landulela i- ucwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi i ubuchwepheshe bobuchopho ngemuva kokubili kukhona okufanayo. Ngeshwa, kusalokhu iphutha ngabanye njengokubonisa umehluko obalulekile.
Njengoba kuvela, kukhona hhayi izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene noma amasethi wezinguquko zamangqamuzana: enye yokuphoqelelwa kanye nokuyilutha. Kukhona okukodwa izinkanyezi zemicimbi yobuchopho okugqugquzela ukuqhutshwa phambili kokuqhubekayo, kanye nomqambi oyedwa oyinhloko: ΔFosB.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umlutha uwukuziphatha noma amakhemikhali, amazinga e-FosB aqoqiwe ahambisana nobunzima bokushintsha kobuchopho obuhlobene nokulutha. Abantu kungenzeka ngolunye usuku bakwazi ngisho nokuhlola ama-ΔFosB amazinga abo ukuze banqume kokubili ubukhulu bomlutha wabo kanye nezinga lokubuyiselwa kwabo. * gulp * Ngokomcwaningi u-Eric Nestler,
Kukhulisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amazinga we-ΔFosB kuma-nucleus accumbens noma mhlawumbe ezinye izifunda zobuchopho zingasetshenziswa njenge-biomarker ukuhlola isimo sokusebenza komjikelezo womuntu, kanye nokuthi umuntu 'ungumlutha' kangakanani, zombili ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komlutha nokuncipha kwawo kancane kancane ngesikhathi sokuhoxa noma ukwelashwa okwandisiwe.
I-2. OKUPHILA: Uma umlutha we-inthanethi we-Internet ngamashumi ukuze ziqashe, kuzodingeka zicwaningwe / ziqinisekiswe njengesimo esihlukile kwezinye izidakamizwa.
Le ngqungquthela iqhutshwa yi- Ukwenqaba okungafanele kwe-DSM ukuhambisana ne-neuroscience yomlutha esungulwe kahle. Ekugcineni, kule nyanga, i-DSM-5 imemezele ukuthi icabanga ukubuyekeza incazelo yokulutha ukuze ifake engachazwanga “izidakamizwa zokuziphatha. ” Lokhu ukulungiswa okulungile, kepha akwenele, uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-DSM-5 iye yakhipha ngasikhathi sinye konke okukhulunywa ngakho ngemilutha ye-Intanethi nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokweqile kusuka kumanuwali kuya kusihlomelo esiqanjwe kabusha “ukuze kuqhutshekwe kufundwe.”
Kuwo wonke umlando walo, i-DSM yenza njengokungathi ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezidakamizwa ezahlukene kwakuyisihluthulelo sokuzihlola. Lokhu kuyinzuzo ngenxa yokuthola okuzungezile i-ΔFosB. Eqinisweni, yilokho okuyizo zonke izidakamizwa share okuyinto eyenza ukutholakala okunokwethenjelwa kokulutha umlutha.
I-ΔFosB iholela ekuvumelaniseni okukhethekile kwamaselula (kuvimbela i-dynorphin, ukukhulisa i-glutamate 2 receptor, kunwebisa izinqubo zokubhala), okubhaliwe kweprotheni okuthi, ngokuhlangana, kukhiqize lokho ochwepheshe bokulutha abakubiza njengokulutha i-phenotype. Ngamanye amazwi, ukugqugquzela okuvela emvelweni-okubhalisa njengokubalulekile ngokwanele okufanele ukukhumbule-kuholele ekushintsheni kobuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo, okwenza ushintsho oluhlelekile nolungokwemvelo.
Nge-overconsumption eqhubekayo (futhi ukunqotshwa, okungukuthi, ukulutha umlutha) lezi zinguquko ziboniswa njengoba zixilongwa ukuziphatha kanye nezimpawu-Kufana nezifiso, ukucindezelwa ukusebenzisa nokuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa naphezu kwemiphumela emibi.
- Ukwedlula ngokweqile → i-dopamine → ΔFosB → izinguquko ezihlobene nokulutha izidakamizwa
3. INKOLELOZE: Umqondo "wokusetshenziswa kocansi kwe-pathological" awunamqondo ngoba akekho ongasho ukuthi umsebenzisi weqa umugqa.
Umbuzo osobala uwukuthi: "Kusetshenziswa ngasiphi isikhathi ukusetshenziswa kocansi ukuthi kube yi-pathological (ie, umlutha)?" Impendulo ilula: "Noma nini lapho inani lokukhuthaza lidala ukuqoqwa kwe-ΔFosB nezinguquko ezihambelana nobuchopho ezihlobene nokulutha."
Nakuba umlutha ngamunye ubuthinta ubuchopho ngezindlela ezithile eziyingqayizivele, kuyindlela yabo ejwayelekile (njengokuqoqwa kwe-ΔFosB nobuchopho buyishintsha). Ngalokho, i I-American Society ye-Addiction Medicine (ASAM) ngonyaka odlule wavuma ukuthi ukulutha ngokweqile kuyisifo esisodwa (ubuchopho) esisodwa.
Noma kunjalo, abahlaziyi abaningi abangaphandle komkhakha wokulutha, abangekho ukuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwamuva, qhubeka u-opine ukuthi ngaphandle kwezifundo ezilawulwayo ezintombini ze-inthanethi ze-porn, ukutholakala komlutha we-porn akunakufakazelwa. Lesi sitatimende singazwakala singena moya kwabangazi, kepha manje sekuwuhlobo lwaso lwembumbulu.
4. INKOLELOZE: Njengoba “izithombe zobulili ezingcolile” zingenakuchazwa, ubukhona bokubheja kocansi kufanele buhlale bungabaza.
Le nganekwane i-herring ebomvu. Akunasidingo sokuchaza igama elithi "porn" ukufakazela ukuthi kukhona ukulutha kwezidakamizwa ze-intanethi. Kungani? Ngoba ngamandla okushukumisa (okungukuthi, izinga le-dopamine elikhishwe kuma-nucleus accumbens obuchopho) - hhayi umthombo kwalokhu kukhuthazeka — okudala ukuqoqwa kwe-ΔFosB… futhi ukuguqulwa kobuchopho obuhlobene nomlutha.
Izimpikiswano mayelana nokuthi "yini eyenza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile" ngakho-ke zibomvu, ama-neon herrings. Akunandaba ukuthi uchofoza ezithombeni zezinyawo, amantombazane entombazane onzima noma amamodeli wokubhukuda. Uma kubangela yakho I-dopamine yokweqa izindlela zakho ezijwayelekile zokusuthisa futhi isetha uchungechunge lwe-ΔFosB, ungagcina ngokuba nokulutha. Uma kungenjalo, akukho umlutha.
As ASAM wabonisa, ukulutha umlutha kuwukuthi ubuchopho, hhayi imisebenzi ethile-noma izibonisi.
I-5. OKUPHILA: Abantu kuphela abanezimo ezandulele ziba nezingozi zobulili ezingcolile.
Lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokulutha kwezidakamizwa ze-intanethi noma nganoma yikuphi okunye ukulutha. Okokuqala, izinguquko zobuchopho ezenziwa yi-osBFosB azizalwanga, ngakho-ke ukulutheka akunakugwemeka. Njengoba Alan Leshner, owayengumqondisi weNational Institute on Drug Abuse wachaza,
“Izakhi zofuzo azikwenzi ube umlutha. Zivele zikwenze ube ngaphezulu, noma uthonywe kancane. Asikaze sithole isakhi sofuzo esisodwa esikwenza ungabi umlutha, noma esichaza ukuthi uzoba umlutha. ”
Okwesibili, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu obhekene nengozi kangakanani ukubheja (noma ngenxa ye-DNA noma i-DNA), kumele ahlanganyele nemvelo, okungukuthi, kumele bahlanganyele ekugqibeleni ngaphambi kokuba i-ΔFosB iqale ukuqoqa ebuchosheni. Lokhu kwenzeka ngaphandle kwemibandela efana ne-ADHD, ukucindezeleka, i-OCD, njll. Lokho kusho ukuthi izimo ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukwandisa ingozi yokuqhathaniswa kwezinto eziningi futhi zenze imiphumela yayo ibe yingozi nakakhulu.
Okuningi ku-DeltaFosB
Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, ukuqhutshwa phambili kokusetshenziswa kuholela ekuqoqeni kwe-ΔFosB → ukusebenza kwezakhi zofuzo → izinguquko ku-synapses → izinguquko zobuchopho ezihlobene nokulutha izidakamizwa → izifiso, ukucindezela → ukuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa. (Bheka Ubuchopho Obumlutha ukuze uthole imininingwane.)
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i ubuchopho obuphakathi I-FosB iqala ukuzwela. Ukukwazisa yenza noma yini oyisebenzisayo ebaluleke nakakhulu futhi ezuzisa kuneminye imivuzo. Lokhu kungukuqala kwezinkanuko nokucindezelwa ukusebenzisa.
Izindlela eziqinisekisiwe kungacatshangwa ngokuthi Isimo se-Pavlovian kwi-steroids. Uma isebenze ngu imicabango noma izinkinga, izindlela ezikhuthazwayo ziqhuma isifundazwe sokuvuza, ukuphoqa ukungazinaki izifiso. Njengoba nje amanzi egeleza endleleni yokunciphisa okungenani, ngakho-ke yenza impucuko, futhi ngaleyo ndlela imicabango. Njenganoma yiliphi ikhono, lapho uqhuba ngokwengeziwe kulula ukwenza. Ngokushesha kuba okuzenzakalelayo, ngaphandle kokucabanga okucabangayo.
Ukunciphisa ukuxhaswa kwemisindo kungabangela ezinye izinguquko zobuchopho, njengokuphendula okungapheli kokujwayelekile kumnandi (ukungafuneki). Kungani? Amaseli ezinzwa ahlaselwe yi-dopamine ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile athi, "Kwanele kwanele." Amaseli emizwa yokwamukela amboza “izindlebe” zawo ngokunciphisa i-dopamine (D2) receptors.
Ukungahlehlisi
Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhlukunyezwa kwamandla kukukucindezela ekuzijabuliseni kwansuku zonke, ukuzwela kwenza ubuchopho bakho busebenze kahle kunoma yini ehlobene nokulutha kwakho. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuchithwa kwemali kubonisa a kubi ukulamula ngempendulo ngokweqisa, kuyilapho isifiso sibonisa omuhle impendulo ye-loop ekushayeleni ngokweqile. Lesi yisisekelo sazo zonke izidakamizwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ndlela esika nhlangothi zombili ingaba nobuchopho bakho obuzwayo lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-porn, kepha kungaphansi kokuthakazelisa lapho kwethulwa nomlingani wangempela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba I-circuit dopamine yesifunda nayo inikeza ingxenye yengqondo elawula umsebenzi omkhulu (i i-prefrontal cortex), ungase uhlupheke ngokushesha ukuguqulwa kobuchopho obuhlobene nohlobo lwesithathu. Ukwehliswa kwemvelo (ukwehla kwe-dopamine ne-dopamine D2 receptors) kungathinta kakhulu i-prefrontal-producing-cortix-okhiqiza indaba engavamile emhlophe, ukulahlekelwa kwegrey, nokunciphisa umzimba. Lezi zinguquko zibizwa ubuzenzisi. Zenza kube buthakathaka ukulawula kwakho ukucindezela nokuqapha ngokweqile umlutha wakho.
Ukwanda kokukhuthaza
Ukuhlaziywa kwenhlamba kungenziwa esikhundleni esisheshayo (njengokungenjalo Amagundane anikela ukudla okungenamkhawulo ukudla) noma kungathatha iminyaka. I umfutho ukukhuthazwa cishe kuthatha indima ekutheni amaphesenti abasebenzisi abe umlutha wesimo esithile. Umqambi wekholomu Damian Thompson uchaza,
Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ukukhishwa kwenjabulo kuyindlela esheshayo yokulutha. … Umehluko phakathi kocansi oluyisidala ne-inthanethi lwe-inthanethi ucishe ufane nomehluko phakathi kwewayini nomoya. Ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka njengesidakwa esincane, i-erotica ithole ukuphuziswa kweziphuzo okungazelelwe. I-Digital porn ilingana ne-gin eshibhile eGeorgia England. … Maphakathi nekhulu le-18, izingxenye zangaphakathi kweLondon zahlushwa ubhadane lokuqala lomhlaba wonke lokuba umlutha wotshwala. … I-gin craze yagcina ikhishwe ngumthetho ovimbela ukuphuziswa kwasekhaya. Lapho i-gin eshibhile isiphelile ukutholakala, abaphuza imilutha baqala lo mkhuba.
Endabeni ye-porn, i-addicts kufanele ixhasane ekukhawuleni lo mkhuba phakathi kwezimbangela eziningi ezithinta izinkinga. Siyabonga i-DFFB i-biology yabo ibanjwe ngokumelene nabo. Yilokho hhayi i-pseudoscience.
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