I-Pornography Consumption Effect Scale (PCES): Ewusizo noma Cha?

I-PCES iveza imiphumela ekhethekile yokulinganisa imiphumela ebonakalayo yokuzibona kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile

buyekeza: Kulesi sethulo se-2018 NCOSE - Ucwaningo Lwezingubo: Iqiniso Noma Izinganekwane? - UGary Wilson udalula iqiniso ngemuva kwezifundo ze-5 ze-propagandists ezikhombisa ukusekela izimangalo zabo zokuthi ukuluthwa i-porn akukho noma ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kuyasiza kakhulu. I-PCES iyahlaziywa kusukela ngo-36: 00 kuye ku-43: 20.

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Lokhu okuthunyelwe kubhekisela ohlwini lwemibuzo yokusetshenziswa kocansi olubizwa ngokuthi i- Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zokusetshenziswa komzimba (PCES). Ucwaningo oluthile luyisebenzise, ​​nephepha eladala i-PCES (I-Hald ne-Malamuth, 2008) ephetha ngesibindi ukuthi “Abantu abadala baseDenmark bakholelwa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziye zaba nethonya elihle ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwazo. "

Isifundo silinganisa kuphela imiphumela "yokuzibona" ​​ye-porn. Lokhu kufana nokubuza inhlanzi ukuthi icabangani ngamanzi, noma njengokucela umuntu ukuthi impilo yakhe iguqulwe kanjani ngokukhula eMinnesota. Ngempela, ukubuza abantu abadala ngemiphumela ye-porn akufani nokungena endaweni yokucima ukoma ngo-10 ebusuku bese ubuza bonke abashisekeli ukuthi ubhiya buphazamisa kanjani uLwesihlanu ebusuku. Indlela enjalo ayihlukanisi imiphumela ye-porn. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuqhathanisa imibiko yabasebenzisi nemibiko yabangewona abasebenzisi noma ukulandela abantu abashiya izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenza okuningi ukuveza imiphumela yangempela yezocansi.

Ebusweni bayo, umphumela wokuthi abakwaDanes abasha bathande izithombe zobulili ezingcolile awethusi (yize kubhekwa ngokucophelela, ezinye iziphetho zocwaningo zisolwa kakhulu). Ucwaningo luphume ngo-2007, futhi idatha yaqoqwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ngo-2003 — ngaphambili Ukuhambisa amavidiyo angcolile kuma-tube sites, ngaphambi kokungaxhunyiwe ku-wireless, futhi ngaphambi kwe-Smartphones. Imibiko ye izimpawu ezinzima ezihlobene nezocansi (ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasebenzisi abasebasha) bebelokhu bevela ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyishumi nambili edlule. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abadala baseDenmark abasebenzisa i-porn kwakungekho ukuqaphela okuningi endleleni yezinkinga. I-porn ye-intanethi ingahle ibhekwe njenge-welcome masturbation aid, noma okungenani ongenacala.

Njengoba ukuthola ukuthi abakwaDanes abasha ababheka ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn kuzuzisa kwakubonakala kungenangqondo ngenkathi yayo, besingazange sizikhathaze ngokufunda sonke isifundo noma sibheke imibuzo yemibuzo ye-PCES-ize isetshenziswe ocwaningweni lwakamuva. Lapho empeleni sibheka i-PCES samangala. Kubonakala kuyisilinganiso esincane kodwa intshisekelo yabadali bayo yokubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi "kulungile," futhi ezinye iziphetho zayo azikholelwa. Cabanga ngalokhu okulandelayo:

1.     Okokuqala, lolu cwaningo, "Ngithole ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane ngokuvamile babika imiphumela emihle emincane ukuya kokulinganayo yokusebenzisa i-hardcore ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemiphumela emibi, uma ikhona, yokusebenzisa lokho."

  • Ngamanye amazwi, Ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwakuzuzisa ngaso sonke isikhathi uma kuncane, uma kukhona, ukuphazamiseka.

2.     Ngaphezu kwalokho, “Ngemuva kokuthi konke okuguqukayo kufakiwe kwisibalo, izinhlobonhlobo ezintathu zesimo sezocansi wenza iminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu emihle: Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okukhulu, ukubonakala okungokoqobo kwezithombe zocansi kanye nemvamisa ephezulu yokushaya indlwabu. ”

  • Ngamanye amazwi, izithombe ezingcolile ozisebenzisayo, empeleni uyakholelwa ukuthi kunjalo, futhi uma uqhubeka nokushaya indlwabu, kuzoba nomphumela omuhle kuzo zonke izindawo zokuphila kwakho. Akudlalwa.
  • Usebenzisa iziphetho zabaphenyi, uma ungumuntu oneminyaka engu-30 ovaliwe oshaya indlwabu ocansini olunzima izikhathi ezi-5 ngosuku, i-porn yenza umnikelo omuhle empilweni yakho.
  • Ngendlela, imiphumela ye-PCES yenza empeleni hhayi sisekela isitatimende sokuthi ukubona i-porn njengenqobo kuyasiza. Ngokuphambene nalokho ongayibona kusukela ekuhlaziyweni okujulile kwedatha yocwaningo ngezansi kokuthunyelwe.

3.     Kakhulu kakhulu, “Umbiko womphumela omuhle wokudla usetshenzisiwe ngokuqinile futhi ngokubambisana kuhlangene fashion ehambisanayo ngenani lezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile. ”

  • Ngakho, uma kunzima kakhulu ukuthi umuntu ocashunwa yi-porn abone imiphumela emihle kakhulu empilweni yakho. Ukunakekelwa kwezingane ezineminyaka engu-15: Buka izithombe ezingcolile kakhulu, ezinobudlova ongazitholela ngakho nawe, ungathola izinzuzo eziningi.
  • Qaphela ukuthi abacwaningi abasho nokuthi kukhona bell curve, lapho okuningi kungalimaza uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa okulingene. Abakutholile ukuthi, "Okuningi kuhlale kungcono." Kuyamangaza, cha?
  • Empeleni, ama-PCES “athola” ukuthi hhayi ukusebenzisa i-internet porn kuletha imiphumela emibi!

Kungenzeka kanjani okuguquguqukayo oku-3 — lapho i-porn ilukhuni ngokwengeziwe, lapho ucabanga ukuthi iyiqiniso ngokwengeziwe (sic), futhi uma uqala ukushaya indlwabu-njalo kuhlotshaniswa nezinzuzo ezinkulu?

Okokuqala, akukho ndawo kwenye indawo lapho kuvela khona ukuthi "Okuningi kuhlala kungcono". Ukudla okuningi, amanzi amaningi, ukuminyana komoya-mpilo, amavithamini amaningi, amaminerali amaningi, ilanga eliningi, ukulala ngokwengeziwe, ukuzivocavoca umzimba… .Kuya iphuzu kuzo zonke izinto Okuningi kubangela imiphumela emibi, noma ngisho nokufa. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi lesi sishukumisi esisodwa sihluke ngokuphelele? Ngeke.

Okwesibili, uma uke wazi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn, awukwazi ukuthi kukuthinta kanjani uze ushiye (futhi ngokuvamile hhayi izinyanga kamuva).

Okwesithathu, imibuzo ye-PCES, nendlela ebalwa ngayo, yenzelwe ukuthola ukuthi "okuningi kuhlala kungcono njalo."

Kalula nje, i-PCES ihlala ithola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuningi kuhambisana nezikolo eziphakeme kuyo yonke imikhakha ye-5 yokulinganisa okuhle empilweni yomuntu: 1) Ukuphila Ngocansi, 2) Isimo Sengqondo Ngocansi, 3) Ulwazi Ngocansi, 4) Ukubona / Isimo Sengqondo Ngabesifazane, 5) Impilo Ngokujwayelekile. Lokhu okutholakele okungakholeki kuphikisana cishe nakho konke ukutadisha okusebenzise izinyathelo ezilula zemigomo ye-porn. Ngokwesibonelo:

Umbuzo: onikeza isithombe esinembe kakhudlwana: (1) amakhulu ezifundo esebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, (2) noma uhlu lwemibuzo olulodwa olunamaphutha (i-PCES) oluthola ukuthi "ukungasebenzisi i-porn" kubi ngempela kuwe?

Ake sibone ukuthi i-PCES iyakha kanjani imiphumela yayo yemilingo.

Ukusebenzisa imibuzo ye-PCES ekuphileni

Zibeke esimweni sabasebenzisi abaningi abasha abesilisa be-porn banamuhla. Ubonile zonke izinhlobo zezithombe zocansi ongazicabanga kuvidiyo enokucaca okuphezulu, futhi izinhlobo ze-vanilla azisakuvusi. Uhlushwa nayinye noma ngaphezulu yalezi zimpawu ezibikwe kabanzi: ukulahleka kokuheha abantu ongaba abangane bomshado, ubuvila be-erectile noma ukubambezeleka kwe-ejaculation nabalingani bangempela, ukukhuphuka kokudideka kokuthandwa kocansi, mhlawumbe nokukhathazeka okungafani nomphakathi nokungabi nogqozi. Kepha awukaze uyeke ukusebenzisa i-porn isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuthola, noma ngisho umsolwa, noma ngabe iyiphi yalezo zimpawu zihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwakho kocansi.

Ngokuya ngezimo zakho, ungagcina unanoma yini engaphansi kwamaphuzu amahle kuma-PCES? Asicabangi kanjalo. I-7 yisikolo esiphezulu sanoma imuphi umbuzo. Emibuzweni engama-47 yama-PCES, engama-27 (iningi) “aqondile.” Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi "ulwazi lwezocansi" lungaba luhle kuphela. Ngakho-ke, imibuzo engu-7 "eyengeziwe" yolwazi lwezocansi ayinakho okufana nayo. Lokhu ukucabanga okuthakazelisayo, njengoba sibonile abasebenzisi abaningi be-porn babika ukuthi babonile futhi bafunda izinto ezivela ku-porn abafisa ngobuqotho ukuthi bangazikhohlwa.

Kunoma ikuphi, umsebenzisi omncane we-porn ocacisiwe ongachazwa kanjani ngenhla athole le mibuzo eyisampula "emihle"?

I-14. ____ Ungeze olwazini lwakho ngobulili obudala? “Isihogo yebo! = 7"

I-15. ____ Ingabe yathinteka umbono wakho ngobulili obuhlukile? "Ngicabanga kanjalo. Izinkanyezi ezingcolile ziyashisa. = 6"

I-28. ____ Konke, kube yinkxaso enhle ekuphileni kwakho kocansi? “Yebo, angikaze ngishaye indlwabu ngaphandle kwayo. = 7"

I-45. ____ Kwenze ukwenze ngokwengeziwe ngokobulili? “Impela. = 7"

Nayi eminye imibuzo engama-20 “engemihle”:

2. ____ Kukwenze wangabekezelela ucansi? "Uyadlala? Ngibuka ucansi amahora amaningi ngesonto. = 1"

I-25. ____ Usinciphise izinga lakho lokuphila? "Angikwazi ukucabanga impilo ngaphandle kwe-porn yami, ngakho-ke cha. = 1"

I-40. ____ Uholele ezinkingeni ekuphileni kwakho kocansi? “Cha, ngiyintombi nto. = 1"

I-46. ____ Ngokujwayelekile, ikunikeze ukukhathazeka kokusebenza uma uhlanganyela ocansini ngokwakho (isib. Ngesikhathi sokushaya indlwabu)? "Uyadlala? Akunjalo. = 1"

Abaphenyi babe sebehlukanisa izimpendulo zabasebenzisi ngezigaba eziningana: 1) Ukuphila Ngocansi, 2) Isimo Sengqondo Ngocansi, 3) Ulwazi Ngocansi, 4) Ukubona / Isimo Sengqondo Ngabesifazane, 5) Impilo Ngokujwayelekile. Ngokungafani nesigaba solwazi lwezocansi, ezinye izigaba ezi-4 bezinemibuzo “emihle” kanye “nemibi”. Kulezi zigaba, abacwaningi babika ukuthi ngabe isilinganiso esivumayo besiphezulu kunesilinganiso esingesihle. Eqinisweni, zisinikeza umehluko phakathi kwezilinganiso zombuzo "ezinhle" nezithi "ezingezinhle" ezigabeni ezi-4, ngaphandle kokusikhombisa okwangempela izilinganiso zentsha yaseDanes. Ngamanye amagama, kukho konke esikwaziyo ukuthi ukuphendula kweminye imibuzo "emihle" bekungahle kube kusivivi, kepha imiphumela "ehambisanayo" yemibuzo ibiphansi kakhulu kangangokuba ukusabalala phakathi kwabo bekubanzi ngokwanele ukunikeza isithombe esingesihle abaseDanes babezizwa kahle okuhle nge-porn, ngenkathi, eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthi babengazizwa sengathi i-porn iyona ezuzisayo, kepha abamane babone okuningi endleleni yokubhekela ukusetshenziswa kwayo (Buka wonke ama-PCES)

Uma lokhu kungaqondakali, bheka incazelo engezansi — inikezwe nguprofesa omkhulu ohlale ebukeza ucwaningo lontanga ngokusebenza kwengqondo. Ubuye abonise ukuthi, ngokuphikisana nombono wabaphenyi wokuthi abesilisa babona imiphumela emibi embalwa evela ekusetshenzisweni kocansi kunabesifazane, empeleni amadoda abike kakhulu kakhulu kubi imiphumela kunabesifazane ezindaweni ezimbili: Ukuphila Ngocansi nokuPhila Ngokuvamile. Abaphenyi abaxoxi ngalokhu okutholakele, okusobala ukuthi akuzange kuthinte iziphetho zabo ezibonisa ucansi. Kodwa-ke sibathola bethakazelisa ngoba kule minyaka engenayo abasebenzisi be-porn abesilisa abanejubane eliphezulu baye babika ngokwandayo izinkinga zokusebenza ngocansi futhi ezinye izimpawu okwenza ukuphila kujabulise kancane.

Ngaphandle kwezindaba zobuchwepheshe ezibhekiswe ngenhla, nansi ezinye zezinkinga zomqondo eziphathelene nathi nge-PCES:

  1. Ikhwalithi yokunciphisa yokuphila, umonakalo ebuhlotsheni, nokuphila kobulili okungekhona, kukhona ukulingana okulinganayo kwi-PCES ngokufunda okuningi mayelana nemikhuba yocansi kanye nemicabango eningi ngokuphathelene nobulili.
  2. Abafana abaningi bebelokhu besebenzisa i-porn kusukela ngesikhathi sokuthomba (noma ngisho nangaphambilini) kepha abakaze benze ucansi lwangempela. Abakwazi ukuthi kuthinte kanjani ukubukwa kwabo kobulili obuhlukile noma izimpilo zabo zobulili. Uma kuqhathaniswa nani? Kulaba bantu, imibuzo eminingi ye-PCES iyalingana nokubuza ukuthi unjani yakho ingane kamama yayithinta impilo yakho.
  3. Iningi labafana alazi ngokugcwele ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi kuze kube izinyanga ngemuva kokuyeka ukuzisebenzisa, ngakho-ke noma ngabe banakho izimpawu ezinamandla (ukuphuza ukuphuza, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile, ukuthanda izinto zocansi okungahambi kahle, ukulahlekelwa ukukhangwa kwabalingani bangempela, ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwe-uncharacteristic, izinkinga zokuhlushwa, noma ukucindezeleka), bambalwa abasebenzisi bamanje abangaxhuma lezo zimpawu nokusetshenziswa kocansi kwe-Intanethi-ikakhulukazi uma kunikezwe amagama angaqondakali asetshenziswa yi-PCES: "ukulimaza" "ikhwalithi yempilo."

Ngamanye amagama, umshado wakho ungabhujiswa futhi ungaba ne-ED engapheli, kepha amaphuzu akho e-PCES asengakhombisa ukuthi i-porn ibilungile kuwe. Eqinisweni, uma ungomunye wezinhlobo ezinyamalalayo zomuntu ongazange asebenzise i-porn ye-Intanethi, amaphuzu akho e-PCES angasho kalula ukuthi ukungasebenzisi i-porn kunemiphumela emibi empilweni yakho ngoba ungahle wazi ngemikhuba yezocansi ye-vanilla. Njengoba omunye owathola umsebenzisi we-porn esho ngemuva kokubuka i-PCES:

"Yebo, ngiyekile eyunivesithi, ngaba nezinkinga nezinye izidakamizwa, angikaze ngibe nentombi, ngilahlekelwe abangane, ngangena ezikweletini, ngine-ED futhi angikaze ngiye ocansini empilweni yangempela. Kepha okungenani ngiyazi ngazo zonke izinkanyezi ezingcolile futhi ngishesha kuzo zonke izikhundla ezahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ngokuyisisekelo izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ziye zacebisa impilo yami. ”

Omunye umfana:

"Ngiyakwazi ukufaka i-dildo ngobunyoninco, kodwa izingane zami zihlala kwelinye idolobha ngenxa yalokhu engangikuthola ekhompyutheni yethu."

Khuthaza abacwaningi ukuthi babuze imibuzo ebalulekile

Iziphi izifundo ezibuza iqembu elibhekene nengozi kakhulu (insizwa) imibuzo eyoveza izinhlobo zezimpawu eziya ngokuya zibika namuhla? Njenge,

  • “Ungayishaya indlwabu kuze kuvuthondaba ngaphandle Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Inthanethi? ”
  • "Ingabe awusenelisi kangako ukuzihlanganisa nabantu selokhu waqala ukusebenzisa i-Internet?"
  • "Ngabe usakwazi ukuvuthisa izinhlobo zezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi oqale ngazo?"
  • "Ingabe usukhule waya ezinhlotsheni zocansi ze-Inthanethi ozithola ziphazamisa?"
  • "Ngabe usuqalile ukungabaza ukuthambekela kwakho kwezocansi selokhu waqala ukusebenzisa i-Internet ye-porn?"
  • "Uma uqhathanisa ama-erections akho ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-Intanethi nokufakwa kwakho nomlingani wangempela uyazibona izinkinga ngalokhu?"
  • "Uma uqhathanisa amandla akho okuvuthwa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kocansi lwe-Intanethi nekhono lakho lokuvuthwa nomlingani wangempela uyazibona izinkinga ngalokhu?"

Ngenhlanhla, ucwaningo oluvela kososayensi lwezinzwa luveza ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobulili kungaholela ekushintsheni kobuchopho obuhlobene nokulutha. Imiphumela yalezi zifundo zezinzwa (nezifundo ezizayo) ahambisana nama-280+ Ukulutha kwe-inthanethi "izifundo zobuchopho", eziningi zazo ezibandakanya nokusetshenziswa kocansi kwe-inthanethi. Ngokuphikisana "nemiphumela" ye-PCES ngaphezulu kwezingu-80 baxhumanise ukusetshenziswa kocansi nezinkinga zocansi futhi kwehlisa ukwaneliseka kocansi nobudlelwano. Kuyacaca ukuthi noma ngabe kunemibuzo emingaki yobuciko eyakhiwe ukukholisa umphakathi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kwe-Intanethi "kulungile," uma abasebenzisi babika izinkinga zokusebenza ngokocansi, ezinye izimpawu ezinzima, kanye nokulutha okuxazululwa lapho beyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, imibuzo enjalo ayanele ngezindlela ezibalulekile. Kwabaningi babasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abanejubane elikhulu, izithombe ezingcolile ziyabonisa “ubulili-abubi. "

Ukungqubuzana phakathi kweziphathimandla yisikhumbuzo esihle ukuthi normative akusona isiqinisekiso se- evamile. Kuyisinyathelo esifushane kakhulu phakathi kwe- "normative" kanye nomqondo wokuthi isenzo esivamile futhi "sijwayelekile," noma "siphilile." Noma kunjalo "okujwayelekile" empeleni kusho ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokusebenza okunempilo. Kungakhathaleki ukuthi bangaki abantu abaziphatha ngendlela ethile noma bayithanda kangakanani, uma ikhiqiza izifo, abacwaningi bezokwelapha abasemthethweni ngeke bathi umphumela “uvamile.” Cabanga ukubhema ngawo-1960. Namuhla, odokotela be-urologists babika izinombolo ezimangazayo zabafana abancane abane-ED, i-pathology abaningi abahlinzeki bezempilo futhi abasebenzisi bokuqala be-porn zixhuma ngokuqhathaniswa kwe-porn inthanethi.

Noma ngubani onentshisekelo ngemiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukufunda ngaphezu kwezihloko zeziphetho neziphetho ngokuya ngemiphumela yemibuzo ye-PCES. Hlaziya sonke isifundo. Ngabe abacwaningi babuze imibuzo ebizoveza izimpawu ezinzima abanye babasebenzisi be-porn banamuhla ababikayo? Ngabe baqhathanisa abasebenzisi nabasebenzisi bangaphambilini, ukuze babone imiphumela yokususa okuhlukile kokusebenzisa i-porn? Ngabe babuza imibuzo engakhipha kuphela, ngokwesibonelo, idatha ene-porn? Ngabe ubufakazi baqoqwa bahlaziywa kahle? Ngabe abacwaningi bahlolisise izifundo zabo ukuluthwa, besebenzisa isivivinyo esifana nesisha I-IAT (Isivivinyo se-Inthanethi esifushane se-Inthanethi) Ithimba laseJalimane?

Ngoba uyayithanda ayikwenzi ikulungele

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ungabaza izifundo ze-porn ngokuya ngemiphumela ozibona yona. Lokhu ngeke kusitshele lutho ngemiphumela yangempela nemibi ye-porn, kepha benza izihloko ezizwakala ngokwesayensi, eziqinisekisayo, abasebenzisi be-porn abasindayo abavame ukuthembela ekulinganiseni ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kwezimpawu nezimpawu zokuxwayisa. Bona, isibonelo okwakamuva kakhulu “Ukuzivocavoca Kwezenzo Zokuhlukunyezwa E-Intanethi E-Arousal e-Inthanethi nakuMasampula omphakathi. ” Isebenzise inguqulo efushanisiwe ye-PCES, futhi, akumangazi ukuthi ababambiqhaza babike okuhle kakhulu kunemiphumela emibi ekusebenziseni kwabo i-porn.

Ingozi yezifundo ezinjalo ukuthi zikhuthaza ngobuqili inkolelo eyiphutha yokuthi “Uma ngithanda i-porn ngokwanele, iba nomthelela omuhle kimi.” Lokhu kuhambisana nokwenza ucwaningo oluqinisekisa izingane ukuthi uma zithanda okusanhlamvu okuboshwe ngoshukela ngokwanele kuzilungele.

"Ucwaningo luphupha kabi ngokwengqondo"

Umprofesa ophezulu eyunivesithi enkulu, ovame ukubuka ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, wakhulisa ukukhathazeka kwethu ngendlela ye-PCES:

Inkinga enkulu nge lolu cwaningo ngukuthi abacwaningi banqume ukuthi bangadala izikali zomphumela “omuhle” no "ongemuhle" ngendlela eyi-priori ngokuya ngamagama ezinto. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni benze ukuhlaziywa kwezici ezingeni lesikali sabo esinqunyiwe esinqunyiwe nesingelona eleveli yezinto ngazinye. Ukube benze uhlaziyo lwezinto ezingeni lezinto, kungenzeka ukuthi bathole ukuthi izinto ezikhuluma endaweni efanayo (impilo yezocansi, impilo iyonke, njll.) Zonke zilayishwe entweni efanayo kunangezici ezihlukile ezinhle nezimbi. Ukube lo mphumela ubutholakele, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto zihlola ukuqhubekeka kokunganaki-okuhle kunokwehlukanisa imiphumela emihle nemibi. Futhi uma lokho bekungumphumela, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuhumusha ukuthi ngabe isilinganiso sangempela sikhombise ukuzethemba okungaphezulu kokunganaki.

Ngoba nje amaphuzu aphansi angaphezulu kwephoyinti eliphakathi nendawo (isb. 24 entweni engu-8, isikali se-Likert esinezinyathelo ezi-7 lapho izikolo zingahluka kusuka ku-8 kuye ku-56), lokhu akusho ukuthi amaphuzu akhombisa umphumela omuhle ngokweqiniso. Imibiko yokuzimela ngeke yamukelwe ngale ndlela. Uma bekwazi, bese sicela iqembu labantu ukuthi lilinganise ubuhlakani babo, singathola ukuthi abantu ngokuvamile bangaphezu kwesilinganiso kwezobunhloli. Abaphenyi babonakala beyazi le nkinga, njengoba bexoxa ngodaba lomqondo womuntu wokuqala nomuntu wesithathu wethonya labezindaba ekwethulweni kwendatshana. Ngemuva kwalokho bayaqhubeka bathathe imiqondo yabo futhi bazibike ngokwabo.

… Ukusebenzisa izivivinyo zokuqhathanisa izindlela kuyinkinga. Ngempela, ungabala i-t-tests bese uthola imiphumela efana naleyo ebikiwe kuThebula 4. Kepha lokho akusho ukuthi imiphumela iyaqondakala. Isibonelo, thatha umehluko wamaphoyinti angu-1.15 kuzikolo ezishoyo ze-Life in General yabesilisa. Abacwaningi ababiki izindlela zangempela, kusho ukuthi umehluko, ngakho-ke ake ngenze ezinye izindlela. Masithi isampula lalinamaphuzu alinganisiwe angama-24.15 esikalini se-Life in General esikalini ne-23.00 esikalini esingesihle ku-General scale (zombili ziyizinto ezi-4, izikali ze-Likert eziyizinyathelo ezi-7, ngakho-ke izikolo zingahluka kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-28). Ukuze lokhu kube umehluko ozwakalayo, amaphuzu angama-23 noma angama-24 noma yini esikalini esisodwa kuzodingeka amele izinga elifanayo lobukhulu kwesinye isilinganiso. Kepha asikwazi lokho, ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo zokuthi amaphuzu angaphezulu kwephakathi angathathwa ngokuthi "angaphezulu kwesilinganiso." Ngaphezu kwalokho, asazi ukuthi ngabe yiziphi izindlela ezingu-24.15 ngokuya ku-23.00 noma into efana ne-6.15 ngokuya kwe-5.00, okuyinto ngokuqinisekile kufanele ufanele incazelo ehlukile.

Kafushane, ukube bengingumbuyekezi kulo mbhalo wesandla, ngabe ngiwulahlile ngesisekelo sokwanele kwezibalo kanye nezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zomqondo. … Akunakwenzeka, ngenxa yemininingwane, ukuthola iziphetho eziqinile.

[Sabuza imibuzo embalwa yokulandelela]

Okokuqala, abacwaningi badala isikali soLwazi Lwezocansi njengenye yezakhi zabo "zobukhulu bemiphumela emihle" ngoba babecabanga ukuthi ulwazi oluningi lwezocansi luhlale luyinto enhle. Ngokungafani nezinye izingxenye ezine zemiphumela emihle, ayikho inguqulo engemihle efanayo yolwazi lwezocansi. Ngokwazi kwami, okuwukuphela kokuhlaziywa lapho bashiye khona isikali soLwazi Lwezocansi lapho benza i-t-test phakathi kwezinguqulo ezinhle nezimbi zokwakha ngakunye (Ithebula 4). Lokhu bekungenasidingo — belungekho ulwazi olungeluhle lwezocansi olungaqhathaniswa nolwazi oluhle lwezocansi.

Awuzange ubuze, kepha angikwazi ukusiza kepha ngiphawule ngalesi sikali solwazi lwezocansi. Ngokusobala, amaphuzu aphezulu esikalini akhombisa imibono yabahlanganyeli yokuthola ulwazi kuphela, okungesona isiqinisekiso sokuthi le mibono imele ulwazi olunembile. Ngikufisela inhlanhla kumfana ocabanga ukuthi ufunde ukuthi abesifazane bathanda ini ngokubuka izithombe ezingcolile. Okwesibili, yize ngokwami ​​ngicabanga ukuthi ukuba nolwazi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kuyinto enhle ukwedlula ukungabi nalwazi, ngubani owaziyo ukuthi kufanele yini kube khona i-analog engalungile esikalini se-Knowledge Esihle? Ngicabanga izinto ezithile, isib. “Ngibone izinto ezithile ebengifisa ukuthi ngabe angizange ngizibone.” “Ngifunde izinto ezithile engifisa sengathi ngabe angizange ngizifunde.” Abaphenyi benza ukucabanga okuningi ngalokho "okuhle," mhlawumbe esekelwe kwisiko saseDenmark (isib. ukuzama, ukukhululeka ngokobulili).

Mayelana nombuzo wakho mayelana nokusebenza kwesikali, lokhu kungumqondo obalulekile ekulinganisweni kwengqondo, kepha lowo ochwepheshe abaningi abahlulekile ukuwuqonda. Ukusho ukuthi i-PCES iqinisekiswe yisifundo seHald-Malamuth akuyona into enhle. Umuntu akakwazi ukuhlola ubuqiniso besilinganiso esingokwengqondo ngesifundo esisodwa. Ukuhlola ubuqiniso besilinganiso esingokwengqondo kudinga iminyaka yocwaningo lohlelo olubandakanya uphenyo oluningi. Empeleni inqubo engapheli, lapho sifunda khona kabanzi ngokusebenza kwesilinganiso esithile, kodwa singalokothi sithole isibalo sokugcina sokuhlolwa kwengqondo (njengokuthi “isivivinyo sisebenza ngama-90%”).

Incazelo ecacile yokuqinisekiswa kwengqondo yengqondo yikhasi le-1955 ka-Lee Cronbach noPaul Meehl. Funda futhi uwuqonde futhi uzokwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nokuhlolwa kwengqondo kunokwama-psychologists amaningi: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Cronbach/construct.htm.

Nasi isifinyezo esifushane se-Cronbach-Meehl classic: Ukusho ukuthi isilinganiso sokwakhiwa kwengqondo sisebenza ngokusemthethweni ukusho ukuthi umehluko kumanani esilinganisweni uhambelana nezinye izilinganiso ngendlela ebikezelwe ngumbono osekelwe ekwakhiweni. Ngakho-ke sihlola ukuba semthethweni kokuhlolwa kwengqondo ngokukuhlinzeka ngamaqembu abantu, siqoqa olunye ulwazi umbono wethu othi luhambisana nokwakhiwa okusolwa ukuthi lumelwe isivivinyo, bese sihlola ukuthi imiphumela ekuhlolweni iyahambisana yini neminye imininingwane njengoba kwakubikezelwe umbono. Imiphumela yokuqinisekisa ivame ukuxubana, nokunye okutholakele okusekelayo nokunye kokuqinisekisa, okuyisizathu esisodwa sokuthi kungani singenakukwazi ukusungula sonke isikhathi ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuvumeleke kangakanani. Kuyindaba yokungacabangi kokuqinisekisa ubufakazi obuqhathaniswa nobokuqinisekisa. Noma imiphumela ingekho, asikwazi ukusho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwengqondo akunakho ukusebenza noma ngabe kukhona okungahambi kahle ngombono owenza ukubikezela. Ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa ukuhlolwa kwetiyori njengoba kuqondwa ngokuvamile kwisayensi.

Ocwaningweni lweHald-Malamuth, empeleni bekukuncane kakhulu ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa, ngaphandle kwesigaba eside esinesihloko esithi "Ukuqinisekiswa Kombuzo Wokusetshenziswa Kwezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile (PCQ)." Ngokomqondo ongakahleleki kaHald noMalamuth wemiphumela emihle nemibi evela ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile, kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemiphumela emihle ebonwayo nemibi, futhi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemiphumela emihle kufanele zixhumane, njengoba kufanele nezinhlobo ezahlukene zemiphumela emibi. Amathebula 1 no-2 imiphumela yamanje eqinisekisa lokhu kubikezela, ngakho-ke lokhu kungathathwa njengokusekela okuthile kwe-PCQ. Abaphenyi baphinde bathi imiphumela emihle nemibi izimele ngokuphelele komunye nomunye (okusho ukuthi kufanele ihambisane no-zero), kepha azibiki izixhumanisi phakathi kwezilinganiso eziyisihlanu ezithinta izilinganiso kanye nezilinganiso ezine ezimbi ezilinganisweni kuTables 1 no-2. Ngicabanga ukuthi bafihla ulwazi lokungaqinisekisi. Bayabika ukuthi inani lazo zonke izilinganiso ze-PCQ ezihambelana zihlanganisa kuphela r = .07 ngokulingana kwazo zonke izikali ze-PCQ ezingalungile, kodwa ngiyazibuza ukuthi kungani beyeke ukwaziswa ngokubambisana phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyisihlanu zemiphumela emihle nezinhlobo ezine zemiphumela emibi .

Umbiko weHal and Malamuth, njengoba kufanele, ukulinganisa okuthembekile kwezikali zabo, futhi lezi zinombolo zihle kakhulu. Kodwa ukwethembeka akuvumelekile. Isikali singathembeka ngokugcwele kodwa asinaso isiqiniseko esihle. Ukuthenjelwa nokuqiniswa kokubili yizinto ezibalulekile zokuhlolwa kwengqondo, kodwa zizinto ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele.

UHald noMalamuth babe sebebika izivivinyo zemicabango emithathu ehambisana nombono wabo wemiphumela emihle nemibi yezithombe zocansi ngakho-ke zithinta ubuqiniso be-PCQ. Umbono wabo wokuqala wokuthi imiphumela emihle ebonwayo inkulu kunemiphumela emibi ebonwayo. Ngimelela kulokho engikubhale phambilini ngalezi zihlaziyo, ezibikwe kuThebula 4: bekungafanelekile ukuthi abacwaningi benze izivivinyo ngokuqhathanisa izindlela zomphumela omuhle ngamunye nezindlela zomphumela omubi ohambelana nawo, ngoba asikwazi ukucabanga ukuthi ka- “3” esikalini somphumela omuhle kunencazelo efanayo ne- “3” esikalini somphumela omubi ohambisanayo. Mhlawumbe ababambiqhaza babezimisele kakhulu ukubika okuhle kunemiphumela emibi ngoba izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyavunyelwa eDenmark. Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe u- "3" esikalini semiphumela emibi ufana no "4" esikalini semiphumela emihle. Asazi nje, futhi ayikho indlela yokwazi ngendlela idatha eqoqwe ngayo. Ngakho-ke imiphumela ebikwe kuThebula 4 kufanele ithathwe ngotshani omkhulu kakhulu usawoti, mhlawumbe lonke u-salker shaker.

Ngiqaphelile abalobi badlale inkohliso ehlelwe kuThebula 4, beqhathanisa nemiphumela emihle nemiphumela emibi. Esikhundleni sokubika kusho izindlela zombili ezilinganayo nezingahle (njengoba zenzelwa ukuhlukana kobulili kuThebula 5), zibika kuphela umehluko. Isibonelo, umehluko ophakathi kwemiphumela emihle nemibi yamadoda yi-1.54. Kufanele uye kuThebula 5 ukuze ubone ukuthi lo 1.54 umehluko phakathi kuka-2.84 ngomphumela omuhle wabesilisa kanye no-1.30 ngomphumela omubi omubi emadodeni. Impela, umehluko we-1.54 ubalulekile ngokwezibalo futhi mkhulu ngokusho kukaCohen's D (kepha kuphela uma sicabanga ukuthi isilinganiso esihle 3 = isikali esibi 3). Kodwa-ke, ake sibheke inani eliphelele lesilinganiso somphumela omuhle, 2.84 esikalini sika-1-7. Njengoba i-4 iphakathi nendawo, okuphakathi nendawo phakathi kwe-1 (hhayi nhlobo) no-7 (ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu), i-2.84 ayilungile ngomqondo ophelele.

I-hypothesis yesibili yabaphenyi yayiwukuthi amadoda azobika imiphumela emihle nemiphumela engemihle kunabesifazane. Imiphumela yeseka ukubikezelwa ngamadoda okwenza imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Nokho, ngokuphikisana nenkolelo yabo, amadoda nawo abike imiphumela embi kakhulu engaphezulu [ngaphezu kwabesifazane] ezindaweni ezimbili: ukuphila kocansi nokuphila ngokujwayelekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunenkinga ngokufaneleka kwezilinganiso zabo noma ngombono wabo wokuthi amadoda abona imiphumela embalwa embi kunabesifazane. Ucabangani?

Okokugcina, abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi izici zangasese zingase zihlotshaniswe nomphumela wokubona izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi ezinye zalezi zici zahambisana ngokulingana. Ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kakhulu kwemiphumela emihle kunokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, r = .51. Abasebenzisi abakhulu kakhulu bavame ukubika imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Njengoba abacwaningi ngokwabo bevuma, lokhu kutholakala kokuhlangana ngeke kusitshele ukuthi ukusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingakanani empeleni kudala imiphumela emihle uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa okunzima okuholela ekuhleleni nasekufuneni ukukholelwa emiphumeleni emihle. Ngerekhodi, nakuba abacwaningi bengakhulumi ngalokhu, iThebula 6 libuye libonise ukulungiswa okuhle phakathi kokusetshenziswa kanye nemiphumela emibi, r = .10. Kuyinto encane, kodwa ibonakala ngokuphawulekayo.

Into eyodwa abacwaningi abayenzile ngokuphelele (emuva, eqinisweni) kuhlobana phakathi kwezinga lezinto ezibonakalayo ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemiphumela emihle. Ithebula i-6 ibonisa ukuthi kuyisihlobo esingalungile (r = -.25), futhi lokhu kuqinisekiswa ngesisindo se-beta esingalungile (β = -.22) ekuhlaziyweni kokubuyekezwa kuThebula 7. Ukulungiswa okungalungile kusho ukuthi i-pornography, i Ngaphansi kuveza umphumela owaziwayo. Kodwa abalobi be-athikili bayaqhubeka futhi bechaza incazelo ehlukile (okungalungile), ukuthi lokho kuqondakala kuhlobene nemiphumela emihle. Hops!

Ngiyethemba lawa mazwana ayasiza. Ngingajabula ukuphendula eminye imibuzo onayo. (Kugcizelelwa)