Echiche nke Brain Dopamine Ụzọ: Mmetụta maka Ịghọta Ọdịdị (2009)

J Riri Ahụ Med. 2009 March; 3 (1): 8 – 18.doi: 10.1097 / ADM.0b013e31819a86f7

NKWUPUTA: Imche Pzọ Dofamine Brain: Ihe Nghọta Maka forghọta Oke

Gene-Jack Wang, MD, Nora D. Volkow, MD, Panayotis K. Thanos, PhD, na Joanna S. Fowler, PhD
Onye edemede ihe ► Ozi ikikere na ikikere ►
Mbubre ọhụụ nke onye bipụtara edemede a dị na J na-eri ọgwụ Med
Hụ ihe ndị ọzọ na PMC na ebe isiokwu e bipụtara.
Gaa:

nkịtị

Ibu oke ibu bu ihe akari ndi mmadu riri nri. Ihe omumu ihe omuma nke umu mmadu na-egosi itinye aka nke dopamine (DA) - na-emeghari okirikiri na omume iri nri (s). Ihe nlere nri na-abawanye egwu extracellular DA, na-enye ihe akaebe maka ntinye aka nke DA n'ihe ndị na-akpali akpali nke ihe oriri. Ihe oriri nri na - eme ka metabolism dị na cortex orbitofrontal na - egosi njikọ nke mpaghara a na mkpali maka oriri. Yiri nke ọgwụ ọgwụ riri ahụ, a na-ebelata ohere nnabata nnabata DA D2 na isiokwu buru ibu, nke nwere ike ibute ibu arọ ịchọ nri dị ka ụzọ isi kwụọ ụgwọ maka mmegharị ụgwọ ọrụ na-enweghị mgbagha. Ndị na-anabata DA D2 na-abata n'ihe banyere oke ibu na-esonyekwa na metabolism belatara na mpaghara prefrontal na-etinye aka na nchịkwa inhibitory, nke nwere ike ime ka enweghi ike ịchịkwa oriri. Mkpali uto n’ime oke ibu buru ibu na mpaghara cortical na limbic tinyere aka njide onwe, mkpali na ncheta. A na-arụkwa mpaghara ụbụrụ ndị a n’oge agụụ ọgwụ na-agụ ndị ọgwụ riri ahụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka oke ibu abaala ụba metabolism na coatex somatosensory, nke na-atụ aro kawanyewanye ma nwee ike ịmata ihe nri dị na nri. Mbelata nke ndị na-anabata DA D2 na isiokwu buru ibu yana ikike ọmịiko na nnabata nri nwere ike ime ka nri bụrụ ihe na - eme ka nri nwee ike itinye ha n'ihe ize ndụ maka iri nri na oke ibu. Nsonaazụ sitere n'ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-atụ aro na ọtụtụ ụdọ dị n'ụdị ụbụrụ na-emetụta ụkọ na oke riri ahụ ma na-atụ aro na atụmatụ dị iche iche iji melite ọrụ DA nwere ike ịba uru na ọgwụgwọ na igbochi oke ibu.

Keywords: ụbụrụ dopamine, oke ibu, toitrasis nke positron

Ọnọdụ oke ibu na-abawanye ụba n'ụwa nile, bụ nke dị ezigbo iche na agbụrụ na ọdịnala na ọgbọ niile. Na United States, ihe dị ka nde 90 ndị America buru ibu. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, oke oke ibu na-ebelata n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị mana ọ na-abawanye ụba n'ime ụmụ nwoke, ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'oge uto.1 Ibu oke ibu jikọtara ya na oke nsogbu nke ọrịa na ịnwụ na-akpata, nke na-enye echiche nke ịdị ngwa ngwa ịghọta usoro ndị butere ọrịa a. Ibu oke na-anọchite anya ngwụcha elu nke mkpo ahụ, kama ịbụ ọkwa dị iche. Oké ibu nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ihe (ya bụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọdịbendị, oriri nri, mmega ahụ).2 Ọ kachasị, oke ibu na-agbasokarị (oge 10 karịa) na ndị nne na nna ha, ụmụnne ha ma ọ bụ ụmụnne ha buru oke ibu. Ihe omumu emere na ejima ha emeela gosiputara nke oma na ihe banyere nkpuru obi bu ihe di egwu.3 Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ejima a zụkọtara ọnụ na-ejikọtachaghị ọnụ n'ibu karịa ejima ejikọtara ọnụ. Agbanyeghị, na agbanyeghị mkpa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa si dị, o nwere ike bụrụ na mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe kacha enyere aka na mgbaru ọsọ ọsọ na oke nke oke oke ibu na iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Echere na agwa na mmekorita nke aru na oke ibu buru ibu mgbe amuchara nwa mana tupu amu amu. Enweghi ike imuta ihe ndi umu nwanyi na nsogbu ndi n’aru n’ime ime ime nwere ike imetụta onyinye mmadu ma nye aka na mmepe nke oke ibu na oria shuga nke ndu n’aho.4 Nnwale ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosiwo na ịkọwa nri, nchekasị, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọrịa mgbe amuchara nwa nwere ike ibute nrụpụta n ’usoro mkpụrụ ndụ.5

Otu ihe dị mkpa bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, nke mere ka nri ghara ịdị naanị ebe niile, kamakwa ọ na-abawanye ụba na-atọkwa ụtọ. Agbanyeghị, mmetụta dị oke maka oke ibu na oke ibu na oke ọrịa na ịnwe oke bụ ihe siri ike ịkọwa. O yikarịrị ka mmekorita nke gburugburu maka mkpụrụ ndụ, nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịmụgharị ihe na-emeghachi omume na gburugburu ebe ihe oriri dị oke ike ma belata ohere nke mmefu ike, na-atụnye ụtụ maka oke oke ibu ugbu a.6

Gaa:

Mkpanaka na oge akara aka iri nri

Ntinye nri na - agbanwe ma mgbatị aka ma etiti. A na-eche hypothalamus na ya dị iche iche gụnyere orexin na melanin na-etinye hormone na-amịpụta neurons na mpụta hypothalamus nakwa neuropeptide Y / agouti nwere protein na alfa-melanocyte na-akpali hormone na-amịpụta neurons na arctuate nucleus bụ ndị bụ isi na mpaghara ụbụrụ homeostatic ụbụrụ na-ahụ maka ya. iwu nke aru (1A).7 Ihe mgbaàmà homonụ nke ime mmụọ (ya bụ, ghrelin, peptide YY)3-36, leptin) nke sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe na-egbu egbu na abụba na-agwa ụbụrụ oge niile banyere ọnọdụ agụụ na satiety dị njọ.8 Agụụ ahụ na-ebigbọ, ghrelin, na-abawanye mgbe a na-ebu ọnụ ma daa mgbe nri gachara.9 Ghrelin na-eme ka oriri dị ukwuu na ịdị arọ nke anụ ahụ site na-akpali ndị neurons na hypothalamus. Ibu ọnụ na-ebu oke ibu na adịghị ada ada mgbe nri gasịrị, nke a nwere ike itinye aka na nri ha.10 Ndị buru ibu na-enwekarịpo adipocytes site na iji ikike ha belata maka nchekwa abụba. Dysfunction nke adipose anụ ahụ (karịsịa abụba afọ) na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke nguzogide insulin. Adipocytes na-agbakọta nke abụba nri ma na-egbochi ọtụtụ homonụ (ya bụ, leptin). Leptin na - egosi na ụbụrụ ọkwa abụba anụ ahụ na - echekwa ma na - ebute oke ibu site na ibelata nri na --eme ka usoro metabolic dị elu.11 Ọ na - etinyekwa aka na nzaghachi neuroendocrine maka agụụ, mmefu ike, na ịmụpụta (mmalite nke mgbanwe nwoke).12 Aredị oke ibu n’etiti ụmụ mmadụ jikọtara ya na ọdịda nke ogo nke leptin dị elu iji gbochie iri nri ma mee ka ọ dị n’okpuru ibu, bụ́ nke a kọwara dị ka nguzogide nke leptin.11,13 Nchịkwa nke Leptin na hypothalamus na-akpali ụzọ agụụ na-agụ ma na-akwalite oriri. Insulin na - ekenye ha ọgwụ na - ejikọtakarị ihe na - eme n'etiti leptin nke na - achịkwa ike homeostasis site na hypothalamus. Ọbara insulin na-egosipụta mgbanwe dị mkpirikpi na oriri ike, ebe ọkwa leptin na-egosipụta nguzozi ike n'ime ogologo oge.14 Insulin na - arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ọgwụ leptin antagonist. Mbelata insulin ameliorates leptin na-eguzogide. Oge na-adịghị anya, na-ebili na insulin (ya bụ, nguzogide insulin) na-egbochi ntụgharị mkpụrụ ọgwụ leptin ma na-agbasa oke ibu.

IHE 1

Homeostatic (A) na dopaminergic (ụgwọ ọrụ / nkwali) (B) sekit. Ahịrị uhie na-anọchite anya ntinye inhibitory na ahịrị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosipụta ntinye uche. A, ihe mgbaàmà homonụ nke ime mmụọ (ya bụ, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, peptide YY) banye ụbụrụ ozugbo ma ọ bụ n'echeghị echiche ...

Usoro mesencephalic dopamine (DA) na-achịkwa mmeghachi omume na-atọ ụtọ ma na-akpali akpali maka oriri na mkpali.15,16 nke na-emetụta ma na-agbanwe ihe akụrụngwa nke ike homeostasis. Usoro mesencephalic DA nwere ike ịzaghachi mkpali nri ọbụna na ọnụnọ nke satiety satiety.17 Mgbe nke ahụ mere, enwere ike ịgbanyụọ iwu nke omume iri nri site na ọnọdụ obibi na ọnọdụ hedonic corticolimbic steeti. Na mgbakwunye, usoro ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe omume iri nri dịka nchekasị, nke na-abawanye oriri nke nri ike njupụta dị elu.18 na-enyekwa oke ibu.19 Edemede a dị ugbu a na-ekwu banyere ọrụ nke ụzọ DA nwere ike ịrụ oke oke oke ibu.

Gaa:

NWA ANYA N'AGBANYE GHARA ANYA

Omume ọmụmụ na-egosi myirịta n’etiti ụfọdụ ị ofụbiga mmanya ókè na akparamagwa ndị ọzọ dị ka ị drinkingụbiga mmanya ókè na ịgba chaa chaa riri ahụ. Omume ndị a na-eme ka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ rụọ ọrụ nke gụnyere ụgwọ ọrụ, mkpali, ime mkpebi, mmụta na ebe nchekwa. Ufodu ihe oriri di ire (ya bu, shuga, mmanu oka) nwere ike buru oke mmanye oriri, nke anyi jiri kwu mmechuihu ma buru ndi nwere ike ime ka anyi mata ihe ojoo, bu nke ya na ihe achoro na riri ahu.20,21 N'ezie, ịba ụba shuga na-akpali ntọhapụ ụbụrụ nke opioids na DA, nke bụ neurotransmitters ọdịnala metụtara mmetụta na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ọgwụ ọjọọ. N'ụfọdụ ọnọdụ (ntụgharị, ihe dị ukwuu, ị sugarụbiga shuga ókè), oke nwere ike igosipụta akparamagwa na mgbanwe mgbanwe akwara nke yiri nke a hụrụ n'ụkpụrụ anụmanụ nke ị dependụ ọgwụ.22 Site na ngbanwe e kere eke, ụmụ anụmanụ ga-erite uru site na usoro akwara (sera) nke na-akwado ikike anụmanụ nwere ịchụso ụgwọ ọrụ eke (nri, mmiri, mmekọahụ). Circuit ndị a, n’adịghị mgbe ụfọdụ ana - eduga na ụdị nsogbu dị iche iche.

A na-egosipụta opioids a na-ahụ anya na usoro limbic ma na-enye aka na nhazi nke akara ndị na-ewusi ike, nri ndị a na-ahụ maka ngwa ngwa na-eme ka nkwupụta opioid endogenous pụta.23 Ọzọkwa, ọgwụ mu-opioid agonists na nucleus na-egbochi ike oriri dị oke ọnụ.24 N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị na-emegide opioid na-ebelata nri nri nke ịdị ụtọ n'enweghi agụụ.25 O nwere ike bụrụ na usoro opioid so na mmasị na azịza ndị na-enye obi ụtọ maka nri nwere ike ime ka iri nri dị oke ọnụ dị ka ndị a na-eri oke nri na nri shuga.26

DA bụ onye neurotransmitter a maara na-arụ nnukwu ọrụ na mkpali nke metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ na ịkọ banyere ụgwọ ọrụ. Mesocorticolimbic DA sistemu sitere na mpaghara ventral tegmental mpaghara ruo na nucleus accumbens (NAc), yana ntinye sitere na usoro dị iche iche nke limbic gụnyere amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), na cortex prefrontal. E gosiputara NAc DA iji mee ka mmetụta nke nkwalite ụgwọ ọrụ pụta (ya bụ, sucrose).27 Wayszọ nke DA na-eme ka nri dịkwuo ike ma na-esonye na mmeghachi omume na-ewusi ike nke ọgwụ ọjọọ (ya bụ, mmanya, methamphetamine, cocaine, heroine).28 Ndị ọzọ neurotransmitters (dịka, acetylcholine, GABA, na glutamine) nke na-agbanwe ụzọ ndị DA na-etinyekwa aka n'omume iri nri.29

Gaa:

AINR BR usoro na iri nri

DA na-achịkwa nri oriri site na mesolimbic circuitry doro anya site na ịmegharị usoro mkpali agụụ.30 Enwere amụma site na NAc ruo hypothalamus nke na-edozi nri.31 A na-etinyekwa ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ọrịa forebrain DA. Nerzọ DAnergic dị oke mkpa maka ịdị adị ebe ọ bụ na ha nyere aka mee ka ihe dị mkpa bụ iri nri. Usoro ụbụrụ DA dị mkpa maka ịchọ agbamume, nke bụ ihe dị iche na - akpali akpali.32 O bu otu n’ime ihe eji eme ka obi sie umu anumanu ime na acho omume enyere. Usoro mesolimbic DA na-eme ka usoro mmụta na ume ike nke metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ dị mma dị ka nri a na-adọrọ adọrọ na anụmanụ agụụ na-agụ.32

DAergic neurotransmission bụ onye mgbasa ozi nke 5 dị iche iche nnabata, nke kewara ya na 2 klas nke ndị na-anabata ya kpọrọ D1-like (D1 na D5) na D2-dị ka (D2, D3, na D4). Edere ọnọdụ na ọrụ nke ụdị nnabata ndị a na Isiokwu 1. N'ihe banyere nchịkwa ọgwụ onwe, ọgwụ nke ndị na-anabata D2 dị ka ndị nabatara iji mee ka mkparịta ụka bụrụ ihe na-achọ ịkwalite cocaine na anụmanụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, D1 dị ka ndị na-anabata ihe na-eme ka mbelata na draịvụ iji chọọ nkwado nke cocaine ọzọ.33 Ndị D1- na D2 dị ka ndị na-anabata ndị ọrụ na-eme mmekọrịta dị iche iche mgbe ha na-achịkwa omume nri. Na agbanyeghị, itinye aka n'ụzọ ziri ezi nke DA nnata ụdị nke iji mezie omume iri ihe apụtachabeghị. DA D1 dị ka ndị na-anabata ndị ọrụ na-ekere òkè na mkpali iji rụọ ọrụ maka mmụta metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ na ntụgharị nke ụgwọ ọrụ ọhụrụ na arụ ọrụ.34,35 Onweghi ihe omumu ihe omuma mmadu nyochaputara itinye aka nke ndi nnabata D1 na omume iri ma. Nnyocha ụmụ anụmanụ gosipụtara na infusion nke DA D1 receagonor antagonists na NAc shei isi associative gustatory (ya bụ, uto) mmụta ma mebie mmetụta dị mma nke nri palatable.36 Onye na-anabata ihe nnabata nke D1 nwere ike welie mmasị nri nri palpability karịa nri mmezi mgbe niile.37 E dozighi ọrụ ndị na-anabata DA D5 n'omume iri nri n'ihi enweghị ligandị na-ahọrọ nke nwere ike ịkpa oke n'etiti ndị na-anabata D1 na D5.

Ntọala 1

Ọnọdụ Dopamine (DA) Receptor Subtypes nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ

Ndị na-anabata D2 ejiriwo nri na omume riri ahụ na ọmụmụ anụmanụ na ọmụmụ mmadụ. Ndị na-anabata D2 na-ekere òkè na nkwụghachi ụgwọ, ịkọ, atụmanya na mkpali.30 Nri na-ebute nri. agbanyeghị, ọ bụ atụmatụ ịkọ nri na-eme ka ụmụ anụmanụ rụọ ọrụ ma gbaa ha ume. A na-enyocha ọtụtụ n'ime ọmụmụ anụmanụ site na iji ọgwụ mgbakwunye D2 / D3 agakọ ma ọ bụ agonist agwakọta.38 Ndị na-emegide nnabata D2 na-egbochi nri ịkpa agwa nke na-adabere na mkpakọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme (nkwalite) n'etiti atụ na ụgwọ ọrụ ha na-ebu amụma yana na nri oriri na-atọ ụtọ.39 Mgbe nri anaghịzigharị ma na-akwụghachi mmadụ ụgwọ maka anụmanụ, enwere ike iji D2 agonist weghachi azụ ga-akwụghachi omume na-elezi omume anya.40 Ihe omumu ihe omumu banyere omume iri eji ihe omumu nke positron emmosis (PET) mee ihe na [11C] raclopride, nweghachite DA D2 / D3 na-anabata redioligand, nke na-ejikọ na ndị na-anabata D2 na D3. Ọmụmụ mmadụ PET na [11C] raclopride nke tụtara mbupute DA na ebe a na-eri nri mgbe nri riri ọkachasị gosipụtara na e jikọrọ ọnụego DA a tọhapụrụ ya na ogo ụtọ nri.41 Ribelata nri na - eme ka nri jupụta na nri.42 N’oge a na-ebu ọnụ, ọrụ DA abụghị ihe a na-ahọpụtaghị maka nri, kama ọ na-egosi nnabata ọnụ maka ọtụtụ ihe ga-akwụghachi ụgwọ na ịkọwapụta ihe biologic na ịkọwa ụgwọ ọrụ.43 Ribelata nri na-adịghị ala ala na-emekwa ka uru mmadụ bara n ’ụdị ọgwụ ike riri ahụ belata.44 A na-eme ka esemokwu ahụ, OFC, na amygdala, nke bụ mpaghara ụbụrụ nke na-enweta atụgharị DA n’ọrụ n’oge nri.45 N'ezie, iji PET na [11C] raclopride iji nyochaa mgbanwe dị na extracellular DA na eserese na nzaghachi maka nri (ngosipụta nke nri palatable) na isiokwu a na-eri nri, anyị gosipụtara mmụba dị ukwuu na extracellular DA na usoro azụ ma ọ bụghị na ventral striatum (ebe NAc dị).46 Mmụba DA nwere ihe jikọrọ ọnụ na mmụba nke akụkọ banyere onwe ya na agụụ. Nsonaazụ ndị a nyere ama na-egosi mmeghachi omume ọnọdụ n'ọnọdụ keiriri azụ. Ntinye aka nke DA na ogwe uzo a na-adi ka odi nkpa iji mee ka mkpali choro iribia nri nke odi nkpa.47,48 Ọ dị iche na mmegharị na NAc, nke nwere ike metụtara ihe ndị ọzọ na mkpali metụtara nri palatability.30,49

Edegharịrị ya na ndị na-anabata D3 nwere ike itinye aka na ịdabere na ọgwụ ọjọọ.50 N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, etolitere ọtụtụ ndị na-anabata ndị ọbịa na-anabata D3. Ndị na-emegide ihe a nwere nhọrọ dị elu maka ndị na-anabata D3 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ na-anabata ndị DA.50 Nchịkwa nke antagonist D3 na-anabata onye na-egbochi nicotine na-akpali nlọghachi na omume nicotine.51 O mekwara ka omume a na-achọ ihe kawanye mma ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ enweta ihe na mịpụta.52 Anyị egosikwala na ndị na-anabata nnabata D3 na-ebelata nri oriri n'ime oke.53 Otutu D3 nnabata nke PET radioligands eweputala54-56 mana ọnweghị ihe ọmụma anyị ejirila nyochaa nyocha nri na oke ibu na mmadụ. Ndị na-anabata D4 dịkarịsịrị adị na mpaghara cortical na sel abụọ nke pyramidụ na GABAergic,57 na intanat neurons na hypothalamus.58 Ekwenyere na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na - egbochi postsynapti receptor na-achịkwa neurons nke cortex frontal na striatum.59 Ndị a na-anabata ya nwere ike rụọ ọrụ na-emetụta satiety.60

Gaa:

DOPAMINE NA NKWU OKWU NKE NIILE

Nhazi mmetụta nke nri na ihe metụtara nri na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mkpali nri ma ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na ịhọrọ ụdị nri dị iche iche. A na-eziga ntinye mmetụta nke uto, ọhụụ, olfaction, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, na ụdị ederede na isi sensọ cortices (ya bụ, insula, cortex nke bụ isi, pyriform, isi somatosensory cortex) ma ziga ya na OFC na amygdala.61 Akwụghachi ụgwọ ọrụ hedonic na nri nwere njikọ na nghọta mmetụta nke nri. A ga-atụle mmekọrịta nke DA na mpaghara ụbụrụ ndị a n'oge nghọta ikike nri.

Ihe anakpo cortex n’emeghari aru n’uche n’arụ na n’ime mmetuta obi.62 Ọmụmụ ihe onyonyo anyị nke anyị jiri mgbatị balloon mezie ihe ndọghachi azụ nke na-eme n'oge oriri nri nkịtị gosipụtara mgbalite nke insula, nke na-egosipụta ọrụ ya na ịmara ọkwa nke anụ ahụ.63 N’ezie, n’ime ndi na - a ,ụ sịga, ihe ndị a na - emebi emebi nke na - emebi ihe ndị na - akpata anwụrụ ọkụ.64 Akwukwo ahihia bu akuku nri ndi mmadu riri oke, nke sonyere n’ọtụtụ akparamagwa iri nri dika uto. DA na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na atọ nke nri ndị a na-adọrọ adọrọ, nke a na-ahụ site na insula.65 Nnyocha ụmụ anụmanụ egosila na uto nke ọma na-abawanye ntọhapụ DA na NAc.66 Ibe ke mpaghara ventral mpaghara nwere belatara oriri nke usoro ihe ịga nke ọma.67 Ọmụmụ ihe onyonyo mmadụ egosila na nri ndị dị ụtọ na-atọ ụtọ na-eme ka mpaghara insula na etiti anụ ahụ rụpụta.68,69 Agbanyeghị, ụbụrụ mmadụ nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị kalori nke edozi ahụ na-atọ ụtọ n'amaghị ama. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ibu dị ụtọ nụrụ ụtọ dị kalori (karoto), ma insula na DAnergic midbrain na-arụ ọrụ, ebe ha na-atọ ụtọ na-atọ ụtọ na-enweghị kalori (sucralose), ha na-eme ka insula ahụ rụọ ọrụ.69 Ihe ndị dị n'okirikiri nwere oke mmanye na mmanụ ala karịa nri nkịtị karịa mgbe ị na-a aụ nri mmiri nke nwere shuga na abụba.68 N’aka nke ọzọ, isiokwu ndị gbakere na anorexia nervosa na-egosi mmerụ ahụ dị na insula mgbe ụtọ na-aga nke ọma na enweghị njikọ nke obi ụtọ na mmụba dị ka a hụrụ na njikwa nkịtị.70 O nwere ike ịbụ na dysregulation nke insula na nzaghachi na uto nwere ike itinye aka na ọgba aghara na usoro agụụ.

E nwere akwụkwọ ole na ole na-ekwu banyere ọrụ nke izizi somatosensory cortex na nri na oke ibu. A kọrọ mmegharị nke eriri afọ somatosensory na nyocha ịre ụmụ nwanyị nwere ibu dị obere n'oge a na-ele foto nke nri obere caloric dị ala.71 Iji PET na [18F] fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) iji tụọ metabolism glucose mpaghara (akara akara ọrụ ụbụrụ), anyị gosipụtara na ihe ndị buru oke ibu nwere ịdị elu karịa metabolism dị ala na somatosensory cortex (Fig. 2).72 Enwere ihe akaebe na somatosensory cortex na-emetụta ọrụ ụbụrụ DA73,74 gụnyere ịhazi ọgwụ mgbazi DA na amphetamine.75 DA na-edozi cortex somatosensory n'ụbụrụ mmadụ.76 Ọzọkwa, anyị gosipụtara mmekọrịta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'etiti ndị na-anabata D2 ndị na-anabata ya na metabolic metabolic na somatosensory cortex nke isi ihe.77 Ebe ọ bụ na DA na-eme ka akara ngosipụta dị mma ma mee ka ihe dị mma.78 Ngbanwe DA na somatosensory cortex na nri nwere ike ime ka mmụba ha dịkwuo mma, nke nwere ike rụọ ọrụ na mbido nke mkpakọrịta dị n'etiti ihe oriri na ihe metụtara gburugburu nri.

IHE 2

Ihe ngosiputa onodu ogugu enwere ugbua na agba (SPM) gosiputara na okpokoro ikuku nke nwere eserese nke somatosensory homunculus ya na ihe ngosi ato (3D) nke egosiputara onyonyo nke SPM gosiputara mpaghara nwere metabolism di elu na obese. ...

OFC, bụ nke akụkụ nke ọrụ DA na-achịkwa, bụ mpaghara ụbụrụ bụ isi maka ịchịkwa akparamagwa ya na maka njirimara nwere gụnyere nri nri.79,80 Ya mere, ọ na-ekpebi ịdị ụtọ na nri nri dị ka ọrụ nke ọnọdụ ya. Site na iji PET na FDG na mmadụ dị oke mkpa, anyị gosipụtara na igosipụta ihe oriri (otu ihe atụ dị ka nke anyị jiri ya gosipụta ka ihe na-abawanye na DA na azụma) mụbara metabolism na OFC nakwa na mmụba ndị a na-emetụta echiche maka agụụ. na agụụ maka nri.81 Mgbakwunye nke ike INC site na mkpali nri nwere ike igosipụta mmetụta DAergic na-agbadata ma yikarịrị ka ọ ga-esonye aka na DA na njikwa maka oriri. The OFC na-ekere òkè n'ịmụta ihe mkpali na-eme ka mmekọrịta sikwuo ike.82,83 Ọ na-ekerekwa na ntụzịaka ndị enyerela aka.84 Ya mere, mmejuputa ya nke abuo n’ime ihe oriri na-akpali DA nwere ike ibute mkpali di uku iri nri. Dysfunction of the OFC jikọtara ya na omume ịmanye ya ị oveụbiga mmanya ókè.85 Nke a dị mkpa n'ihi na azịza maka oyi na-akpata nri nwere ike iso na-eme ka ndị mmadụ mejupụta ihe ọ bụla n'agbanyeghị ihe agụụ.86

Amygdala bụ mpaghara ụbụrụ ọzọ metụtara na-eri nri. Karịsịa, enwere ihe akaebe na-esonye na mmụta na ịnabata uru ihe ọmụmụ banyere ihe dị n'oge nnweta nri.87 A mụbara extracellular DA na amygdala n'ọmụmụ nyochara etu esi eri nri obere oge.88 Ọmụmụ ihe ana - eme ihe na - eme ka ihe ọmụmụ na - eme ihe na - eme ka ihe mara mma na - eme nri, na - anụ ụtọ na nri.89-91 Amygdala so na mmetụta nke mmetụta nri. Enwere ike ime ka nrụgide amygdala rụọ ọrụ maka nrụtụ nke nri ume.18 Amygdala na-enweta mgbaàmà ọgbaghara site na akụkụ ahụ visceral. N'ime ọmụmụ nke anyị ji fMRI tụlere ihe nzaghachi ụbụrụ na mpụta gastric, anyị gosipụtara njikọ dị n'etiti mmụmụ na amygdala na mmetụta zuru oke.63 Anyị chọpụtakwara na isiokwu ndị nwere nnukwu ntụpọ nke ahụ (BMI) nwere obere mmebe na amygdala n'oge anya gastric. O yikarịrị ka uche nke amygdala nke onye ogbugbo ya nwere ike imetụta ọdịnaya na oke nri a na-eri.

Gaa:

NIILE N'AGBANYERE AKWIGNKWỌ METABOLIC METABOLIC NA BRAIN na usoro.

Ọtụtụ ihe mgbaàmà metabolic na-emetụta ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-emekọ ihe n'ụzọ DA. Nri dị elu nwere ike ịmịchasị usoro arụmọrụ n'ime ime site na ime ya na ụbụrụ DA n'ụzọ ma duga iri oke na oke ibu.17 Carbohydrates dị mfe dịka shuga bụ isi nri na - edozi ahụ ma na - enyere aka ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ngụkọta oriri. Nnyocha ụmụ anụmanụ egosila na glucose na-agbatị ọrụ DA neuronal na mpaghara ventral tegmental mpaghara na sub-stantia nigra ozugbo. Midnyịnya ụbụrụ DA na-ejikọkwa insulin, leptin, na ghrelin.11,92,93 Ghrelin na-arụ ọrụ DA neurons; ma leptin na insulin na egbochi ha (1B). Mbelata nri na-abawanye na-emegharị ghrelin nke ewepụtara site na afọ ma na-eme ka usoro mesolimbic na-abawanye ntọhapụ DA na NAc.93 Nnyocha ọmụmụ FMRI gosipụtara na ntanetị nke ghrelin na isiokwu ahụike na-eme ka mmụba nke ihe oriri pụta na mpaghara ụbụrụ ndị metụtara mmeghachi omume hedonic.94 Insulin na-akpali glucose ozugbo, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye neurotransmitter ma ọ bụ na-akpali glucose neuronal na-enweghị nsogbu. Enwere ihe akaebe na insulin ụbụrụ na-ekere òkè na nhazi nri, nhazi sensory, na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi.95-97 Anụmanụ ụlọ nyocha nke na-emeghasị ndị na - anabata insulin na-anabata nri na-abawanye ụba.98 Nnyocha ụmụ mmadụ mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site na iji PET-FDG gosipụtara na ụbụrụ insulin na-ebikọ ọnụ na isiokwu nwere oke insulin na-eguzogide ọgwụ, karịchaa na Stadum na insula (mpaghara metụtara agụụ na ụgwọ ọrụ).99 Nlegide insulin na mpaghara ụbụrụ ndị a n'ihe ọmụmụ nwere nguzogide insulin nwere ike ịchọ insulin dị elu nke ukwuu iji nweta ụgwọ ọrụ na mmetụta mmekọrịta iri nri. Leptin na-ekerekwa òkè n'ịhazi omume iri nri na akụkụ site na nhazi usoro ụzọ DA (kamakwa usoro cannabinoid). Nnyocha fMRI gosipụtara na leptin nwere ike ibelata ụgwọ ọrụ nri ma kwalite mmeghachi omume na akara satiety nke a na-ewepụta mgbe nri riri nri site na mgbanwe nke ọrụ neuronal na ọkụ ọkụ na isiokwu ụmụ mmadụ na-adịghị ike.100 Ya mere, insulin na leptin nwere ike ime mmekorita iji gbanwee ụzọ DA ma gbanwee omume iri nri. Ọgwụ Leptin na nguzogide insulin na ụbụrụ DA ụzọ na-eme ka nri dịkwuo ụgwọ ọrụ dị mma ma na-akwalite oriri a na-enye nri.101

Gaa:

BRAIN DA NA OBI

A kọwokwa aka na DA na iri oke na oke oke ibu na oke oke ibu.102-105 Ọgwụ na DA agonist na oke oke nwere butere ibu belata, dịka a ga - esi mee ya site na DA D2- na DA D1-like receptor activates.106 ,Mụ mmadụ, na-eji ọgwụ ọgwụ antipsychotic (D2R antagonists) na-agwọ ọrịa oge ụfọdụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ịba ụba na oke ibu, nke mejupụtara akụkụ ya site na mgbochi nke D2R.30 Nlekọta nke DA agonists na oke oke oke ụmụ oke normalizes ha hyperphagia.105 PET ọmụmụ anyị na [11C] raclopride edepụtala ibelata nnabata nnabata D2 / D3 nke dị na isiokwu buru ibu.107 BMI nke ihe banyere oke ibu dị n'etiti 42 na 60 (oke ahụ: 274 – 416 lb) na ịdị ahụ ha kwụ chịm tupu ọmụmụ ihe ahụ. Emechara nyocha ahụ mgbe ha buruchara ọnụ maka oge 17 – 19 na n'okpuru ọnọdụ izu ike (enweghị mkpali, anya mepere emepe, obere mkpughe mkpọtụ). N’ime isiokwu buru ibu ma ọbụghị na njikwa, nnata nnata D2 / D3 nwere njikọ na BMI (Fig. 3). Iji tụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị na-anabata D2 / D3 dị oke ibu gosipụtara nsonaazụ nke nri ị asụfe dị ka eleghara ọghọm nke butere ibu oke, anyị tụlere mmetụta nnabata nri na D2 / D3 na-anabata ihe n'ụdị oke zucker (mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa leptin na-adịghị ike oke ibu) iji ihe autoradiography.108 Anumanu a nwere nyocha ihe nlere n'efu maka onwa ọnwa 3 ma enyocha ọkwa nnabata nke D2 / D3 na ọnwa 4. Nsonaazụ gosipụtara na oke oke zucker obese (fa / fa) nwere oke nnata D2 / D3 dị ala karịa oke rapa (Fa / Fa ma ọ bụ Fa / fa) ma na mmachi nri riri ụba ndị na-anabata D2 / D3 ma na dabere na oke oke oke. D2 / D3 dị ala na-egosipụta akụkụ nke nsonaazụ nke ị overụfe ihe oriri. Yiri ọmụmụ nke mmadụ, anyị chọpụtakwara njikọta nke ọkwa nnabata nke D2 / D3 na oke ahụ ya na oke oke ndị a. A nyochaala mmekọrịta dị n'etiti BMI na ọkwa ụgbọ ala DAT ụbụrụ (DAT). Ihe omumu ihe omimi gosiputara mbelata nke ukwu na ihe DAT di iche na oke oke oke.104,109 N’ime ụmụ mmadụ, ihe ọmụmụ e mere n’oge na-adịbeghị anya site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe na-99mTc] TRODAT-1 iji mụọ 50 Asians (BMI: 18.7 – 30.6) na steeti izu ike gosipụtara na BMI nwere njikọ na ọnụnọ DAT ahụ na-adịghị mma.110 Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-atụ aro itinye aka nke sistemu DA na-enweghị atụ na -arụ oke ibu. Ebe ọ bụ na etinyere DA ụzọ na ụgwọ ọrụ (na-ebu amụma ụgwọ ọrụ) na mkpali, ọmụmụ ndị a na-egosi na ụkọ na ụzọ DA nwere ike ibute iri nri pathologic dị ka ụzọ isi kwụọ ụgwọ maka ụgwọ ọrụ akwụghị ụgwọ.

IHE 3

Otu onyunyo emere nke [11C] raclopride PET na-enyocha maka oke ibu ma na-achịkwa ọkwa na ọkwa nke basal ganglia. A na-ese foto ndị ahụ maka oke uru (oke nkesa) nwetara na ihe nchịkwa ma gosipụta ya ...
Gaa:

NKWUKWU EGO NA-EKWU EGO

Na mgbakwunye na nzaghachi ụgwọ ọrụ hedonic, DA na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na njikwa mgbochi. Nkwụsị nke njikwa mgbochi nwere ike itinye aka na nsogbu akparamagwa dịka ihe riri ahụ. E nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa metụtara nnyefe DA na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ụgwọ ọrụ ọgwụ na nchịkwa inhibitory.111 Dịka ọmụmaatụ, polymorphisms na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nnabata D2 na usoro ọmụmụ nwere ahụike na usoro omume nke njikwa mgbochi. Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na usoro mgbanwe nke jikọtara ya na obere nnabata nnabata D2 nwere ikike inhibitory dị ala karịa ndị mmadụ nwere ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ejikọtara ya na nkwupụta D2 dị elu.112 A na-ejikọta azịza omume ndị a na ọdịiche dị na mmegharị nke cingulate gyrus na dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, nke bụ mpaghara ụbụrụ nke etinyere na akụkụ dị iche iche nke nchịkwa inhibitory.113 Mpaghara ndị a na-ebu ụzọ eme na-ekerekwa òkè na mgbochi nke ọchịchọ maka nzaghachi omume na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.114 A na - ahụta njikọ dị n'etiti D2R na metabolism na mpaghara prefrontal na ọmụmụ anyị na isiokwu ndị ọgwụ riri ahụ (cocaine, methamphetamine, na mmanya).115-117 Anyị chọpụtara na mbelata nke D2R dị na isiokwu ndị a metụtara metabolism belatara na mpaghara cortical prefrontal,118 ndị a na - etinye aka na ịchịkwa ikike nchịkwa, njikwa onwe onye, ​​na omume iduzi ebumnuche.119,120 Edere ihe yiri nke ahụ na ndị mmadụ nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ị forụbiga mmanya ókè.121 Omume ndị a nwere ike ime ka mmadụ jiri aka ya dozie onwe ya iri ụdị nri ọ na-eri. Gara aga ọrụ na PET eji [11C] raclopride, [11C] d-threo-methylphenidate (iji tụọ ọdịdị DAT) na FDG iji nyochaa njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ DA na ụbụrụ metabolism na isiokwu ndị buru ibu (BMI> 40 kg / m2)77 choputara na ihe nnata nke D2 / D3 mana obughi DAT nwere nmekorita glucose na dorsolateral prefrontal, orbitofrontal, na cingulate cortices. Nchoputa a tụrụ aro na dysregulation D2 / D3 nke na-emetụta ikike inhibitory n'ime isiokwu buru ibu nwere ike ime ka enweghi ike ha kwụsị ịchịkwa nri n'agbanyeghị mgbalị siri ike ha mere ime. Nke a mere ka anyị chee echiche na o nwere ike ịbụ ngbanwe nke D2 / D3 na-anabata nnabata nke ihe ize ndụ maka ịreatụbiga mmanya ókè na-achịkwa usoro iwu nke pre ቅድመal cortex.

Gaa:

MMAD AND NA ỌRB

Ike inweta oke bu otu ihe kpatara ya n'ihi mgbanwe nke otu onye si aza ihe gburugburu ya dika ihe oriri nke caloric. Ọchịchọ siri ike nke iri otu nri ma ọ bụ agụụ nri bụ otu ihe dị mkpa na-emetụta njikwa agụụ. Agụụ nri bụ nri a na-amụta maka ume site na mmezi nke iri otu nri mgbe agụụ na-agụ.79 Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke a na-akọkarị oge niile na afọ niile. Na agbanyeghị, agụụ nri na -eme ka agụụ inweta nri na mkpali anụ ahụ na agbanyeghị n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ satiety nke na-egosi na oyi anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka mkpa nri nri.122 Ihe omumu ihe omuma nke ndi mmadu gosiputara na udiri iri otu nri ka enwere mmetuta nke hippopsus, nke nwere ike igosiputa ntinye aka na idebe ma weghachite ncheta maka nri ichoro.123,124 Ihe ngosi a na - ejikọ ya na mpaghara ụbụrụ ndị metụtara satiety na akara agụụ gụnyere hypothalamus na insula. Na ihe omumu anyi jiri mkpali gastric na anya gastric, anyi gosiputara mmanu nke a na akpo hippocampus site na nrida ala nke akwara nke nwanyi na no the solution nucleus.63,125 N'ime ọmụmụ ndị a, anyị gosipụtara na mmụba nke hippocampus metụtara mmetụta zuru oke. Nchoputa ndị a na-egosi njikọta dị n’etiti akụkụ ahụ hippocampus na akụkụ akwara dị ka afọ n’ime usoro oriri. Hippocampus na - emegharịkwa etu esi eme ihe site na usoro DA ahapụ na NAc126 na-etinye aka na mkpali mkpali.127 Ọ na - achịkwa ihe omume na mpaghara mbido ụzọ metụtara njikwa mgbochi.128 Nnyocha e mere na-egosi gosiri na ịnụrụ nri mmiri mmiri mere ka ọ kwụsịlata ịrụ ọrụ n'ọdịdị hippocampus ahụ n'isi buru ibu ma buru ibu n'isi ma ọ bụghị n'ihe ọmụmụ. Nkwụghachi nke nnụnnụzụ nke anụ ahụ dị na hippocampus na ebulu buru ibu nwere mmekọrita na ha nwere ike ndọghachi azụ. Ihe nchoputa ndi a na - egosiputa hippopusus n’ime akwara ozi banyere oke ibu.129 A na-akọ na ihe oriri oke ugwu na-achọsi ike nri-nnukwu nri nke na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịnwe ike ịnweta oke ibu.130

Gaa:

NSOGBU EGO NA-AKPATA

Ebe ọ bụ na mmepe nke oke ibu na-emetụta ọtụtụ ụbụrụ ụbụrụ (ya bụ, ụgwọ ọrụ, mkpali, mmụta, ebe nchekwa, ikike inhibitory).15 mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ nke oke ibu kwesiri ibu ihe zuru oke ma jiri otutu uzo mee ihe. Mgbanwe obibi ndụ (ya bụ, agụmakwụkwọ banyere nri, usoro mmega ahụ, mbelata nrụgide) ga-ebido na nwata yana mgbochi mgbochi kwesịrị ịmalite n'oge afọ ime. Achọpụtala iri nri na-adịghị ala ala na -ekwu na-enwe uru ahụike, nke gụnyere ịgbanye ụbụrụ DA usoro. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ anyị na-adịbeghị anya na oke ọkụ Zucker nke gbochiri nri ogologo oge maka ọnwa 3 nwere ọkwa nnabata D2 / D3 dị elu karịa oke nwere nnweta nri na-enweghị oke. Mkpuchi nri na-adịghị ala ala nwekwara ike ime ka mmadụ nwụọ ọnwụ nnabata nke D2 / D3.108 Ihe nchoputa ndi a kwekorita na ihe omumu emere nke akuko gosiputara na mgbochi nri na adighi ike, na emetuta agwa, ugha, ma nyekwa aka ito eto.43,131,132 Ntughari nri nke na --ebelata ike ịbanye na - abụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka atụmatụ ibu ibu ọ bụla. Nnyocha e jiri ya tụnyere ịdị irè nke mmemme oriri nri a ma ama n’ahịa chọtara usoro iji obere carbohydrate, abụba juru afọ, abụba na-enweghị afọ ojuju, na protein dị elu dị ka ụzọ dị irè e si eri nri.133,134 Ka osi di, otutu mmadu n’enweghi ibu ma bido buru ibu mgbe oge fechara.135 Ekwesịrị inye ụlọ ọrụ nri ihe oriri iji zụlite obere kalori na-adọrọ adọrọ, mara mma, ma dịkwa ọnụ ka ndị mmadụ wee jidesie aka na usoro nri ogologo oge.136 Usoro nri na-emesi nkwado na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ike ọ dịkwa mkpa ịnwe mmemme mmezi nke ịga nke ọma.137

Ahụla ọrụ mmega ahụ ọfụma ọbụlagodi na enwere mmega ahụ pere mpe iji rụpụta mmezi ahụike. Mgbatị ahụ na-emepụta ọtụtụ metabolic, homonụ, na akwara ozi nke ruru ụbụrụ. A na-ejikọ mgbatị ahụ dị elu na mbelata n'ihe niile na-akpata ọnwụ na ma oke ibu ma oke mmadụ. Mmega ahụ na ebe a na-egwu igwe na-abawanye ntọhapụ DA na ratatatat rat.138 Animalsmụ anụmanụ ụlọ nyocha nwetara ọzụzụ mmega ntachi obi (a na-agbagharị ọsọ, awa 1 kwa ụbọchị, ụbọchị 5 kwa izu maka izu 12) mụbaa DA metabolism na ọkwa DA nnata nke DA D2.139 Anụmanụ gosipụtara afọ ofufo na ngịga ha site na iji wiil na-agba ọsọ maka ụbọchị 10 gosipụtara nkwalite neurogenesis dị na hippocampus.140 A kọrọ nsonaazụ mmega ahụ nkịtị na arụ ọrụ ụbụrụ mmadụ na nyocha MRI nke ụbụrụ na-atụnyere olu ụbụrụ n’otu ndị otu nwere ahụike siri ike (60 – 79 afọ) mgbe ọnwa 6 gachara ọzụzụ.141 Ihe ae mere ka ahụike ha na mma ọfụma. Ọ mụbara ụba ụbụrụ ha na mpaghara isi awọ na mpaghara ọcha. Ndị bịaranụ nwere nnukwu ahụike ahụike a na-eme kwa ụbọchị nwere oke buru ibu na akụrụngwa prefrontal nke na-egosikarị ịda ogbenye metụtara afọ. Ahụghị mgbanwe ndị a na isiokwu nchịkwa ndị sonyere na mmega ahụ nonaerobic (ya bụ, ịgbatị, toning). O yikarịrị ka mmega ahụ aerobic na-erite uru DA na cognition. N'ezie, ọmụmụ ihe na ndị agadi emeela nchọpụta na ọrụ mmega ahụ rụpụtara ọrụ ọgụgụ isi.142-145 Ọzụzụ mgbatị ahụ nwere mmetụta nhọrọ na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi nke kachasị ukwuu na usoro nchịkwa nchịkwa (ya bụ, atụmatụ, ebe nchekwa ọrụ, njikwa mgbochi), nke na-agbadata afọ.146 Ọtụtụ ndị buru oke ibu na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'inwe nnukwu ibu ibu na-akọ na ha na-eme mmega ahụ.147 Ihe ịga nke ọma ha nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmega ahụ na-egbochi mbelata metabolic, nke na-esokarị oke ibu na-adịghị ala ala.148 Mmemme mmezi nke ikuku nke ọma nwere ike igbanwe mkpali, belata nrụgide uche, ma kwalite ọrụ ọgụgụ isi ihe niile nwere ike inyere mmadụ aka ịkwaa njikwa ibu.149

Usoro ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ, na mgbakwunye na mgbanwe ndụ, a na-ewulite aka iji belata oke ibu na njikwa ndụ iji melite mmezi ibu na belata nsonaazụ metụtara ọgwụ oke ibu. Enwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche maka ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ. A gwala ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na peptides na-elekwasị anya na hypothalamus na-abawanye satiety, belata nri oriri, ma mee ka ike homeostasis nwee ike.150,151 Ka osiladi, ụfọdụ n’ime ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a mgbe a nwalere ha n’ule ụlọ ọgwụ adaghị igosilata oke ibu bara uru.152 Peptide YY3-36 (PYY), ihe gbasara ahụ ike na-ahụ maka satiety sutaety egosila nsonaazụ dị mma na ịba ụba satiety na belata nri mmadụ n'ime mmadụ.153 Nnyocha ọmụmụ gosipụtara na infusion nke PYY modulates arụ ọrụ neural na corticolimbic, cognitive, na mpaghara ụbụrụ homeostatic.17 N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a na-etinye ndị na-ebu ọnụ na PYY ma ọ bụ saline n'oge nkeji 90 nke nyocha fMRI. Mgbanwe nke fMRI na hypothalamus na OFC ewepụtara site na usoro usoro oge, e jiri ya tụnyere oriri caloric na-esote maka isiokwu ọ bụla na ụbọchị PYY na saline. N'ụbọchị nnu, a na-ebu ọnụ ma buru ọkwa PYY dị ala, mgbanwe nke hypothalamus metụtara na kalori na-esote. N'ụzọ dị iche, n'ụbọchị PYY na ọkwa plasma dị elu nke PYY e jiri nwayọọ nweta ọnọdụ, mgbanwe nke OFC buru amụma oriri caloric n'adabereghị na ahụmịhe metụtara nri nri; ebe mgbanwe hypothalamic mgbaàmà emeghị. Ya mere, enwere ike gbanwee iwu nke omume iri nri site na ọnọdụ obibi obibi na hedonic corticolimbic steeti. Yabụ, atụmatụ iji gwọ oke ibu kwesịrị ịgụnye ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na ọnọdụ ọrịa hedonic. N'ezie, ọtụtụ ọgwụ nwere akụrụngwa nke DA reuptake inhibitor (ya bụ, Bupropion), opioid antagonist (ya bụ, Naltrexone), ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe ọrụ DA (ya bụ, Zonisamide, Topiramate) iji kwalite ibu ibu na oke ibu na-achị.154-156 Irè nke ọgwụ ndị a maka ịdị na-edozi ube dị ogologo chọrọ nyocha ọzọ.

Gaa:

MKWUBIOKWU

Ibu oke gosiputara na enweghi mmekorita n’etiti ike oriri na mmefu nke na - emegodi site na mmekorita nke ike homeostasis na omume oriri nke hedonic. DA na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na sekit (ya bụ, mkpali, ụgwọ ọrụ, mmụta, ihe mgbochi) na-achịkwa usoro iri nri na-adịghị mma. Ihe omumu ihe omuma gosiputara na ndi mmadu buru ibu nwere uzo D2 / D3 nke nnata nke oma, nke a na - eme ka ha ghara ilebara ihe ngbanye ugwu anya, nke n’enwe ike ime ka ha nwekwuo ike inweta nri dika uzo iji kwusi ure a nwa oge. A na - ejikọkwa ọkwa nnabata D2 / D3 nke mbelata na metabolism na - emetụta ụbụrụ na - etinye aka na nchịkwa inhibitory na nhazi nri. Nke a nwere ike ime ka ike ghara ịchịkwa nri a na-a foodụ nri buru oke ibu mgbe a na-eche ihu ume dị ka ikpughe nri nri. Nsonaazụ sitere n'ọmụmụ ihe ndị a nwere mmetụta maka ọgwụgwọ nke oke ibu ebe ọ bụ na ha na-atụ aro na atụmatụ dị iche iche iji melite ọrụ ụbụrụ DA nwere ike ịba uru na ọgwụgwọ na igbochi oke ibu.

Gaa:

Nkweta

Ndị edemede a kelekwara ndị ọrụ sayensị na nka na Brookhaven Center for Translational Neuroimaging maka nkwado ha na ọmụmụ nyocha ndị a na ndị mmadụ wepụtara onwe ha maka ọmụmụ ihe ndị a.

Ndị na-akwado ya site na onyinye sitere na Ngalaba Energy nke US OBER (DE-ACO2-76CH00016), National Institute on Drug Abuse (5RO1DA006891-14, 5RO1DA6278-16, 5R21, DA018457-2), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (RO1AA9481-11 & Y1AA3009), na nke General Clinical Research Center na Stony Brook University Hospital (NIH MO1RR 10710).

Gaa:

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