EKPERE: nyocha nyocha banyere tonic (ihe ndabere) vesos phasic (spikes) dopamine.
Neuropharmacology. 2007 Ọkt; 53 (5): 583-7. Epub 2007 Jul 19.
Goto Y, Otani S, Grace AA.
Source
Ngalaba isi mgbaka, Mahadum McGill, Nnyocha na Ọzụzụ, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada. [email protected]
nkịtị
Dopamine emeela nnyocha sara mbara n'ihi nsonye a maara ya n'ọtụtụ nsogbu akwara ozi na ụbụrụ. Karịsịa, ọmụmụ n'ime ọnọdụ nke ọrịa elekwasịwo anya na ike nke njupụta dị elu, na-ewepụta ntọhapụ nke dopamine na mpaghara dịka prefrontal cortex na striatum. Agbanyeghị, nyocha egosila na ntọhapụ dopamine nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya karịa ịtọhapụ phasic; ya mere, enwere kwa tonic, dopamine ndabere dị na ya, yana mgbanwe ụfọdụ na ntọhapụ nke tonic dopamine nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ pụrụ iche ma dị mkpa. Na nwute, ka osi di, tonic dopamine weputara nke oma. Na nyocha a, anyị chịkọtara ọmụmụ anyị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ma kwuo banyere mgbanwe nke dopamine sistemu, ma na usoro nke mmegharị na ntinye nke tonic dopamine dị mkpa maka ọrụ nke mpaghara ụbụrụ na-enweta ntinye nke dopamine a, yana na enweghị mgbanwe na usoro ntọhapụ dopamine ndị a. nwere ike rụọ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na ọrịa ụbụrụ dịka schizophrenia.
Keywords: Limbic Sistem, Ihe Nlebara Ntutu, Ntanetị Nucleus, Ọrụ Mmetụta, Nlekọta Anụmanụ, Schizophrenia
1. Okwu Mmalite
Ebe ọ bụ na nkọwa ya na ụbụrụ site n’aka Carlsson na 1957 (Carlsson et al., 1957), a mụọla ọrụ nke dopamine (DA) n’ihi mmụpụta nke usoro ntụgharị a na ọrụ ụbụrụ multidimensional dịka mmụta na ebe nchekwa (Grecksch na Matties, 1981), mkpali (Everitt na Robbins, 2005), na akparama agwa (Nader na LeDoux, 1999). Ọzọkwa, etinyere ọgba aghara nke usoro DA na nnukwu nsogbu akwara na ọrịa uche gụnyere ọrịa Parkinson na schizophrenia (Hornykiewicz, 1966). N'ime ihe ọmụmụ anyị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, anyị na-enye echiche pụrụ iche banyere mkpa ọrụ usoro sistemu DA, nke anyị na-atụ aro na "mbelata" nke mgbapụta DA nwere ike ịdị mkpa dị ka "mmụba" nke DA ntọhapụ na omume modulating.
2. Dopamine na-agba egbe ma hapụ ya dopamine
DA neurons gosipụtara ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ịgba ọkụ si arụ ọrụ: tonic single spike function and fashe spike firing (Grace na Bunney, 1984a; Grace and Bunney, 1984b). Mgbụ ọkụ Tonic na-ezo aka na-eme ihe na-aga n'ihu na-ebugharị ihe na-eme na ntanetị mmụọ ma bụrụkwa sọks dị ka isi iyi nke DA neurons (Grace na Bunney, 1984b; Grace na Onn, 1989). Agbanyeghị, DA neurons ndị a nọ n'okpuru ikike nke nnukwu ihe mgbochi GABAergic, na-egbochi ụfọdụ DA neurons ịgbanye ọkụ oge ọnọdụ basal (Grace na Bunney, 1979). Egosipụta Tonic nke DA neurons ka ọ gosipụtara na usoro nke tonic isi nke DA ịta ahụhụ n'ime otu ọnọdụ (dịka 10-20 nM n'etiti mpaghara ọnọdụ (Keef et al., 1993)). Ọmụmụ na-atụ aro na nke a bụ mgbasa ozi site na mgbapụ nke DA site na synapse banye na extrasyanptic oghere (Floresco et al., 2003; Grace, 1991). Ya mere, ntinye uche nke tonic extracellular DA dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke DA neurons nke na-egosipụta ọrụ ịtụgharị tonic na-akpata oge (Floresco et al., 2003; Grace, 1991).
Na nkwekọrịta, usoro nke usoro DA na-anọchi anya nke usoro ịkụ ọkpọ na-anọchi anya glutamatergic excitatory synaptic drive na DA neurons site n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, gụnyere pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) (Floresco et al., 2003; Futami et al., 1995; Futami et al. ., 1992) na subthalamic nucleus (Smith na Grace, 2003). Rstgba egbe na-akpali oke ntụtụ (dịka ọtụtụ narị μM ka ọkwa mM), obere oge, phasic DA weputara intrasynaptically n'ime mpaghara ezubere iche (Floresco et al., 1991; Grace, 1994). Ntinye akwa a dị elu DA na-agbanyeghị na-atụ aro ka ọ bụrụ onye nwere ike, reuptake ozugbo n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ tupu prenaptik site na ndị na - ebugharị DA (Chergui et al., 1995; Suaud-Chagny et al., 2003), yabụ, ịhapụ phasic DA ga-eme ihe nwa oge n’ime njikọta synaptik na ezigbo nso nke synapse (Floresco, et al., 1991; Grace, 1994; Chergui et al., 2003; Venton et al., XNUMX).
Usoro nke usoro ọmụmụ electrophysiological nke Schultz (Schultz et al., 1993; Tobler et al., 2003; Waelti et al., 2001) egosiputala ụkpụrụ omume nke tonic na bust spike firing of DA neurons. Ya mere, DA neurons na - egosipụta mgbanyụ agbawa ọkụ nke na - ebute site na ngosipụta nke ụgwọ ọrụ na - atụghị anya ya ma ọ bụ akara ngosipụta nke na - ebu amụma ụdị ụgwọ ọrụ ahụ (Schultz et al., 1993). Na nkwekọrịta, ọmụmụ ekpugheala na oge dị mkpirikpi nke mkpagbu tonic na-agba ọkụ na DA neurons na-eme na nzaghachi na ngbaghara nke ụgwọ ọrụ a tụrụ anya ya (Tobler et al., 2003) ma ọ bụ mkpali mkpali (Grace na Bunney, 1979; Ungless et al., 2004). Schultz na-atụ aro na a ga-eji usoro a nke DA spike firing mee ihe dị ka akara mmụta mmụta na njigide ihe n'ụkpụrụ ụbụrụ ezubere iche (Waelti et al., 2001). Ka o sina dị, mmetụta dị iche nke DA na-arụ ọrụ nke na-eme na nzaghachi nke mgbụ ọkụ na-agba na mkpochapụ ọrụ toike na-agba ume nke DA neurons na mpaghara ezubere iche.
3. Dopamine ntụgharị nke ihe ntinye afferent banye na ngba akwara
Iji bulie ọrụ dị mkpa banyere nnyefe sistemụ DA na usoro nke ozi a na-ezi site na ịgbụpụ dabere na mgbụsị nke tonic firing nke DA neurons n'ime mpaghara ndị a ezubere iche, anyị nyochara mmetụta nke tonic na phasic DA ntọhapụ na mgbanwe nke ntinye afferent ntinye n'ime nucleus accumbens (NAcc), ebe enwere oke DA innervation sitere na mpaghara ventral tegmental yanki (VTA) dị (Voorn et al., 1986). A kwenyere na NAcc ga-ahazi akparamagwa nke ebumnuche (Mogenson et al., 1980) ka ọ na-enweta ngbanye synaptik njikọ sitere na akụkụ limbic na PFC (Finch, 1966; French na Totterdell, 2002). Otu a, NAcc dị ebe a na-ahazigharị ihe gbasara ọnọdụ na mmetụta nke mmụọ n'ụdị akụkụ limbic na atụmatụ ịhazi ụgbọala na PFC (Grace, 2000).
N'iji vivo electrophysiology jikọtara na njikwa ọgwụ nke sistemu DA nke NAcc, anyị chọpụtara na ngbanwe nhọrọ nke limbic na ntinye PFC bụ onye na-agbagha n'etiti DA D1 na D2, n'otu n'otu (Goto na Grace, 2005). Ya mere, mgbakwunye nke ndị na-anabata D1 mere ka ntinye limbic banye na NAcc enweghị mmetụ PFC ntinye, ọ bụ ezie na mgbochi nke ndị na-anabata D1 na onye na-emegide D1 emeghị mmetụta pụtara ìhè na ma ọ bụrụ na limbic ma ọ bụ PFC ntinye. N'ụzọ dị iche, anyị chọpụtara na mbido na ntinye nke ndị na-anabata D2 na-enyocha ma na-eme ka ọ dị mfe, na nzaghachi, ntinye nke PFC ntinye na-enweghị na-emetụtaghị ntinye aka. Nke a na-egosi na, n'adịghị ka mkpali nke nnata nke D1, ndị na-anabata D2 na-anabata ihe na-emetụta DA na ọnọdụ isi ala, enwere ike ịgbanwe ya ma ọ bụ ala site na steeti a. Ọzọkwa, anyị jikwa ntọhapụ nke phasic na tonic DA na NAcc na ngbanye na ntinye nke basal ganglia nuclei nke na-ahazi usoro ọrụ ndị a dị iche iche dị ka anyị si kọọ na nso nso a (Floresco et al., 2003). Achọpụtara ntinye aka na aka nke limbic mgbe mgbapụta DA na-agbadata (nke site na DA neuron gbawara) na-abawanye, ebe, na-abawanye ma na-agbadata na ntinye aka na tonic DA na-ahọrọ ngwa ngwa ma mee ka ọ dị mfe, n'otu n'otu, ihe ndị PFC. N'akọtara ọnụ, ihe ndị a na-egosi na ntọhapụ nke phasic DA na-eme ka ndị nnabata D1 rụọ ọrụ iji mee ka ntinye limbic dị mfe, ebe tonic DA ntọhapụ nwere mmetụta ọ bụla na ntinye PFC site na ntanetị ndị na-anabata D2, na-amụba tonic D2 mkpali na-enyocha ntinye ntanetị nke PFC ma belata na ntanetị ume mkparịta ụka D2 Ihe ntinye PFC.
Na mgbakwunye na nsonaazụ anụ ahụ nke tonic na mgbanwe usoro sistema phasic DA, steeti ọrụ mmemme DA ndị a ka achọpụtara igosipụta mmetụta omume. Ya mere, site na iji omume ịkpa oke ịkpa ókè, anyị chọpụtara na mmezi nke ntinye limbic na NAcc site na mgbapụta nke phasic DA na-eme ka ndị na-anabata D1 maka mmụta nke usoro nzaghachi na mmụta nkwado, ebe Mbelata tonic DA na-akpali mkpali nke ndị na-anabata D2 iji nye ohere ka ịgbanwee atụmatụ nzaghachi ọhụụ ozugbo agbanweela ụkpụrụ iji mezuo ebumnuche (Goto na Grace, 2005). Ya mere, mkpochapu nke tonic na-agba egbe nke ne neerons site na ngbaghara nke ugwo a na-atụ anya ya, nke kwesịrị iwetulata mkpụpụta tonic DA na NAcc, enwere ike iji ya rụọ ọrụ iji kwadoo nhazi ozi cortico-striatal nke na-eme mgbanwe maka omume (Meck na Benson, 2002).
4. Mmetụta nrụgide na dopamine na-eme ka synaptic plasticity
PFC bụ mpaghara ọzọ na-enweta DA innervation site na VTA (Thierry et al., 1973). N'adịghị ka ihe ọkụkụ, ọnọdụ a nke Mesocortical DA na-abanye n'ime PFC bụ ihe na-enweghị atụ; agbanyeghị, n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke saịtị ndị na-ewepu ọkụ na nnukwu ntụgharị DA na mpaghara a, DA ka na-egosipụta mmetụta electrophysiological na omume dị ukwuu na mpaghara ụbụrụ a. Egosipụta DA na PFC ka ọ dị oke mkpa maka ọrụ ọgụgụ isi dịka ebe nchekwa ọrụ (Goldman-Rakic, 1995). Ọzọkwa, mgbanwe na DA ntọhapụ na PFC na-akọwara na-eme ya mgbe ekpughere ya. Ya mere, ọmụmụ egosiputara na ntọhapụ DA na PFC na-abawanye n'okpuru ikpughe nrụgide dị ukwuu (Gresch et al., 1994; Morning et al., 2000), ebe mgbe nrụgide na-adịghị ala ala (dịka karịa izu 2 nke ọnọdụ nrụgide), mbelata nke ntọhapụ DA na PFC ka a hụrụ (Gresch et al., 1994). A na-enyocha mmetụta nke mmụba dị otú ahụ na mbelata na DA na ntinye nke synaptik plasticity na netwọala PFC ka a na-enyocha ihe dịka synapti plasticity dị ka ike oge (LTP) na ịda mba (LTD) na PFC: usoro a maara na-adabere na DA. (Otani et al., 2003). Anyị chọpụtara na ntinye LTP na ntanetị nke hippocampal n'ime PFC, nke dabere na ntinye D1 (Gurden et al., 2000), ka enyere aka site na obere oge nke ikpughe oke nchegbu, ebe mgbe ikpughe nrụgide na-agbatịkwu ogologo oge, induction LTP adịghị egbochi. (Goto na Grace, 2006). N'ihi nke a, enwere njikọ U-megharia n'etiti ntinye nke synaptik plasticity n'okporo ụzọ hippocampal-PFC na oge ngosipụta nke nchekasị, bụ nke jikọrọ ọnụego DA ịhapụ n'oge ngosi nke nchekasị. Ọ bụ ezie na amabeghị ma mmụba nke DA ntọhapụ ahụ ka na-adịgide n'oge ntinye nke LTP, mgbanwe ndị DA na-akpata n'ime oghere nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke abụọ dịka CREB na DARPP-32 (Greengard, 1999), nke achọrọ maka ntinye nke LTP n'ụzọ a (Hotte et al., 2007), amaara na ha nwere mmetụta nke karịrị oge mkpali DA receptor (Fig. (Fig .1A1A na and2B2B).
Figure 1
Dabere na nchọpụta sitere n'ọmụmụ anụmanụ, ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike ị nweta maka akaụntụ maka ụfọdụ nyocha emere maka usoro okike nke usoro ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa psychiatric dị ka ịme ihe. (A) Na nkịtị ọnọdụ na a agafeghị oke (more…)
Nyocha 2
Mgbanwe ndị dị na mmekọrịta U na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ike inye aka na pathophysiology nke ịme ihe. (A) Nnyocha na-egosi na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ncheta ọrụ na ntinye PFC nwekwara ike ịpụta dịka ọdịdị U gbanwere. Na ihe atụ a, (More…)
N'iji nkwadebe ihe omimi in vitro, anyị ewetala data nke nwere ihe dị mkpa metụtara nkwanye arụmọrụ arụpụtara site na mbenata tonic, nlọghachi azụ DA na PFC (Matsuda et al., 2006). Ya mere, na nhazi iberibe ebe a na-ewepụ DA afferents site na mkpụrụ ndụ ma a na-asachapụ ihe dị ukwuu DA n'oge a na-ahụ ya, a ga-atụ anya nzụlite DA ga-adị ala karịa nke dị ugbu a, n'ọnọdụ vivo. Anyị chọpụtara na n'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, mkpali tetanic ugboro ugboro nke zuru oke iji bulie LTP na vivo kama rụpụtara ntinye nke LTD. Agbanyeghị, mgbe etinyere DA na-etinye uche dị ala na mmiri ịsa ahụ ime mmụọ iji yie mmụọ tonic ndabere DA hapụụrụ ugbu a na vivo, mgbali elu ugboro ugboro ugbu a na-ebute ntinye nke LTP, na-atụ aro na ọkwa nke ndabere tonic DA ụda nwere ike ikpebi polarity nke plasticity synaptik nke enwere ike itinye ya na netwọala PFC (Fig. 1A). A na-akọ na Mbelata ụdị ụda a na-apụta na etiti PFC na-esochi mkpughe nrụgide na-adịghị ala ala (Gresch et al., 1994). N’ezie, ihe akaebe mbido anyị na-egosi na mkpali mgbali elu na-ebutekarị LTP na hippocampal afferents banye na PFC na ọnọdụ vivo ga - ebute ngbanye LTD mgbe anụmanụ na - egosi izu 2 nke oge oyi ma ọ bụ na - egbochi mkpughe (Goto et al., 2007).
5. Ihe ntinye nke tonic na phasic dopamine na -akpata ọrịa uche
A kọwapụtara Hypofrontality na attenuated DA ntọhapụ na PFC dị ka ihe na-akpata pathophysiological na schizophrenia (Andreasen et al., 1992; Yang na Chen, 2005), na otu mkpakọrịta na akara ngosipụta nke nsogbu a (dịka anhedonia, iwepụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze) ( Andreasen et al., 1992). A na-akọkwa ọnọdụ hypofrontal yiri ya na ndị mmadụ nwere nsogbu mgbanwe ọnọdụ dịka ịda mba (Galynker et al., 1998). Nyere na nrụgide na-adịghị ala ala mara na ọ kpatara ọnọdụ ịda mba na, yabụ, ejiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ anụmanụ nke ịda mba (Katz et al., 1981), mgbakwunye ezighi ezi nke LTD na attenuation nke tonic DA ndabere na Mgbapụta na PFC nwere ike itinye aka n'ihe mgbaàmà ọjọọ nke schizophrenia na nkụda mmụọ (Fig. 1B).
Agbanyeghị na ebuputara hypofrontality ka ọ dị ugbu a na ndị ọrịa schizophrenia, enwere akụkọ ụfọdụ na-enye echiche na ọrụ PFC nwere ike ịdị elu karịa na ndị ọrịa schizophrenia ma e jiri ya tụnyere isiokwu nkịtị n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ dịka n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa dị mfe (Callicott et al., 2003; Manoach, 2003). Ya mere, ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-atụ aro na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti U-meghere dị n'etiti ebe nchekwa na arụ ọrụ nke PFC, yana ndị ọrịa schizophrenia nwere ike igosipụta ikike ebe nchekwa dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa, na-eduga n'ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ ndị dị mfe (Fig 2A) (Manoach) , 2003). N’ezie, anyị achọtala ụdị mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị U-n’etiti induction LTP na PFC na nsonaazụ nke oke nrụgide (Goto na Grace, 2006). Karịrị, anyị achọpụtala mgbanwe nke mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị U-a na-emetụta oke nhụsianya nrụgide dị ukwuu na ihe atụ nke schizophrenia (Fig 2B) (Goto na Grace, 2006). N'ezie, a maara na ndị ọrịa schizophrenia na-egosipụta njirimara nke ngwangwa ka ukwuu na nrụgide, nke jikọtara ya na ịnwe nlọghachi (Rabkin, 1980).
6. Mmechi
Mmụba na mbelata na ndọhapụ DA nwere ike nwee mmetụta dị iche na ọrụ ụbụrụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ “Yin” na “Yang” dabere na steeti ahụ. Ya mere, ịtụle ụdị mgbanwe mgbanwe DA dị mkpa maka ọrụ nkịtị nke mpaghara ụbụrụ na-enweta DA innervation gụnyere NAcc na PFC. Ego ndi mmadu n’enweghi nsogbu, nke puru iche na PFC, nwere ike rụọ oke ọrụ na pathophysiology nke ọrịa uche dịka schizophrenia na ịda mba.
Acknowledgements
NARSAD Young Investigator Award, HFSP Short Term Fellowship (YG), Mịnịsta nke nyocha, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique (SO), na USPHS MH57440 (AAG) kwadoro ọrụ a.
Ihe odide ala
Nke a bụ faịlụ PDF nke ihe odide a na-akwadoghị nke akwadora maka mbipụta. Dịka ọrụ nke ndị ahịa anyị, anyị na-enye nsụgharị mbụ nke ihe odide ahụ. Ihe odide a ga-enwe ngbanwe, nhazi, na nyochaa ihe kpatara ya tupu e bipụ ya na nke ikpeazụ ya. Biko rịba ama na n'oge mmepụta usoro njehie nwere ike ịchọta nke nwere ike imetụta ọdịnaya ahụ, ihe niile gbasara iwu na-emetụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.
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