Omume mmekọahụ na-agwụ ike: Njupụta ihu na ihu ụbụrụ na njedebe (2016)

IHE: Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "Mmekọahụ nke Mmekọahụ (CSB)," isiokwu ndị ahụ bụ ndị na-eri ahụ riri ahụ (lee mkpọsa akụkọ a). E jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị CSB na-edozi ahụ mụbara ụda amygdala fọdụrụ ma belata njikọta arụ ọrụ n'oge ezumike n'etiti amygdala ekpe na bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DLPFC. Ndị dere kwubiri:

Ihe nchọpụta anyị ugbu a na-egosipụta ọkwa dị elu na mpaghara nke metụtara nzụlite na-akpali akpali na ịdabere izu ike na njikọta nke netwọk na-achịkwa usoro mgbasa ozi. Nkwụsịtụ nke netwọk ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịkọwa ụkpụrụ omume omume na-adịghị mma iji nweta ụgwọ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ meziwanye reactivity iji nweta ihe ngosi mmetụ. Ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta nke volumetric anyị dị iche na ndị na-eji ihe na-eme ihe (SUD), nchọpụta ndị a nwere ike igosi esemokwu dịka ọrụ nke ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala.

Nchọta nchọta #1): "Obere arụmọrụ njikọta n'etiti amygdala & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." Amygdala na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịhazi mmetụta uche, gụnyere nzaghachi anyị na nrụgide. Amygdala nwere oke nsogbu n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ahụ riri ahụ dị ka agụụ, mmeghachi omume na mgbaàmà iwepụ. Mbelata njikọta arụmọrụ n'etiti amygdala na cortex prefrontal kwekọrọ na ọgwụ ahụ riri ahụ. A na-eche na njikọta dara ogbenye na-ebelata ikike cortex prefrontal na-achịkwa mkpali nke onye ọrụ itinye aka na omume ahụ riri ahụ.

Nchọta nchọta #2): "Yba ụba amygdala" (nke pụtara ihe isi awọ). Otutu ihe omumu ogwu riri ogwu na amuta obere amygdalae na ndi ogwu riri (obere ihe isi awọ). Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi na ị toxicụ ọgwụ ọjọọ nwere ike ibute obere isi awọ ma si otú a belata olu amygdala na ndị ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ. O doro anya na nke a na-ekere òkè. Ekwesiri ighota na amygdala na-aru oru oge nile n'ile egwu egwu, karia mgbe mbu ekpughere ya na ihe gbasara mmekọahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịpị site na taabụ iji tab ma ọ bụ ịchọ vidiyo ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi ga-eme ka amygdala nwuo. Ikekwe mgbe niile mmekọahụ nyocha na ịchọ na-eduga na mmetụta pụrụ iche na amygdala na ndị na-egwu egwu egwu.

Nkọwa ọzọ maka oke amygdala dị ukwuu na-asọ oyi na-asọ oyi: Ọtụtụ afọ ị na-eji egwu egwu egwu nwere ike ịbụ nrụgide. Ọzọkwa, isiokwu ndị a CSB abụghị naanị ndị ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ; ha nwetakwara nsonaazụ ọjọọ dị egwu n'ihi iji egwu egwu (enweghị ọrụ, nsogbu mmekọrịta, mmepe nke ED). Nke a bụ isi ihe: Ahụhụ nchekasị oge na-emetụta ụda olu amygdala:

Ọ bụ ezie na a kaghị nghọta zuru ezu nke usoro plastik, agafe oke na nsogbu siri ike na-egosi ka mmụba nke ọtụtụ ndị amygdala dị, ebe mmetụta dị na hippocampus na cortex prefrontal na-adị iche.

Anyị na-atụle ihe a na-achọta n'elu na nke a Nyocha 2015 nke chọpụtara na "ndị na-eri agụụ mmekọahụ" nwere axis HPA na-ekpo ọkụ (usoro nchegbu overactive). Ogwu ojoo na-achoghi aka na mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi, tinyere ihe ndi na-eme ka nwoke na nwanyi nwee ihe di iche iche, na ebute olu olu amygdala? N'ikpeazụ, ụda olu amygdala nwere ike ịbụ ọnọdụ dị adị n'oge ndị aṅụrụma, dika ụmụ na ezinụlọ nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nwere obere amygdalae.

BỤRỤ N'ỤLỌ AKWỤKWỌ

Casper Schmidt,1,2,3 Laurel S. Morris,1,4 Timo L. Kvamme,1,2,3 Paula Hall,5 Thaddeus Birchard,5 na Valerie Lee1,4,6 *

Ihe Odide Ọkpụkpọ Mmadụ

• Nke mbụ bipụtara: 27 October 2016 Bipụta akụkọ ihe mere eme
• DOI: 10.1002 / hbm.23447 Na-ele / chekwaa ama

Ndị edemede na-ekwupụta na ha enweghị esemokwu nke ọdịmma ịkwusa.

nkịtị

Mụrụ

Omume mmekọahụ (CSB) na-agba aghara na-adịkarị nkịtị ma jikọta ya na nkwonkwo onwe onye na nke mmadụ. A ka na-aghọta ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa ahụ. Nnyocha a na-amụ ugbu a na-enyocha ụbụrụ na nkwụsịtụ arụ ọrụ na CSB jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-arụ ọrụ ahụike (HV).

ụzọ

A chịkọtara data MRI (MPRAGE) na isiokwu 92 (ụmụ nwoke 23 CSB na nwoke 69 na-agbadoo nwoke HV) ma nyochaa iji morphometry dabeere na voxel. Ịnakọtaghachi data MRI arụmọrụ na-eji usoro ntanetịime ọtụtụ na nchịkọta nke nnwere onwe (ME-ICA) agbakọtara na isiokwu 68 (isiokwu 23 CSB na oge 45-kwekọrọ na HV).

Results

Ihe ndị CSB gosipụtara egosipụ ụbụrụ amygdala dị ukwuu karị (obere olu a gbaziri, Bonferroni gbanwere P <0.01) ma belata njikọta izu ike na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti mkpụrụ amygdala aka ekpe na cortex prefrontal nke abụọ dị iche iche (ụbụrụ dum, ụyọkọ gbaziri FWE P <0.05) jiri ya tụnyere HV.

Mkpebi

CSB jikọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na mpaghara limbic ndị dị mkpa maka nzụlite na-akpali akpali na nhazi mmetụta uche, na njikọta arụmọrụ na-adịghị mma n'etiti iwu nchịkwa nke mbụ na mpaghara limbic. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ n'ọdịnihu kwesịrị iji nyochaa usoro ogologo oge iji nyochaa ma nchọpụta ndị a bụ ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na-ebute mmalite nke àgwà ma ọ bụ na-esi na akpa àgwà.

edebiri

• ACC na-eme ka cortex gbanwee
• Mmekọrịta omume mmekọahụ nke CSB
• Akwukwo nri CSF
• DLPFC na-ahụkarị pretekt cortex
• Okwu GM isi awọ
• GLM n'ozuzu ngwa ngwa
• Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo dị mma HV
• Mmetụta magnetization MPRAGE kwadoro nkwụsịtụ
• OFC orbitofrontal cortex
• Ógbè mmasị ROI
• Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Omume nke SPM
• Oge ugboro ugboro
• Oge nkwughachi
• VBM voxel-based morphometry
• Ihe ọcha ọcha WM.

OKWU

Omume mmekọahụ (CSB), nke a makwaara dị ka nsogbu hypersexual ma ọ bụ mmekorita nke mmekọahụ, bụ ihe dịkarịsịrị (eme atụmatụ na 3% -6%) [Kraus et al., 2016] na - esochi nsogbu dị oke nhụjuanya na ụbụrụ psychosocial, gụnyere ịmara site n'ịchọsi ike, imerụ ahụ, na nhụjuanya na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ (Kraus et al., 2016]. Nchoputa ihe omumu ugbu a tinyewo uche n'ighota neurobiological na-adabere na ya (Kraus et al., 2016] ọ bụ ezie na agụmakwụkwọ adịghị ike na-eme ka nghọta anyị banyere usoro ndị dị n'okpuru na ụzọ anyị nwere ike isi chee echiche banyere nsogbu ndị a. E chepụtala CSB dị ka ma ọ bụ mgbagha mgbagha ma ọ bụ mmekorita ahụ [Kraus et al., 2016]. Nte ededi, ọ bụ ezie na a na-atụle ntụpọ maka nsogbu mmekọahụ hypersexual maka DSM-5 ma mee ka a mara ya na ikpe ikpe [Reid et al., 2012], a na-etinye nsogbu a na ntanetị nke ịntanetị ma ọ bụ egwuregwu vidio, na ngalaba nke DSM-5, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na njedebe data na ọnọdụ. Ya mere, omumu ihe omumu banyere CSB bu ihe di mkpa iji mepewanye ihe banyere nsogbu ndia. Ọ bụ ezie na CSB nwere ike inwe àgwà dịgasị iche iche, ebe a, anyị na-elekwasị anya n'otu ìgwè nke na-ekwu ihe isi ike kachasị mkpa na-eji foto ndị gba ọtọ. Anyị ejirila okwu CSB kwenyere na "ike" na-akọwa ihe omimi banyere ihe omumu ihe omumu ma obughi ime ka echiche obula ma o bu ihe omuma.

Anyị na-eduzi nyochaa akwụkwọ ndị ahụ gbasara ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ site na iji morphometry (VBM) ma ọ bụ cortical ọkpụrụkpụ. Anyị jiri okwu ọchụchọ ndị na-esonụ na PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed): '(("Morphometry nke dabeere na voxel" ma ọ bụ "oke cortical") na], nke na - esote "[ịgba chaa chaa na-enweghị nchịkwa]," "[ị addictionụ ịntanetị]," " [ịgba chaa chaa riri ahụ]. ” Na mkpokọta, achọtara ihe ọmụmụ 13 n'ime omume riri ahụ metụtara ịgba chaa chaa, ịntanetị, ma ọ bụ egwuregwu vidio nke tụlere ma VBM ma ọ bụ oke cortical. A na-enyocha nyocha akwụkwọ ahụ na Isiokwu 1 ma tụlee n'okpuru.

Ntọala 1. Nyocha akwụkwọ nke oke ọmụmụ na ọkpụrụkpụ ọmụmụ banyere omume mmekpa ahụ

Ịhụ n'ime nsogbu ndị na-edozi ahụ na-abịa site n'ọmụmụ ihe banyere ọgwụ ọjọọ (SUD). Ndi mmadu nwere SUD na-egosi mmelite na ụda ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na okpukpuchi karịsịa na mpaghara ndị na-ebute ihu ala nke na-egbochi njikwa omume ime mgbanwe. Ntụle ihe nyocha nke 9 na nso nso a na ndị 296 ndị na-aṅụ mmanya na-ahụ anya dị ntakịrị belata ihe gbasara isi awọ (GM), tinyere aghara aghara aghara (ACC) [Xiao et al., 2015], na-enwe ọnụma GM na-eche ihu n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na mmanya na-aba n'anya n'oge niile [Taki et al., 2006]. A na-ebelata mpịakọta GM nke mbụ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, gụnyere na orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) [Rando et al., 2013; Tanabe et al., 2009], cortex na-aga n'ihu n'ọdịnihu [Rando et al., 2013] na ACC [Connolly et al., 2013], nke na - ejikọta afọ ole na - eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe [Connolly et al., 2013].

Esemokwu dị iche iche na mkpado cortical na ọkpụrụkpụ abụchaghị ihe doro anya n'omume ahụ (nke a tụlere na Isiokwu 1). Nnyocha atọ dị nta banyere nsogbu ịgba chaa chaa gosipụtara nchọpụta na-ekwekọghị na ya ma ọ bụ okpukpu ụda ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche dị na mpaghara prefrontal na parietal [Grant et al., 2015], ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na nri prefrontal cortex [Koehler et al., 2013] ma ọ bụ ọ bụghị otu iche iche [Joutsa et al., 2011]. N'inyocha nnukwu nsogbu nke ndị ịgba chaa chaa na-adịghị njọ, enweghi nghọtahie dị iche iche dị na ụbụrụ (site na Holst et al., 2012]. Otu obere nnyocha na ịntanetị riri ahụ gosipụtara ọkpụrụkpụ dị ala na OFC [Hong et al., 2013], na ọkwa ọzọ dị ala na-edepụta ụda dị na cortex prefrontal (DLPFC) [Yuan et al., 2011] na ọmụmụ ihe abụọ na-atụ aro ka mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ACC buru ibu [Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011]. Nnukwu ihe omumu omumu ihe ntanetiti di na ntaneti nyere akuko onu ogugu na OFC [Weng et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2013], na ọhụụ abụọ dị elu na-akọ akụkọ dị nta karị na ịkọ ụbụrụ [Lin et al.,] 2014; Wang et al., 2015] na nyocha di iche iche na - akuko na - ebelata na DLPFC [Wang et al., 2015], ihu ala dị ala [Lin et al., 2014], nke kachasị mma [Wang et al., 2015] na ala dị ala [Yuan et al., 2013] cortices. N'ihe banyere akụkụ ndị dị ala, otu obere nnyocha mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu (VS) dị elu na nsogbu ịgba chaa chaa [Koehler et al., 2013] na-enweghi ọdịiche dị iche iche na-egosi na nchọpụta ndị ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ ịgba chaa chaa n'Ịntanet, nchoputa ndị ahụ na-ekwekọghị ma ọ bụ karịa copperppocampal [Sun et al., 2014], hippocampal hiri nne [Lin et al., 2014] ma ọ bụ enweghị ọdịiche [Wang et al., 2015; Weng et al., 2013]. Otu nnyocha na-atụle ihe dị mma nke na-elekwasị anya na mpịakọta ndị na-ederede na-ekwu na nnukwu volumes na VS na-ejikọta na mpempe akwụkwọ akara ngosi [Cai et al., 2015]. N'ịkọkọ ọnụ, nchọpụta nke ọdịiche dị egwu ma ọ bụ ihe nhụjuanya na nsogbu ịgba chaa chaa na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ. N'aka nke ọzọ, akụkọ banyere ọdịiche dị na ntanetị ma ọ bụ ịntanetị na-ejikarị akụkọ na-agbakwụnye mkpirikpi mpịakọta na ACC na-abawanye na mpịakọta OFC na-emegharị ma ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ ọmụmụ.

Ruo ugbu a, enwere ngosipụta doro anya nke mgbanwe nhazi nke usoro ndị na CSB nwere. Nnyocha nke ndị nwere ahụ ike nwere nnukwu foto ndị gba ọtọ na-eji na-enweghị nyocha nke CSB gosipụtara mpịakọta GM dị ala n'ogo nke kwesịrị ekwesị [Kühn na Gallinat, 2014]. A obere nchọpụta MRI gbasara ndị mmadụ na CSB (N = 8 kwa otu) gosipụtara ntụgharị mgbasa ozi na-ebelata na traktị na-acha ọcha dị elu (WM) ma e jiri ya tụnyere HV [Miner et al., 2009]. N'ihe banyere ọrụ, nwoke HV gosipụtara usoro omume omume a na-eme nke ọma na obere aka ekpe ekpe na-egosi na ihe oyiyi efu [Kühn na Gallinat, 2014] na obere oge ị ga-enwe ike inwe ihe oyiyi dị iche iche [Edee et al., 2015]. N'ụzọ dị iche, n'ime ihe gbasara ọrụ gbasara fMRI na-atụle CSB na HV, vidio ndị na-egosi mmekọahụ na-eme ka VS, amygdala na dorsal ACC BOLD zaghachi na CSB [Voon et al., 2014]. Njikọ arụmọrụ n'etiti mpaghara ndị a jikọtara ya na ndepụta nke agụụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ "ịchọrọ" ma ọ bụghị "mmasị" na isiokwu CSB na-atụ aro ọrụ nke mkpali na-akpali akpali, na-ejikọta ahụ riri ahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, n'ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ na-eri agụụ mmekọahụ na ịntanetị, a na-ejikọta ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ kachasị mma ma na-ejikọta naanị ya na ihe ndị na-egosi na ị na-ahụ ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ịntanetị nakwa na ọ bụghị ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi [Brand et al., 2016]. Nnyocha ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya na-egosikwa na ndị nwere nsogbu mmekọahụ rụrụ arụ na-enwekarị agụụ mmekọahụ mgbe ha na-enwe mmekọahụ, nakwa na a na-ahụkwu ọganihu na caudate, lobe na-adịchaghị mma, na-egbuke egbuke na-egbuke egbuke, thalamus, na DLPFC na ìgwè a [Seok na Sohn, 2015]. Ndị CSB na-egosipụtakarị nlezianya anya maka mmekorita nke mmekọahụ (Mechelmans et al., 2014] nke jikọtara ya na nhọrọ dị mma maka amaokwu ndị dị na ihe gbasara mmekọahụ [Banca et al., 2016]. Na nzaghachi na ikpughe ngwa ngwa nke ihe oyiyi efu, ihe gbasara CSB gosipụtara omume dị elu na ụlọ ACC na-enwe mmekọahụ, nke jikọtara na nhọrọ dị mma maka ihe nkiri mmekọahụ [Banca et al., 2016], mmetụta nke ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-achọpụta ma ọ pụkwara ịkwado echiche nke ndidi na ọgwụ ọjọọ.

Nnyocha a na-amụ ugbu a na-enyocha GM volumetric na CSB ma nyochaa akwụkwọ ndị dị ugbu a na mgbakọ volumetric na cortical ọmụmụ banyere nsogbu ịgba chaa chaa na ịntanetị na nsogbu ịgba chaa chaa. Anyị na-enyocha mmechi izu ike nke ndị mmadụ na CSB na HV na-ejikọta ya na nhazi usoro ntutu ụda dị iche iche na nchọpụta nke onwe (ME-ICA) nke akara BOLD dị ka ihe ndị nwere onwe ha na oge ntụgharị oge (TE) ma a na-amatapụta akara ngosi ndị na-abụghị BOLD dị ka components TE-onwe ha [Kundu et al., 2012]. Anyị na-atụ anya ka netwọk nke salience na usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke ndị amygdala, VS na dorsal ACC na-akwụ ụgwọ.

METHODS

sonyere na

A na-akpọkọta isiokwu ndị CSB site na mgbasa ozi sitere n'ịntanetị na site n'aka ndị na-ekwu banyere ọgwụgwọ. A na-esite na mgbasa ozi ndị obodo na-esote na East Anglia. Ihe niile CSB gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na onye na-agwọ ọrịa uche na-ekwenye na ha mejupụtara njedebe diagnostic maka CSB (zutere iwu ịchọta diagnostic maka nsogbu abụọ nke hypersexual [Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012] na ịṅụ ahụ ike [Carnes et al., 2007], na-elekwasị anya n'inwe ike iji ihe omumu ihe omumu nke nwoke na nwanyi. Elere nke a site na iji nsụgharị nke Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASES) [Mcgahuey et al., 2011], nke a zara ajụjụ banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 1-8, na ọkwa dị elu na-anọchite anya nhụsianya dị ukwuu karị. Nyere ọdịdị nke cues, niile CSB-achị na HV bụ nwoke na heterosexual. HV niile dị afọ iri na ụma (± 5 afọ) na isiokwu CSB. A na-ekpuchikwara isiokwu ndị metụtara mmemme MRI dị ka anyị mere n'oge gara aga [Banca et al., 2016; Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014]. Nhọrọ ndị a na-enweghị ike ịchọrọ gụnyere n'okpuru afọ 18, nwere akụkọ banyere SUD, ịbụ onye na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma (gụnyere ọrịa cancer) ugbu a, na inwe ajọ ọrịa uche uche, nke gụnyere ịda mbà n'obi ma ọ bụ nke na-ahụ egwu-ike, ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oria a na-emetụ n'isi ma ọ bụ ịme ihe ike (ejiri Nyocha International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) kpuchie ya [Sheehan et al., 1998]. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ onwe ha ma ọ bụ omume rụrụ arụ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ndị ọkachamara na-atụle ihe gbasara ndị na-ahụ maka ịntanetị ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi ọha na eze, nsogbu ịgba chaa chaa ma ọ bụ ịzụ ahịa, ịghọ nwata ma ọ bụ ndị okenye nwere nsogbu ọrịa na-adịghị mma, na ọrịa nchịkwa binge-eating diagnosis. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ mejupụtara Ọdịdị Omume Mmetụta Na-emetụta Ọganihu (Whiteside and Lynam, 2001] ịtụle impulsivity, na Beck Depression Inventory [Beck et al., 1961] iji chọpụta ịda mbà n'obi. Abụọ nke isiokwu 23 CSB na - ewere ọgwụ ndị na - egbochi ọgwụ ma ọ bụ na -N = 2) ma ọ bụ elekọta mmadụ phobia (N = 1) ma ọ bụ akụkọ nwata nke ADHD (N = 1). Enwetara nkwenye ederede ederede, ma Kọmitii Mahadum nke Cambridge Research Ethics kwadoro ya. A kwụrụ ndị akwụ ụgwọ maka nsonye ha.

Neuroimaging

Inweta data na nhazi

Nhazi.

Achịkọta ihe oyiyi na-agụnye ihe eji emepụta ihe na-eme ka a na-eji ígwè ọrụ Siemens Tim Trio 3T na-eji ntanetị 32-channel na-eji usoro TDNUMX dị arọ MPRAGE (sistemụ tọala 1, nyocha nke 176 nke oge; ugboro ugboro (TR) = 9 ms; oge ntụgharị oge (TE) = 2,500 ms; oge ntụgharị = 4.77 ms; matrix mmụba = 1,100 × 256 × 256; flip angle = 176 Celsius 7 × 1 × 1 mm). E mere nnyocha na Wolfson Brain Imaging Center na Mahadum Cambridge.

Ejiri ihe odide a na-edepụta ihe site na Maapụ Ntọkọ Nọkọlọtọ (SPM8; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) (Wellcome Trust Center maka Neuroimaging, London, UK). Ejiri aka na-elezi anya ihe oyiyi Anatomical, na-etinye ebe dị na nghazi aka. Awara eserese eserese (n'iji Ngalaba Ọhụrụ maka SPM) n'ime GM, WM na mmiri mkpụrụ akụkụ (CSF) dabere na ụdị anụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ map maka ụdị anụ ahụ ọ bụla. A chịkọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ atọ nke anụ ahụ iji mepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ intracranial zuru ezu. A omenala template e kere iji DARTEL [Ashburner, 2007], nke na-akọwapụta akụkụ ndị dị mkpa iji kwado ihe oyiyi GM ọ bụla nke onye ọ bụla na mbara igwe, na ntinye aka. Edere ndebiri DARTEL a na map nke puru omume nke anụ ahụ yana mgbanwe dị iche iche, na-eweta ihe oyiyi n'ime oghere MNI. A na-eji ihe oyiyi eme ka ihe oyiyi dị larịị na obosara zuru oke na ọkara kachasị nke 8 mm³.

Ighachite ala.

A kwadoro data fMRI zuru ezu maka minit 10 na anya na-emeghe ya na Siemens 3T Tim Trio scanner na mkpokọta isi nke 32 na Wolfson Brain Imaging Center, Mahadum nke Cambridge. A jiri usoro ntanetị ntanetị ntanetị rụọ ọrụ na ntanetị nke ntanetị (oge nkwughachi, 2.47 s; flip angle, 78 °; 64 × 64 matrix; mkpebi nhazi, 3.75 mm; FOV, 240 mm; 32 oblique slices, alternating nkeji 3.75% ọdịda XAT, 10, bandwidth = 3 Hz / pixel; oge nkwụghachi (TE) = 1,698, 12, 28, na 44 ms).

Ntughari akụrụngwa dị iche iche na nyocha (ME-ICAv2.5 beta6; http://afni.nimh.nih.gov) ka eji mee ihe maka nyocha na nyocha nke otutu data ntaneti fMRI. ME-ICA decomposes multi-echo fMRI data n'ime components onwe ha na FastICA. Mgbaàmà mgbaàmà nke mgbaàmà BOLD na-adabere na TE, njirimara nke ire ere T2 *. Nke a na-atụle TE-nkwado site na iji nkesa na-F-statistic, kappa, na components nke na-arụsi ike ike na TE nwere nnukwu kappa ọnụ [Kundu et al., 2012]. Achọpụtaghị ihe ndị na-abụghị BOLD site na nnwere onwe nke onye na -F-statistic, rho. A na - ahazi ihe dị ka BOLD ma ọ bụ ndị na - abụghị BOLD na - adabere na kappa ha na rho uru, dịka [Kundu et al., 2012]. A na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-abụghị BOLD site na ntule, data na-enweghị mkpọtụ maka mmegharị, ihe ọmụmụ physiological na nyocha dị iche iche n'ụzọ siri ike dabere na ụkpụrụ anụ ahụ. Ihe oyiyi atụmatụ nkuzi ọ bụla nke ezighi ezi na-etinye aka na MPRAGE ha ma bụrụ nke a na-etinye na Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Ejiri kernel Gaussian duzie ịmecha oghere gbasara oghere (oghere zuru oke ọkara kachasị = 6 mm). A na-ewepụta oge maka voxel ọ bụla maka oge ọ bụla (0.008 f <0.09 Hz). Ekewara nyocha anatomical nke onye ọ bụla na GM, WM, na CSF. E wepụrụ ihe ndị bụ isi dị mkpa nke akara site na WM na CSF.

Ejiri nyocha arụmọrụ arụ ọrụ site na mpaghara mpaghara mmasị (ROI) nke na-ejikọta na CONN-fMRI Ngwá Ọrụ Njikọ Njikọ [Whitfield-Gabrieli na Nieto-Castanon, 2012] maka SPM (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/).

Nchịkọta akụkọ

Ejiri njiri mara isiokwu na ajụjụ a na-atụle n'etiti ndị otu nwere ọdụ abụọ t-ọbụ na -echeghị na ha ga-enwe mgbanwe. A na-eji nyocha nchịkọta akụkọ mee ihe site na iji R version (3.2.0) [Team RC, 2014].

Nhazi

Maka nyocha nke otu, mpịakọta GM maka isiokwu CSB na HV abanyela n'ime usoro usoro (GLM). Emeziri data maka oke nke intracranial nke ndị sonyere site na iji nha anya kwesiri ya na nkpuchi doro anya na SPM. A gbanwere ntụnyere nke otu maka afọ na nkụda mmụọ dị ka covariates. Anyị lekwasịrị anya a priori ebe a na-atụ anya n'ógbè ndị anyị hụrụ n'oge gara aga [Voon et al., 2014] na nyocha nyocha nke ihe omumu reactivity (Kühn na Gallinat, 2011], nke bụ n'aka ekpe na aka nri VS, aka ekpe na amygdala ziri ezi, na ACC na-eji obere mgbazigharị (SVC) eme ihe na-ezighị ezi ezinụlọ (FWE) P <0.01 (Bonferroni gbaziri maka otutu atụnyere). Maka nyocha SVC ndị a, anyị ji VS anatomical ROI, kọwaa na mbụ [Murray et al., 2008] nke e ji aka ya mee ihe site na iji MRIcro dabere na nkọwa nke VS site n'aka Martinez et al. [2003]. A na-enweta amygdala ROI site na Mpịakọta Anatomical Labeling (AAL). A na - agbanwe agbanwe dorsal ACC site n'iji windo ngwaọrụ MarsBaR ROI [Brett et al., 2002] ma dabere na cingulate cortex ROI site na AAL atlas. A gbanwere ya nke mere na ókèala ihu ihu bụ isi nke ụbụrụ corpus callosum [Cox et al., 2014; Desikan et al., 2006] na nke na-esote n'azụ bụ mmalite nke ezigbo callosum corpus [Desikan et al., 2006]. A na-enyocha nyocha ndị ọzọ maka nhazi BDI.

Ighachite ala

Iji tụnyere njikọta n'etiti isiokwu CSB na HV, a na-agụta map njikọ njikọ ROI-to-voxel dum maka njikọ mkpụrụ mkpụrụ amygdala aka ekpe nke dabere na nchọpụta dị iche iche dị iche iche. E webatara map ndị jikọtara ọnụ na GLM zuru oke iji tụnyere njikọta ụbụrụ zuru oke n'etiti otu na-agbanwe maka afọ na nyocha na-esote na-agbanwe maka afọ abụọ na ịda mba. Igwe ụyọkọ ụbụrụ dum doziri FWE P E weere 0.05 dị mkpa maka ọdịiche otu.

IHE

e ji mara

Ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ na atọ na CSB (afọ 26.9, SD 6.22 afọ) na 69 afọ-kwekọrọ (afọ 25.6; SD 6.55 afọ) nwoke Hte na-enwe nwoke ọmụmụ ihe (Table 2), nke isiokwu 19 CSB na 55 HV gụrụ akwụkwọ ajụjụ omume. Okwu CSB nwere elu BDI (P = 0.006) na UPPS-P (P <0.001) akara tụnyere HV. Omume omume ndị ọzọ gụnyere ụkpụrụ na oke nke ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ịntanetị na-akọ akụkọ n'ebe ọzọ [Mechelmans et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014].

Isiokwu 2. Ihe omume igwe mmadụ na nke omume maka ihe ndị metụtara omume mmekọahụ na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo dị mma

Nhazi

Nyochaa ROI nke aka ekpe na amygdala nke aka ekpe, n'aka ekpe na nke ziri ezi VS na dorsal ACC gosipụtara na ụda olu amygdala isi na-abawanye na CSB ma e jiri ya tụnyere HV (SVC FWE-corrected, P = 0.0096, Z = 3.37, xyz = -28, −4, -15) (Bonferroni gbaziri maka SVC FWE-dozie P <0.01) (Nyocha. 1). Ihe nyochaa ROI ndị ọzọ adịghị mkpa. Ịgbanwe maka ịda mbà n'obi agbanweghị nchọpụta dị iche iche.

Nyocha 1.

• Meghee anya na onyonyo anya
• Download Powerpoint slide

Mmetụta morselmetry nke na-agụ na pixel na omume mmekọahụ ike. Akwa olu amygdala kachasị elu gosipụtara n'omume mmekọahụ na-agwụ ike gbasara ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo. A na-emechi onyinyo ahụ na P <0.005 edozighi maka ihe atụ. [Agba ọgụgụ nwere ike anya na wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Obodo ezumike

Dabere na nsonaazụ nke usoro, anyị nyochaa njikọta izu ike na steepụ na mkpụrụ osisi amygdala ekpe. Anyị chọpụtara na ịbịarịta ozi na nke DLPFC bilateral (Right DLPFC: P = 0.012, Z = 4.11, xyz = 31 42 16; Aka ekpe DLPFC: P = 0.003, Z = 3.96, xyz = −27 52 23) (Nyocha. 2). Ịgbanwe maka BDI agbanweghị ihe nchọpụta dị (DLPFC ziri ezi: P = 0.001, Z = 4.54, xyz = 31 61 23; Aka ekpe DLPFC: P = 0.003, Z = 4.26, xyz = −29 49 35).

Nyocha 2.

• Meghee anya na onyonyo anya
• Download Powerpoint slide

Ighachite njikọta arụmọrụ nke ala nke amygdala ekpe. A na-ejikọta omume mmekọahụ na-agụsi ike na njikọta ezumike nke ala ezumike nke amygdala fọdụrụ (mkpụrụ, aka ekpe) na cortex nke mbụ (n'etiti na aka nri), nke metụtara ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo. A na-emechi onyinyo ahụ na P <0.005 edozighi maka ihe atụ. [Agba ọgụgụ nwere ike anya na wileyonlinelibrary.com]

NKWASỊTA

Anyị nyochachara njirimara dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere CSB jiri ya tụnyere HV. Okwu CSB amụbawo olu amygdala fọdụrụ na njikọta arụmọrụ dị ntakịrị n'oge ezumike n'etiti amygdala ekpe na DLPFC abụọ.

Amygdala na-etinye aka na nhazi usoro nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-eduzi omume. Ngwurugwu nke amygdala na-ejikọta gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ mmepụta ahụ na-anọpụ iche na-anọchite anya ya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-emetụta emetụ n'ahụ, na-eme ka nzụlite na-akpali akpali [Everitt et al., 2003], yana nhazi nke mmetụta uche (Cardinal et al., 2002; Gottfried et al., 2003]. Nchọta nke ụba olu amygdala na-emegide ọtụtụ nchọpụta banyere nsogbu ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya (Makris et al., 2008; Wrase et al., 2008], dị ka ọmụmụ na-eme ụdị akụkọ ahụ riri ahụ na-ebelata amygdala volumes, bụ ebe a na-atụle ihe dị ukwuu. Ihe ngosiputa maka nkowa a bu na ihe ndi ozo na-eme na-eme mgbanwe nnoo na-egbu oge (Kovacic, 2005; Reissner na Kalivas, 2010] nke nwere ike itinye aka n'ịnọgide na-agbaso omume ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ [Gass and Olive, 2008]. Mmetụta dị otú ahụ nwere ike inye aka na atrophy a na-ahụkarị na-eri ahụ [Bartzokis et al., 2000; Carlen et al., 1978; Mechtcheriakov et al., 2007]. Ọ bụ ụdị ọrịa ahụ na-emetụta ọgwụ ọjọọ bụ nke nwere nsogbu dị mkpa na SUD ma ọ bụrụ na enweghi ihe esemokwu n'omume ahụ. Na nyocha nke CSB na nso nso site na iji fMRI, ikpughe ihe ngosi mmekọahụ na CSB jiri ya tụnyere isiokwu ndị na-abụghị CSB metụtara ọrụ nke amygdala [Voon et al., 2014]. Ma ọdịiche dị n'ụdị olu amygdala bụ ọdịdị bu ụzọ na-ebute ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na CSB ma ọ bụ ndị metụtara oke ikuku na-anọgide na-eguzobe.

A na-eme ka arụ ọrụ DLPFC mara nke ọma ka ejikọta ya na akụkụ dị iche iche nke ịchịkwa uche (MacDonald et al., 2000] na ebe nchekwa ọrụ [Petrides, 2000]. Nchọpụta anyị nke njikọta njikọta dị n'etiti amygdala na DLPFC na-agbanwe na akwụkwọ ndị dị ugbu a na njikọta na mpaghara ndị a. Njikọ njikọ ọrụ a dị mkpa maka iwu mmetụta mmetụta, bụ nke e kwuru na mbụ na njikọta nke dị n'etiti amygdala na DLPFC na ndị ọ bụla nwere nsogbu ịntanetị na-ejikọta na ọkwa dị elu nke impulsivity [Ko et al., 2015]. Ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ nke na-atụle ikike iji dozie azịza ndị na-ezighị ezi site na iji usoro ntụgharị uche gosipụtara na ọrụ na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke akụkụ ahụ dị n'ihu, gụnyere DLPFC, na-arụ ọrụ amygdala, na njikọta ọrụ n'etiti mpaghara ndị a dabere n'itinye ụbụrụ dị na iwu nke mmetụta na-adịghị mma [Banks et al., 2007]. Amygdala na DLPFC Njikọta ejikọtala ụdị ịda mbà n'obi ahụ [Siegle et al., 2007]. CSB ejikọtawo na ịda mbà n'obi na nchekasị nchegbu na nrụgide nwere ike ịkpalite ihe ndị dị otú ahụ; Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta anyị enweghị njikọ dị nro. DLPFC nọkwa na-amụ banyere nwoke HV nke eji eme ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na njikọta ọrụ dị n'etiti DLPFC na striatum mgbe ị na-elele ihe osise dị iche iche [Kühn na Gallinat, 2014].

Anyị na-akpachara anya na nchoputa ndị a bụ nke mbụ nyere ntakịrị ụdị nke isiokwu CSB ọ bụ ezie na anyị jiri otu a tụnyere nnukwu ụdị nke HV. Otu njedebe nke ọmụmụ ihe bụ ịdị n'otu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Ebe anyị na-agụnyeghị ndị nwere nsogbu psychiatric ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ, ihe ndị a ga-eji nlezianya mee ka ihe ndị CSB na-ejikọta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, ihe ọdịiche dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na arụmọrụ n'etiti isiokwu CSB nwere ike ịdị na-emetụta àgwà ndị dị na mbụ ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịbịpụta ihe sitere na CSB, na dịka nchọpụta a enweghị ike ime ka mkpesa banyere CSB pụta. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ n'ọdịnihu kwesịrị iji nyochaa usoro ogologo oge iji chọpụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọdịdị ala na àgwà na ihe nhụjuanya na-adịghị njọ na nhụjuanya dị ukwuu na nnukwu ihe atụ dị iche iche na ndị gwakọtara agwakọta.

Ihe nchọpụta anyị ugbu a na-egosipụta ọkwa dị elu na mpaghara nke metụtara nzụlite na-akpali akpali na ịdabere izu ike na njikọta nke netwọk na-achịkwa usoro mgbasa ozi. Nkwụsịtụ nke netwọk ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịkọwa ụkpụrụ omume omume na-adịghị mma iji nweta ụgwọ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ meziwanye reactivity iji nweta ihe ngosi mmetụ. Ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta volumetric anyị dị iche na nke ndị SUD, nchọpụta ndị a nwere ike igosi ọdịiche dịka ọrụ nke ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala. Ihe ngosi na-egosi na ha nwere ike iji usoro mmekorita na-akwado ihe nkwado nke mkpali. Anyị egosila na arụ ọrụ na netwọk ntanetị na-emeziwanye mgbe ị na - ekpughe ihe dị ezigbo mma ma ọ bụ na - achọpụta ihe gbasara mmekọahụ (Brand et al., 2016; Seok na Sohn, 2015; Voon et al., 2014] tinyere nlebara anya nke uche [Mechelmans et al., 2014] na ọchịchọ a kapịrị ọnụ maka ịkwa iko kama ọ bụghị ọchịchọ agụụ mmekọahụ n'ozuzu [Brand et al., 2016; Voon et al., 2014]. A na-ejikarị nlezianya elebara anya n'amaokwu ndị metụtara mmasị nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmasị na inwe mmekọahụ, nke mere ka ha kwenye na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti inwe mmekọahụ na nlekọta anya (Banca et al., 2016]. Ihe nchoputa nke mmekorita ndi ozo na enwere ihe omuma di iche na nsiputa (ma obu ihe mkpali nke enweghi obi), nke enwere ike ime ka odi nma, nke nwere ike kwekorita echiche nke idi nwayo, me ka enwere uche maka ihe omuma nke nwanyi (Banca et al., 2016]. Nchịkọta nchọpụta ndị a na-enyere aka mee ka ọnyá na-adịghị ahụkebe nke CSB na-eduga n'inwe nghọta dị ukwuu banyere ọrịa ahụ na njirimara nke ihe nrịbama ọgwụgwọ.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Anyị ga-enwe ike ịkele ndị ọrụ WBIC maka ọrụ ha na enyemaka ha na ịnakọta data ntanetị, na ndị na-agụ anyị maka oge ha na nkwa ha. Ọzọkwa, anyị ga-enwe ikelele Thaddeus Birchard na Paula Hall maka ịza ndị ọrịa maka ọmụmụ ihe ahụ. Neuroscience Institute (BCNI) na-akwado Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI) site n'aka Wellcome Trust na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nyocha Ahụike.

References

• Ashburner J (2007): A ngwa ngwa varomorphic oyiyi aha algorithm. 38 Neuroimage: 95-113.
  • CrossRef |
  • PubMed |
  • Web of Science® Times Ederede: 2070
• Banca P, Morris LS, Mitchell S, Harrison NA, Potenza MN, Voon V (2016): Ọhụụ, nkwenye na nlezianya na-enweghị mmasị na ụgwọ ọrụ mmekọahụ. J Nyocha 72: 91-101.
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 2
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 307
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 75
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 18323
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 1
• Banks SJ, Eddy KT, Mist Angel, Nathan PJ, Phan KL (2007): Njikọ mmekọrịta ihu ọchị Amygdala n'oge iwu mmetụta uche. Soc Cogn emetụta 2 Neurosci: 303-312.
• CrossRef |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 1
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 1087
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 342 |
• mgbasa ozi
• Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Lu PH, Edwards N, Rapoport R, Wiseman E, P P (2000): Mbelata ụbụrụ ụbụrụ dị na amphetamine na ịṅụ ọgwụ cocaine na njikwa nkịtị: Mmetụta maka nchọpụta ahụ riri ahụ. 98 Neuroimaging Neuroimaging Nechoimaging 93: 102-XNUMX.
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 16 |
• mgbasa ozi
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 7
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 1782
• Wiley Online Library |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 245
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 217
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 597 |
• mgbasa ozi
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science®
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 19
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 27
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 21
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 172
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 8
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 5
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 30
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 1
• Wiley Online Library |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 76
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 23
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 63
• Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M (1961): Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry 4: 561-571.
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 1895 |
• mgbasa ozi
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 134
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 313
• M nke M, Snagowski J, Laier C, Maderwald S (2016): arụ ọrụ zuru oke mgbe ikiri ihu foto ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-egosi na a na-ejikọta ya na ihe mgbaàmà nke ịṅụbiga agụụ mmekọahụ na ịntanetị. 129 Neuroimage: 224-232.
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 7 |
• mgbasa ozi
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 70
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 28
• CrossRef |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 196
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 255
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 3
• Wiley Online Library |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 20
• Brett M, Anton JL, Valabregue R, Poline JB (2002): Mpaghara nke mmasị nyocha iji windo ngwaọrụ MarsBar maka SPM 99. 16 Neuroimage: S497.
• Wiley Online Library |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 43
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• CAS |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 63
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 1
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 7675
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 383
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 4
• Wiley Online Library |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 38
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 110
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 25
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 3
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 25
• CrossRef |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 1108
• CrossRef |
• PubMed
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 92
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 3
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 72 |
• mgbasa ozi
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 31 |
• mgbasa ozi
• CrossRef |
• PubMed |
• Web of Science® Times Ederede: 66
• Cai C, Yuan K, Yin J, Feng D, Y, K Y, Yu D, Jin C, Qin W, Tian J (2015): Ejikọtara morphometry nke ụbụrụ na enweghi mkparịta ụka na mgbaàmà mgbagwoju anya na nsogbu ịgba chaa chaa. 10: 12.
• Cardinal RN, Parkinson JA, Hall J, Everitt BJ (2002): Mmetụta na mkpali: Ọrụ nke amygdala, ventral striatum, na cortex prefrontal. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26: 321-352.
• Carlen PL, Wortzman G, Holgate RC, Wilkinson DA, Rankin JC (1978): Atrophy nke ụbụrụ a na-atụgharị anya na ndị na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè na-adịbeghị anya nke a na-enyocha site na nchọpụta. Science 200: 1076-1078.
• Carnes P, Delmonico DL, Griffin E (2007): N'okpuru Shadows nke Net: Ịkwụsị Ịgba Egwuregwu Mmekọahụ n'Intanet, 2nd ed. Centre City, MN: Hazelden Na-ekwusara.
• Connolly CG, Bell RP, Foxe JJ, Garavan H (2013): Akwụsịpụrụ isi awọ na-agbanwe na ụta ahụ ruo ogologo oge na njedebe na ndị ọrụ cocaine. Otu 8: e59645.
• Cox SR, Ferguson KJ, Royle NA, Shenkin SD, MacPherson SE, MacLullich AMJ, Deary IJ, Wardlaw JM (2014): Nyochaa nyocha nke usoro ihu ụbụrụ na-ejikọta ihe eji eme ihe na ntanetị. Ụdị 219 Ụdị Brain: 1-22.
• Desikan RS, Ségonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, Buckner RL, Dale AM, Maguire RP, Hyman BT (2006): Otu usoro ntinye aka maka ịdebe mkpụrụ akụkụ nke anụ ahụ na MRI na-enyocha mpaghara mpaghara nke mmasị. 31 Neuroimage: 968-980.
• Everitt BJ, Cardinal RN, Parkinson JA, Robbins TW (2003): Mmetụta ime ihe: Mmetụta nke usoro amygdala-dependence nke mmụta uche. NYNUMX NY NYSUMX: 985-233.
• Gass JT, Olive MF (2008): Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism. Biochem Pharmacol 75: 218-265.
• Gottfried JA, O'Doherty J, Dolan RJ (2003): Enkọwapụta ụgwọ ọrụ ịkọ uru uru na amygdala mmadụ na orbitofrontal cortex. Sayensị 301: 1104-1107.
• Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR (2015): Kwụsị ịdị arọ cortical na nsogbu ịgba chaa chaa: A na-amụ ihe mro morricmetric MRI. Eur Arch Psychiatry Nyocha Neurosci 265: 655-661.
• Van Holst RJ, de Ruiter MB, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, Goudriaan AE (2012): Ihe ọmụmụ morphometry nke voxel na-atụle ndị ịgba chaa chaa nwere nsogbu, ndị na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè, na njikwa ahụike. Mmanya Na-egbu Mmanya Na-adabere na 124: 142-148.
• Hong SB, Kim JW, Choi EJ, Kim HH, Suh JE, CD CD, Klauser P, Whittle S, Yűcel M, Pantelis C, Yi SH (2013): Belata orbitofrontal ụbụrụ ndị na-eto eto na ịntanetị. Ụdị Behav Brain 9: 11.
• Joutsa J, Saunavaara J, Parkkola R, Niemelä S, Kaasinen V (2011): Ọdịiche zuru oke nke ụbụrụ na-acha ọcha ọcha na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ịgba chaa chaa. Ọrịa ọrịa uche - Neuroimaging 194: 340-346.
• MP Kafka (2010): Nsogbu nwoke na nwanyị: Nchọpụta a chọrọ maka DSM-V. Ezigbo Mmekọahụ Mmekọahụ 39: 377-400.
• CH CH, Hsieh TJ, Wang PW, Lin WC, Yen CF, Chen CS, Yen JY (2015): Igbanwe ntụpọ ntụpọ ma kpochapụ njikọ ọrụ nke amygdala na ndị okenye nwere nsogbu ịntanetị. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 57: 185-192.
• Koehler S, Hasselmann E, Wüstenberg T, Heinz A, Romanczuk-Seiferth N (2013): Ọnụ elu nke ventral striatum na ụbụrụ nke kachasị mma na ịgba chaa chaa na-adịghị mma. Ụdị 220 Ụdị Brain: 469-477.
• Kovacic P (2005): Ịmekọrịta usoro maka ịṅụbiga ahụ ike na nsị nke ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na ngwa ngwa iji mee ka dopamine na ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi glutamate: Ịnyefe eletriki na ihe ikuku oxygen. 65 Ncheta Mgbaghara: 90-96.
• Kraus SW, Voon V, Potenza MN (2016): Ọrịa na-eme ka mmadụ nwee ike ịkwa iko. Neuropsychopharmacology 41: 385-386.
• Kühn S, Gallinat J (2011): Ọdịdị na-emekarị nke agụụ na-agụ n'akụkụ ọgwụ ndị iwu na iwu na-akwadoghị-nhazi meta nke nzaghachi omume nke cue-reactivity. Eur J Neurosci 33: 1318-1326.
• Kühn S, Gallinat J (2014): Njikọ ụbụrụ na njikọta arụmọrụ jikọtara na igwe foto: Ụbụrụ na porn. XAMA Nyocha XAMA: 71-827.
• Kundu P, Inati SJ, Evans JW, Luh WM, PA PA (2012): Dị iche iche BOLD na ndị na-abụghị BOLD na-egosi na usoro mmemme fMRI n'iji multi-echo EPI. 60 Neuroimage: 1759-1770.
• Lin X, Dong G, Wang Q, Du X (2014): Ụdị isi awọ na okwu ọcha dị na "Ngwakọta Ngwakọta Ịntanetị." Dọrọ Behav 40C: 137-143.
• MacDonald AW, Cohen JD, Stenger VA, Carter CS (2000): Na-eme ka ọrụ dị n'ihu ma ọ bụ nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka cortex na-achịkwa akara. Science 288: 1835-1838.
• Makris N, Oscar-Berman M, Jaffin SK, Hodge SM, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS, Marinkovic K, Breiter HC, Gasic GP, Harris GJ (2008): Mbelata ụda nke ụbụrụ ụgwọ ọrụ na mmanya. 64 Ọrịa Ọrịa Biol: 192-202.
• Martinez D, Slifstein M, Broft A, Mawlawi O, Chatterjee R, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Cooper T, Kegeles L, Zarahn E, Abi-Dargham A, Haber SN, Laruelle M (2003): Imaging human mesolimbic dopamine transmission with positron emission tomography. Nkebi nke II: Ntọhapụ dopamine na-emetụta ihe dị na Amphetamine na ngwakọta ọrụ nke striatum. 23 Mbara Mbara Ọbara Cereb: 285-300.
• Mcgahuey CA, Gelenberg AJ, Cindi A, Moreno FA, Delgado PL, Mcknight KM, Manber R (2011): Journal of sex & alụmdi na nwunye nke arizona mmekọahụ ahụmahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ (asex): ịdabere na ndaba. J Mmekọahụ Mmekọahụ Ther 26: 37–41.
• Mechelmans DJ, Irvine M, Banca P, Porter L, Mitchell S, Mole TB, Lapa TR, Harrison NA, Potenza MN, Voon V (2014): Nlebara anya na-enweghị mmasị n'omume nwoke na nwanyị na-enweghi mmekọahụ. Otu 9: e105476.
• Mechtcheriakov S, Brenneis C, Egger K, Koppelstaetter F, Schocke M, Marksteiner J (2007): Ụdị dị iche iche nke atrophy nke ụbụrụ na ndị na-aṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na-egosi na morphometry dabeere na voxel. J Neurol Neurosurg Nyocha 78: 610-614.
• Miner MH, Raymond N, Mueller B. a, Lloyd M, Lim KO (2009): Nchọpụta nke mbụ banyere àgwà mkpali na nhụjuanya nke omume ịkwa iko. Ọrịa ọrịa uche - Neuroimaging 174: 146-151.
• Murray GK, Corlett PR, Clark L, Pessiglione M, Blackwell AD, Honey G, Jones PB, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Fletcher PC (2008): Substantia nigra / ventral progmentation prediction error predruption in psychosis. 13 Psychiatry Mol: 267-276.
• Petrides M (2000): Ọrụ nke ụbụrụ mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na nchekwa ọrụ. XINUMX 133 nke Brain Res.
• Na-eme N, Steele VR, Staley C, Sabatinelli D, Proudfit GH (2015): Ntuzi nke oge ndị nwere ike ịmalite site n'inwe mmekọahụ na ndị ọrụ nsogbu na njikwa na-ekwekọghị na "agụụ mmekọahụ". 109 Psychol Biol: 192-199.
• Rando K, Tuit K, Hannestad J, Guarnaccia J, Sinha R (2013): Esemokwu nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na ibelata ụbụrụ na ụbụrụ na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị na-adabere: Amụmụ morphometric dabeere na voxel. Denye 18 Biol: 147-160.
• RC Team (2014): R: A Asụsụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: Ntọala maka nchịkọta akụkọ. ISBN 3-900051-07-0.
• Reid RC, Ọkwá nkà BN, Nko JN, Garos S, Manning JC, Gilliland R, Cooper EB, McKittrick H, Davtian M, Fong T (2012): Akuko nke nchoputa na DSM-5 ugbo ikpe maka nsogbu nwoke na nwanyị. J Sex Med 9: 2868-2877.
• Reissner KJ, Kalivas PW (2010): Iji glutamate homeostasis dị ka iche maka ịgwọ ọrịa ọrịa. Behav Pharmacol 21: 514.
• Seok JW, Sohn JH (2015): Isi ihe gbasara agụụ mmekọahụ na ndị nwere nsogbu ime mmụọ na nsogbu. 9 Neurosci Neurosci Behav: 1-11.
• Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC (1998): Mkparịta ụka neuropsychiatric nke mini-mba (mini): mmepe na nkwado nke nyocha a na-ahụ maka ịgwọ ọrịa psychiatric. maka DSM-IV na ICD-10. 59: 22-33.
• Siegle GJ, Thompson W, Carter CS, Steinhauer SR, Thase ME (2007): Amygdala mụbaa ma belata mbido ọdịdị mbụ BỤ mmeghachi omume na ịda mbà n'obi: Njirimara ndị nweere onwe ha na nke onwe ha. 61 Ọrịa Ọrịa Biol: 198-209.
• Sun Y, Sun J, Zhou Y, Ding W, Chen X, Zhuang Z, Xu J, Du Y (2014): Nchoputa nke ngbanwe microstructure n'ime ihe isi awọ na-eji DKI na ịntanetị riri ahụ. Ụdị Behav Brain 10: 37.
• Ọ bụrụ na ị na-aṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na mmanya na-aba n'anya, ọ bụrụ na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya, Ndị Japan bụ ndị na-adabere na ya: Nnyocha volumetric na morphometry dabeere na voxel. Mmanya Na-egbu Mmanya Res Res 2006: 30-1045.
• Tanabe J, Tregellas JR, Dalwani M, Thompson L, Owens E, Crowley T, Banich M (2009): Ọhụụ ma ọ bụbitofrontal cortex isi awọ na-ebelata na mmadụ dị iche iche na-adabere na ụbụrụ. 65 Ọrịa Ọrịa Biol: 160-164.
• Voon V, Mobi TB, Banca P, Porter L, Morris L, Mitchell S, Lapa TR, Karr J, Harrison NA, Potenza MN, Irvine M (2014): Ọdịdị nke mmeghachi omume nke nwoke na nwanyị na-enweghị mmekọahụ . Otu 9: e102419.
• Wang H, Jin C, Yuan K, Shakir TM, Mao C, Niu X, Niu C, Guo L, Zhang M (2015): Ngbanwe nke isi okwu isi awọ na ịchịkwa akara na-eto eto na nsogbu ịntanetị. 9 Neurosci Neurosci Behav: 1-7.
• Weng CB, Qian RB, Fu XM, Lin B, Han XP, NSS, Wang YH (2013): Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na ihe ọcha bụ ihe nhụjuanya na ịgba ahụ n'Ịntanet. Eur J Radiol 82: 1308-1312.
• Na-agba ọsọ SP, Dynam DR (2001): Ihe ise na-adabere na ihe na-adịghị emetụta: N'iji ihe atụ nke ụdị mmadụ ghọtara impulsivity. Onye ọ bụla n'otu n'otu Diff 30: 669-689.
• Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Nieto-Castanon A (2012): Ngwá ọrụ ngwaọrụ njikọta arụmọrụ maka netwọk ụbụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Chikota 2: 125-141.
• Nkọwapụ J, Makris N, Braus DF, Mann K, Smolka MN, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS, Hodge SM, Tang L, Albaugh M, Ziegler D. a, Davis OC, Kissling C, Schumann G, Breiter HC, Heinz A ( 2008): olu olu Amygdala nke metụtara ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na nlọghachi azụ na agụụ. M J XUMUM 165: 1179-1184.
• Xiao P, Dai Z, Zhong J, Zhu Y, Shi H, Pan P (2015): Isi mpaghara ntụ ntụ na-abaghị uru na ịṅụ mmanya: Ntụle ihe ọmụmụ nke morphometry dabeere na voxel. Mmanya Na-egbu Mmanya Na-adabere na 153: 22-28.
• Yuan K, Qin W, Wang G, Zeng F, Zhao L, Yang X, Liu P, Liu J, Sun J, von Deneen KM, Gong Q, Liu Y, Tian J (2011): Mmetụta ihe otutu microstructure na-eto eto nsogbu. Otu 6: e20708.
• Yuan K, Cheng P, Dong T, Dị ka Y, Xing L, Yu D, Zhao L, Dong M, von Deneen KM, Liu Y, Qin W, Tian J (2013): . Otu 8: e53055.
• Zhou Y, Lin FC, Du YS, Qin LD, Zhao ZM, Xu JR, Lei H (2011): Ihe na-akpata isi awọ na ntanetị Ịntanetị: ọmụmụ ihe morphometry nke voxel. Eur J Radiol 79: 92-95.