Institute nke Cognitive Neuroscience, Mahadum mahadum London, WCIN 3AR, London, UK
Mbido mbipụta: Na Press Press Providence
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.008
Nkeji edemede - Brainbụrụ ntorobịa nwere ike imetacha ihe ncheta ọhụụ, nchekasị mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na iji ọgwụ ọjọọ
September 23, 2015
N'oge uto, ekwuru na n'oge uto, ọ gụnyere oge iche iche dị iche iche eji arụ ọrụ nke elu ụbụrụ; mana na ntụle nke akwụkwọ neuroscience bipụtara na Septemba 23 na Ụdị nke Ọmụmụ Ihe Ọmụma, Mahadum University London (UCL) ndị nyocha nyocha obere akaebe maka ebubo a. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị nta na-akwado na ịmepụta ebe nchekwa, nchekasị mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na iji ọgwụ eme ihe n'ụzọ dị iche na ụbụrụ ndị ntorobịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere oge ndị ọzọ nke ndụ.
“Imecha gosipụta na enwere oge ntorobịa ga-achọ ọmụmụ iji atụnyere ụmụaka, na-eto eto, na ndị toro eto na ọ ga-adị mkpa ichebara ndịiche dị n'otu n'otu n'ihe banyere uto ndị ntorobịa echiche, ”ka Delia Fuhrmann na-ekwu, bụ́ nwa akwụkwọ PhD na UCL's Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Developmental Group. “Ndị na-eto eto nwere ike ịhọrọ ebe ha bi ma họrọ ihe ha chọrọ.”
Ansmụ mmadụ na-ejigide ụfọdụ plastic-mgbanwe n'ụbụrụ na akparamagwa na nzaghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ, ahụmahụ, na physiological mgbanwe-niile ndụ. Otú ọ dị, n'oge oge dị nro, a na-eme ka plastic dị elu ma ụbụrụ "na-atụ anya" ka ekpughere ya na ihe mkpali. Iji maa atụ, ụbụrụ ụmụ aka bidoro ịhazi ntinye na asụsụ.
Ikike nke icheta ihe dị ka ihe a na-emewanyewanye n'oge uto, otu ihe atụ maka etu o nwere ike isi bụrụ oge nsogbu. Ule a na echeta ebe nchekwa na omenala di iche n’egosi “ihe ncheta”; na 35 ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, anyị nwere ike icheta ncheta autobiographic site na afọ 10 ruo 30 karịa ncheta tupu ma ọ bụ nke sochirinụ. Icheta egwu, akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri, na ihe omume ọha na eze site n'oge uto dịkwa mma karịa nke a na-echeta n'oge ndị ọzọ.
Ọzọkwa, ha na-arụtụ aka akụkụ ahụ dị mfe nke arụ ọrụ nchekwa ma ọ bụ nhazi ozi na-aga n'ihu nwere ike itolite ntozu oke na nwata, ebe ihe mgbagwoju anya, ikike icheta onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ ikike icheta ihe na-aga n'ihu na-akawanye mma n'oge ntorobịa ma na-anakọta mpaghara ụbụrụ dị n'ihu ka na-etolite. Fuhrmann na-ekwu, sị: “A pụrụ ịzụlite ikike ncheta ndị nọ n'oge uto, mana anyị amaghị etu mmetuta ọzụzụ a si dị iche na ndị ọgbọ ndị ọzọ. "Ihe data dị otú ahụ ga-aba uru maka ịhazi usoro ọmụmụ n'ihi na ọ ga-agwa anyị ihe anyị ga-akụzi mgbe."
Ọtụtụ ọrịa ọrịa nwere mmalite ha na etolite etolite etolite etolite etolite etolite etolite etolite etolite, ikekwe mkpali nke nkpagbu kpatara. Ndị otu UCL nyochara ọmụmụ na-egosi na ha abụọ nchekasị ọha na mwepụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-enwe mmetụta na-ezighi ezi n'oge uto. Ha na-arụ ụka na oge uto nwere ike ịbụ oge dị mfe iji gbakee na ahụmihe ọjọọ ndị a.
Fuhrmann na-ekwu, sị: “Ndị nọ n’afọ iri na ụma na-eji nwayọọ echefu ihe ndị na-emenye ụjọ ma ọ bụ nke ndị na-adịghị mma ha chetara. "Nke a nwere ike ịpụta na ụfọdụ ọgwụgwọ maka nsogbu ụjọ, nke dabere na ikpughe ihe ọ bụla onye ọrịa na-atụ egwu, nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe isi na ndị ntorobịa na ọgwụgwọ ọzọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa."
N'ikpeazụ, ọmụmụ gosipụtara na oge ntorobịa bụkwa oge itinye aka na akparamagwa ahụike dị ize ndụ, na ịnwale ụdị mmanya na ọgwụ ọjọọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-eto eto yiri ka ha ga-enwe ike ịgakwuru maka ndị ọgbọ na-eleba anya n'ihe egwu na n'ihe ize ndụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ afọ dị iche iche. Nnyocha nke akwara na-akwadokwa na ụbụrụ nwere ike ịnwe oke ọ toụ na wii wii.
Finkọwapụta plasticity na oge mmetụta
N'ime 1960s, Wiesel na Hubel nyochasịrị mmetụta nke ụkọ anụ ahụ maka ọnwa 1 – 4 mgbe oghere mmeghe gasịrị. Neurons nke dị na kortex ahụ nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ mechakwara nabata nzaghachi nye anya na-elebara anya wee malite ịza onye na-amaghị ihe ọ bụla.1, 2]. Ihe mgbochi monocular na ọnwa 3 mbu nke ndụ jikọtara ya na atrophy na mkpụrụ ndụ na thalamus na-enweta ntinye site na anya napụrụ anya. Mgbake site na atrophy a nwere oke oke, ọbụlagodi mgbe afọ 5 nke ekpughere ìhè. N'ụzọ dị iche, ụnwụ anụ ahụ mgbe ọnwa 3 gasịrị rụpụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị physiology, morphological, ma ọ bụ mmetụta omume [3, 4]. Ihe enwetara na nchoputa ndia bu ihe akaebe na aka na onwa mbu nke ndu n’emeputa oge ihe ngbochu ya banyere oge obula obula.5].
Ihe omuma ahu n’egosi ike nke usoro akwara imeghari ihe ya na oru ya na ihe ndi mmadu choro banyere ya, ihe omuma ya na mgbanwe ahu.6]. Brainbụrụ mmadụ na - ejigide usoro nchekwa plasticity n'oge ndụ niile - a maara nke a dịka ịkpa ike na - arụ ọrụ, yana mmụta niile.7]. A na - atụ anya ihe plastik n'oge nsogbu, dịka ihe dị iche iche - a na - enyocha ihe nwere ike imepụta ihe mkpali n'oge a [7].
E zoro aka na oge oge mmetụta dị ka 'oge pụrụ iche'. A na-ejikarị okwu a obere oge ugbu a, n'ihi na ọ pụtala na ụfọdụ mgbake ọrụ nwere ike ịdị na-ekwe omume na-abụghị oge windo nke ọgụgụ isi kachasị. N'ihe banyere mmepe anya, emesia nyocha banyere mwepu anụ ahụ na kittens gosipụtara na a ga-azụ anụmanụ ka ọ jiri anya mbupụrụ anya ya mgbe ekpachara ya, nke a ga - ewetara ọkwa nwelite [8].
Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara oge ihe na - ahụ anya na ụmụ mmadụ dabere na oge ebumpụta ụwa nke mmadụ ịna - ahụkarị anya ya na onye anya mmiri na - eleghara anya anya. Enwere ike ịmaliteghari ihu site na usoro nyocha. Ihe omumu ihe omumu ihe nke cataract na egosiputa ihe di iche n'etiti oge nlebara anya nke ihe nlere anya nke oma, oge ihe mmetuta nke iju ihe nile, na oge iweghachite site na nkpagbu9]. Maka ntụpọ visual, dịka ọmụmaatụ, oge mmepe mmepe nke ụdị anya na-agbatị afọ 7 mbụ nke ndụ, mana ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-eche na ụnọdụ ruo afọ 10 na ụfọdụ mgbake ọrụ nwere ike ịdị na ndụ niile [10].
Mmepe asusu, n’egosiputa n’oghere dị elu n’oge nwata [11, 12], n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị otu oge ngbanwe asụsụ. A na - enweta ikike ịmụ asụsụ dị iche iche site na usoro irighiri akwara dị iche iche, ndị a nwekwara ike ịdị iche na nzaghachi ha na ụkọ na oge nke ike plastik [13]. Ntị chiri ọmụmụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-esonyere na ịgbanwetu ozi ụtọ asụsụ ebe nhazi mkpụrụedemede na-eche na enweghị nchịkwa [14]. Nke a na-egosipụta mkpa nke oge ọmịiko.
Ọrụ na usoro ihe eji eme ihe na-apụtakarị oge ọmịiko egosila na nguzozi nke mkpụrụ obi ana - egbochi ihe na - ebute ihe ndị na - eme ka ọ dị elu ma na - eme ka ụmụ nje 'na - amachi plastik na njedebe oge nsogbu.15]. Oge nke mmalite na mmalite nke oge ọmịiko dị mfe. Mmụta na enwe enwewo ike gosipụta oge ihu ihu na mmalite nke ndụ nwere ike ịgbatị site na 2 ma ọ bụ karịa karịa ma ọ bụrụ na ekpugheghị enwe ụmụ ọhụrụ na-eme ka ha nwee mkpali ihu n'oge a. N'ihi ya, ihu na-egbu oge mmalite oge nsogbu ahụ [16]. Ọgwụgwụ oge akpamkpa nwere ike iji aka ha mee ya: mmụta nwere ike imebi mbọhe nke akwara, belata belata [17, 18]. Nleta ihu na-enyocha iru etu o si dị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe nke ọ ga-aka mma ka ndị mmadụ na-ahazi ụdị ihu ha na-elekarị, na-ebute nsonaazụ dịka echiche nke agbụrụ ihu.19]. Nkọwa ọzọ maka njedebe oge ọmịiko bụ na anaghị ebelata neuroplasticity mana, kama nke ahụ, enwere obere, ma ọ bụ na-adịchaghị iche, mkpali gburugburu ebe obibi.18].
Otutu ihe omumu banyere oge ihe elebara anya lebara anya na nwata, ebe ndi nwere olile anya na oge uto ka eleleghara anya. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta amalitela ịtụle ihe ga-ekwe omume na oge ntorobịa nọchiri anya 'oge nke abụọ nke ịdaziwanye elu (Steinberg, 2014 [20], p. 9; leekwa [21, 22]). Oge ntorobịa, oge ndụ nke malitere site na nwata rue ogo ngwu nke onye tozuru oke na ọha mmadụ [23,, bụ mgbanwe ndị mara akara n'ụdị ọrụ na ụbụrụ (Box 1). N'isiokwu a, anyị na-enyocha akụkụ atọ nke mmepe nke etolite etolite na-atụ aro ka amata ihe dị elu: ncheta, nhazi mmekọrịta, yana mmetụta nke iji ọgwụ eme ihe. Anyị na-arụ ụka na ọganihu n'ọmụmụ mmepe mmepe ewetala data na-atọ ụtọ nke kwekọrọ na plasticity toro eto na nwata. Agbanyeghị, n'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe akaebe doro anya maka oge nsogbu bụ ihe ka ukwuu na-enweghị.
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Box 1
Neurocognitive Development na nwata
Kedu ihe akaebe ga-ekwekọ na onye tozuru etozu ịbụ Onye Nwere Mmetụta?
Ọ bụrụ n'oge uto bụ n'ezie oge mmetụta uche, a ga-atụ anya usoro ụfọdụ na data mmepe. Nke mbu, mmetụta otu ihe mkpali na ụbụrụ na akparamagwa kwesịrị ịdị elu n'oge etolite etolite karịa tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe emechara. Maka nke ahụ, ọmụmụ ihe dị na-atụnyere ụmụaka, ndị na-eto eto na ndị okenye. Naanị ma ọ bụrụ na atụlee afọ ndị a niile ka enwere ike ịtụle ma oge ntorobịa bụ oge kwụ ọtọ nke plasticity (Nyocha 1, Model A), oge mkpalite na nwata (Nyocha 1, Model B), ma ọ bụ na-anaghị anọchi anya oge nsogbuNyocha 1, Model C).
N'ihi ọdịiche ndị dị n'oge oge nke tozuru oke mpaghara ụbụrụ na sekit dị iche iche [24], mgbanwe dị ukwuu na mmalite na nke apụ oge nke nro maka mkpali dị iche iche ga-atụ anya. Dị nnọọ ka e si mara mmalite oge dị iche iche9, 13], etoliteghị oge nwata ịbụ oge ọmịiko kwa se; kama, a na-atụ aro na enwere oge ụfọdụ n’oge ntorobịa n’oge a na-atụ anya ntinye doro anya sitere na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ọ bụrụ na ihe ụfọdụ metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta na-akawanye njọ n'oge a, anyị ga-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka mmụta kawanyewanye mma, ọkachasị nke nka itozu oke. A ga-atụle nke a na ngalaba na-esote ebe nchekwa. Enweghị mkpali ma ọ bụ mkpalite ga-atụ anya na ọ ga-enwe mmetụta izi ezi n'oge a. A ga-atụle akụkụ a nke oge nrịba ama na ngalaba nke nsonaazụ mmadụ na-akpata.
Ihere dị na ntorobịa nwere ike ịdị iche na plastic dị na mmalite n'ihi na, n'adịghị ka ụmụ na ụmụaka, ụmụaka na-eto eto nwere ike nwee ike ịhọrọ oke gburugburu ha na-enweta. Na mkpụmkpụ, n'oge nwata, gburugburu ndị nne na nna ma ọ bụ ndị na-elekọta ya na-ahazi gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe ụmụaka na-enwekwu onwe ha ịhọrọ ihe ha ga-eme na ndị ha ga-eme25]. Anyị nwere ike tụọ anya n'ọtụtụ ọdịiche nke ndị mmadụ n'otu oge oge ntorobịa yana oge ụfọdụ ntorobịa nwere ike ịnweta ụdị ntorobịa. A ga-atụle nke a na ngalaba banyere nsonye ọgwụ eji eme ihe.
Oge ntorobịa dịka oge nkwụsi ike maka ebe nchekwa
Na afọ 35, anyị nwere ike icheta ncheta nke akpaghị aka site na afọ 10 ruo 30 karịa ncheta tupu ma ọ bụ nke na-esote oge a, ihe omume e zoro aka na ya dị ka 'ihe ngbanye ncheta' [26]. Ihe ncheta ahụ siri ike ma na-egosi ụdị usoro a mgbe ejiri ule dị iche iche na mnemonic ule na ọdịnala dị iche iche.26, 27]. Na mgbakwunye na ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme, icheta egwu, akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri, na ihe omume ọha site n’oge uto bụ ihe dị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere oge ndị ọzọ nke ndụ [28, 29]. Ọbụna ihe omume ndị mere n’oge etolite etolite etolite etolite dị ka ndị mmadụ na-anọchite anya ha n’icheta ihe, na-egosi na ikike mnemonic na-abawanye n’oge ndụ a.30]. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọmụmụ buru ibu gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke akụkụ ebe nchekwa dị ka ọnụ na ebe nchekwa visuospatial dị n'etiti afọ 14 na 26 [31]. Ọ bụ ezie na data ndị a na-egosi oge dị oke egwu, a na-achọ ọmụmụ iji nye ihe ngosi nnwale maka oge echekwara maka ncheta.
Enwere nkuzi nkuzi maka ebe nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ (WM), ikike ịchekwa ma chịkwaa ozi [32]. Aspectsdị mfe nke WM, dị ka oge ichetara ihe gbasara ohere, nwere ike iru ntozu okè na nwata [33]. Ike ikike WM ndị ọzọ siri ike, dịka nyocha ngalaba na-eduzi onwe ya, na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto n'oge ntorobịa.33]. Wdị ọrụ WM ndị ahụ siri ike na-ewekọta mpaghara ndị nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-egosi mmepe dị ogologo n'oge uto.34] (Box 1).
Enwere ụfọdụ ihe akaebe maka plasticity nke WM na mmepe. Maka ụmụaka na ndị na-eto eto na-eto eto, uru dị na n-azụ ụdị WM ọzụzụ, mana ọ bụghị ọzụzụ sitere na ihe ọmụma, bufere na ndozi nke ọgụgụ isi [35]. A kwagide ihe ndozi ogologo oge nke ọnwa 3 nke oge a na-etinyeghị ọzụzụ ọzọ. Ọzụzụ WM nwere ike ịdị irè na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ọrụ nchịkwa na-adịghị mma, yana njikwa ndị na-emepe emepe [36]. Agbanyeghị, anyị amabeghị etu mmetụta ọzụzụ siri dị iche na ndị ntorobịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụaka. Ihe omumu nke umuaka, umuaka na ndi okenye n’enwe nkuzi akpukpo ya ma ihe omuma ndi ahu atụnyere ndi otu ndi na-aru oru ike nke na anata nkuzi a gha achota ihe mmuta n’ikpebi ma oge uto putara n’oge di omimi maka mmepe WM [37]. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a nwere ike ịgwa ha ozugbo ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụmụ na usoro iwu (Box 2).
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Box 2
Mmụta na oge ntorobịa
Oge ntorobịa dịka oge mmetụta uche maka nrụgide nke nrụgide na ahụike uche
Ọtụtụ ọrịa ọrịa nwere mmalite ha na nwata na etolite etolite etolite [38, 39]. Nnyocha ogologo oge gosipụtara na 73.9% nke ndị okenye nwere nsogbu uche natara nchoputa tupu afọ 18 na 50.0% tupu 15 afọ [40]. A na-eche na nsogbu nke mmụọ nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe na-akpata site na mkpughe nchekasị na nwata ma ọ bụ nwata.41]. A na-eche na nrụgide mmekọrịta ọha na eze nwere mmetụta na-ezighi ezi n'oge a [41]. Ahụmahụ nke nrụgide nnabata sitere na Mbugharị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, buru amụma ogologo oge mgbaàmà mgbaze dịka ịda mba n'obi na nchekasị n'oge uto.42]. Enwerekwa ihe akaebe, etu osila dị, na iji ike eme mmadụ ihe n’oge nwata (7 ma ọ bụ 11) nwekwara mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na ahụike na ụbụrụ na okenye.43].
Ihe omumu ihe omumu nyere ohere iji mee ka ihe ndi mmadu ghara igha mmadu aghara aghara. Oge ntorobịa n’ime oke elele nke nwanyị dịruru ihe site na ụbọchị ịmụ nwa (PND) 30 ruo 60, na site na PND 40 rue 80 n’ime ụmụ nwoke. N'ime ụmụ oke, ụmụ agbọghọ toro site na PND 20 ruo 40, yana site na PND 25 ruo 55 n'ime ụmụ nwoke [44]. Ekwesịrị iburu n'uche na ọdịiche dị ukwuu na afọ nke akụrụngwa ekewapụtara dị ka nwata ma ọ bụ okenye na akwụkwọ [44]. E gosipụtara oke dị iche iche nke onye na-eto eto meriri ugboro ugboro na usoro omume dị iche iche (izere karịa iwe iwe) na iweghachite obere nrụgide, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ oke. Ekekọtara nsogbu nke mkpalite etolite etolite (ma e jiri ya tụnyere itolite etolite etolite) na oke bekee na mmetuta neuronal pere mpe na mpaghara cortex preingal, cingulate, na thalamus [45]. Ihe omumu a etinyeghi umu aka, na -echi nchikota ndi ahu diri oge ndi ahu.
Ọnụnọ nke mkpalite mmekọrịta ọ bụla nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-emetụta oke. Egosiputara mwepu ndi mmadu na oke oke na nwanyi ka enwe nmeghari onodu ufodu nke omume nyocha, ma obu na oburu na kewaputa ya n'etiti PND 25 na 45, ma obughi tupu ma obu mgbe emechara [46]. Ya mere nke a dicha ka ihe adabaghi adaba na oke. Ọ bụ ezie na atụgharịghị ụdị paradaịs a ozugbo, nyocha egosila na ụmụ ntorobịa na-egosi oke ụjọ na mmeghachi nke mmekọrịta karịa ndị okenye [47, 48]. A na - ejikọkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na - eto eto [49]. Inye ihe akaebe maka nsogbu nke ịnọpụ iche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya abụghị naanị ihe dị mkpa site na usoro iwu, mana ọ ga - enyere aka ịmalite na oge itinye aka na ahụike uche iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma na mwepu ndị mmadụ.
Oge ntorobịa nwekwara ike ịbụ oge nlezianya maka mgbake na ahụmịhe nke nrụgide ọha mmadụ [50]. Mụta mkpochapụ dị egwu bụ isi maka nzaghachi dị mma maka nchekasị, dịka ọmụmaatụ [51]. Maka ọnọdụ isi mgbaka dịka nsogbu nrụgide post-traumatic (PTSD), nrụgide na-adịgide ọbụlagodi na nrụgide anaghị adị. Achọpụtala egwu mkpochapụ ka enwere mmetụta na oge uto ma e jiri ya tụnyere nwata na okenye - ma na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ oke (Nyocha 2) [50]. Ihe ejiri mee ya na ihe omumu a gosiputara na enweghi otutu ihe nke synaptik n’ime akuko prevental preialal cortex n’oge uto putara na mkpochapu egwu. Nke a na-egosi na ọgwụgwọ desensitisation, nke dabere na ụkpụrụ nke mmụta mkpochapu ụjọ, nwere ike ghara ịdịcha mma n'oge uto, ma na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị maka mmepe nke usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ maka ndị ọgbọ a. Ike nke ihe omumu a dabere na o tinyere umuaka, umuaka, na ndi okenye noo ha, ma nye ha ihe aka ama. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na oge uto nwere ike ịbụ oge nro, ma ọ bụ oge ngwangwa iji gbakee site na nchekasị.
Oge ntorobịa dịka oge mmetụta maka mmetụta nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe
Oge ntorobịa bụ oge itinyekwu aka na akparamagwa ahụ ike dị egwu, dịka akparamagwa mmekọahụ na-adịghị mma, ịnya ụgbọ ala dị egwu, yana ịnwale mmanya na ọgwụ ọjọọ ndị ọzọ [52, 53]. Mmụba a na-ewere ọnọdụ ịnwe ihe ịnwe ike nwere ike ịgbasa oge site na mmụba oge gị na ndị enyi nọrọ karịa ezinụlọ.54]. Mgbe ha na ndị enyi ha nọ, ndị na-eto eto nwere ike ịkpa agwa dị ize ndụ karịa mgbe naanị [55]. Ndị na-eto eto na-eto eto yiri ka ha kachasị enwe mmetụta nke ndị ọgbọ na-ahụ maka ihe ize ndụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọgbọ ọzọ (Nyocha 3) [56]. Ọmụmụ ihe a tụrụ ogo mmetụta mmekọrịta ọhaneze na echiche ihe egwu dị na otu dị iche iche ma chọpụta na, n'agbanyeghị ụmụaka, ndị okenye, na ndị okenye na-emetụta echiche ndị okenye banyere ihe ize ndụ, ndị na-eto eto na-emetụta mmetụta ndị na-eto eto karịa. echiche nke ndị okenye. Ndị nọ n’etiti ndị na-eto eto egosighi ọdịiche dị n’uche nke echiche ndị okenye na nke ndị ntorobịa banyere ihe ize ndụ, na-atụ aro na nke a bụ oge mgbanwe na mmepe.
Mgbe gị na ndị ọgbọ gị nọ, ndị na-eto eto yikarịrị ka ha ga-eme omume ndị dị ize ndụ dị ka iji ọgwụ ike [57]. Ndị nọ n’afọ iri na ụma, ndị enyi ha na-a tobaccoụ sịga, mmanya na-egbu egbu na cannabis mgbe niile nwere ike iji ọgwụ eme ihe n’onwe ha, dịka ọmụmaatụ [58]. Cannabis bụ otu ọgwụ eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ntụrụndụ n'etiti ndị na-eto eto na ndị okenye na USA na UK [59, 60]. Echere na 15.2% nke ndị Europe gbagoro 15 ruo 24 ejirila cannabis n'afọ gara aga na 8% n'ọnwa gara aga [61]. Ihe ngosi cannabinoid n'oge ntorobịa bụ ihe echepụtara na ọ ga-ebute mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide na njikwa ụbụrụ na oke ọgụgụ isi, ikekwe na-eme ka oge uto bụrụ oge na-enweghị nsogbu maka mmetụta ya [62, 63].
A na-eji usoro ntụrụndụ eme ihe tupu afọ 18 (mana ọ bụghị n'oge okenye) ma ọ bụ iji ihe dị arọ n'oge ọ bụla ejikọtara ya na atrophy isi awọ na mkpanaka nwa oge, prọfesọal nwoke ochie, na insula [64]. Ogologo oge gosipụtara na cannabis na-adịgide adịgide na-eji izu n'etiti 13 na 15 metụtara njikọta dị ukwuu na IQ [65]. Ogologo oge nke nri cannabis, ka ukwuu na-ada na IQ [65]. Achọpụtara ọdịda a na IQ ka a na-ekwupụta nke ọma na ndị sonyere jiri cannabis tupu afọ 18 dịka e jiri ya tụnyere ndị malitere iji cannabis mgbe 18 gasịrị. Nchọpụta ndị a na-egosi na ụbụrụ na-etolite etolite etolite nwere ike ịchebara mmetụta ọjọọ nke ị adụ cannabis. Okwesiri iburu n’uche na nkowa ndi ozo, dika nsogbu onodu mbu ma obu nsogbu ncheghari nke na-arunye ma ogwu oji ma nsogbu nke akaghi aka,66]. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a etinyeghịkwa otu ndị na-eto eto, ọ ga-ekwe omume na ụbụrụ na-etolite etolite n'oge ọ bụ nwata ga-egosipụta mmetụta ma ọ bụ karịa nke cannabis karịa n'oge ntorobịa. Ọ bụrụgodi na ọ bụ ya mere, a gaghị ekwuputa ụdị nnabata ahụ na mmadụ n'ihi na oge uto ma ọ bụ okenye ga-abụ ebe mbụ enwere ike ịkpọtụrụ ọgwụ ntụrụndụ.
Ihe molecular na ekwentị na mmetụta nke cannabis n'oge uto bụ ihe spain ma enwere ụfọdụ akaebe na-apụtachaghị ìhè maka inwe mmetụta dị elu. Egosipụta na cannabis na-emetụta usoro endocannabinoid, nke, yana sistemụ neurotransmitter ndị ọzọ (dịka, glutamatergic na usoro dopaminergic), na-amalite ọrụ dị ukwuu n'oge ntorobịa [67]. Ezie na abụọ ndị na-anabata cannabinoid ndị na-anabata cannabinoid bụ CB1 na CB2 nọworị na nwata nke ẹmbrayo (ụbọchị ọmụmụ [XestX – 11]]68]), nkesa neuroanatomical na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nabatara mgbanwe na-agbanwe n'oge mmepe. Achọpụtara okwu nnabata nke CBX na mpaghara ụbụrụ dị iche iche na - agbago site na mmalite nwoke na - etolite etolite na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke.69]. Ọgba aghara ọ bụla nke mkpughe cannabis n'oge oge uto nwere ike ịnwe mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na sistem endocannabinoid, nke na-emetụta usoro neurodevelopmental gụnyere neuronal genesis, nkọwapụta akwara, njem neuronal, ngagharị elongation, na ịkpụ glia [70, 71, 72]. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikpughere D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), isi ihe na-akpata psychoactive na cannabis, n'oge mgbanwe nwoke na oke ụmụ nwanyị (PND 35 – 45) rụpụtara mbelata nzipụta nke CB1 na arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụbụrụ [73]. Agbanyeghị, data atakọtara site na ndị ọgbọ ọzọ.
Ihe akaebe siri ike maka oge na-eto eto nke na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe sitere na usoro ọmụmụ nke na-enyocha ọrịa cannabinoid na-adịghị ala ala na ụmụ nwoke. Cannabinoid ikpughe na oge uto (PND 40-65) buru amụma na ụkọ ihe na-adịte aka na ntozu oke (ncheta ihe eji amata ihe), ebe nkwuputa yiri ya na prepubescent (PND 15-40) na ndị okenye na-eto eto (> PND 70) enweghị njikọ dị otú ahụ mpe [74, 75]. Onweghi ihe doro anya ma oburu na ihe akaebe a ghabara mmadu aka. Okwesiri iburu n'uche na o bu na obere obere umuaka ndi mmadu na anwale ogwu dika cannabis. Ọmụmụ ihe ọdịnihu ga-adị mkpa iji nyochaa ọdịiche ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ọkachasị na mmetụta ndị ọgbọ na omume ize ndụ, iji ghọta oge na onye ntorobịa nwere ike ịbụ oge nfe iji ọgwụ ọjọọ.
Nkwuzo okwu
Ihe akaebe nke plastik na ebe nchekwa na nsonaazụ nke nrụgide na-elekọta mmadụ yana iji ọgwụ eme ihe kwekọrọ na ntinye aka na oge ntorobịa bụ oge nleghara anya maka akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mmepe. Ihe akaebe kachasi ike maka oge dị oke egwu na-abịa site n'ọmụmụ nwere nnukwu ike na-egosi ọghọm dị na nhụsianya nke ikewapụ mmadụ na ojiji ike, yana belata mmụta mkpocha egwu. E nwere obere ihe akaebe zuru ezu maka oge uto mmadụ. Mmụta dị mkpa na nsonaazụ nke ọzụzụ ma ọ bụ nrụgide gafere na nwata, oge uto, na ịbụ okenye (lee ajụjụ ndị dị oke mkpa).
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Ajuju Iju Anya
Nkweta
Ọ ga-amasị anyị ikele Kathryn Mills maka okwu na-enye aka na ihe odide ahụ. A na-enweta ego site n'aka Ngalaba Nkà Mmụta Ihe Ọmụma na Mahadum nke UCL. A na-enweta SJB site na Royal Society University Fellowship. Ndi Nuffield Foundation na Wellcome Trust bu ndi egoro maka nyocha anyi.
Ebiputara Ntaneti: Septemba 23, 2015
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