A na-achọsi ike ma gharakwa ịkegharị: nkwalite nrụgide mmepe na ihe ize ndụ ọzọ maka iji ọgwụ eme ihe (2009)

Neurosci Biobehav Mkpu. 2009 Apr;33(4):516-24.

Andersen SL, Onye nkuzi MH.

Source

Mmemme Nnyocha Biopsychiatry Developmental, Ụlọ Ọgwụ McLean/Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ Harvard, Belmont, MA 02478, USA. [email protected]

nkịtị

A na-ejikọta ihe omume ndụ ọjọọ na ụdị psychopathology dị iche iche, gụnyere ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka iji ọgwụ eme ihe. N'ime nyocha a, anyị na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ikpughe na nhụjuanya na mmepe ụbụrụ, ma jikọta nke a na windo ndị na-adịghị ike. Nlebanya a gụnyere data gbasara ahụike na nke izizi, na-enweta ihe akaebe sitere na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọrịa, ọmụmụ ihe onyonyo morphometric na arụ ọrụ, na bayoloji molecular na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Mkpakọrịta nke mkpughe n'oge oge mmetụta na ihe omume ntozu okè na-emepụta a cascade nke na-eduga na mmalite nke iji ihe eme ihe na nwata, na-abawanye ohere nke ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ site n'oge uto ma ọ bụ n'oge ntozu. A na-atụpụta ụdị nrụgide-incubation/corticolimbic dysfunction nlereanya dabere na mkparịta ụka nke mkpughe nrụgide, ogbo mmepe, na ihe omume neuromaturational nke nwere ike ịkọwa n'ịchọ ụdị ọgwụ a kapịrị ọnụ ma emechaa na ndụ. Isi ihe atọ na-enye aka n'ọganihu a dabere na afọ nke ịba ụba nke iji ọgwụ eme ihe: (1) usoro nzaghachi nrụgide uche; (2) oge nhụsianya nke adịghị ike; na (3) usoro ntozu okè n'oge uto. Ọnụ, ihe ndị a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ikpughe na nsogbu mmalite na-abawanye ohere nke iji ọgwụ eme ihe n'oge uto.

Keywords: mmegbu, oge uto, mmanya na-aba n'anya, cocaine, oge mmetụta, ihe mkpali, nchekasị

Gaa:

Okwu Mmalite

Ahụhụ nwata, nke sitere na mmegbu, ọnwụ nke ndị nne na nna, ịgba akaebe nke ime ihe ike n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ arụrụ ọrụ ezinụlọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata adịghị ike nke uche na ahụike (anụ ahụ).Chapman et al., 2004; Dube et al., 2003; Felitti, 2002). Otu isi ihe na-esi n'ọdachi mbụ pụta bụ nnukwu ihe egwu dị ukwuu maka iji ọgwụ eme ihe, n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, na ịdabere na ya (Dube et al., 2003). Anyị, na ndị ọzọ, atụwo aro na mmegbu nwata na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe omume anụ ahụ na neurohumoral nke na-agbanwe ọnọdụ nke mmepe ụbụrụ (dịka, (Andersen, 2003; Teicher et al., 2002)), na na nsonaazụ neurobiological nke ikpughe na mmetọ ụmụaka na-emetụta mmetụta nke ikpughe na nrụgide mmepe na ọmụmụ ihe mbụ (Teicher et al., 2006). Ebumnuche nke nyocha a bụ ichikota ụfọdụ n'ime mmetụta ndị a kọrọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke nrụgide mmalite na mmepe ụbụrụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ, na-elekwasị anya na mkpakọrịta ndị nwere ike inye aka kọwaa njikọ dị n'etiti nsogbu mmalite na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, nicotine, na ọgwụ ọjọọ. . Ihe kachasị mkpa na nyocha a ga-abụ n'ihe mmepe/oge oge, n'ịghọta na ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ bụ "nsogbu mmepe" nke enwere windo nke adịghị ike mgbe ikpughe ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na-ebutekarị mmegbu na ịdabere na ya (Chambers et al., 2003; Wagner na Anthony, 2002). N'ime usoro a, anyị na-agbakwunye ihe akaebe ọhụrụ maka ịdị adị nke oge ndị nwere mmetụta nke mpaghara ụbụrụ dị iche iche na-enwekarị mmetụta nke nrụgide, ma na-emesi ike ogologo oge dị ukwuu nke nwere ike itinye aka n'etiti oge ikpughe na ngosipụta nke nsonaazụ ọjọọ.

Gaa:

Nchegbu mmepe na ọrịa na-efe efe na-emebi ihe

E gosipụtara mmetụta nke nhụjuanya nwata n'ụzọ doro anya na Ahụmahụ Ụmụaka ọjọọ (ACE) nke dabeere na nyocha azụ azụ nke ndị òtù 17,337 nke Kaiser-Permanente HMO na San Diego (Chapman et al., 2004; Dube et al., 2003; Felitti, 2002). Ọnụọgụ nke ACE dị iche iche 'dose-dabere' na-abawanye mgbaàmà ma ọ bụ mgbasa ọrịa. Ihe ize ndụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-ejikọta na mkpagbu mbụ bụ 50% maka iji ọgwụ eme ihe, 54% maka ịda mbà n'obi ugbu a, 65% maka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, 67% maka mgbalị igbu onwe, na 78% maka iji ọgwụ eme ihe (XNUMX%).Chapman et al., 2004; Dube et al., 2003). Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ enyochala njikọ dị n'etiti iji ọgwụ eme ihe na nsogbu nwata. A tụlere ịdị njọ nke ikpughe na mmetọ ụmụaka (CSA) na ihe ize ndụ nke ịṅụ mmanya na ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ dabere na nkewa nke CSA n'ime ụzọ atọ.Fergusson et al., 1996). Ndozi maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, CSA na-abụghị kọntaktị ejikọtaghị ya na mmụba dị ịrịba ama n'ihe ize ndụ nke mmanya ma ọ bụ ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ / ịdabere na ya. Kpọtụrụ CSA na-enweghị mmekọ ọnụ na-abawanye ohere maka ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya / ịdabere na ya, mana ọ bụghị maka iji ihe ndị ọzọ eme ihe. Otú ọ dị, CSA metụtara nwara/mmekọrịta mmekọ ọnụ na-abawanye ohere nke ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya / ịdabere na 2.7 na ihe ize ndụ nke ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ / ịdabere na 6.6-fold. Kendler na ndị ọrụ ibe (Kendler et al., 2000) gosikwara na ịdị njọ nke CSA dị mkpa, ma n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a ọbụna ọkwa dị ala jikọtara ya na ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu. Na nkenke, ha chọpụtara na CSA na-abụghị Genital jikọtara ya na mmụba okpukpu 2.9 n'ihe ize ndụ maka ịdabere na ọgwụ ọjọọ, ebe CSA metụtara mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị jikọtara ya na mmụba 5.7.Kendler et al., 2000).

Njikọ dị n'etiti mmeso ọjọọ n'oge na mmanya ma ọ bụ ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ na-apụta ìhè n'oge nwata dị egwu. Dịka akụkụ nke nnukwu nyocha ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze gbasara omume ahụike ndị ntorobịa, ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na 8, 10, na 12 (N=4790) ka a jụrụ gbasara ihe eji eme ihe n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a ma jụọ ya (ee / mba) gbasara anụ ahụ gara aga na mmetọ nwoke na nwanyị (Bensley et al., 1999). Ejikọtara mmetọ ahụ na mmụba okpukpu atọ n'ọgba aghara na nnwale mmanya / sịga mere, yana mmụba karịa okpukpu iri na abụọ na wii wii na-eji ma ọ bụ ịṅụ mmanya mgbe niile mere site na afọ 3. Maka ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị asatọ, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị jikọtara ọnụ na mmetọ anụ ahụ jikọtara ya na ihe ize ndụ dị okpukpu abụọ ka ukwuu nke ìhè ruo oke mmanya na-abawanye na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu asatọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịṅụ oké mmanya. Maka ụmụ akwụkwọ 12th, mmeso ọjọọ jikọtara ya na mmụba okpukpu abụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ìhè na ịṅụ mmanya na-abaghị uru yana mmụba karịa okpukpu atọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịṅụ oké mmanya. Otú ọ dị, site na klas nke 10, ọkwa ịṅụ mmanya nke ndị na-eto eto na-adịghị emegbu bụ n'ezie hà nhata na ndị kọrọ akụkọ mmegbu. A na-ejikọta mkpughe na ụdị nsogbu nwata ọ bụla yana mmụba okpukpu abụọ ruo anọ na ohere nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe site na afọ 2 (Dube et al., 2003). Ọzọkwa, CSA ji okpukpu abụọ nke ihe ize ndụ nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe n'oge ndụ, wee mụbaa ihe karịrị okpukpu iri na abụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe ga-amalite na nwata.Holmes, 1997). Ọnụ, ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-atụ aro na ikpughe nrụgide oge mbụ na-eme ka psychopathology n'ozuzu ya dịkwuo elu, na-agbanwe mmalite nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe ruo ndị ntorobịa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmetụta ahụ dabere na ogo nke ikpughe n'ụdị mmejọ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ n'ịdị njọ nke ụdị mbụ. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị mmetọ a na-emegbu na-ekpughe n'oge windo mmepe nke adịghị ike mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe ga-eduga na mmegbu na ịdabere n'ọdịnihu (King na Chassin, 2007; Orlando et al., 2004).

N'akụkụ ndị fọdụrụ na nlebanya a, anyị na-akọwa ihe nlereanya na-agụnye ka oge nke mkpughe nrụgide na-emekọrịta ihe na usoro ntozu okè nkịtị iji kwalite adịghị ike na ihe eji eme ihe. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, anyị atụpụtala kascade nke nrụgide-incubation/corticolimbic mmepe nke na-egosi na nsogbu mmalite nwere ike jikọta ya na ngosipụta mbụ nke mgbaàmà ịda mbà n'obi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nkịtị.Andersen et al., 2008; Teicher et al., na pịa). N'ebe a, anyị na-etinye otu ihe nlereanya iji kọwaa otú mkpughe nrụgide n'oge ndụ nwere ike isi kpalie mmadụ iji na iji ọgwụ eme ihe mgbe ọ dị obere karịa ka a na-ahụkarị na ndị mmadụ.

Gaa:

Ihe gbasara Neurobiology nke Mmekọahụ Ihe - a nnọọ Okpokoro Isi

Ọgwụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe na-akwụghachi ụgwọ na-emepụta ọtụtụ mgbanwe ndị na-etinye aka na usoro ahụ riri ahụ dịka mpaghara ụbụrụ isi ole na ole na-agbaziri ya.Hyman et al., 2006). Nke mbụ, hedonic, mmetụta na-atọ ụtọ nke na-ejikọta ọgwụ ọjọọ niile na-ejikọta ya na ụba dopamine na nucleus accumbens (Dayan na Balleine, 2002; Koob na Swerdlow, 1988; Weiss, 2005). Nke abụọ, hippocampus na-eme ka usoro mmụta banyere mmasị a dịkwuo ike, ma na-echekwa ebe nchekwa nke mkpakọrịta nke ahụmahụ ahụ (Grace et al., 2007). hippocampus nwere ike gbanwee ma ọ bụ "ọnụ ụzọ" nzaghachi nke nucleus accumbens iji gosipụta ahụmahụ ndị a mbụ. Nke atọ, a na-ekenye ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi nke jikọtara ya na ahụmịhe ịṅụ ọgwụ ike uru nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-akpali akpali site na usoro nhazi.Berridge, 2007). A na-agbazi salience mkpali a na-akpata site na ntinye prefrontal cortex excitatory n'ime accumbens (Kalivas et al., 1998; 2005; Pickens et al., 2003; Robinson na Berridge, 1993), ya na mkpakọrịta ọgwụ-cue guzobere na amygdala (Lee et al., 2003). Ndabere ọgwụ na-esite na usoro neuroadaptations akọwapụtara nke na-eme na-esochi ojiji ugboro ugboro (Hyman et al., 2006). Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike ime n'ọkwa ọ bụla na isi ọkwa ndị a na-esochi ikpughe ọgwụ ike ugboro ugboro. N'ịgbakọ, ntọala nke "ịnya ụgbọ ala na-enweghị breek" na-agụnye echiche atọ dị mkpa banyere otú nsogbu mmalite nwere ike isi gbanwee mpaghara ụbụrụ nke na-adabere na usoro ndị a na-eri ahụ na sekit n'onwe ya (lee anya. Nyocha 1).

Nyocha 1

“A na-agbasikwa ike nke ukwuu n’enweghị breeki” bụ ihe atụ nke sekit a nke ụbụrụ na-akpata nchekasị. N'okpuru steeti anaghị eri ahụ, nucleus accumbens na-enweta ntinye aka site na mpaghara ụbụrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere hippocampus na prefrontal. ...
Gaa:

Mkpokọta nrụgide-incubation/corticolimbic mmepe cascade echiche nke adịghị ike iji ọgwụ eme ihe

Dabere na akwụkwọ ndị a tụlere n'ime ebe a, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọgwụ riri ahụ na-esochi mmeso nwata ahụ nwere ike ịkọwa akụkụ ụfọdụ site na nhụsianya-incubation/corticolimbic development cascade hypothesis (Andersen na Teicher, 2008) dị ka etinyere na ọgwụ ọjọọ. Echiche a na-atụ aro na ikpughe na nrụgide ndụ nwata na-ebute ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe n'oge ha dị mbụ site na ụkpụrụ atọ ndị a:

  1. Ojiji ọgwụ ike na-abawanye n'ihi hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu.Hyman et al., 2006).
  2. Ejikọtara mkpughe na nchekasị na oge adịghị ike nke nwere mmetụta dị nro (Andersen na Teicher, 2008; Andersen na Teicher, 2004) nke ga-enye aka n'ụzọ pụrụ iche na adịghị ike iji ọgwụ eme ihe. Nchegbu nke ndụ mmalite nwere ike ịhọpụta nke ọma maka hippocampus ma kwalite ịzaghachi ọnọdụ gburugburu maka atụmatụ metụtara ọgwụ. Nsogbu mmalite nwekwara ike ịbawanye ọrụ dopamine n'ime nucleus accumbens, na-ebute ọnọdụ ndabere nke anhedonia nke na-ebute ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-achọ ọgwụ.Matthews na Robbins, 2003). Nchegbu ndụ emechaa nwere ike bụrụ nhọrọ karịa maka cortex prefrontal (Leussis na Andersen, 2008), ma na-abawanye ohere maka atụmatụ metụtara ọgwụ (Ernst et al., 2006; Brenhouse et al., 2008).
  3. Mpaghara ụbụrụ na sekit kwesịrị tozuo oke ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ maka mmetụta nke mkpughe nrụgide n'oge ka ọ pụta ìhè.

Ọnụ, usoro ndị a na-abawanye ngwangwa iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe ma na-agbanwe afọ eji mbụ eme ihe na mbụ karịa ka a na-ahụkarị na ndị mmadụ na-adịghị emegbu. Anyị ga-enyocha ihe akaebe na-akwado nkwupụta ndị a ma gụkọta ihe atọ niile.

1. Nkpughe na mmemme nrụgide HPA reactivity

Ngosipụta nrụgide n'oge ndụ na-eme ka usoro nzaghachi nrụgide na-arụ ọrụ, ma na-agbanwe n'ụzọ bụ isi na nzukọ ha molekụla iji gbanwee nghọta ha na mmeghachi omume ha.Caldji et al., 1998; Liu et al., 1997; Meaney na Szyf, 2005; Sekel, 1998; Weaver et al., 2004; Welberg na Seckl, 2001; Nwa okorobịa, 2002). Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a chọpụtara ruo taa gụnyere: (1) mgbanwe na nhazi nke subunit nke GABA-benzodiazepine supramolecular complex, na-ebute mmepe nke etiti benzodiazepine na nnukwu mmekọrịta GABA-A na hippocampus, amygdala na locus coeruleus.Caldji et al., 2000a; Caldji et al., 2000b; Caldji et al., 1998; Hsu et al., 2003); (2) elu na corticotropin na-ewepụta hormone (CRH) mRNA ọkwa na amygdala na hypothalamus na mbelata CRH mRNA na hippocampus (Caldji et al., 1998; Liu et al., 1997); (3) mbelata ∝2 noradrenergic njupụta nnabata na mpaghara coeruleus (Caldji et al., 1998); na (4) mgbanwe epigenetic na DNA methylation ụkpụrụ nke hippocampal exon 17 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) onye na-akwalite gene (GR).Weaver et al., 2004; Weaver et al., 2006). Na nkenke, site na ihe ndị a, ma ọ bụ ihe omume molekụla ndị ọzọ na-echere nchọta, mmemme nrụgide mmalite ma na-eme ka ụbụrụ mammalian nwee ike ịnweta nzaghachi nrụgide nrụgide, nke na-emekọ ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ na ịdabere na ya pụta.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide na iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe

Etinyela nrụgide ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmalite na nrụzi nke iji ọgwụ eme ihe na achọpụtara ya dị ka isi ihe na-eduga n'ịlaghachi azụ n'iji ọgwụ eme ihe n'ime mmadụ (Kreek na Koob, 1998). N'ime nnwale ndị a na-achịkwa, achọtara nrụgide uche nke mmụọ iji kpalite agụụ siri ike maka cocaine na ndị riri ahụ (Sinha et al., 1999; Sinha et al., 2000). Nnyocha ole na ole enyochala mmetụta nke mmetọ ụmụaka na nzaghachi nrụgide na ụkpụrụ HPA axis. Ụmụ agbọghọ (ndị dị afọ 7-15) nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke CSA (n=13) gosipụtara basal dị ala na net ovine CRH kpaliri ọkwa ACTH na njikwa (n=13;De Bellis et al., 1994a)). Basal urinary na plasma cortisol ọkwa na ovine CRH-akpali akpali, Otú ọ dị, yiri ndị CSA metụtara na ndị nọ na njikwa. Nsonaazụ ndị a nwere ike igosipụta ụdị nke dysregulation HPA na pituitary hypo-responsiveness na ovine CRH na ikwubiga okwu ókè na nzaghachi adrenal maka mbelata ọkwa ACTH na ụmụaka. N'ụzọ dị iche, Heim et al., (Heim et al., 2001) kọrọ nsonaazụ dysregulatory nke CSA na okenyes. Womenmụ nwanyị mmetọ a na-enweghị nnukwu nsogbu ịda mba gosipụtara nzaghachi ACTH karịa ka ọ na-adị na nchịkwa ovine CRF, ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi na ụmụ nwanyị dara mbà n'obi na-enweghị mmegbu n'oge enwechaghị azịza ACTH metụtara njikwa. Ụmụ nwanyị a na-emegbu emegbu na-enweghị nnukwu nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi gosipụtara akara ala dị ala yana ACTH kpalitere mkpokọta cortisol plasma. N'otu aka ahụ, ndị ikom nwere akụkọ nhụjuanya nwata gosipụtara mmụba ACTH na nzaghachi cortisol na dexamethasone/CRF. Ejikọtara nzaghachi abawanyela na ịdị njọ, ogologo oge, na mmalite mmalite nke mmetọ ahụ (Heim et al., 2008). Nchọpụta ndị a na-egosi na nghọta nke pituitary anterior na counter-regulatory adaptation nke adrenal cortex na-eme na ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na-enweghị nnukwu nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi ma ọ bụ nsogbu nrụgide post-traumatic.

Ọmụmụ ihe nlereanya anụmanụ egosila na nchekasị na-emetụta nzaghachi ọgwụ ọjọọ n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Mkpughe ugboro ugboro na ọnọdụ nrụgide na-abawanye mmeghachi omume onye ọ bụla na ọgwụ na-eri ahụ. Nsogbu dị iche iche gụnyere nrụgide ọdụ na-atụgharị ugboro ugboro (Piazza et al., 1990), igbochi nrụgide (Deroche et al., 1992a), nchekasị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (Deroche et al., 1994), na nrụgide enweghị nri (Deroche et al., 1992a), na-abawanye nzaghachi locomotor na amphetamine sistemu ma ọ bụ morphine. Mmetụta nrụgide na-akpata na amphetamine na morphine na-adabere na axis HPA na-adịghị emebi emebi, ọ dịghịkwa eme na anụmanụ ebe a na-ebelata ihe nzuzo corticosterone na-akpata nchekasị (Deroche et al., 1992a; Deroche et al., 1994; Marinelli et al., 1996). Nlekọta corticosterone ugboro ugboro naanị (na-enweghị ikpughe na nrụgide) zuru ezu iji mee ka mmeghachi omume locomotor na amphetamine pụta, dị ka nchekasị nke nwa oge nke mere n'ihi nkwụsị nke nne n'ime izu ikpeazụ nke ime ime.Deroche et al., 1992b). Glucocorticoids n'onwe ha nwere mmetụta euphoric ozugbo na ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na ihe na-ewusi ike na anụmanụ ụlọ nyocha, dị ka egosipụtara site na mmepe nke nchịkwa intravenous nke corticosterone, nke na-eme na ọkwa corticosterone plasma dị ka nke nrụgide kpatara.Piazza et al., 1993). Agbanyeghị, enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'otu n'otu na nhụsianya na njikwa onwe nke corticosterone.Piazza et al., 1993).

Ikekwe nke kachasị mkpa, achọpụtala na ikpughe na ụdị nrụgide dị iche iche na-eweghachite n'ịchọ heroin n'oge gara aga.Shaham et al., 2000; Shaham na Stewart, 1995), cocaine (Ahmed na Koob, 1997; Erb et al., 1996), mmanya (Le et al., 2000; Le et al., 1998), na nicotine (Buczek et al., 1999). N'ọmụmụ ihe ụfọdụ nrụgide rụpụtara mmetụta dị ike iweghachite ọzọ karịa iweghachite ọgwụ ahụ (Shaham et al., 1996; Shaham na Stewart, 1996). Nchegbu na-eweghachite mmasị ebe ọgwụ butere na mbụ (Wang et al., 2000). Metyrapone (nke na-egbochi ihe nzuzo corticosterone na-akpata nchekasị ma ọ naghị agbanwe ọkwa corticosterone basal) na-ebelata nlọghachi azụ nke cocaine na-akpata nchekasị, na-enweghị ịkpata ọgba aghara na-enweghị isi nke moto ma ọ bụ omume eduzi nri.Deroche et al., 1994).

N'ikpeazụ, ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ egosila na nrụgide bụ ihe a ma ama na mmalite, mmezi na ntinyeghachi nke ihe eji eme ihe (Deroche et al., 1992a; Erb et al., 2001; Ndị ọchụnta ego, 1997; Kabbaj et al., 2001; Piazza et al., 1990; Shaham et al., 2000; Shalev et al., 2002; Shalev et al., 2001; Stewart, 2000). Nzaghachi nrụgide ka mma ma ọ bụ nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa n'ihi mmetọ ụmụaka nwere ike, ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, na-emeziwanye ohere nke ndị lanarịrị mmegbu na ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ.McEwen, 2000 a; Rodriguez de Fonseca na Navarro, 1998; Sinha, 2001; Stewart et al., 1997; Triffleman et al., 1995).

2. Ejikọtara mkpughe na nchekasị na oge adịghị ike nke ga-enye aka n'ụzọ pụrụ iche na adịghị ike iji ọgwụ eme ihe.

Oge mkparị ahụ nwekwara ike rụọ ọrụ enweghị ekele na adịghị ike iji ihe eme ihe. Sistemụ neurotransmitter n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ mpaghara ụbụrụ na-enwekarị ike ịnweta mmetụta n'èzí n'oge windo akọwapụtara nke a maara dị ka oge mmetụta. A na-ejikọta oge mmetụta uche na ihe omume maturational nke neurogenesis, ọdịiche, na nlanarị (Andersen, 2003; Bottjer na Arnold, 1997; Harper et al., 2004; Heim na Nemeroff, 2001; Koehl et al., 2002; Nowakowski na Hayes, 1999; Sanchez et al., 2001). Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị usoro ndị na-akọwa oge dị nro, usoro mgbanwe ndị nwere ike ime na-agụnye, ma ọ bụghị nanị, ngbanwe nke usoro nrụzi ụbụrụ, mgbanwe nke ihe ndị na-akpata neurotrophic, na mmepe nke usoro mgbaàmà. Mgbanwe nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a n'oge oge dị nro na-emepụta mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na nhazi na ọrụ (Adler et al., 2006; Andersen, 2003). Dị ka a tụlere n'okpuru, nrụgide mmalite ndụ na-emetụta ọtụtụ usoro na-akpụzi ụbụrụ.

Mmeghachi omume nrụgide na-abawanye na-agbanwe nzụlite ụbụrụ

Mgbanwe axis HPA na-abawanye mmeghachi omume nrụgide (tenet #1), mana mgbanwe ndị a nwere mmetụta pụrụ iche na mmepe ụbụrụ. Mmetụta dị egwu na nke dị omimi nke CRH (Brunson et al., 2001) na homonụ nchekasị, na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na monoamine neuromodulators na amino acid excitatory.McEwen, 2000b), iji gbanwee usoro akwara ozi bụ isi. Nlekọta nke glucocorticoids n'oge ndụ ụmụ anụmanụ na ụlọ nyocha na-ebelata ịdị arọ ụbụrụ na ọdịnaya DNA kpamkpam.Ardeleanu na Strerescu, 1978), na-egbochi mitosis postnatal nke mkpụrụ ndụ granule na cerebellum na gyrus eze (dentate gyrus).Bon, 1980), na-egbochi nkewa glial cell (Lauder, 1983), ma na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke spines dendritic na mpaghara ụbụrụ dị iche iche (Schapiro, 1971). Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na ikpughe n'oge na mgbama molikula na-akpata nrụgide na-emetụta myelination (Leussis na Andersen, 2008; Meyer, 1983; Tsuneishi et al., 1991), akwara akwara ozi (McEwen, 2000bneurogenesis (Gould na Tanapat, 1999; Mirescu na Gould, 2006na synaptogenesis (Andersen na Teicher, 2004; Garcia, 2002).

Otú ọ dị, mmetụta nrụgide na ụbụrụ abụghị ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Mpaghara ụbụrụ a kapịrị ọnụ dị iche na mmetụta ha nwere na mmetụta nrụgide kpatara. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike imetụta ike ya (Caspi et al., 2002; Caspi et al., 2003; Koenen et al., 2005), okike (Barna et al., 2003; De Bellis na Keshavan, 2003; Teicher et al., 2004), oge (Andersen, 2003; Andersen et al., 2008; Leussis na Andersen, 2008; Perlman et al., 2007njupụta nke ndị na-anabata glucocorticoidBenesova na Pavlik, 1985; Haynes et al., 2001; McEwen et al., 1992; Prince, 2007), na ikike nke neurons mpaghara ịhapụ CRH na nzaghachi nrụgide (Chen et al., 2004). Na nyocha a, anyị na-elekwasị anya n'otú oge nke ikpughe nrụgide nwere ike isi mee ka nkwupụta nke ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe site na mgbanwe ụbụrụ mpaghara. Mpaghara ụbụrụ nke yiri ka ọ na-egosi adịghị ike morphometric na mmetụta nke nrụgide mmalite ma ọ bụ mmegbu nwata gụnyere corpus callosum, hippocampus, cerebellum na neocortex (Andersen et al., 2008). Iji malite, anyị ga-atụle mmetụta na-egbu oge nke nrụgide ndụ nwata na hippocampus, nke na-egosipụta n'etiti oge uto na ntozu (oke).Andersen na Teicher, 2004). A ga-atụlekwa mgbanwe na nucleus accumens na prefrontal cortex.

Nsogbu mmalite na-emetụta mmepe hippocampus

Nchọpụta ụlọ ọgwụ jikọtara ọnụ na nke izizi na-egosi na ikpughe nrụgide n'oge ndụ nwata na-arụpụta mmetụta na-egbu oge na mmepe hippocampal. Mgbanwe na olu hippocampal yiri ka ọ na-apụta n'oge okenye. Ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ na-enyocha morphometry hippocampal n'ime ndị lanarịrị mmetọ ụmụaka achọpụtala nnukwu mfu nke ukwuu (Andersen et al., 2008; Bremner et al., 1997; Driessen et al., 2000; Stein, 1997; Vermetten et al., 2006; Vythilingam et al., 2002). N'ụzọ dị iche, ọmụmụ na ụmụaka a na-emegbu nwere PTSD achọtaghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla nke mfu olu hippocampal (Carrion et al., 2001; De Bellis et al., 1999b; De Bellis et al., 2002), na n'eziokwu, a kọwapụtara mmụba dị ukwuu na oke ihe ọcha (Tupler na De Bellis, 2006). Ya mere, mmetụta nke mmetọ nwata na-ejikọta ya na ụda olu hippocampal n'oge okenye, ma ọ bụghị n'oge nwata ma ọ bụ n'oge uto (Andersen et al., 2008; Teicher et al., 2003). N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, anyị hụrụ mbelata na olu hippocampal nke abụọ na-esote CSA na nleba anya na-eto eto bụ nke kachasị ma ọ bụrụ na mmegbu ahụ mere n'etiti afọ 3-5 na n'etiti 11-13 afọ (Andersen et al., 2008). Oge ndị a kwekọrọ na usoro mmepụta oke nke ihe isi awọ hippocampal mmadụ (Gogtay et al., 2006). Nleba anya n'ọhụụ dị ka ọ na-emekọrịta ihe ndị a yiri ka ọ dị iche n'etiti ọmụmụ na-enyocha ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị okenye. Nchegbu ikewapụ n'oge na oke oke na-emepe emepe na-egbochi mmepụta nke peripubertal nkịtị nke synapses na CA1 na CA3 mpaghara nke hippocampus nke oke; Otú ọ dị, nrụgide n'oge adịghị egbochi ịkwachaa, nke na-eduga na ụkọ na-adịgide adịgide na njupụta synapti site n'oge uto / mmalite okenye (ụbọchị 60 dị na oke)Andersen na Teicher, 2004). Ya mere, ọ ga-abụ na ikpughe nrụgide oge mbụ na-agbanwe ọnọdụ nke mmepe hippocampal, na mmetụta ọjọọ nke nrụgide n'oge na-apụta ìhè n'oge mgbanwe site n'oge uto ruo n'oge.

Ọrụ nke hippocampus bụ ịnye ozi gbasara gburugburu na-abịa site na cortex prefrontal na ọkwa nke nucleus accumbens (Grace et al., 2007), ya mere ọ na-etinye aka na usoro mkpata ọgwụ. Ọnwụ nke njupụta synapti nke hippocampal, ma ọ bụ olu isi awọ, nke na-egosi na ọ na-eme na nrụgide mmalite nke ndị mmadụ ekpughere ka ha na-agafe n'oge uto nwere ike igbochi ma ọ bụ gbanwee ọrụ gating a. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, amachaghị banyere mmetụta nke mgbanwe hippocampal na-akpata nchekasị n'oge na adịghị ike nke iji ọgwụ eme ihe. Agbanyeghị, ọnya excitotoxic nke ventromedial hippocampus n'ime izu mbụ nke ndụ ụmụ oke na-abawanye ọnụọgụ na ugboro ole omume ị theụ ọgwụ, mana ọ bụghị nkwụsịtụ n'usoro nhazi usoro na-aga n'ihu nke nchịkwa onwe nke methamphetamine.Brady et al., 2008). Ihe data ndị a kwekọrọ na mbelata ntinye nke cortical n'ime accumbens, ma ga-eme ka ọ dị afọ iri na ụma na-enwe nchekasị ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ n'oge ọ dị obere karịa ndị ọgbọ ya. Nkọwa ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ na mgbanwe hippocampal na-akpata nrụgide na-ebelata njikwa nzaghachi na-adịghị mma nke axis HPA (tenet #1; Goursaud et al., 2006). Nchọpụta nke adịghị ike ka ukwuu iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na-esote mmetụ hippocampal na ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ na-adabere na nchọpụta ụlọ ọgwụ a tụlere n'elu.

Mmemme ikpughe nrụgide mmepe nke sistemu dopamine accumbens maka mbelata ụgwọ ọrụ yana anhedonia dị elu

O doro anya na ikpughe nrụgide nke ndụ nwata na-abawanye mmetụta nke dysphoria, anhedonia, na nchekasị (Ruedi-Bettschen et al., 2006). Nlebanya zuru oke, nke zuru oke gosipụtara Matthews na Robbins n'afọ 2003 (Matthews na Robbins, 2003) na-atụ aro na nrụgide mmalite ndụ na-ebelata usoro ụgwọ ọrụ. Ejikọtara nkewa nne ugboro ugboro yana mbelata na-adịgide adịgide na nzaghachi omume maka mkpali agụụ na oke oke ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa ejiri aka (Matthews et al., 1996). Dị ka a na-ahụ n'ofe usoro nnwale dị iche iche, gụnyere nchịkwa onwe onye, ​​mkpali onwe onye, ​​na mmasị sucrose, data ahụ na-atụ aro na mkpali agụụ na-ebute nzaghachi dị ntakịrị na oke dị iche iche (Matthews na Robbins, 2003). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, oke dịpụrụ adịpụ na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma na sucrose dị ka ngwọta comparator, na-atụ aro mbelata nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na mkpali eke a.Matthews na Robbins, 2003). Iji ọgwụ eme ihe na-enyere aka imeri mmetụta a nke anhedonia, ọ na-esote na isiokwu a na-emesi ike ga-enwe mmetụta karịa mmetụta nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na mgbalị iji normalize ọnọdụ basal a.

Mkpughe nrụgide na-arụ ọrụ, na akụkụ, site n'ịgbanwe usoro dopamine (DA) n'ime nucleus accumens. Dabere na nsonaazụ ndị okenye nke enweghị nne, ihe akaebe omume, dị ka mmụba nke ọrụ locomotor na nzaghachi nke ọhụrụ (Brake et al., 2004), na cocaine (Brake et al., 2004), na iji ọdụ-tuo nrụgide na-akwado echiche ahụ na enweghị nne na-eme ka nghọta ndabere nke DA dị n'ime nucleus accumbens. Anyị chọpụtara na nkwụsị nke nne na-anapụ nwa na-abawanye ọdịnaya DA ma na-ebelata ntụgharị serotonin (5-HT / 5-HIAA ratio) na nucleus accumbens na amygdala n'oge okenye (Andersen et al., 1999). Ntụle ozugbo na-egosi na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nwere ọkwa dị elu nke extracellular DA na mpaghara a na nzaghachi cocaine (Kosten et al., 2003), mmetụta nwere ike ịgbazite site na ọkwa dị ala nke DA transporter (Brake et al., 2004; Meaney et al., 2002). Mmetụta nrụgide na nucleus accumbens, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị nanị na ihe omume mmalite ndụ. Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ (Hall et al., 1998) chọpụtara na nrụgide ịhapụ ara site n'ịzụlite iche na-emepụta mbelata na-adịgide adịgide na ọkwa 5-HIAA na mmụba nke ọkwa DA na mmụba nke ntọhapụ DA na-akpali akpali na nucleus accumbens. N'ihi ya, nchekasị n'oge na-adịghị ala ala nwere ike ịbawanye ohere nke iji ọgwụ eme ihe site n'ịgbanwe mmepe nke usoro mesolimbic DA, mana mmetụta nke nrụgide nwere ike ịpụta n'oge ọ bụla.

Otu usoro enwere ike site na mmụba na-aga n'ihu na accumbens DA na-emepụta mmetụta nke dysphoria na anhedonia bụ site na omume ya na ihe na-achịkwa ihe ederede, CREB.Nestler na Carlezon, 2006). N'ụzọ doro anya, agbanyeghị, a hụghị ọkwa CREB na-abawanye ụba n'anụmanụ ndị nne kewapụrụ iche (Lippmann et al., 2007) ma na-atụ aro na anhedonia nwere ike ịkpali ya site na usoro ọzọ ma ọ bụ gbanwee n'ebe ọzọ na ụbụrụ. Mmetụta Corticosterone na / ma ọ bụ CRH na usoro mesolimbic DA nwere ike gbanwee mgbanwe mgbanwe nke mmetụta omume na ọgwụ ọjọọ.Barrot et al., 1999; Deroche et al., 1995; Koob, 1999; 2000; Marinelli na Piazza, 2002; Piazza et al., 1996; Rouge-Pont et al., 1998; Onwe, 1998). Nchegbu na-adịghị ala ala na-emepụta mmegharị akwara na nucleus accumbens - mpaghara ventral tegmental nke yiri mmetụta nke ikpughe ọgwụ (Fitzgerald et al., 1996; Ortiz et al., 1996).

Ngosipụta na mmetọ ụmụaka nwekwara ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ maka iji ọgwụ eme ihe site na-emetụta usoro DA na uche na-akpali akpali. Ejikọtala mmetọ ụmụaka na mmụba dị n'akụkụ nke DA ma ọ bụ homvanillic acid (De Bellis et al., 1999a; De Bellis et al., 1994b, na mbelata ọkwa plasma nke dopamine beta-hydroxylase (Galvin et al., 1995) enzyme maka ntughari nke DA na norepinephrine.

Nchegbu ndị ntorobịa na-emetụta cortex prefrontal

N'adịghị ka mmetụta nrụgide na-egbu oge na morphometry hippocampal, nrụgide na-egosipụta mmetụta ya kachasị na cortex prefrontal n'oge uto (Andersen et al., 2008; Ụlọ Nzukọ, 1998; Leussis na Andersen, 2008). Ọzọkwa, a na-ahụ mmetụta ndị a n'egbughị oge dịka a hụrụ maka hippocampus (Andersen na Teicher, 2004). Mmepe agbatịla ogologo oge nke cortex prefrontal (Crews et al., 2007; Okwu, 2000) nwere ike ime ka ọ na-esiwanye ike na mmetụta nke nrụgide n'oge uto. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-egosipụta ọkwa dị elu nke ndị na-anabata glucocorticoid na cortex n'oge a, nke nwere ike ịbawanye mmetụta nke nrụgide (mmetụta nke nchekasị).Prince, 2007). Mkpughe nrụgide n'oge uto, gụnyere CSA na ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ (Andersen et al., 2008) ma ọ bụ ikewapụ mmadụ na ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ (preclinical)Ụlọ Nzukọ, 1998; Leussis na Andersen, 2008), jikọtara ya na mbelata ihe isi awọ nke prefrontal na njupụta synapti, na-enweghị obere mgbanwe na mpaghara ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ. Dabere na ọmụmụ ọgwụ, ọnwụ synapti a na-egosipụta mmụba na-akpata nrụgide na ọrụ glutamatergic (Leussis et al., 2008). Ọrụ glutamatergic emelitere na cortex prefrontal dabara na akụkụ mmezi nke ọgwụ ọjọọ (lee tenet #3).

N'ezie, ọmụmụ ndị nyochara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide ntorobịa na iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na-egosi ọganihu dị ukwuu. Ọnya Ibotenic nke medial prefrontal cortex nke oke, nke a na-eche na ọ na-ebelata innervation nke accumbens, butere nzaghachi omume ka ukwuu na nrụgide yana mmụba dopamine na-akpata nrụgide n'ime accumbens.Brake et al., 2000). A zụlitere ikewapụ iche, mana ọbụghị oke nne na-efunahụ ya, gosipụtara mmetụta locomotor na 1.5 mg/kg amphetamine na-adịte aka.Weiss et al., 2001). N'akụkụ a, ọgwụ ndị na-emepụta ihe riri ahụ nwere nnukwu ịchọ ọgwụ na-emetụta ya (ya bụ, heroin na mgbape).Franken et al., 2003)) nwere ike bụrụ na ọ ga-emetụta ya site na nrụgide ndị ọzọ. Dịka a tụlere na tenet #3, cortex prefrontal na-etinye aka na ngosipụta omume nke ịchọ ọgwụ ozugbo emebere mkpakọrịta ọgwụ.

3. A ụfọdụ larịị nke maturation nke ụbụrụ kwesịrị ime maka mmetụta nke gara aga nrụgide ikpughe na-egosipụta

Oge uto na-anọchite anya windo dị oke egwu nke adịghị ike maka ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe dị ukwuu dị na afọ mmalite n'ime klas ọgwụ ọ bụla (lee Nyocha 2). Dị ka Nyocha 2 na-egosi, eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe adịghị ebido na 50% nke ndị bi na ya ruo n'oge uto (tenet #3). Nke a dị ka ọ bụ eziokwu na ngalaba ọgwụ niile. Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi na mmalite nke iji ọgwụ eme ihe na mbụ na-abawanye ohere dị n'ihe ize ndụ maka ịdabere na riri ahụ ogologo ndụ niile (Hill et al., 2000; SAMHSA, 1999). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na-abawanye 40% maka ndị na-amalite ịṅụ mmanya tupu afọ 15 (XNUMX).SAMHSA, 1999). N'otu aka ahụ, ihe ize ndụ dị n'ihe ize ndụ maka ịdabere na cocaine mgbe ekpughere mbụ bụ okpukpu anọ ma ọ bụrụ na ebutere iji ya tupu afọ 12, ma na-agbada n'ụzọ dị egwu na afọ ọ bụla nke abstinence.O'Brien na Anthony, 2005). Ihe ize ndụ na-adịgide adịgide nke wii wii, ụtaba, na ime ihe ike na-abawanye ma ọ bụrụ na ikpughe na-eme n'oge uto (Waylen na Wolke, 2004; Westermeyer, 1999). N'ebe a, anyị na-ebuli echiche ahụ na ikpughe nrụgide n'oge oge mmepe dị nro (tenet #2) nwekwara ihe ọ pụtara site n'iwepụta mgbanwe aka ekpe na afọ mmalite mmalite nke nyocha ọgwụ.

Nyocha 2

Afọ nke izizi ụdị ihe eji eme ihe dị iche iche. A na-echepụta data dị ka ọnụọgụ ngụkọta nke ndị ọrụ maka ụdị ihe emejọ site na afọ nke mbụ ejiri ya. Achịkọtara data site na nyocha mba na ojiji ọgwụ na ahụike, 2002 ...

Tenet #3 na-atụ aro na mmetụta zuru oke nke nrụgide mmalite na adịghị ike iji ihe na-ehi ụra ruo n'oge uto, dị ka a na-eche maka schizophrenia.Weinberger, 1987), ịda mbà n'obi (Andersen na Teicher, 2008; Teicher et al na pịa), na ikpughe ọgwụ mbụ (Andersen, 2005). Ihe omume mmalite ndụ na-ahazi usoro mmepe nke na-aga n'ihu site n'oge uto na ntorobịa. A na-ahụta mmetụta ụfọdụ nke nrụgide ngwa ngwa n'ime obere oge, gụnyere nhazigharị dendritic (Leussis na Andersen, 2008; Radley et al., 2005). Ndị ọzọ, dị ka attenuation na hippocampal synapti density, nwere ike pụta naanị mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ (Andersen et al., 1999; Andersen na Teicher, 2004). Anyị na-atụ aro na mgbanwe ntozu okè na prefrontal cortex, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịchọ ọgwụ na nlọghachi azụ, nwere ike bụrụ isi ihe iji ghọta mmalite mmalite nke ọgwụ ọjọọ.

Usoro riri ahụ na-agụnye akụkụ siri ike, nke na-akpali akpali nke na-emeghachi ya site na njirimara metụtara ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ ma na-ewere ya dị ka isi ihe na-akpata nlọghachi azụ (Kalivas et al., 2005; Volkow, 2005; Robinson na Berridge, 1993; Vezina na Stewart, 1984)). Data sitere na ọmụmụ ihe onyonyo mmadụ na-egosi na akara ndị metụtara iji ọgwụ eme ihe na agụụ (ya bụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, paraphenalia) n'ime mmadụ na-eme ka sekit mkpali dị na cortex ihu na-etinye aka na nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ.Goldstein na Volkow, 2002; Grant et al., 1996; Maas et al., 1998; Tzschentke, 2000). A na-eji ozi a iji tụọ uru mkpali nke akara dabere na ụgwọ ọrụ nwere ike ((Elliott et al., 2003; London et al., 2000) ma na-emepụta ihe mkpali nwere ọnọdụ (agụụ ọgwụ ike) (Childress et al., 1999). N'oge ọnọdụ anaghị eri ahụ, ọrụ GABA na-akwalite mgbanwe omume site n'ikwe ka ọtụtụ isi mmalite nke ozi gbanwee mmepụta glutamate.Seamans na Yang, 2004). Agbanyeghị, n'okpuru ọnọdụ na-akwalite riri ahụ na nlọghachi azụ, ndị na-anabata D1 na-ahọrọ nke ukwuu na neurons glutamatergic nke na-arụ ọrụ na mkpokọta. N'ihi nke a, mmụba na-akpali akpali na ọrụ dopamine nwere ike ịkpalite ụzọ a ma kwalite omume ịchọ ọgwụ na-efunahụ omume ndị ọzọ (ya bụ, mbelata mgbanwe omume; Nyocha 1; (Kalivas et al., 2005)).

A na-ejikọta ntozu oke nke ụbụrụ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na adịghị ike na njirimara ndị metụtara ọgwụ

Nchọpụta ọrịa na-efe efe (Nyocha 2) na-egosi na ọtụtụ ihe riri ahụ anaghị apụta ruo n'oge uto. Ọganihu nke cortex prefrontal na njikọ ya na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa n'oge usoro a (Ernst et al., 2006). A hụla ọdịiche mmepe na nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na ọmụmụ BOLD fMRI n'ime ụmụaka. Nzaghachi cortical n'ihu na-eto eto maka ụgwọ ọrụ na-agbasawanye ma na-ebelata ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye (Durston, 2003). N'ụzọ dị iche, ụmụaka na-egosipụta nkwalite dị ukwuu na accumbens (Ernst et al., 2005). Maturation na-eduga n'ụkpụrụ cortical nke ịgbalite karịa (obere mgbasa)Rubia et al., 2000), nke nwere ike na-egosipụta ịkwachaa njikọ synapti.

Iwuli na ọrụ Kalivas et al, Brenhouse na ndị ọrụ ibe {Brenhouse, 2008 #7113} gosipụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ndị na-anabata dopamine D1 na fibers na-egosipụta site na prefrontal cortex na nucleus accumbens na-egosipụtakarị n'oge uto, mana ndị na-anabata D1 na mpaghara a. ma dị na ọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a dị obere na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị na-eto eto na ndị okenye. Nlebanya a kwekọrọ na ọmụmụ izizi gara aga na oke nke na-atụ aro na ihe na-akpali akpali ebelatala mmetụta na mpaghara ihu nke ụbụrụ n'ihe metụtara omume subcortical tupu oge uto (Andersen et al., 2001; Leslie et al., 2004). Ndị na-anabata D1 na-abawanye na cortex prefrontal na-eme ka uche dị na gburugburu / akara ndị metụtara cocaine na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ndị na-achọ obere ọgwụ cocaine karịa ụmụ anụmanụ ndị na-eto eto ma ọ bụ ndị toro eto ka ha mepụta mmasị dị ukwuu.Badanic et al., 2006; Brenhouse et al., 2008). Ozugbo e hiwere, mkpakọrịta ndị a na-eto eto ọgwụ na-enwe ike ikpochapụ karịa mkpakọrịta ndị okenye (Brenhouse na Andersen, 2008). Na nchịkọta, tenet #3 na-atụ aro na omume ndị na-eri ahụ na-abịa na ntanetị n'oge ntorobịa ma ndị nwere nchekasị na ndị na-enweghị nchekasị, n'ihi akụkụ nke ntozu nke cortex prefrontal.

Gaa:

Mkpebi

Ngosipụta na nsogbu mmalite ga-agbanwe ịchọ ọgwụ na oge mbụ n'ime windo a, mana ma mgbanwe ndị a bụ n'ihi mgbanwe nke gating nke hippocampus (nrụgide mmalite), dopamine dị elu na accumbens (nrụgide mmalite), ma ọ bụ mgbanwe synapti na prefrontal cortex (nrụgide ntorobịa) ka ga-ekpebi. A na-egosi ụdị eji ọgwụ ike eme ihe na-enweghị breeki Nyocha 1. Ọnụ, data a tụlere n'ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi na a na-emegharị usoro ụgwọ ọrụ. Axis HPA dysregulated nwere ike bute mmadụ ka ọ were mmanye, ebe ụbara anhedonia na-abawanye ohere nke ojiji na ịdabere na ya. Breeki nkịtị nke na-ebelata iji ihe eme ihe, nke achọtara na hippocampus na cortex prefrontal, adịghị arụ ọrụ ma nwee ike bute sistemu ahụ n'ịchọ ọgwụ ọbụna karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya. Nyocha a na-enye ihe àmà na-egosi na ikpughe ihe ndị na-adịghị mma n'oge mmepe mmepe na-eme ka mmadụ na-eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi tupu ndị na-adịghị emegbu emegbu. Ịghọta ọrụ mmepe na-arụ n'igosipụta ihe ndị a dị ize ndụ na-elegharakarị anya, mana ọ chọrọ nlebara anya karị iji ghọta nke ọma mmetụta nke nrụgide mmalite ndụ (CSA, nkewa nne) na iji ọgwụ eme ihe. N'ezie, mmetụta nke nhụjuanya n'oge nwere ike igbu oge n'okwu ha, ma na-apụta na mberede n'oge uto. Oge igbu oge nke mbụ a nwere ike inye echiche nke nchekwa ụgha nke na nsogbu mmalite emeghị onye ahụ ihe ọjọọ na-adịte aka. Agbanyeghị, igbu oge a nwere ike inye windo ohere ebe ntinye aka n'oge nwere ike gbochie mmetụta nke nsogbu mmepe.

Gaa:

Acknowledgements

Na-akwado, n'otu akụkụ, site na onyinye sitere na NARSAD (2001, 2002, 2005), NIDA RO1DA-016934, RO1DA-017846), NIMH (RO1MH-66222) na ezinụlọ Simches na Rosenberg. MHT bụ onye nyocha John W. Alden Trust.

Gaa:

Ihe odide ala

Nkwupụta Nkwupụta Onye Nkwusa: Nke a bụ faịlụ PDF nke ihe odide a na-akwadoghị nke akwadora maka mbipụta. Dịka ọrụ nke ndị ahịa anyị, anyị na-enye nsụgharị mbụ nke ihe odide ahụ. Ihe odide a ga-enwe ngbanwe, nhazi, na nyochaa ihe kpatara ya tupu e bipụ ya na nke ikpeazụ ya. Biko rịba ama na n'oge mmepụta usoro njehie nwere ike ịchọta nke nwere ike imetụta ọdịnaya ahụ, ihe niile gbasara iwu na-emetụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.

Gaa:

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