Ekeputa di omimi nke mmeghari aru nke mmadu n'oge nwata site na nwata (2004)

Gaa:

nkịtị

Mmepe ụbụrụ mmadụ bụ usoro na arụ ọrụ nke na-enweghị usoro (1-3), na ịghọta ntozu oke ụbụrụ nkịtị dị mkpa maka ịghọta ọrịa neurodevelopmental (4, 5). Ọdịdị heteromodal nke mmepe ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na-apụta ìhè site na ọmụmụ banyere arụmọrụ neurocognitive (6, 7), onyonyo arụ ọrụ (MRI na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ positronemission tomography) (8-10), na ihe omumu ihe omumu nke electroencephalogram (1, 2, 10). Ọmụmụ ihe onyonyo nke gara aga na-egosi mgbanwe mpaghara na-abụghị nke mpaghara na njupụta isi awọ (GM) n'oge nwata na n'oge uto yana mmụba nke prepubertal na-esochi ọnwụ postpubertal.11-14). Njupụta GM na MRI bụ ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè nke mgbagwoju anya nke glia, vasculature, na neurons na usoro dendritic na synapti. Nnyocha nke GM maturation na-egosi mfu na cortical GM density na oge.15, 16), nke na-ejikọta nwa oge na nchọpụta postmortem nke ịba ụba nke ịkwa osisi synapti n'oge uto na n'oge ntorobịa (17-19). N'ebe a, anyị na-enye ọmụmụ banyere mmepe GM cortical na ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma site n'iji usoro nhazi ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na ihe atụ a ga-amụ nke ụmụaka 13 dị mma (4-21 afọ), bụ ndị a na-enyocha MRI kwa afọ 2 ọ bụla maka afọ 8-10. . N'ihi na enwetara nyocha ahụ ugboro ugboro n'otu isiokwu ka oge na-aga, mịpụta ihe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isi ihe dị n'etiti nyocha mere ka e nwee ike ịmepụta usoro oge na-adịghị anya ("ihe nkiri") nke mmepe ụbụrụ ụmụaka. Anyị na-eche na mmepe GM n'oge nwata site na nwata ga-abụ ihe na-adịghị mma dị ka akọwara na mbụ ma na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara mpaghara, mpaghara-kpọmkwem n'ụzọ dabara na maturation ọrụ. Anyị bukwara amụma na mpaghara ndị metụtara ọrụ ndị bụ isi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, cortex moto bụ isi) ga-etolite na mbụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndị na-etinye aka na ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya na njikọta (dịka ọmụmaatụ, lobe temporal).

Ihe si na ya pụta bụ maapụ siri ike nke GM maturation n'oge tupu na mgbe ọ gachara. Nsonaazụ anyị, ka ọ na-akọwapụta ụdị dị iche iche dị ịrịba ama, na-egosi na ọganihu GM cortical na-egosi na ọ na-agbaso usoro maturation arụ ọrụ, na isi ihe mmetụta sensorimotor cortices tinyere n'ihu na oghere occipital na-eto eto na mbụ, na ihe fọdụrụ nke cortex na-etolite na parietal-to- n'ihu (azụ-na-ihu) ntụziaka. Cortex oge dị elu, nke nwere mpaghara mkpakọrịta na-ejikọta ozi sitere na ọtụtụ usoro mmetụta, toro ikpeazụ. Ọzọkwa, maturation nke cortex pụtakwara na-agbaso usoro evolushọn nke e kere mpaghara ndị a.

ụzọ

Ndị isi. Egosiri ihe ngosi igwe onyonyo n'ime Isiokwu 1. Ewetara isiokwu niile sitere na obodo maka ụlọ ọrụ National Institute of Mental Health na-aga n'ihu gbasara mmepe ụbụrụ mmadụ (20). Na nkenke, isiokwu nke ọ bụla e nyere ajụjụ ọnụ nyocha nke ahaziri ahazi iji wepụ ọrịa uche ọ bụla na nleta ọ bụla. Ndị a na-eweghachite kwa afọ 2 maka MRI na-esochi yana nyocha nke uche na nke neurocognitive. Akụkụ nke ụmụaka niile nwere nyocha MRI atọ ma ọ bụ karịa ma nọ n'agbata afọ 4 na 21 ka ahọpụtara ka etinyere na ọmụmụ ihe a. Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ụlọ ọrụ nke National Institute of Mental Health institutional kwadoro ọmụmụ ihe a, na enwetara nkwenye ọmụma sitere na isiokwu> 18 afọ ma ọ bụ n'aka nne na nna nwere obere isiokwu, na enwetara nkwenye ederede ọzọ site na obere isiokwu ọ bụla.

 

Ntọala 1.

Demographics nke sample ọmụmụ

Nhazi onyonyo na nyocha. Enwetara ihe oyiyi MRI na National Institute of Mental Health na otu nyocha 1.5-T General Electric. Usoro MRI na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge ọmụmụ ihe niile. A na-enweta onyonyo dị arọ T1 nwere mpekere 1.5-mm na-aga n'ihu na ụgbọ elu axial yana mpekere 2.0-mm n'ime ụgbọ elu coronal site na iji 3D mebiri emebi-gradient echetara echo na steeti kwụ ọtọ. Oke onyonyo bụ: oge ​​nkwughachi, 5 ms; oge ikwugharị, 24 ms; tụgharịa akụkụ, 45°; matrix inweta, 256 × 192; ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpali, 1; na mpaghara anya, 24 cm. Site na nkwalite sọftụwia/ ngwaike ọ bụla, a nwalere ntụkwasị obi nke data tupu na mgbe nkwalite ahụ site na inyocha otu isiokwu tupu na mgbe nkwalite ahụ gasịrị (20). Na nkenke, maka nyocha nke ọ bụla, a na-etinye algọridim na-emezigharị ubi ugboro ugboro redio. A na-ahazi ihe onyonyo ndabere, na-agbanwe ha ka ọ bụrụ oghere stereotaxic 3D ọkọlọtọ (21). A na-ahazi nyocha nleba anya na nyocha ntọala sitere n'otu isiokwu ahụ, na nyocha nke edekọnyere aha maka isiokwu ọ bụla ka edobere n'ahịrị n'ahịrị na oghere International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM).22). Nhazi anụ ahụ kwadoro nke ọma mepụtara maapụ zuru ezu nke GM, ihe ọcha na mmiri cerebrospinal site na iji nkesa ngwakọta Gaussian iji mepụta oke. a posteriori akụkụ nke data (23, 24), na a na-ewepụta ihe ngosi elu nke cortex na-akpaghị aka maka isiokwu ọ bụla na oge oge dị ka akọwara.25).

Usoro nyocha onyonyo mara dị ka cortical pattern matching (25-27A na-eji ya mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti cortical dịkwuo mma karịa oge ma mee ka ike achọpụta mgbanwe nhazi (usoro).25). Ụzọ a dabara n'ụdị gyral nke cortical elu anatomy ruo n'ókè o kwere mee n'ofe isiokwu tupu emee ntụnyere n'ofe isi, nkezi otu, na maapụ ọnụ ọgụgụ. N'ihi na usoro a na-ewepụ ụfọdụ ndịiche na-agbagwoju anya anatomical, a na-enwewanye ike ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ịchọpụta mmetụta ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na usoro cortical yana ụbara ikike iji wepụta mmetụta ndị a n'ihe metụtara nnukwu akara sulcal na gyral. N'ime usoro njikọ cortical, a na-agbakọta nrụrụ nke abụọ nke dabara na ụkpụrụ gyral n'ofe oge niile na isiokwu niile, nke na-enye ohere ka a na-agbakọ data ma jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara cortical kwekọrọ. Otu akara akara sulcal 34 n'otu ụbụrụ na-amachibido maapụ otu cortex na nke ọzọ site na iji mpaghara cortical kwekọrọ n'ofe isiokwu. Onye nyocha ihe onyonyo kpuru ìsì ka ọ mata njirimara, okike, na afọ nke ọ bụla n'ime sulci 17 n'akụkụ akụkụ nke ọ bụla n'elu nsụgharị nke ụbụrụ ọ bụla. Ndị sulci ndị a gụnyere Sylvian fissure, Central, precentral, na postcentral sulci, elu temporal sulcus (STS) isi ahụ, STS na-arị elu alaka, STS alaka azụ, isi na nke abụọ intermediate sulci, na usụhọde temporal, elu, na usụhọde frontal, intraparietal, transverse occipital, olfactory, occipitotemporal, na collateral sulci. Na mgbakwunye na ichikota isi sulci, e depụtara usoro mgbanaka akara etiti isii dị n'akụkụ ogologo fissure ogologo n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla iji guzobe oke gyral hemispheric. A kọwapụtara akara ala dị ka usoro usoro mmega ahụ zuru ezu si dị. Usoro a dị na ịntanetị (www.loni.ucla.edu/∼khayashi/Public/medial_surface) ma mara inter- na intrarater ntụkwasị obi dị ka akọwara (25).

Emebere ihe nlere anya cortical 3D dabere na oge maka otu ahụ site n'iwetu akara ala sulcal/gyral n'ime ụgbọ elu 2D yana ụdị cortical na-ekenye koodu agba iji jide ozi ọdịdị 3D. Ozugbo data dị na oghere a dị larịị, a na-ahazi njirimara sulcal n'ofe ihe ọmụmụ na nkezi usoro nke akụkụ sulcal. Map cortical ndị ahụ gbagọrọ agbagọ agbagọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na 3D, na-ewepụta ụdị cortical nke ọma nwere njiri gyral na ebe anatomic ha pụtara.28).

Iji kọwaa GM mpaghara, anyị na-eji ihe a na-akpọ "njupụta GM," nke a na-eji n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe mbụ, bụ nke na-atụle oke GM na obere mpaghara nke radius (15 mm) gburugburu ebe ọ bụla (XNUMX mm).15, 25, 26, 28). Ọnụ ọgụgụ GM-density na-eme ka ozi dị na mpịakọta GM n'obere agbataobi (kernel 15-mm eji na akụkọ a), na-enye mmụba na-arịwanye elu nke ụda ụda, ọ na-ewepụkwa ụfọdụ mkpọtụ dị na nhazi GM cortical. oke na MRI. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na a na-eji njupụta GM eme ihe, ụfọdụ ike nchịkwa na-efunahụ, na ịbịaru nso nwere ike nkezi data sitere na ụlọ akụ sulcal na-emegide. Ntụle ahụ nwekwara ike ịdepụta mgbanwe GM sitere na ọdịiche dị na curvature elu cortical, nke ụbara curvature nwere ike ime ka GM dị ntakịrị na-atụle n'ime kernel nke radius. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ anyị na-egosi na njupụta na ọkpụrụkpụ GM nwere njikọ chiri anya (K. Narr, RM Bilder, AW Toga, RP Woods, DE Rex, P. Szeszko, D. Robinson, Y. Wang, H. DeLuca, D. Asuncion, na PM Thompson, data ebipụtaghị) ya mere enwere ike ịkọwapụta usoro ntozu oke yiri ya.

Iji chọpụta ma enwere ike zuru ezu iji nweta ihe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na ebe ọ bụla dị n'elu cortex, anyị kwadoro ihe nlereanya nke mgbanwe GM ma mee atụmatụ ọnụọgụ regression multiple regression.R²) n'ebe ọ bụla, nke dịgasị na nso nke 0 ka 1. Site efu nkesa nke R², gbanwee maka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ogo nnwere onwe na ụdị ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ikpebi ma enwere ike zuru ezu iji jụ echiche efu (R² = 0) n'ebe cortical ọ bụla. Ihe nlereanya dabara adaba, p(R²), wee kpara nkata n'ebe ọ bụla cortical (data egosighi). Map ahụ pụta gosiri na R² abụghị efu n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla cortical, na-atụ aro na mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ dị oke mkpa.

Emepụtara atụmatụ ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ site na iji nyocha ihe nlegharị anya nke agwakọtara agwakọta (11, 30) maka mpịakọta GM na nke ọ bụla n'ime 65,536 isi n'elu cortical dum yana mpịakọta lobar nke ọ bụla yana n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke mmasị n'elu. N'ihi na ejiri ihe atụ agwakọta na-abụghị nke na-abụghị nke ntanetị, a na-emepụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti isiokwu dị na njupụta GM dị iche iche site na ọnụego mgbanwe n'ime mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na-enye ike ọzọ iji dozie mgbanwe ogologo oge n'ebe ọ bụla cortical. A na-adabere na nyocha echiche echiche maka ụlọ ihe nlereanya F ọnụ ọgụgụ na α = 0.05. Kpọmkwem, F ejiri ule chọpụta ma usoro nke ụdị uto mmepe ọ bụ cubic, quadratic, ma ọ bụ linear. Ọ bụrụ na ụdị cubic abaghị uru, a nwalere ihe atụ nke quadratic; Ọ bụrụ na ihe nlere anya anọ adịghị mkpa, a nwalere ihe nlere anya. Ya mere, ihe nlere nke uto bụ polynomial/adịghị adị n'ịntanetị ma ọ bụrụ na okwu cubic ma ọ bụ quadratic nyere aka nke ukwuu na nkwụghachi azụ. Nyere na a nwalere echiche nke ọ bụla naanị otu ugboro, mmezi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ọtụtụ ntụnyere adịghị mkpa.

Ahọpụtara mpaghara ndị a maka nyocha na mpaghara ọ bụla: gyrus precentral, cortex moto bụ isi (1A), gyrus ihu dị elu, oke azụ n'akụkụ sulcus etiti (1B), gyrus ihu dị ala, oke azụ (1C), sulcus ihu dị ala, oke ihu (1D fig), sulcus ihu dị ala na cortex prefrontal dorsolateral (1E), njedebe ihu ihu sulcus dị elu (1F), ogwe ihu (1G), isi nke sensory cortex na postcentral gyrus (1H), gyrus supramarginal (mpaghara 40) (1I), gyrus angular (mpaghara 39) (Fig. 1J), ogwe occipital (Ihe osise 1K), ihu, etiti, na azụ akụkụ nke elu temporal gyrus (STG) (Foto 1 L-N), ebe etiti gyrus dị ala, yana oke ihu na azụ (Foto 1 O-Q), na n'elu ala dị ala, ihu na azụ na njedebe nke sulcus olfactory (Ihe osise 2 R na S) na ihu na azụ na nsọtụ nke sulcus nkwado (Foto 2 T na U). Ahọpụtara isi ihe kwekọrọ na hemispheres abụọ site na iji otu akara ala sulcal.

 

1 fig.

Ntugharị ihe nlere anya agwakọtara na mpaghara mmasị n'elu cortical. A họpụtara mpaghara ndị a maka nyocha na mpaghara ọ bụla: A, gyrus precentral na cortex moto bụ isi; B, gyrus ihu dị elu, njedebe azụ n'akụkụ sulcus etiti; ...

 

2 fig.

Nleba anya nke ụbụrụ na-egosi ihe onyonyo n'oge na n'oge. Isi ihe kwekọrọ na nsọtụ ihu na azụ nke sulcus olfactory (R na S) na sulcus collateral (T na U), na eserese agwakọtara na mpaghara ndị nwere mmasị na mpaghara ahụ. ...

Results

N'ozuzu, a chọpụtara na mkpokọta GM na-abawanye na mmalite afọ, na-esote ọnwụ na-adịgide adịgide na-amalite n'oge uto. Otú ọ dị, dị ka a na-ahụ n'usoro oge na-agafe (fig. (Fig.22 na Na3), 3), usoro nke GM ọnwụ (mmaturation) na-amalite na mbụ na dorsal parietal cortices, karịsịa ebe ndị bụ isi sensorimotor dị nso n'akụkụ akụkụ interhemispheric, wee gbasaa n'elu cortex n'ihu na caudally na mpụta n'elu parietal, occipital, na n'ikpeazụ cortex temporal. . ( Usoro a dị na ihe nkiri 1–4, nke ebipụtara dịka ozi na-akwado na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PNAS.) Ogwe ihu na occipital na-efunahụ GM n'oge, na n'ihu ihu, GM maturation n'ikpeazụ gụnyere dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, nke na-efunahụ GM naanị na njedebe nke oge uto.

 

3 fig.

Echiche dị n'akụkụ aka nri na elu nke usoro dị ike nke GM maturation n'elu cortical elu. Ogwe akụkụ na-egosi ihe nnọchianya agba na nkeji nke olu GM. Frames mbụ na-egosi mpaghara mmasị na cortex dị ka akọwara maka ya Fig. 1. a ...

Iji nyochaa n'ihu usoro ntozu okè n'ime mpaghara cortical nke ọ bụla, anyị na-eji nyocha regression nke agwakọta-ụdị iji wuo atụmatụ nke linear yana mmetụta afọ na-abụghị nke (quadratic ma ọ bụ cubic) na mpịakọta GM na ebe mmasị n'akụkụ elu cortical site n'iji isi ihe nrịbama sulcal. iji hụ na arụkọ ọrụ kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ ahụ nke ọma na oge na isiokwu. Mgbe anyị tụlere mpịakọta lobar pụtara na nlele a na ihe nlele nke akụkụ anyị buru ibu (n = 149), usoro maka mkpokọta na mpịakọta GM lobar kwekọrọ na otu abụọ ahụ (data egosighi)11). Otú ọ dị, na mpaghara ndị dị n'otu n'otu n'ofe cortex, GM maturation na-egosi ụkpụrụ ntozu okè.

N'ime cortex n'ihu, gyrus precentral (fig. (Figs.1A1A na Na3) 3) na-eto ngwa ngwa. Ọnwụ GM na-aga n'ihu n'ahịrị n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ebe ọtụtụ mpaghara rostral nke ihu ihu (ya na gyri dị elu na nke dị ala; Fig. Foto.11 na 3, B–G) tozuru okè na-aga n'ihu na ọganihu dị n'ihu, dị ka a na-egosipụtakwa site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu nke nkwụsị GM na-adịghị na ya (Foto 1 B–D), na prefrontal cortex maturing ikpeazụ (Fig. 1, D na E, na Na3) .3). Na lobe parietal, ọnwụ GM na-amalite na gyrus postcentral (Figs. (Fig.1H1H na Na3; 3; na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke na-adịghị ahụkebe), na-aga n'ihu n'ime akụkụ gyrus (mpaghara 40; fig. Ihe oyiyi.1I1I na Na3), 3), na gyrus supramarginal (mpaghara 39; fig. Ihe oyiyi.1J1J na Na3) .3). Ogwe ihu na occipital, nke yiri gyri tupu na postcentral, toro n'isi (fig. 1 G na K na Na33).

Mgbe e mesịrị Maturation. Akụkụ nke lobe nwa oge, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-egosi njirimara oge ntozu okè. Oghere nke oge na-eto eto ma e wezụga n'osisi oge, nke na-egosi mfu GM n'otu oge ahụ dị ka okporo osisi ihu na occipital (Figs. (Figs.1O1O na Na3) .3). N'ụzọ dị iche, gyri nke dị elu na nke dị ala (STG na obere oge gyrus) adịghị egosi otu ogo nke ọnwụ GM n'ogologo oge a. E gosikwara nke a site na eserese dị larịị maka mmetụta afọ (fig. 1 L na M na Na3) .3). N'ime STG, akụkụ azụ na-egosi ụzọ ahịrị ahịrị dị iche (Foto 1N).

N'elu ụbụrụ nke dị ala, akụkụ nke etiti nke lobe nke dị ala (nke na-eche na ọ bụ ụbụrụ entorhinal cortex, medial na rhinal sulcus, n'etiti njedebe ihu nke sulcus sulcus na azụ azụ nke sulcus olfactory) na-etolite n'oge ma ghara ịgbanwe ọtụtụ ihe mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. , dị ka eserese ndị dị larịị hụrụ maka mmetụta afọ (Ihe osise 2T). Ụdị ntozu okè yiri nke ahụ na-apụta n'akụkụ caudal na etiti nke lobe nke dị ala (Ihe osise 2S, cortex piriform na-eche echere). Akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ventral lobe lobe na-egosi usoro ntozu n'akụkụ ruo na etiti, ebe mpaghara orbitofrontal gara n'ihu na-eto ruo afọ kacha ochie anyị mụrụ (Fig. 2).

Nkwurịta

N'ebe a, anyị na-egosi nhụta nke ọganihu siri ike nke ụbụrụ cortical mmadụ na ọmụmụ ihe na-atụ anya ogologo oge nke ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. Akụkọ ndị gara aga abụwo akụkụ nke akụkụ (ya bụ, a na-enweta nyocha MRI naanị otu ugboro n'otu isiokwu) ma ọ bụ jiri ụzọ na-enye mpịakọta zuru ụwa ọnụ kama iji ntụnyere n'ókè nke ga-ekwe omume na usoro nkewa.11, 15). Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmadụ na mmetụta ndị otu na-emetụta atụmatụ nke akụkụ gafee, ebe ụzọ ndị na-enye mpịakọta zuru ụwa ọnụ na-enye enweghị nkọwa gbasara oge. Anyị emeriela mmachi ndị a site n'ịmụ ihe nlele nke enwetara ogologo oge tupu na mgbe ọ gachara nwa, bụ nke enyochagharịrị otu ụmụaka ahụ n'afọ 10. Nsonaazụ anyị, ka ọ na-akọwapụta heterochronicity nke mmepe cortical mmadụ, na-atụ aro na mpaghara mpaghara nke ọ bụla na-agbaso trajectories dị iche iche nke ntozu oke nke ebe mkpakọrịta dị elu na-etolite naanị mgbe mpaghara sensorimotor dị ala, ọrụ nke ha na-ejikọta, tozuru oke. Na mgbakwunye, ọ dị ka mpaghara cortical phylogenetic megoro tozuru oke tupu mpaghara cortical ọhụrụ.

Ọganihu-lobe maturation gara n'ihu n'ụzọ azụ na ihu, na-amalite na cortex moto bụ isi (precentral gyrus) wee gbasaa n'ihu n'ihu gyri dị elu na nke dị ala, na prefrontal cortex na-etolite ikpeazụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, okporo ụzọ ihu toro n'ihe dịka otu afọ dị ka cortex moto bụ isi. N'ọkara azụ nke ụbụrụ, ntozu okè malitere na mpaghara mmetụta uche bụ isi, na-agbasa n'akụkụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke parietal lobe. Yiri mkpanaka ihu, okporo osisi occipital tolitere n'oge. Lobes mpụta bụ ndị ikpeazụ tozuru oke.

Ya mere, usoro nke cortex tozuru okè na-ekwenye na ihe ndị dị mkpa na mpaghara dị mkpa na mmepe ọgụgụ isi na ọrụ. Akụkụ ụbụrụ jikọtara ya na ọrụ ndị bụ isi na-eto eto n'oge: moto na mpaghara ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na-eto eto na mbụ, na-esote akụkụ ndị na-etinye aka na nhazi oghere, okwu na mmepe asụsụ, na nlebara anya (parietal lobes na elu na nke ala). Mgbe e mesịrị ka tozuru okè bụ akụkụ ndị metụtara ọrụ nchịkwa, nlebara anya, na nhazi moto (frontal lobes). Ogwe ihu, na-etinye aka na nhazi uto na isi ísì, na okporo osisi occipital, nke nwere cortex visual bụ isi, tokwara n'oge, dịka a tụrụ anya ya. Usoro ntozu oke a gosikwara na afọ kachasị elu maka ụkpụrụ GM kachasị, nke na-abawanye ka mmepe na-aga n'ihu n'ihu (Foto 1 A–D na H–J). N'anya anya, cortex prefrontal na obere parietal cortex dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe tolitere tupu mpaghara ndị kwekọrọ n'akụkụ aka nri, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ụmụaka nọ na nlele a bụ aka nri, na-enwe akara aka ekpe. hemisphere na-eto ngwa ngwa.

Lobe nke nwa oge gbasoro usoro ntozu oke. Ogwe oge tolitere n'oge. Ọtụtụ n'ime lobe nwa oge fọdụrụ na-eto eto n'oge ogo afọ nke nlele a ma e wezụga obere mpaghara dị n'azụ nke STG, nke pụtara na ọ tozuru okè. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, cortex temporal, karịsịa akụkụ azụ nke sulcus temporal dị elu, gyrus temporal elu, na gyrus temporal etiti, bụ ebe a na-eche na ọ bụ ebe njikọ heteromodal (ya na prefrontal na nke dị ala) ma na-etinye aka na ntinye nke ebe nchekwa. Njikọ audiovisual, na ọrụ njirimara ihe (31-34). Ya mere, cortex nke oge na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto mgbe mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-akpakọrịta, ọrụ nke ọ na-ejikọta, na-emepe emepe.

Phylogenetically, ụfọdụ mpaghara cortical kacha ochie na-edina n'elu ụbụrụ dị ala na akụkụ etiti nke lobe oge (akụkụ azụ nke piriform cortex na cortex entorhinal, dịka ọmụmaatụ) ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ dị ala na nke etiti nke ihu ihu dị nso. njedebe caudal nke sulcus olfactory (obere piriform cortex na orbital periallocortex) (35-37). Usoro maturation na gburugburu ebe ndị a pụtara na ọ malitere n'oge (ontogenetically) ugbua site na afọ 4, dị ka a na-ahụ site na linear ma ọ bụ ewepụghị atụmatụ.Ihe osise 2 S na T). Site na mpaghara ndị a, ntozu okè na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu. N'ime cortex dị n'ihu dị ala, akụkụ etiti na nke azụ nke cortices na-esi ísì toro n'oge, ebe orbitofrontal cortices toro mgbe e mesịrị. N'ebe fọdụrụ na lobe nke dị ala, ntozu oke pụtara ka emechara na n'akụkụ dịtụ n'akụkụ ruo na etiti. N'ime anụ mammals, cortex nke dị ala, yana akụkụ nke STG, cortex posterior parietal, na cortex prefrontal, bụ mpaghara mkpakọrịta dị elu, bụ nke bụkwa mmalite mmalite nke ọhụrụ (38, 39). Nleba anya na mpaghara ndị a na-egosi na ha tozuru etozu nwere ike ịpụta na mmepe cortical na-agbaso usoro evolushọn ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.

Usoro nke na-akpata ọnwụ GM amaghị. Ihe ọcha nke cerebral na-abawanye na iri afọ anọ mbụ n'ihi myelination axonal (40) ma nwee ike ịkọwa akụkụ nke mfu GM hụrụ (41, 42). Ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe na usoro mpịakọta sulcal na gyral ma ọ bụ usoro ndị ọzọ na-adịghị na ya dị ka akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nwere ike imetụta njupụta GM, isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke njupụta GM amaghị. Anyị na-eche na enwere ike ịkwọ ya opekata mpe site na usoro nke kwachaa synapti.43ya na trophic glial na mgbanwe vaskụla na / ma ọ bụ mbelata sel (44). Ya mere, ọdịiche mpaghara-kpọmkwem na GM maturation nwere ike ịpụta site na n'okpuru heterochronous synapti kwachaa na cortex, dị ka e gosiri na primate na mmadụ ụbụrụ cortical mmepe.18, 45-48). N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, na cortex n'ihu, cortex prefrontal dorsolateral na-etolite ikpeazụ, na-adaba na myelination ya mechara, na-egosi na myelination kwachaa nwere ike na-emekarị n'otu oge.

Nchọpụta ndị a nwere ike inwe mmetụta ụlọ ọgwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, autism, na mmalite tupu afọ 3, na-egosi hyperplasia cerebral GM zuru ụwa ọnụ na mbụ 2 afọ nke ndụ (49) na nnukwu ihu na ihu GM nke oge site na 4 afọ, na-esote ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nwayọọ nke ọganihu na mpaghara ndị a site na 7 afọ (50, 51). schizophrenia mmalite nwata, nke nwere afọ mmalite nke mmalite ihe dị ka afọ 10, jikọtara ya na mfu parietal GM dị egwu, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ihu n'oge uto na ejiji azụ n'ihu (52), ebe schizophrenia okenye-mmalite (ụdị nke a na-ahụkarị) na-ejikọta ya na mperi na mpaghara oge na-eto eto na mpaghara ihu.53-55) ma jikọta ya na ihe na-adịghị mma nhọrọ nke mpaghara heteromodal (29). Ya mere, mgbanwe ma ọ bụ n'ọkwa ma ọ bụ oge nke usoro ntozu okè nwere ike ọ dịkarịa ala na-ebute nsogbu ndị a na-ahụ maka mmepe neurodevelopment.

Mgbanwe nke mgbanwe na mpaghara ụfọdụ cortical dị oke mkpa ma kwekọọ n'ogo uto na ọnwụ ndị a hụrụ na ọmụmụ ogologo oge anyị gara aga. Na akụkọ gara aga (28), anyị mepụtara ụzọ site na iji maapụ tensor iji tụọ ọnụego uto mpaghara na ọnụ ọgụgụ mfu anụ ahụ na ọkwa mpaghara na nhazi nke caudate na corpus callosum. N'ime obere mpaghara nke ihe owuwu ndị a, ọnụ ọgụgụ uto mpaghara karịrị 40% kwa afọ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ mfu anụ ahụ mpaghara ruru 40% kwa afọ na mpaghara nta nke ganglia basal. N'ihi nkwubi okwu gbasara mbara igwe na-abawanye, ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbanwe kacha elu mpaghara a na-enweta site na nsonazụ nke eserese ahụ na-adịkarị karịa nke enwetara na ọmụmụ volumetric nke akụkụ ụbụrụ nwere akụkụ ahụ. Ntụle mpịakọta lobar, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ike na-eto eto ma ọ bụ na-efunahụ anụ ahụ karịa nnukwu nhazi, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke mgbanwe volumetric na-ebelata n'otu aka ahụ. Mkpụrụ cellular maka mgbanwe cortical ndị a nwere ike ịbụ nchikota nke myelination, dendritic kwachaa, na mgbanwe na neuronal, glial, vascular, na neurite packing density na dị iche iche cortical laminae. A pụkwara inwe mgbanwe na ihe ndị dị na relaxometric nke mgbaàmà MRI, nke dabeere na mmiri dị n'okpuru. Akụkụ myelination nwere ike ime ka mgbanwe pasentị net buru ibu na mpịakọta cortical n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, karịsịa mgbe mpịakọta ndị a na-enyocha dị ntakịrị.

Enwere oke dị iche iche maka ọmụmụ ihe a. Nyocha ndị a dabere na nyocha 52, bụ nke e mepụtara ụdị 1,976 anatomical, na-enye ike zuru oke iji nyochaa mgbanwe, mana sitere na naanị ụmụaka 13. Na mgbakwunye, nke a bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-abụghị ndị nnọchiteanya nwere nkezi IQ nke 125, na-egosipụta nhụsianya ntugharị nke National Institute of Mental Health ọmụmụ. Anyị enweghị ike weghara uru tupu nwa akwụkwọ n'usoro ihe nkiri na-agafe oge, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ ya ngwa ngwa na eserese ụdị agwakọtara. N'otu aka ahụ, enweghị ike ịchọpụta ọdịiche dị na nwoke na nwanyị na ntozu nke ụbụrụ, n'ihi na e nwere naanị ụmụ nwoke isii na nwanyị asaa na nlele. Agbanyeghị, ihe nchoputa anyị na-ekpughere ozi dị mkpa gbasara usoro ntozu oke nke ntolite ụbụrụ mmalite yana njikọ ya na ihe nrịbama ọrụ na mmalite mmalite.

Ihe ndi ozo

Nkweta

Notes

References