Ihe omuma na nhazi ugwo olu ya na mmetuta ya na ichikota na-eto eto (2010)

Cereb Cortex. 2010 Jul; 20 (7): 1613-29 . doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp225. Epub 2009 Ọkt 29.

Geier CF, Terwilliger R, Teslovich T, Velanova K, Luna B.

Onye edemede ihe

Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. [email protected]

nkịtị

Ụdị nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ akabeghị aka na mmetụta nke ụgwọ ọrụ na ihe ndị bụ isi nke njikwa ọgụgụ isi n'oge uto aghọtachaghị nke ọma ugbu a. N'ebe a, n'oge onyonyo resonance magnet na-arụ ọrụ, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ndị toro eto nwere ahụike rụrụ ọrụ antisaccade gbanwetụrụ bụ nke ejiri ngbanwe ụgwọ ọrụ nnwale site na nnwale. Ojiji nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ngwa ngwa, imewe metụtara mmemme mere ka ọdịiche dị n'ichepụta mmepe na ọrụ ụbụrụ dị n'okpuru oge dị iche iche nke nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na mgbochi nzaghachi ga-enyocha. Nnwale ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnwale nnọpụiche butere nzaghachi mgbochi ngwa ngwa n'ofe afọ yana mperi mperi mgbochi na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. N'oge ule nkwụghachi ụgwọ, a na-ebelata akara ngosi oxygen na-adabere na oxygen na ventral striatum na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'oge nyocha nyocha, na-emebiga ihe ókè n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi, na-atụ aro njedebe n'oge uto na ntule ụgwọ ọrụ na mmụba dị elu na atụmanya nke ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, a na-ahụkwa ọrụ dị elu na cortex n'ihu n'akụkụ precentral sulcus na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi nnwale, na-atụ aro mgbanwe nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke mpaghara nchịkwa oculomotor na-akwado nzaghachi mgbochi ziri ezi. Na mkpokọta, ọrụ a na-akọwapụta ntozu oke na sistemu ụbụrụ ndị na-eto eto na-akwado nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ ma kọwaa mmetụta ụgwọ ọrụ na njikwa mgbochi. Na nchikota, nchoputa anyi na-egosi usoro ndi nwere ike ime ka ndi ntorobia ghara ime mkpebi na-adighi mma na ime ihe egwu.

Keywords: ntorobịa, antisaccade, fMRI, mgbochi nzaghachi, ụgwọ ọrụ

Okwu Mmalite

Nsonaazụ ọjọọ jikọtara ya na omume dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ enweghị uche bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na mmụba dị nkọ (~ 200%) na ọrịa na-anwụ anwụ na-anwụ n'oge uto.Arnett 1992; 2000 na-ekwu okwu; Dahl 2004). Enwere ike ịkọwa iwe ihe ize ndụ dị ka itinye aka, na-enwekarị mmasị n'omume, n'omume ndị dị elu na ọchịchọ nke onwe ma ọ bụ obi ụtọ mana nke na-ekpughe onye ahụ na mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ mfu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịnya ụgbọ ala ngwa ngwa na itinye aka na mmekọahụ na-enweghị nchebe) (Irwin 1990). Ọchịchọ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma itinye aka n'ime ihe egwu na-enye akaebe omume na-akpali akpali maka ntozu oke na ikike ime mkpebi. Agbanyeghị, nghọta anyị maka ntọala akwara ozi nke iwere ihe egwu ka dị oke. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-atụ anya na ọtụtụ sekit arụ ọrụ ga-enye aka na ịkpata ihe egwu omume, 2 nwere ike ịbụ usoro izizi bụ nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na njikwa mgbochi (Steinberg 2004). Nchọpụta na-akabeghị aka na ntụle ụgwọ ọrụ yana oke oke na njikwa mkpali nwere ike bute mkpebi na-adịghị mma nke nwere ike ịtọ ntọala maka itinye aka n'ime ihe egwu. Iji mee ka a mara ndabere akwara nke omume ime ihe ize ndụ, n'akwụkwọ a, anyị na-atụnyere nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na mmetụta ya na njikwa mgbochi na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye..

Akwụkwọ edemede buru ibu akọwapụtala sekit akwara na-akwado nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na ndị toro eto (Schultz 2000; Breiter et al. 2001; O'Doherty et al. 2001; Roesch na Olson 2004; Hikosaka et al. 2006). Karịsịa, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsal na ventral striatum (VS), na medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) ka achọpụtara dị ka ihe ndị bụ isi.Schultz 2000; McClure et al. 2004). N'ụzọ dị mkpa, mkpebi nwa oge nke otu nkeji yana ihe omume metụtara ihe ngosi magnetik resonance imaging (fMRI) egosila na nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ abụghị ọrụ monolithic kama ọ bụ nnukwu mkpokọta mgbakọ na mwepụ. Akara ngosi dị iche iche na-eme tupu (akara ngosi "atụ anya") na mgbe nnyefe ụgwọ ọrụ (ihe ngosi "ihe oriri") achọpụtala (Schultz 2000; Hare et al. 2008). Ejikọtara akara ndị na-atụ anya ya na nchọpụta mbụ na mkpebi siri ike nke amụma amụma ụgwọ ọrụ, yana nyocha nke uru a tụrụ anya maka ụgwọ ọrụ n'ọdịnihu (Knutson et al. 2001; O'Doherty et al. 2002). Ihe nrịbama na-eriju afọ gụnyere ndị metụtara oke ụgwọ ọrụ enwetara (Delgado et al. 2000, 2003; Na-emegharị 2000; O'Doherty et al. 2001) na ma ụgwọ ọrụ enwetara ọ dabara na amụma ("atụmatụ-njehie" mgbaàmà) (Schultz 2000; Schultz et al. 2000).

N'otu aka ahụ, nghọta anyị maka mmepe nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ site n'oge uto ka dị oke oke. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara anatomical na-egosi na mpaghara ụgwọ ọrụ bụ isi na-egosi ntozu oke site n'oge uto, gụnyere ịga n'ihu na-akpụ isi isi awọ na basal ganglia na OFC. (Giedd et al. 1996; Sowell et al. 1999; Gogtay et al. 2004; Toga et al. 2006), nke n'akụkụ ya nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi nkwụsị nke adịghị ike ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị ya eme ihe site na ịkwachaa synapti (Gogtay et al. 2004). N'oge uto, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke synapses na-akọwapụtaghị nwere ike ime ka njedebe dị na njirimara ụgwọ ọrụ na ihe nnọchiteanya bara uru n'ihe gbasara ndị okenye. N'otu aka ahụ na kwachaa synapti, myelination na-abawanye linearly n'oge mmepe (Yakovlev na Lecours 1967). Myelination na-akwalite arụmọrụ nke nhazi ozi site n'ịbawanye ọsọ na ikwesị ntụkwasị obi nke nnyefe neuronal distal, na-enyere aka njikọ ọrụ nke sekit ụbụrụ na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe dị oke mkpa maka mpụta nke omume dị elu dị mgbagwoju anya. (Goldman-Rakic et al. 1992; Luna na Sweeney 2004). Ntụle nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na-eto eto nwere ike inye aka na oke ikike ijikọ akara nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke ọma na sistemụ moto dị mkpa dị mkpa maka omume mkpali.Roesch na Olson 2003, 2004).

Tinyere ntozu oke microstructural na-adịgide adịgide, nchịkọta data sitere na ụdị mmadụ na anụmanụ na-egosi na dopamine (DA) neurotransmission na sistemụ striatal na cortical na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto n'oge uto. (2000 na-ekwu okwu; Andersen 2003; Crews et al. 2007). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkwa D1- na D2-nnabata na njide na oke striatum dị ukwuu n'oge uto ma e jiri ya tụnyere okenye. (Seeman et al. 1987). Njupụta nke ndị na-ebugharị DA, nke na-arụ ọrụ iji wepụ DA na synapse, na-arị elu n'oge uto na striatum. (Meng et al. 1999). Ọzọkwa, ntinye DA na PFC na-abawanye n'oge uto (Kalsbeek et al. 1988; Rosenberg na Lewis 1994, 1995; 2000 na-ekwu okwu), na ihe akaebe na-egosi mgbanwe mgbanwe sitere na mesolimbic gaa na mesocortical DA usoro n'oge ntorobịa (2000 na-ekwu okwu). N'ihe banyere nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ, mmụba na ọkwa DA na-eto eto na striatum na PFC yana ndị na-ebugharị DA ka ukwuu nwere ike inye aka na mmụba dị elu mana obere oge maka ụgwọ ọrụ, dị ka atụpụtara na ihe atụ nke nlebara anya hyperactivity. (Castellanos na Tannock 2002).

N'ikwekọ na data nhazi, ọmụmụ fMRI nke mbụ na-egosi adịghị arụ ọrụ na sistemu ụbụrụ metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ n'oge uto (Bjork et al. 2004, 2007; Ike et al. 2004; Ernst et al. 2005; Galvan et al. 2006; Guyer et al. 2006; van Leijenhorst et al. 2006, 2009; Eshel et al. 2007). Ọ bụ ezie na egosiri na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-eweghachi ọrụ circuitry ụgwọ ọrụ nke yiri ndị okenye (Ike et al. 2004), ntụziaka nke nzaghachi akabeghị aka ka amabeghị nke ọma na mpaghara ndị mbụ. Achọtala ihe akaebe maka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma "n'okpuru" mmemme n'oge nhazi atụmanya na VS yana n'oge ime mkpebi nwere ike ime na OFC na mesial PFC (Bjork et al. 2004, 2007; Eshel et al. 2007), ma "n'elu" omume na VS n'oge nnata ụgwọ ọrụ nhazi (Ernst et al. 2005; Galvan et al. 2006). Ya mere, usoro nhazi oge dị iche iche nke nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ (atụ anya vs. consummatory) nwere ike inwe ọdịdị mmepe dị iche iche, ihe dị mkpa maka ụdị usoro ihe ọmụma nke na-akọwapụta usoro ụgwọ ọrụ ntorobịa dị ka hyperactive. (Berslọ ndị et al. 2003; Ernst et al. 2006) ma ọ bụ hypoactive (2000 na-ekwu okwu), ikwu na ndị okenye.

N'otu aka ahụ na ntozu oke nke nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu, mmezigharị na njikwa ihe mgbochi na-agakwa n'ihu site n'oge uto (Paus et al. 1990; Levin et al. 1991; Ridderinkhof et al. 1999; Ridderinkhof na van der Molen 1997; Williams et al. 1999; Bunge et al. 2002; Luna et al. 2004; Liston et al. 2006). Mgbochi nzaghachi afọ ofufo na-ezo aka n'ikike ọgụgụ isi ịkwụsị nzaghachi ziri ezi iji kwado ihe mgbaru ọsọ kwesịrị ekwesị ma bụrụ akụkụ bụ isi nke ime mkpebi (Curtis na D'Esposito 2003; Luna et al. 2004; Ridderinkhof, van den Wildenberg, et al. 2004; Curtis na D'Esposito 2008). Ọrụ omume sitere na ụlọ nyocha anyị na ndị ọzọ na-eji ọrụ antisaccade (AS)Hallett 1978), nke isiokwu ga-egbochi mkpali siri ike nke saccade n'ebe ebumnuche dị na mpụga na-apụta na mberede kama ilekwasị anya n'ebe enyo anya, na-egosi na mgbochi nzaghachi nke ndị okenye dịka ndị okenye na-amalite ịmalite n'etiti etiti oge uto (n'oge uto).Fischer et al. 1997; Munoz et al. 1998; Klein na Foerster 2001; Luna et al. 2004). Agbanyeghị, sekit akwara na-akwado arụmọrụ AS na-egosi ntozu oke site n'oge uto, gụnyere mbelata ịgbalite n'ihu anya ihu (FEF) yana ntụkwasị obi na-abawanye na sistemu prefrontal n'akụkụ metụtara ndị okenye.Luna et al. 2001, 2004; Velanova et al. 2008). Data ndị a na-akwado ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-egosi na mmepe nke sekit nke na-akwado njikwa ihe mgbochi na-agbatị ogologo oge (Casey et al. 1997; Rubia et al. 2000; Luna et al. 2001; Adleman et al. 2002; Bunge et al. 2002; Tamm et al. 2002; Durston et al. 2006; Marsh et al. 2006; Rubia et al. 2006, 2007; Velanova et al. 2008).

Enwere ike nweta nghota zuru oke nke oke na-apụta ìhè na mkpebi ndị ntorobịa na omume ime ihe ize ndụ site n'ịkọwa ntozu oke nke nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ yana mmetụta nke ụgwọ ọrụ na njikwa mgbochi. Ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị ole na ole nke ọmụmụ omume enyochala mmekọrịta nke sistemu ndị a site na iji ọrụ AS gbanwetụrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ ego nnwale-site-nnwale.Duka na Lupp 1997; Blaukopf na DiGirolamo 2006; Jazbec et al. 2006; Hardin et al. 2007). N'otu aka ahụ, agbakwunyere nkwụghachi ụgwọ ọrụ egosipụtara iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmejọ mmechi nke ndị na-eto eto na ndị okenye na-emepụta, na-atụ aro na ụzọ ndị bụ isi n'etiti mpaghara ndị metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị metụtara oculomotor na-eguzobe ma ọ dịkarịa ala site n'oge uto. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụgwọ ọrụ na-emetụta metrics saccade ndị ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọsọ na latency) n'ofe mmepe (Jazbec et al. 2006; Hardin et al. 2007). Otú ọ dị, ọdịiche dị n'ichepụta mmepe na sekit akwara na-akwado ịrụ ọrụ nke AS a na-akwụghachi ụgwọ ka egosipụtabeghị na akwụkwọ.

Anyị bu n'obi ịkọwapụta ọdịiche mmepe na nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ yana nsonaazụ ụgwọ ọrụ na mgbochi nzaghachi na ndị ntorobịa na ndị okenye nwere ahụike. Anyị na-arịba ama na nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro ihe atụ abụọ a kwesịrị ka a tụlee dị ka nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ịkọwapụta ihe mgbagwoju anya nke iwere ihe egwu. N'ụzọ dị egwu, anyị na-eji usoro ọhụụ nke gụnyere ihe mkpali ego-mgbasa ozi AS paradigm ewepụtara na ngwa ngwa fMRI metụtara mmemme yana nnwale “njide” akụkụ.Ollinger, Shulman, na Corbetta 2001) nke na-enye ohere ka anyị kewapụ na iche iche na-akọwapụta ọrụ oxygen larịị-based (BOLD) metụtara ọrụ nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ nke achọpụtara na mbụ na akwụkwọ ka ọ dị iche (Schultz 2000). Ngwa ndị a gụnyere njirimara akara ụgwọ ọrụ (Schultz 2000), na-atụ anya ịzaghachi maka ụgwọ ọrụ (Bjork et al. 2004), na nzaghachi / nzaghachi (nzaghachi)Ernst et al. 2006), nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ike inwe ụzọ mmepe dị iche iche. Ụzọ a pụrụ iche n'ihi na anyị na-enyocha akụkụ abụọ nke nhazi ihe atụ-ntụle mmalite na nkwadebe nzaghachi/atụ anya nzaghachi. Ọzọkwa, anyị bu n'obi ịkọwapụta n'otu oge mmetụta nke ụgwọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ na mpaghara nchịkwa oculomotor ekesa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, oghere anya cortical) mara dị oke mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ AS.Munoz na Everling 2004).

N'ikwekọ na akụkọ omume gara aga, anyị buru amụma na ndị okenye na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ga-ebute mpe mpe mpe mpe mperi na ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnwale AS na-anọpụ iche.Jazbec et al. 2006; Hardin et al. 2007). N'oge ụgwọ ọrụ na ule nnọpụiche, anyị chere na ndị ọgbọ abụọ ahụ ga-egosi mmụba dị ukwuu na mpaghara ụbụrụ na-akwado nchọpụta ụgwọ ọrụ (dịka, VS) na ihe nnọchianya bara uru (dịka, VS na OFC). Ọzọkwa, anyị chere na arụmọrụ AS ziri ezi na ule akwụ ụgwọ ga-akwado ya site na mmụba ọrụ na sekit njikwa oculomotor, kpọmkwem mpaghara dị nso na precentral sulcus (SPS; putative human homolog of FEF), nke a maara na-akwado arụmọrụ AS ziri ezi. Emelitere ọrụ na FEF fixation neurons n'oge nkwadebe nke nnwale AS dị oke mkpa maka ikike igbochi azịza na-ezighi ezi.Connolly et al. 2002; Curtis na D'Esposito 2003; Munoz na Everling 2004). Nyere ihe akaebe maka arụmọrụ AS suboptimal yana ntozu oke na nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ n'oge uto, anyị chere na ndị na-eto eto ga-egosipụta mmetụta pụtara ìhè nke ngbanwe ụgwọ ọrụ nke mpaghara oculomotor na arụmọrụ omume. N'ikpeazụ, dabere na nchoputa gara aga, anyị kwukwara na ndị na-eto eto ga-egosipụta hypoactivity n'oge atụmanya ụgwọ ọrụ (Bjork et al. 2004, 2007; Eshel et al. 2007) na hyperactivity n'oge nhazi ihe oriri (Ernst et al. 2005; Galvan et al. 2006).

Akụrụngwa na ụzọ

sonyere na

Ndị isi iri atọ na asatọ (ndị ntorobịa 22 na ndị okenye 16) ka ewetere na mbụ maka ọmụmụ ihe a. E wepụrụ data onyonyo sitere na ndị nọ n'afọ iri anọ na nyocha n'ihi oke isi na nyocha. Isiokwu 4 fọdụrụnụ (ndị nọ n'afọ iri na asatọ [34-18 afọ, M = 15.3 {± 1.5}, ụmụ nwanyị 8, na ndị okenye 16 [ndị dị afọ 18-30, M = 21.7 {± 2.9}, 10 ụmụ nwanyị]) zutere usoro nsonye ndị a: Ha niile nwere anya anya nke opekata mpe 20/40 (emeziri ma ọ bụ emezighị ya) yana akụkọ ahụike nke kpughere enweghị ọrịa akwara ozi, mmerụ ahụ ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụ nnukwu ọrịa psychiatric. isiokwu ma ọ bụ ndị ikwu nke mbụ kpebiri site na ajụjụ ọnụ. Ahọpụtara ọkwa afọ maka otu ọ bụla dabere na ọrụ gara aga na-egosi ọkwa arụmọrụ dị iche iche na ọrụ AS (Luna et al. 2004; Scherf et al. 2006). Ndị sonyere na/ma ọ bụ ndị nlekọta iwu nyere nkwenye ma ọ bụ nkwenye tupu ha etinye aka na ọmụmụ a. Usoro nnwale maka ọmụmụ ihe a kwekọrọ na Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (1964 Declaration of Helsinki) na Board Review Institutional na Mahadum Pittsburgh. A kwụrụ ndị isiokwu ụgwọ maka itinye aka na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ.

Ọrụ AS akwụghachitere

Na nnwale AS nke ọ bụla, ewepụtara isiokwu ndị nwere 1ne nke 2 na-egosi ihe mkpali (1.5 s) (Fig. 1). Ihe mgbanaka akara akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dollar ($), nke ọ bụla na-atụgharị ihe dị ka 1 Celsius nke akụkụ a na-ahụ anya, gbara gburugburu obe ndozi ọcha nke etiti gosiri na isiokwu ahụ ga-emeri ego ma ọ bụrụ na ha mere nke ọma ikpe na-abịanụ. Ihe nrịbama nha nha nha, mgbanaka dịpụrụ adịpụ nke akara na-acha anụnụ anụnụ (#) gosiri na ọ nweghị ego nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na ikpe ahụ. A gwaghị ndị mmadụ kpọmkwem ego ole a ga-enweta na nnwale ọ bụla iji gbochie ha idebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ha na itinye usoro ebe nchekwa ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, a gwara isiokwu tupu ọrụ ahụ na ha nwere ike imeri ihe ruru $25 ọzọ dabere na arụmọrụ ha yana na ọ nweghị ụgwọ a ga-anakọta (ya bụ, isiokwu enweghị ike iji ego). Na-esote, mgbanaka mkpali ahụ na-apụ n'anya, na cross fixation cross gbanwere site na-acha ọcha na-acha uhie uhie (1.5 s), na-egosi isiokwu na ha kwesịrị ịmalite ịkwadebe iji gbochie nzaghachi. N'ikpeazụ, ihe mkpali dị n'akụkụ (ntụpọ edo edo) pụtara (75 m) n'ebe a na-atụghị anya ya (± 3°, 6°, na 9° visual angle). A gwara ndị isi ka ha ghara ilele mkpali ahụ mgbe ọ pụtara kama na-atụgharị anya ha na ebe enyo n'oge a (1475 ms).

Nyocha 1.

Ngosipụta ọrụ mkpali ego AS. Ihe mgbanaka nke akara akwụkwọ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosi na isiokwu ahụ nwere ike imeri ego ma ọ bụrụ na ha mere nke ọma ikpe na-abịanụ (ọnọdụ ụgwọ ọrụ). Ihe mgbanaka nke akara paụnd na-acha anụnụ anụnụ gosiri na enweghị ego ...

Iji kọọ n'ụzọ pụrụ iche nzaghachi hemodynamic nke ewepụtara n'oge oge ikpe ọ bụla, nleba anya anyị gụnyere ihe dị ka 30% nnwale ejidere, tinye ya na-akpaghị aka, yana oge etiti oge.Ollinger, Corbetta, na Shulman 2001; Ollinger, Shulman, na Corbetta 2001). Ntinye nke ihe ndị a mesiri n'aka na enwere ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ kwụụrụ onwe ha iche iche iji tụọ nzaghachi BOLD jikọtara ya na akara, nkwadebe nzaghachi, na oge nzaghachi saccade n'oge mgbanwe mgbanwe. Nke a bụ usoro akwadoro n'ụzọ dị iche iche iji tụọ ihe ndị dị n'ime nnwale (Ollinger, Corbetta, na Shulman 2001; Ollinger, Shulman, na Corbetta 2001; Goghari and MacDonald 2008), a kọkwara ya na mbụ n'akwụkwọ (Shulman et al. 1999; Corbetta et al. 2000; Wheeler et al. 2005; Brown et al. 2006). Ọnụego nwude 30% belatara atụmanya nke isiokwu maka nnwale elere anya, ebe ha na-ejigide oge ule zuru oke iji kwe ka nleba anya nke ọma maka nzaghachi BOLD. E gosipụtara ụdị nnwale ejidere abụọ n'oge ọ bụla na-agba ọsọ ma mejupụtara nnwale ahụ kwụsịrị ma 1) oge nkwadebe nzaghachi (ndozigharị uhie) (ya bụ, ọ nweghị ihe ngosipụta maka nzaghachi moto ahụ egosiri) ma ọ bụ 2) onyonyo na-akpali akpali ( okirikiri nke "$" ma ọ bụ "#") (ya bụ, ndozi uhie na mpụta egosipụtaghị). Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na ndị isiokwu amataghị ule ndị ga-abụ ule nwude nke obere na nke bụ ule zuru oke ruo mgbe a kwụsịrị ikpe ikpe n'ihi na egosipụtara akụkụ ikpe mbụ (cue, preparatory fixation) dị ka ọ dị na ule niile. Tupu a na-ese foto, a gwara isiokwu na ule ụfọdụ agaghị ezughị ezu nakwa na ha kwesịrị ịga n'ihu na ikpe ọzọ dị ka egosiri. Oge nrụnye n'etiti etiti ahụ gbajiri n'etiti etiti oge nke 1.5, 3, ma ọ bụ 4.5 s (ekesa n'ụzọ edoghị anya) ma mejupụtara isiokwu naanị na-edozi obe ọcha etiti n'okirikiri ojii. N'ọsọ ọ bụla, 14 nnwale ụgwọ ọrụ zuru oke, nnwale 6 na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ (3 nke ụdị ọ bụla), nnwale 14 na-anọpụ iche, na nnwale 6 na-anọpụ iche (3 nke ụdị ọ bụla) gosipụtara n'usoro enweghị usoro. Ọsọ ọ bụla bụ 5 min 9 n'ogologo. E gosipụtara ọsọ anọ n'otu oge nnwale, maka ngụkọta nke 56 ule ụgwọ ọrụ zuru oke yana 56 na-anọpụ iche.

Anya Nsuso

A nwalere ihe ndị mbụ na ụlọ nyocha omume anyị n'ime izu 1 tupu nyocha ahụ iji gosi na ha ghọtara ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ ahụ dịka akọwara. N'ebe a na-enyocha MR, a na-enweta mmegharị anya site na usoro nyocha anya anya ogologo ogologo (Model 504LRO; Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford, MA) nke dekọtara ọnọdụ anya site na nlegharị anya nwa akwụkwọ-corneal nwetara site na enyo etinyere na eriri isi. na mkpebi nke 0.5 ° nke nkuku anya. Ejikwa nlebanya vidiyo n'otu oge iji mesie nrube isi ọrụ. Na mmalite nke oge nnwale na n'etiti ịgba ọsọ mgbe ọ dị mkpa, a na-eme usoro nhazi nke 9. E gosipụtara ihe mkpali site na iji E-Prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA), tụbara n'elu ihuenyo dị larịị nke edobere n'azụ magnet. Ihe ndị a na-ekiri enyo site na iji enyo etinyere n'elu eriri isi ugboro ugboro redio. Akara data anya na-anọghị n'ahịrị site na iji ngwanrọ ILAB (Gitelman 2002) na ụlọ nrụnye n'ime ụlọ edere na MATLAB (MathWorks, Inc.) na-agba ọsọ na Dell Dimension 8300 PC. Mgbanwe dị iche iche nke mmasị gụnyere mgbanaka AS ziri ezi na ezighi ezi yana ọnụego nzaghachi AS ziri ezi (1 na-ewepụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọdịda inhibitory/ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ule a na-ahụ anya) na ule akwụ ụgwọ na nnọpụiche. Nzaghachi ziri ezi na ọrụ AS bụ nke mmegharị anya nke mbụ n'oge oge nzaghachi saccade nwere ọsọ karịa ma ọ bụ nhata 30°/s (Gitelman 2002) emere n'ebe enyo dị n'akụkụ ihu wee gbatịa karịa mpaghara 2.5°/ visual angle Central fixation zone. Ntugharị anya na ule nwude adịkarịghị adịkarịghị n'ihi na ọ dịtụghị mgbe etinyere isiokwu ahụ n'otu ebe na enweghị akara. Njehie AS (nke a na-akpọkwa njehie prosaccade) mere mgbe a na-eduzi saccade nke mbụ n'oge oge nzaghachi saccade na mkpali na-apụta na mberede ma gafere 2.5 °// visual angle Central fixation zone. Ọnwụnwa ebe enweghị mmegharị anya (<1% nke ule) ewepụrụ na nyocha ndị ọzọ.

Nweta na nhazi nke fMRI

A nakọtara data onyonyo site na iji nyocha 3.0-T Siemens Allegra na Brain Imaging Research Center, Mahadum Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. A na-eme usoro onyonyo echo-planar gradient-echo nke nwere mmetụta maka ọdịiche BOLD (T2*) (Kwong et al. 1992; Ogawa et al. 1992). Usoro nnweta bụ ugboro ugboro ugboro, TR = 1.5 s; oge nkwughachi = 25 ms; tụgharịa akụkụ = 70 °; otu ogbugba; juputara k- oghere; 64 × 64 matrix nnweta nwere oghere nlele = 20 × 20 cm. Achịkọtara iri abụọ na itoolu 4-mm nke axial mpekere na-enweghị oghere, na-ejikọta ya na ihu na azụ commissure (AC-PC line), na-emepụta 3.125 × 3.125 × 4 mm voxels, nke na-ekpuchi cortex dum na ọtụtụ n'ime cerebellum. Igwe magnetik olu 3D kwadebere ngwa ngwa inweta gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) usoro pulse nke nwere mpekere 192 (okpukpu 1-mm) iji nweta onyonyo nhazi n'ime ụgbọ elu sagittal.

Ebu ụzọ hazie foto ndị na-arụ ọrụ site na iji ọba akwụkwọ ngwanrọ FMRIB (Smith et al. 2004). Emere mmezi oge ibe iji dozie maka inweta iberi agbakwunyere. A na-agbakọ atụmatụ ntụgharị isi ntụgharị na ntụgharị, ma dezie onyonyo site n'itinye olu nke ọ bụla n'usoro oge na olu enwetara n'etiti nnweta ahụ. Maka isiokwu ọ bụla, mmegharị ntụgharị na ntụgharị ka agbakọrọ n'ofe onyonyo wee jiri gbakọọ mkpokọta mgbọrọgwụ pụtara mmegharị square. Ewepụrụ ihe karịrị 1 mm (nsụgharị) ma ọ bụ 1° (ntụgharị uche) na nyocha ndị na-esote. Ewepụrụ ụmụaka anọ na-eto eto dabere na usoro ndị a.

Ihe onyonyo arụrụ arụ (MP-RAGE) bụ ndị edebanyere aha na foto arụrụ ọrụ wee gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ otu akụkụ site na iji ngwa FLIRT dị na FSL (Jenkinson na Smith 2001). A na-eji ngwa mwepụta ụbụrụ dị na FSL (ụbụrụ).Smith 2002). Ejiri obosara 5-mm zuru oke were were were were 37.5-mm zuru oke were were were mee ka onyonyo arụ ọrụ were were nzacha nwa oge dị elu (sigma = 100 s) iji wepu mkpagharị nyocha dị obere. N'ikpeazụ, ike mgbaama maka ọsọ nke ọ bụla gbagoro ka ọ bụrụ XNUMX, a na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ọsọ ọsọ.

Nyocha nke onyonyo neuro-arụ ọrụ (Afọ 1996) e ji mee ihe maka ntọhapụ isiokwu n'otu n'otu yana nyocha ọnụọgụgụ otu. Ụzọ ntọhapụ gbasoro usoro ndị akọwapụtara na Ward (2002). Na nkenke, ihe nlereanya anyị nwere 6 orthogonal regressors nke mmasị (ụgwọ ọrụ, ntinye aka na-anọpụ iche, nkwadebe ụgwọ ọrụ, nkwadebe nnọpụiche, nzaghachi saccade ụgwọ ọrụ, nzaghachi saccade na-anọpụ iche; “naanị nnwale AS ziri ezi”). Anyị gụnyekwara ndị na-emegharị ihe maka ụgwọ ọrụ na ule njehie na-anọpụ iche (nke na-agụnye ikpe niile), ndị na-emegharị ihe maka ntọala, linear, na ndị na-abụghị ndị na-emepụta ihe, yana 6 mmegharị nke gụnyere dị ka ndị na-emegharị "mmekpa ahụ". Ọrụ nzaghachi mkpali pụrụ iche (IRF, ya bụ, ọrụ nzaghachi hemodynamic) maka onye ọ bụla regressor nke mmasị (ụgwọ ọrụ na nnọpụiche, nkwadebe, na saccade; "Nanị nnwale AS ziri ezi") ka ejiri nchikota ahịrị kwụ ọtọ nke ọrụ 5 sine. amụbawanye site na data kpebisiri ike na opekata mpe square-atụmatụ beta arọ. Atụmatụ IRF a na-eme atụmatụ na-egosipụta nzaghachi BOLD echere na ụdị mkpali (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụgwọ ọrụ) ka ejikwa maka ọdịiche dị na mgbama BOLD n'ihi ndị ọzọ regressors. Anyị kọwapụtara oge nzaghachi echere site na mmalite mkpali (oge = 0) ruo 18-s poststimulus mmalite (13 TR), oge zuru oke maka nzaghachi BOLD echere ịlaghachi na ntọala, maka oge dị iche iche nke nnwale ahụ. Anyị emeghị echiche ọ bụla gbasara ọdịdị ya kpọmkwem karịa iji efu dị ka ebe mmalite. A gbakọrọ ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma nke dabara gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ F nke akụkụ maka onye ọ bụla regressor na. t-akara atụnyere nke ọ bụla n'ime 5 beta arọ na efu. Na-esochi deconvolution, ihe onyonyo ndekọ aha gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ oghere Talairach (Talairach na Tournoux 1988).

Nyocha-Ọkwa Otu

Mpaghara Mmasị Anatomical (ROI)

Nyocha anyị lekwasịrị anya na ụyọkọ akọwara arụ ọrụ nke achọpụtara n'ime oke nke ọtụtụ ROI anatomical.Curtis na Connolly 2008) Achọpụtara na mbụ dị ka ije ozi n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ njikwa oculomotor. ROI anatomical metụtara nkwụghachi ụgwọ na ọmụmụ a gụnyere VS (gụnyere nucleus accumbens), OFC, na ventral medial PFC (VMPFC). Anyị kọwapụtara oke ROI metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ anatomical ejiri na ọmụmụ a dị ka ndị a: VS (Breiter et al. 1997; Breiter na Rosen 1999; Bjork et al. 2004; Voorn et al. 2004) a na-ewere na a ga-ejikọta ya na azụ azụ site n'ahịrị na-agbatị n'akụkụ ya site na ventral n'ọnụ nke ventricle mpụta ruo n'ime capsule, akụkụ mpụta na nke azụ bụ ventral-medial junction nke caudate na putamen, a na-ewerekwa akụkụ azụ dị ka nke dị n'azụ. commissure nke ihu. OFC gbara gburugburu orbital gyrus na rectus gyrus, gụnyere BA 10, 11, na 47 (Kringelbach na Rolls 2004). N'ikpeazụ, OFC bụ sulcus dị n'ihu nke dị ala yana n'elu etiti site na rostral sulcus dị elu. VMPFC na-ezo aka na cortex dorsal na rostral sulcus dị elu n'elu etiti ụbụrụ ụbụrụ, ihu na ventral (mpaghara subcalallosal) na ọdịdị nke corpus callosum, bụ isi gụnyere azụ/medial BA 10 na 32 (Knutson et al. 2003; Blair et al. 2006). VMPFC gụnyere rostral anterior cingulate cortex.

Putative oculomotor control ROI gụnyere mpaghara ndị dị elu na nke dị ala precentral sulcus (sPCS na iPCS, otu) na paracentral sulcus (paraCS), yana cingulate cortex (BA 24, 32), gụnyere dorsal na caudal anterior cingulate, intraparietal sulcus (IPS). putamen, na dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC, gụnyere BA 9, 46) (Sweeney et al. 1996; Grosbras et al. 1999; Liddle et al. 2001; Luna et al. 2001; Connolly et al. 2002; Munoz na Everling 2004; Ridderinkhof, Ullsperger, et al. 2004; Pierrot-Deseilligny et al. 2005; Brown et al. 2006; Hikosaka et al. 2006; Curtis na Connolly 2008). Sulcus precentral nke mmadụ na-enwekarị akụkụ 2, nke kachasị elu na nke dị ala precentral sulci, kewapụrụ site na njikọ ntụgharị dị n'etiti precentral na etiti gyri ihu.Ono et al. 1990). A kọwapụtara paraCS dị ka sulcus ihu na etiti lobule n'akụkụ ihu etiti azụ nke ụbụrụ.Ono et al. 1990). A kọwapụtara IPS dị ka sulcus na-ekewa elu na nke dị ala parietal lobules (IPL).

N'ikpeazụ, ọ bụ ezie na e guzobewo ya nke ọma na akwụkwọ ndị na-agafe na mpaghara vaskụla dị iche iche, ọ dịghị ihe dị iche iche na nzaghachi hemodynamic (HDR) site na nwata site na ịghọ okenye (Kang et al. 2003; Wenger et al. 2004; Brown et al. 2005), anyị gụnyere visual cortex (BA 17, 18) dị ka mpaghara nchịkwa ọzọ iji gosipụta n'ihu na ndị na-eto eto na-emepụta oge ọmụmụ oge nke dabara na ndị okenye.

Nyocha Agụmakwụkwọ Oge

Atụtara ụkpụrụ IRF nke enwetara site na nyocha deconvolution nke isiokwu ọ bụla ka etinyere na nyocha nke omnibus voxelwise nke variance (ANOVA) nwere oge (0 ruo 12 TR), ụdị mkpali (ụgwọ ọrụ, nnọpụiche), na ọgbọ (ntorobịa, okenye) dị ka ihe edoziri na isiokwu dị ka random ihe. Ụzọ deconvolution maka imewe ọrụ anyị, ebe a na-achọpụta ọkwa dị iche iche nke nnwale, na-emepụta atụmatụ IRFs. IRF na-egosipụta nzaghachi BOLD echere n'ụdị mkpali (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụgwọ ọrụ) mgbe ịchịkwa maka ọdịiche dị na mgbama BOLD n'ihi ndị ọzọ regressors. Ihe pụtara IRF (nke a na-akpọkwa ya dị ka oge a na-eme atụmatụ oge, n'okpuru) atụmatụ na-egosi nkezi (gafere isiokwu) nzaghachi BOLD sitere na mmalite nke mkpali (oge = 0) ruo 18-s posttimulus mmalite. Oge 18-s, oke nke anyị kọwapụtara n'ụdị deconvolution anyị, bụ oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka nzaghachi hemodynamic na-ahụkarị nke mkpali dị mkpirikpi kpalitere iji laghachi na ntọala.

A na-agba ọsọ ANOVA dị iche iche maka oge ikpe ọ bụla, na-ebute "ịtụle," "nkwadebe nzaghachi," na "nzaghachi nzaghachi" ihe oyiyi otu (isi mmetụta nke onyonyo oge). Ihe onyonyo "isi nke oge" na-egosi mpaghara ndị a gbanwere nke ukwuu n'ofe oge (0-12 TR) n'ihe metụtara ntọala dara ada n'ofe isiokwu na ọnọdụ, ya mere na-akọwapụta usoro sekit a na-ewe n'ọrụ na ọmụmụ ihe anyị. Maapụ ọnụ ọgụgụ (Fig. 3) ekpuchiri ya n'ihe onyonyo anatomical site na isiokwu nnọchite anya. Maka onyonyo cortical 3D (Mkpụrụ fig. 4 4-6), anyị tụrụ atụmatụ foci sitere na mpaghara na-egosi mmetụta afọ- na/ma ọ bụ mkpali metụtara n'elu Human PALS atlas site na iji Caret software (ụdị 5.51)Van Essen et al. 2001; Van Essen 2002).

Nyocha 3.

“Isi mmetụta nke oge” maapụ mmemme otu maka ihe mkpali (mgbanaka akara dollar ma ọ bụ akara paụnd), nkwadebe nzaghachi (ndozigharị uhie), na nzaghachi saccade (flash peripheral), dara n'ofe ụdị mkpali na otu afọ. Oke onyonyo ...

Nyocha 4.

Cue oge ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi afọ na/ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta na-akpali akpali n'ofe oge. Ewepụtara ihe ọmụmụ oge site na nkpuchi sphere (dayameta 9-mm) gbadoro ụkwụ na nhazi nke voxel kacha elu (lee Ngwa na Ụzọ). Maka ebumnuche anya naanị, ojii jupụtara ...

Nyocha 5.

Nkwadebe nzaghachi (atụ anya ụgwọ ọrụ) nkuzi oge na-egosi afọ na/ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mkpali n'ofe oge. Ewepụtara ihe ọmụmụ oge site na nkpuchi sphere (dayameta 9-mm) gbadoro ụkwụ na nhazi nke voxel kacha elu (lee Ngwa na Ụzọ). Maka ikiri anya ...

Nyocha 6.

Usoro nzaghachi oge Saccade na-egosi afọ na/ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mkpali n'ofe oge. Ewepụtara ihe ọmụmụ oge site na nkpuchi sphere (dayameta 9-mm) gbadoro ụkwụ na nhazi nke voxel kacha elu (lee Ngwa na Ụzọ). Maka ebumnuche anya naanị, ...

N'ime ihe oyiyi "isi nke oge" nke ọ bụla, ROIs akọwara arụ ọrụ (nke a na-akpọkwa "ụyọkọ," n'okpuru) ka a na-achọpụta na-esote site na iji ụzọ ndị e debere na akwụkwọ.Wheeler et al. 2005; Velanova et al. 2008). Nke mbu, voxels kacha elu nke gafegoro oke P <0.001 (anaghị emezi) ka achọpụtara wee hazie ya site na oke F-ọnụọgụ. Na-esote, ihe nkpuchi gburugburu dayameta 9-mm gbadoro ụkwụ na nke ọ bụla. Anyị meziri isi mmetụta nke onyonyo oge maka ọtụtụ ntụnyere site na iji njirisi sitere na simulation Monte Carlo (http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni/doc/manual/AlphaSim), nke gosiri na a chọrọ ụyọkọ nha ma ọ dịkarịa ala 17 contiguous voxels yana otu voxel. P uru nke 0.001 iji nweta ihe ọ pụtara n'ọkwa onyonyo agbaziri P <0.05. A kọwapụtara ROI na-arụ ọrụ site na ịgụnye voxels niile dara n'ime oghere 9-mm gbadoro ụkwụ na oke na onyonyo a na-edoghị anya wee wepụ voxels nke na-agafeghị mmezi maka ọtụtụ ntụnyere. Anyị jiri ụyọkọ ndị a akọwara arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mkpuchi wee wepụta usoro ọmụmụ oge echere na voxels mejupụtara maka isiokwu ọ bụla yana gafee ọnọdụ mkpali abụọ ahụ. N'ụzọ dị otu a, anyị hụrụ na a na-atụle otu mpaghara ahụ n'ofe isiokwu. A na-agbakọ usoro ọmụmụ oge n'ofe ihe ọmụmụ wee jiri usoro ugboro ugboro ANOVA nyochaa ya; otu afọ (okenye, n'afọ iri na ụma) jere ozi dị ka ihe dị n'etiti isiokwu; oge (0-12 TR) na ọnọdụ mkpali (ụgwọ ọrụ, nnọpụiche) dị n'ime ihe ndị metụtara isiokwu. Ọ gwụla ma amataghị ya, a na-akọ ọkwa ọkwa dị mkpa agbaziri sphericity (Greenhouse–Geisser). N'okpuru ebe a, anyị na-akọ mpaghara niile achọpụtara na maapụ otu “isi mmetụta nke oge” omnibus, anyị na-enye ọnụọgụgụ maka nkuzi oge maka mpaghara na-egosipụta afọ dị ukwuu site n'oge, na-akpali site n'oge, na/ma ọ bụ afọ site na mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge n'ofe dum. nzaghachi echere (n'oge 13).

Anyị na-arịba ama na n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nyochara, nzaghachi oge a na-eme atụmatụ na-egosi nzaghachi biphasic ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke nwa oge (na-eme ihe karịrị 6 s mgbe mmalite nke akụkụ ikpe). Amabeghị ugbu a ma ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nwa oge nwere uru ọ bara (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-egosipụta mgbanwe isiokwu nke onye ọ bụla na mbanye nke otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ akara ngosi na-egbu oge na mpaghara) ma ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị n'ihi nyocha nke deconvolution anyị nke na-adịghị ewere ụdị HDR edobere anya. . Dị ka nke a, anyị mekwara usoro nke abụọ, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe ugboro ugboro ANOVA nke tụlere nzaghachi echere na TRs 3-6. A na-ahọrọ oge ndị a ka ha na-agụnye 3-7.5 s mgbe mmalite mkpali, nke ga-ejide ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ na nzaghachi hemodynamic stereotyped, nke ga-eme n'etiti 4 na 6 s mgbe ngosi mkpali gasịrị. A na-enyochakwa usoro ọmụmụ oge sitere na ROI niile nke achọpụtara na mmetụta omnibus nke maapụ oge maka oge ikpe ọ bụla site na iji usoro a. Maka nyocha nke ọ bụla, ọ bụ naanị nnwale AS “ziri ezi” ka a tụlere. N'ikpeazụ, anyị rịba ama na enwere ike iji usoro ọmụmụ oge BOLD atụnyere n'ofe afọ mmepe n'otu oghere stereotaxic eguzobewo nke ọma (Kang et al. 2003; Wenger et al. 2004; Brown et al. 2005).

Dị ka nlele izi ezi maka usoro ọmụmụ oge anyị ewepụghị site na oge ikpe dị iche iche, anyị chọrọ ịchọpụta na nchikota nke ihe nnwale ahụ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụdị HDR yana na nzaghachi nchikota kwekọrọ na oge a na-enweta mgbe a na-atụle nnwale ahụ. otu dum. Iji mee nke a, anyị buru ụzọ chịkọta ihe ọmụmụ oge a na-eme atụmatụ site na oge nnwale nke onye ọ bụla (cue + nzaghachi nzaghachi + nzaghachi saccade) na voxel nke ụbụrụ ọ bụla, na-agbanwe usoro nkwadebe oge nzaghachi site na 1.5 s iji kọwaa mmalite nke akụrụngwa a. N'ime nnwale na usoro nzaghachi oge saccade site na 3 s. Na-esote, IRF maka nnwale ahụ dum (ya bụ, akara, nkwadebe, na nzaghachi ọnụ) na voxel ọ bụla ka emepụtara site na ịme nyocha deconvolution dị iche nke anyị debere naanị mmalite nke nnwale ọ bụla wee tụọ nzaghachi ruo 21 s ka emechara. mmalite ikpe. Nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro ọmụmụ oge ndị a (ọkwa, nkwadebe nzaghachi [oge agbanwere], nzaghachi saccade [oge agbanwere], nzaghachi nchikota, na nzaghachi nnwale niile) wee gbakọọ n'ofe voxel ọ bụla akọwapụtara na akara “isi mmetụta nke oge” nkpuchi ihu na kpara nkata (Mkpụrụ fig mgbakwunye. 1-6). Emegharịrị usoro a maka nkwadebe nzaghachi yana ihe mkpuchi ihu saccade. Nlele nkwado a gosipụtara na nchikota nke usoro ọmụmụ oge akụrụngwa rụpụtara nzaghachi hemodynamic na-ahụkarị, na-enye nkwado ọzọ na usoro ngbanwe anyị ziri ezi. Ọnụọgụ agbakwunyere 1-6 na-egosi atụmatụ atụ sitere na nyocha oge anyị-nnwale nyocha. Ahụrụ ogo dị elu nke myirịta n'etiti nchikota (ahịrị ojii dị oke) na nkuzi oge niile (ahịrị uhie) yana profaịlụ HDR canonical.

Results

omume

Usoro ANOVA ugboro ugboro na ọnụego nzaghachi inhibitory ziri ezi n'ofe afọ na ọnọdụ mkpali gosipụtara mmetụta dị ukwuu nke ụdị mkpali.F(1,32) = 18.9424, P <0.001) na usoro maka isi mmetụta nke otu afọ (F(1,32) = 3.491, P = 0.071) mana onweghị otu afọ site na mmekọrita ụdị mkpali. Dị ka a tụrụ anya, isiokwu niile na-agbaso mmejọ prosaccade na nzaghachi mmezi na ebe kwesịrị ekwesị, dịka akụkọ ndị gara aga (Velanova et al. 2008), na-egosi na a ghọtara ntuziaka ọrụ, mana enweela ọdịda igbochi saccade na-atụgharị uche.

Nyere echiche anyị na ndị okenye na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ga-emepụta obere mmejọ mmechi na ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ule na-anọpụ iche, atụnyere atụmatụ nke mmetụta nke ụdị mkpali na arụmọrụ (ọnụego nzaghachi ziri ezi na latency) n'ime afọ ọ bụla (ụgwọ ọrụ vs. nnọpụiche maka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma; ụgwọ ọrụ vs. A na-eduzikwa nnọpụiche maka ndị okenye site na iji Bonferroni gbanwee alfa nke 0.025 kwa ule (0.05/2). Ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma mepụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ AS ziri ezi ka ukwuu na ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ule nnọpụiche (t(17) = 4.500, P <0.001) (lee Fig. 2A). Omume ndị okenye gosipụtara usoro maka nzaghachi emelitere na ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ule nnọpụiche (t(15) = 1.939, P = 0.072).

Nyocha 2.

Nsonaazụ omume. (A) Ọnụ ọgụgụ nzaghachi ziri ezi maka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma (Ogwe aka ekpe) na ndị okenye (ogwe aka nri) maka nkwụsị (nkwụsịghị) na ụgwọ ọrụ (ogwe hashed). (B) Latencies nke ezi AS. (C) Latencies nke njehie mgbochi. Otu akara mmuke (*) na-egosi ...

Nkwụsị ibido AS ziri ezi gosiri mmetụta bụ isi nke mkpali (F(1,32) = 22.695, P <0.001) mana enweghị isi mmetụta nke otu afọ ma ọ bụ otu afọ site na mmekọrịta mkpali. Ntụle ndị a haziri ahazi gosiri na ndị ọgbọ abụọ ahụ mepụtara AS ngwa ngwa maka ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwụnwa nnọpụiche (ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, t(17) = 3.215, P = 0.005 na ndị okenye, t(15) = 3.498, P = 0.003).

Akwụsị nke saccades na-ezighi ezi (nke a na-akpọ "mmejọ prosaccade," mgbe isiokwu ndị na-eleba anya na mkpali dị n'akụkụ) egosighi otu afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mmekọrịta mkpali. Ntụle ndị e mere atụmatụ gosiri na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ma ọ bụghị ndị toro eto, wepụtara nzaghachi ngwa ngwa na ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwụnwa nnọpụiche (t(17) = 2.400, P = 0.022). Nyocha 2B,C na-akpa nkata latencies nke AS ziri ezi na ezighi ezi, n'otu n'otu. A na-enye ụzọ na ndapụ ọkọlọtọ maka ọnụego nzaghachi ziri ezi yana latencies maka nnwale ziri ezi Isiokwu 1.

Nsonaazụ omume maka ụgwọ ọrụ yana nnwale AS na-anọpụ iche

N'ikpeazụ, n'ihi afọ ole na ole nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwalere, iche iche n'ime otu ntule nke ndị ntorobịa "okenye" na "ndị na-eto eto" ka a na-eduzi iji nyochaa ohere na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị okenye na ndị okenye ezughị oke iji gosipụta ọdịiche. Nke ahụ bụ, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche karịa ndị na-eto eto, mgbe ahụ data sitere na ndị toro eto nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-adịghị mkpa nke afọ. Anyị jiri nkewa nke etiti kewaa ihe ọmụmụ 18 na-eto eto ka ọ bụrụ okenye (N = 9; 6 17-afọ na 3 16 dị afọ) na obere ìgwè (N = 9; 3 ndị dị afọ 13, 1 dị afọ 14, 4 ndị dị afọ 15, na 1 dị afọ 16 [nke ọdụdụ n'ime ndị 4 16 dị afọ nwalere]). Nlere anya nke onwe t-Emere ule na "nwatakịrị" na "ochie" na-eto eto ọnụego nzaghachi ziri ezi yana data latency maka ụdị ikpe abụọ ahụ. Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche (niile P's> 0.05) hụrụ.

fMRI

A na-etinye netwọkụ na-ekesa nke mpaghara ụbụrụ n'oge oge ikpe ọ bụla na ndị okenye na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, gụnyere mpaghara nchịkwa oculomotor a na-atụ anya ya (dịka, cortical eye fields na basal ganglia) na mpaghara metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ (dịka, OFC na VS)Fig. 3). N'ọtụtụ ebe, anyị chọpụtara mmekọrịta dị mkpa na afọ na / ma ọ bụ mkpali na oge gafere ma nzaghachi dum echere (oge 13) ma ọ bụ TRs 3-6 (lee Ngwa na Ụzọ). Nsonaazụ ndị a, nke kewapụrụ site na oge ikpe, ka a tụlere n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'okpuru.

Mpaghara njikwa: Cortex Visual nke mbụ

Ụyọkọ akọwara arụ ọrụ dị na cortex visual (BA 17, 18) n'oge oge ikpe ọ bụla gosipụtara na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-emepụta HDR yiri nke ahụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye. Foci nyochara gosipụtara ikere òkè siri ike na ọrụ AS mana enweghị mmekọrịta nke afọ ma ọ bụ ụdị mkpali site na oge (oge)Ihe atụ 7).

Epoch 1: Ihe na-akpali akpali

Mpaghara ndị metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ

N'oge ngosi nke ihe mkpali, VS ziri ezi (nhazi Talairach: 14, 2, -7) gosipụtara afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mmekọrịta oge (F(12,384) = 3.082, P = 0.023) mgbe ị na-atụle usoro oge a na-eme atụmatụ (isi oge 13). Ndị okenye gosipụtara ọrụ dị mma karị n'oge ụgwọ ọrụ, ebe ndị na-eto eto gosipụtara nzaghachi na-adịghị mma. Na mpaghara a, ụgwọ ọrụ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na nkuzi oge na-anọpụ iche gosipụtara nhụsianya na-adịghị mma n'oge, ebe ndị okenye gosipụtara nzaghachi dị nta maka ụgwọ ọrụ na-esote nzaghachi dị mma karị n'ofe ụdị ikpe abụọ ahụ.Fig. 4). Mgbe ị na-atụle naanị akụkụ mbụ nke usoro oge (TRs 3-6), mpaghara a ka gosipụtara omume (F(3,96) = 2.368, P = 0.076). Agbanyeghị, VS ekpe (-10, 2, -4) gosipụtara afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mmekọrịta oge (F(3,96) = 3.204, P = 0.027) gafee obere oge a. N'ime oke a, dị ka VS ziri ezi, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gosipụtara nzaghachi na-adịghị mma n'oge n'oge usoro ụgwọ ọrụ na ule na-anọpụ iche, ebe ndị okenye egosighi ihe ọ bụla site na ntọala.

Mpaghara Oculomotor na mgbochi mgbochi

Ọ nweghị onye n'ime oculomotor akara ROI nyochara gosiri afọ dị ịrịba ama site na oge, mkpali site na oge, ma ọ bụ afọ site na mkpali site na oge mmekọrịta n'ofe 13 atụmatụ oge n'oge ngosi nke ihe mkpali. N'ofe TRs 3-6, agbanyeghị, anyị hụrụ ihe mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge na sPCS ziri ezi (26, -13, 53) (F(3,96) = 2.695, P = 0.05), gyrus ihu dị ala aka nri (44, 11, 32) (F(3,96) = 4.474, P = 0.006), yana precuneus aka ekpe (-28, -64, 41)F(3,96) = 2.959, P = 0.036). N'aka ekpe IPL (-28, -52, 38) (BA 7, dorsal and medial to the supramarginal gyrus), a hụrụ afọ site na mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge (F(3,96) = 3.397, P = 0.021) (Isiokwu 2). N'ime mpaghara nke ọ bụla, nzaghachi nnwale ụgwọ ọrụ nke ndị ntorobịa yiri ụgwọ ọrụ okenye na nkuzi oge nnọpụiche (Fig. 4). Otú ọ dị, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gosipụtara mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma na mpaghara ndị a n'oge ule na-anọpụ iche.

Mpaghara ahụrụ n'oge akara (naanị nnwale ziri ezi) gosipụtara mmetụta mmekọrịta dị mkpa

Isiokwu 3 na-enye ọnọdụ nke elu voxels maka ụyọkọ niile na-arụ ọrụ a hụrụ na mpaghara preri anatomical nke na-egosipụta mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama n'ime oge n'oge oge mkpali.

Mpaghara na-egosipụta isi mmetụta nke oge na ROI anatomical, hụrụ n'oge akara (naanị nnwale ziri ezi).

Epoch 2: Nkwadebe/atụ anya nzaghachi

Mpaghara ndị metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ

N'ịgbaso oge mkpali, n'oge nkwadebe / atụmanya nzaghachi, otu ụyọkọ dị na VS aka nri (11, 8, na -7) gosipụtara afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mmekọrịta oge.F(12,384) = 2.586, P = 0.05) n'ofe oge 13 e mere atụmatụ. Nyocha nke usoro ọmụmụ oge sitere na mpaghara a kpughere nzaghachi ntorobịa dị elu n'oge ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwụnwa nnọpụiche (Fig. 5). Ndị okenye gosipụtara obere òkè nke mpaghara a na-enwe naanị nzaghachi dị mma na-adịghị ike n'oge ule na-anọpụ iche na mgbe e mesịrị, nkwụsị na-adịghị mma n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ na mpaghara a. N'ime oge amachibidoro nke TRs 3-6, mpaghara a ka gosipụtara afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mmekọrịta oge.F(3,96) = 6.618, P <0.001).

Mpaghara Oculomotor na mgbochi mgbochi

Na sPCS aka ekpe (-25, -13, 56), a hụrụ afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge (F(12,384) = 2.889, P = 0.032) n'ofe ikpe niile echere. Na mpaghara a, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'oge gbasara ndị okenye n'ofe ụdị mkpali abụọ ahụ, yana nzaghachi nwa oge n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ (Fig. 5). N'ịtụle naanị TRs 3-6, afọ site na mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge na mpaghara a belatara ka ọ bụrụ usoro (F(3,96) = 2.282, P = 0.084).

N'ebe ọzọ, n'ofe TRs 3-6, anyị hụrụ afọ site na mmekorita oge na gyrus frontal frontal gyrus (MFG) / gyrus ihu dị elu (17, -10, 53)F(3,96) = 2.915, P = 0.038). A hụkwara afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge na ụyọkọ 2 ndị ọzọ n'akụkụ sPCS aka ekpe, (-25, -19, 47) (F(3,96) = 2.920, P = 0.038) na (-31, -10, 44) (F(3,96) = 2.909, P = 0.038). Na mpaghara ọ bụla n'ime mpaghara ndị a, nzaghachi ndị ntorobịa n'oge ụgwọ ọrụ na nnwale nnọpụiche na-abawanye n'ihe gbasara ndị okenye (Fig. 5). N'ụzọ dị ala karịa, a hụrụ afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge na iPCS ekpe (-28, -1, 35) (F(3,96) = 3.281, P = 0.024). Na mpaghara a, nzaghachi nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma yiri ụgwọ ọrụ okenye na nzaghachi nnọpụiche, yana usoro oge ọ bụla na-arị elu na ihe dịka 7.5.s. Usoro oge nnọpụiche nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma rutere n'ogo kacha nta na mbụ (3 s) wee daa na ntọala n'oge oge a (Foto, 5). Afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge (F(3,96) = 3.836, P = 0.012) gafee TRs 3-6 ka a na-ahụkwa na aka ekpe MFG / ihu cingulate (-7, 29, 35) (Isiokwu 4). Ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gosipụtara nzaghachi dị elu maka ụgwọ ọrụ metụtara ule nnọpụiche yana ụgwọ ọrụ okenye na nzaghachi nnọpụiche.

Mpaghara ndị a hụrụ n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi (naanị nnwale ziri ezi) nke gosipụtara mmetụta mmekọrịta dị mkpa

Na posterior parietal cortex, otu ụyọkọ na precuneus ziri ezi (BA 7) (8, -58, 53) gosipụtara afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mmekọrịta oge.F(12,384) = 3.093, P = 0.024) n'ofe oge 13 e mere atụmatụ. Dika nkuzi oge sitere na mpaghara a gosiputara (Fig. 5), ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị toro eto nwere nnukwu mmemme maka ụdị nnwale abụọ ahụ. N'ofe TRs 3-6, ọnọdụ mkpali dị ịrịba ama site na afọ site na mmekọrịta oge ka dị maka mpaghara a (F(3,96) = 4.143, P = 0.008).

Isiokwu 5 na-enye ọnọdụ nke elu voxels maka ụyọkọ niile na-arụ ọrụ a hụrụ na mpaghara preri anatomical na-egosipụta mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'oge oge nkwadebe nzaghachi.

Mpaghara na-egosipụta isi mmetụta nke oge na ROI anatomical, hụrụ n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi (naanị nnwale ziri ezi)

Epoch 3: Nzaghachi Saccade

Mpaghara ndị metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ

N'ime oge nzaghachi saccade, OFC ekpe (-25, 44, -4) gosipụtara afọ site na mmekọrịta oge (F(3,96) = 4.44, P = 0.006) (Fig. 6, aka ekpe). Mpaghara a gosipụtara ọrụ dị elu nke ọma na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'oge ule nnọpụiche. Ọnweghị mgbake pụtara ìhè hụrụ na VS n'oge oge nzaghachi saccade.

Mpaghara Oculomotor na mgbochi mgbochi

Cingulate dị n'ihu aka nri, BA 24, (2, 23, 26) gosipụtara ihe mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge (F(3,96) = 3.99, P = 0.010) (Isiokwu nke 6). Dị ka ọ dị na ụyọkọ OFC dị n'elu, usoro ọmụmụ oge sitere na mpaghara a gosipụtara ọrụ dị elu nke ọma na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'oge ule nnọpụiche. Mpaghara dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe cingulate gyrus, BA 24, 32, (-1, 11, na 35) gosipụtara afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mkpali site na mmekọrịta oge (F(12,384) = 2.860, P = 0.037) gafee nzaghachi niile echere. Usoro oge site na cingulate aka ekpe (Fig. 6, ala aka ekpe) gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ nke ndị okenye n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ na nzaghachi yiri nke ahụ na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'oge ule na-anọpụ iche. Ndị na-eto eto gosipụtara nzaghachi na-adịghị mma karịa n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ. N'ofe TRs 3-6, otu afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mmekọrịta oge (F(3,96) = 4.474, P = 0.006) fọdụrụ maka mpaghara a.

Ahụrụ nnukwu ọrụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ na mpaghara nchịkwa preri oculomotor na mpaghara afọ abụọ n'oge oge nzaghachi saccade, gụnyere sPCS, posterior parietal cortex, na putamen (Isiokwu 7) nke na-egosighi mmekọrịta dị ịrịba ama nke afọ ma ọ bụ ihe mkpali (Fig. 6, aka nri).

Mpaghara na-egosipụta isi mmetụta nke oge na ROI anatomical, hụrụ n'oge nzaghachi saccade (naanị nnwale ziri ezi)

Mpaghara ahụrụ n'oge nzaghachi saccade (naanị nnwale ziri ezi) nke gosipụtara mmetụta mmekọrịta dị ukwuu

Nkwurịta

Anyị na-eji fMRI ngwa ngwa, ihe omume metụtara iji nyochaa ọdịiche mmepe na ntinye ụgwọ ọrụ, yana mmetụta nke nkwụghachi ụgwọ ọrụ na njikwa ihe mgbochi oculomotor dị ka ndị ntorobịa na ndị okenye nwere ahụike na-arụ ọrụ mkpali ego-mgbasa ozi AS. Ọ bụ ezie na omume omume emelitere n'ọgbọ abụọ ahụ maka ụgwọ ọrụ metụtara ule nnọpụiche, ahụrụ ọtụtụ ndịiche n'ụdị nzaghachi BOLD n'oge oge dị iche iche ma ọ bụ usoro nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ. Karịsịa, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye, gosipụtara nzaghachi a na-adịghị mma na VS n'oge mkpali na-akpali akpali, na-esote nzaghachi dị elu na VS na sPCS n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi (atụ anya ụgwọ ọrụ) na ule ụgwọ ọrụ. Ihe omume a na-abawanye n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi nwere ike itinye aka na mmụba dị ukwuu na ọnụego nzaghachi ziri ezi nke ndị ntorobịa, dịka a ga-atụle n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'okpuru.

Ọdịiche mmepe na emetụta nkwụghachi ụgwọ ọrụ na omume AS

E jiri ya tụnyere ọnọdụ na-anọpụ iche, a na-ejikọta ule ndị nwere ụgwọ ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ na ikike dị elu nke igbochi (ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma) na ime ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa (ndị na-eto eto na ndị okenye). Nsonaazụ ndị a dakọtara na ọrụ omume gara aga na-egosi mbelata mperi mperi yana nkwụghachi ụgwọ ọrụ na ndị okenye na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'oge ọrụ AS ụgwọ ọrụ (Duka na Lupp 1997; Jazbec et al. 2005, 2006; Hardin et al. 2007) ma na-atụ aro na akụkụ ndị dị mkpa nke sekit na-akwado ngbanwe ụgwọ ọrụ nke njikwa ihe mgbochi bụ na ntanetị site n'oge uto. Nsonaazụ anyị na-atụkwa aro na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike ịmasị ya nke ọma maka ngbanwe ụgwọ ọrụ nke njikwa ihe mgbochi, nyere na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, mana ọ bụghị ndị okenye, gosipụtara mmụba dị ukwuu na ọnụego nzaghachi ziri ezi. Otú ọ dị, anyị enweghị ike inwe obi ike dabere na data anya naanị na arụmọrụ ndị ntorobịa na-enwe mmetụta karịa maka ụgwọ ọrụ n'ihi na ahụghị otu afọ dị ịrịba ama site na mkparịta ụka ụdị mkpali. O nwere ike ịbụ na ndị okenye na-arụ ọrụ ahụ n'ogo dị elu n'oge ule na-anọpụ iche nakwa na ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ohere dị ukwuu maka imeziwanye ule na ụgwọ ọrụ (ya bụ, mmetụta ụlọ). Ọrụ n'ọdịnihu nwere ike nyochaa ọdịiche dị na nghọta maka ụgwọ ọrụ site n'ịbawanye ihe isi ike nke ọrụ AS a na-akwụ ụgwọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na ibelata oge nke oge nkwadebe). Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ezie na arụmọrụ ka njọ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na nnwale nnọpụiche nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ntozu oke na njikwa mgbochi, ọ ga-ekwe omume na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ahụghị ule nnọpụiche ahụ dị ka "ụgwọ ọrụ" dị ka ndị toro eto. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ndị okenye nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-akpali akpali karị ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'agbanyeghị ụdị mkpali ọ bụla, ebe ndị na-eto eto nwere ike ịṅa ntị nke ọma na ule ndị a na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ. Ọrụ ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na-atụnyere nwata na omume ndị okenye n'ọnwụnwa nwere akara nnọpụiche yana ụgwọ ọrụ na ọnwụ/nhụhụhụ nke na-adịgasị iche n'ogo dị mkpa iji nyekwuo nghọta na okwu a.

Ma ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ndị okenye mepụtara ASs ziri ezi ngwa ngwa (latencies ala) na ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ule na-anọpụ iche, na-egosipụta mmetụta mkpali nke ụgwọ ọrụ ego nwere na saccades na-achụpụ.Roesch na Olson 2004; Hikosaka et al. 2006). Data latency a kọrọ ebe a kwekọrọ na ọmụmụ ihe mbụ na-abụghị nke mmadụ na-egosi na saccades na-akwụ ụgwọ (vs. nonrewarded) ebe ebelatala latencies, n'ihi na elu contralateral neuronal ọrụ ọkwa na basal ganglia tupu anya nzaghachi mmegharị anya.Hikosaka et al. 2006). Ọzọkwa, latencies nke njehie AS na-adịkwa ngwa ngwa na ụgwọ ọrụ yana ule nnọpụiche na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma mana ọ dị iche na otu okenye. Nleba anya na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-enwe ike ịla ngwa ngwa n'oge ụgwọ ọrụ na ule na-anọghị na-anọpụ iche na-egosikwa na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike ịdị na-enwe mmetụta nke ọma maka ụgwọ ọrụ; Mmeghachi omume a dị elu maka ụgwọ ọrụ nwere ike itinye aka n'ịkwalite agụụ mmekọahụ n'oge uto.

Ejikọtara ọnụ, nsonaazụ omume ahụ na-egosi na mkpali ụgwọ ọrụ na-eme ka njikwa mgbochi n'ozuzu ya dịkwuo mma (ya bụ, ọnụego nzaghachi ziri ezi) ma na-ebelata oge mmeghachi omume saccadic na ma ndị ntorobịa ma ndị okenye.

Mmetụta nkwụghachi ụgwọ ụgwọ ọrụ na nzaghachi ụbụrụ n'oge uto na ndị okenye

Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma wetara netwọkụ akwara dị ka ndị okenye n'oge ọrụ ahụ niile, gụnyere VS, sPCS, IPL, na gyrus frontal frontal, enwere ọdịiche mmepe dị iche iche na ịgbalite n'oge oge dị iche iche nke ọrụ ahụ. Achọpụtara ụkpụrụ abụọ dị mkpa nke afọ dị iche iche: 1) mpaghara ebe ndị na-eto eto gosipụtara ọrụ dị iche iche maka ule ụgwọ ọrụ karịa ndị okenye, na-atụ aro immaturities na nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na 2) mpaghara ebe ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gosipụtara nnukwu ọrụ n'ofe mkpali, na-akwado nchoputa gara aga nke immaturities inhibitory control. A ga-atụle ndịiche ndị a nke ọma na ngalaba ndị a:

N'ụzọ doro anya, n'ofe oge ikpe ahụ, anyị hụrụ ụyọkọ arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ abụọ na sPCS dị nso na njikọ ya na sulcus frontal dị elu, ebe a na-atụ aro ugboro ugboro ka ọ bụrụ homolog mmadụ nke enwe FEF (Luna et al. 2001; Curtis na Connolly 2008). Ndekọ otu otu sitere na primates na-abụghị mmadụ egosila na FEF neurons na-arụ ọrụ n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi nke nnwale AS ma na-abawanye ruo mgbe emepụtara saccade.Bruce na Goldberg 1985; Hanes na Schall 1996; Munoz na Everling 2004). Nyere na ụyọkọ nke ịgbalite nso sPCS achọtara na ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ n'ezie n'oge nkwadebe na ọzọ n'oge nzaghachi saccade (lee. Ọnụọgụ mgbakwunye) na na ụyọkọ ndị a na-akọ na-adị nso na ụyọkọ ndị a chọpụtara site na iji oculomotor paradigms (AS, anya na-eduzi na saccade na-eduzi ebe nchekwa) na ọmụmụ gara aga site na ụlọ nyocha anyị.Luna et al. 1998, 2001; Geier et al. 2007, 2009na ndị ọzọ (Paus 1996; Sweeney et al. 1996; Brown et al. 2004; Curtis na Connolly 2008), anyị ji nlezianya kwubie na akuko sPCS ụyọkọ ọrụ nke activation dị nso na nkwụsị nke elu frontal sulcus (BA 6) nwere ike ịbụ homolog mmadụ nke enwe FEF.

N'otu aka ahụ, ịgbalite n'akụkụ mgbidi dorsomedial n'akụkụ akụkụ azụ nke paraCS (BA 6) ejirila ntụkwasị obi jikọtara ya na mmegharị anya (Grosbras et al. 1999) na a na-akpọkarị ya dị ka mpaghara anya mgbakwunye (SEF) (Luna et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2004). A na-akpọkwa cortex ozugbo gaa n'ahịrị kwụ ọtọ na-esi na commissure dị n'ihu, n'akụkụ SEF putative, na-akpọkarị mpaghara moto presupplementary (Luna et al. 2001; Curtis na D'Esposito 2003). N'ime akụkụ ndị ọzọ, anyị na-ezo aka na mpaghara ndị a site na aha ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka ntụnyere n'etiti nsonaazụ anyị, akwụkwọ neuroimaging dị ugbu a, yana oculomotor primate na-abụghị mmadụ na akwụkwọ akwụ ụgwọ.

Ọdịiche mmepe na Ntụle-Cue

N'oge ngosi nke ihe mkpali (mgbanaka nke ụgwọ dollar ma ọ bụ akara paụnd), mgbe a na-enyocha mmalite nke ihe mkpali ahụ (ya bụ, mgbe isiokwu ahụ kpebisiri ike ma ikpe na-abịanụ ga-abụ ụgwọ ọrụ "uru" ma ọ bụ na-anọpụ iche" mba. uru” ikpe), ndị okenye na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gosipụtara nzaghachi dị iche na VS. VS etinyela aka na ya na ọmụmụ ihe onyonyo arụ ọrụ n'oge nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na-atụ anya, gụnyere nchọpụta ụgwọ ọrụ mbụ, amụma, na atụmanya (Knutson na Cooper 2005). Ndị na-eto eto gosipụtara nzaghachi mbụ na-adịghị mma nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu maka ụgwọ ọrụ na ule nnọpụiche (Fig. 4) na-egosi na a naghị ahazi valence nke akara ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche. N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị okenye gosipụtara ọrụ na VS ziri ezi n'oge ụgwọ ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ nke gosipụtara ọdịiche dị iche iche site na ntinye aka na-anọpụ iche, na-atụ aro na a na-enyocha ụgwọ ọrụ. Ọzọkwa, a hụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke dị nso na njedebe nke nzaghachi atụmatụ maka ma ụgwọ ọrụ na ule na-anọpụ iche na ndị okenye ma ọ bụghị na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma.

Mgbanwe akara BOLD a hụrụ na VS okenye na onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike jikọta ya na ike nke akara DA (Knutson na Gibbs 2007). Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ primate na-abụghị nke mmadụ egosila na DA neurons, nke sitere na etiti ụbụrụ ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na dorsal na ventral striatum na PFC, na-anabataghachi ụgwọ ọrụ na ihe mkpali na-ebu amụma.Schultz 1998) na, dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ ga-abụ na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nzaghachi na ngosipụta nke ihe mkpali dị na ọmụmụ ihe a. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ DA neurons egosiwo na ha nwere mmeghari phasic na-esote ịda mbà n'obi na nzaghachi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ mkpali siri ike (Schultz et al. 1993; Schultz 2002). Ya mere, profaịlụ nzaghachi a na-ebelata nke a na-ahụ na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike igosi na ihe mkpali ahụ bụ ihe mkpali na mbụ ma ọ bụ nke siri ike maka ndị na-eto eto. N'ime ndị okenye, ọ bụ ezie na a maghị usoro neuronal nke na-enye aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na-eme n'ọdịnihu na a ghaghị ịkọwa ya nke ọma, otu ihe nwere ike inye aka nwere ike ịdị nwayọọ, tonic firing nke DA neurons, nke nwere ike ime n'ofe ogologo oge.Schultz 2002; Knutson na Gibbs 2007). Usoro a, nke nwere ike ịba uru iji nọgide na-enwe nhazi mkpali n'oge ogologo oge, nwere ike ọ gaghị eto eto site n'oge uto. N'ụzọ doro anya, usoro nzaghachi ndị a dị iche iche na ndị okenye na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike jikọta na mgbanwe na njupụta na nkesa nke ụdị dị iche iche DA ndị na-anabata ihe na-eme na afọ.Seeman et al. 1987; Meng et al. 1999; 2000 na-ekwu okwu).

A na-eweghachi mpaghara Oculomotor na njikwa n'ofe mkpali maka ndị okenye yana maka ụgwọ ọrụ na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na nzaghachi na-akpali akpali (Fig. 4). N'oge ule na-anọpụ iche, Otú ọ dị, nzaghachi ndị ntorobịa na mpaghara ndị a na-ebelata nke ọma n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha mere nzaghachi nkwụsịtụ ziri ezi (cheta na ọ bụ naanị ule ziri ezi ka etinyere na nyocha oge). Nyere na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-emepụta mmejọ ndị ọzọ n'oge ule na-anọpụ iche ma nwee oge mmalite mmalite dị nwayọọ n'oge ule nnọpụiche ziri ezi, nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi na ndị na-eto eto na-enweghị mkpali na-egosi mbelata ọrụ nke mpaghara ndị a maara na-akwado ọrụ AS.Everling et al. 1997; Connolly et al. 2002; Curtis na D'Esposito 2003). Mmụba ọrụ n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ na mpaghara prefrontal gụnyere putative FEF, mara na-akwado atụmatụ nzaghachi oculomotor (Curtis na D'Esposito 2003), na-atụ aro na mpaghara ndị a dị n'ihu nwere ike imezi nzaghachi ngwa ngwa na nzaghachi mgbochi ziri ezi na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. Ọzọkwa, nzaghachi ndị okenye na akara nkwụghachi ụgwọ, ọkachasị na aka ekpe IPL na iPCS aka nri, ka agbatịgoro nwa oge na nzaghachi nnọpụiche okenye na ọrụ ntorobịa. Nke ọ bụla n'ime mpaghara ndị a etinyelarị ụzọ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke oculomotor na / ma ọ bụ njikwa nlebara anya (Gitelman et al. 1999; Cabeza na Nyberg 2000; Luna et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2004), karịsịa na nkwadebe nzaghachi (Connolly et al. 2002; Curtis na Connolly 2008). Mmụba itinye aka na mpaghara ndị a n'oge ihe nrịbama ụgwọ ọrụ nwere ike na-egosipụta na uru ndị nwere ike na-elebara ndị ọgbọ abụọ ahụ anya, n'atụghị egwu, nke nwere ike na-enye aka na nzaghachi nzaghachi ngwa ngwa ha na ọnụego nzaghachi ziri ezi dị elu. Ụgwọ ọrụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na nlebara anya na ịrụ ọrụ na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gbasara ndị okenye nyere na ndị na-eto eto na-egosi nzaghachi na-adịghị ike n'oge na mpaghara ndị a n'oge ule na-anọpụ iche mana ụbara òkè n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ. Ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma anaghị arụ ọrụ AS nke ọma dịka ndị okenye na-eme (Fischer et al. 1997; Munoz et al. 1998; Klein na Foerster 2001) na-egosi na ọ na-esiri ha ike iji aka ha gbochie nzaghachi. N'ihi ihe isi ike a ka ukwuu na njikwa ọgụgụ isi, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike ịdabere na sistemu ndị isi prefrontal iji kwado arụmọrụ ka mma n'otu aka ahụ nye ndị okenye gosipụtara ntụkwasị obi na sistemụ prefrontal mgbe ibu ọgụgụ isi na-abawanye (Keller et al. 2001).

Ọdịiche mmepe na atụmanya ụgwọ ọrụ/Nkwadebe nzaghachi

N'oge mmeghachi omume nkwadebe / nkwụghachi ụgwọ atụmanya oge (obe na-acha uhie uhie), mgbe ndị a na-atụ anya ịzaghachi maka ụgwọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ maka enweghị uru (na-anọpụ iche), anyị chọpụtara na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ma ọ bụghị ndị okenye, gosipụtara ọrụ siri ike na VS n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ.Fig. 5 n'elu aka ekpe). Nsonaazụ a na-egosi hyperactivity n'oge atụmanya nke ụgwọ ọrụ na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye. Nsonaazụ anyị na-egosipụta ọrụ VS na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi mana arụ ọrụ adịghị arụ ọrụ (na-adịghị mma) na mbụ n'oge ngosipụta mbụ nke ihe mkpali ahụ, nwere ike ikwu okwu na-aga n'ihu na akwụkwọ ụgwọ ọrụ gbasara hyper vs hypofunctionality nke usoro ụgwọ ọrụ ntorobịa. (2000 na-ekwu okwu; Berslọ ndị et al. 2003; Ernst et al. 2006). Ọmụmaatụ, Bjork et al. (2004) chọpụtara na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma anaghị arụ ọrụ VS gbasara ndị okenye n'oge oge ndị isiokwu na-atụ anya ịzaghachi maka ụgwọ ọrụ, na-akwado echiche hypofunctionality. Na ntule ndịiche, Ernst et al. (2005) na Galvan et al. (2006) (mgbe oke ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu), dịka ọmụmaatụ, gosipụtara na ndị na-eto eto "gafere" na-arụ ọrụ mpaghara a na nzaghachi na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ, na-akwado hyperfunctionality. Ihe data anyị na-egosi na VS na-eto eto nwere ike igosi "ha abụọ": ntinye mbụ na ọrụ na nzaghachi na-akpali akpali, nke nwere ike ịkọwa dị ka adịghị arụ ọrụ, na-esote nzaghachi hyperactive dị iche iche maka atụmanya ụgwọ ọrụ. Nsonaazụ a kọrọ ebe a na-eme ka ihe dị ka ihe nchoputa na-emegiderịta onwe ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ma gosi na enwere ike ịnwe ọnọdụ mmepe dị iche iche maka oge dị iche iche nke oge nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ na-atụ anya.

Ọ bụ ezie na usoro n'okpuru ụkpụrụ omume a na-ahụ na VS na-eto eto enweghị ike ikpebi kpọmkwem site na ọmụmụ a, nrịbama DA dị elu bụ ihe nwere ike inye aka. Ntughari ihe akaebe sitere na ụdị òké na primate na-egosi mmụba n'ozuzu nke ọkwa DA n'oge uto (Seeman et al. 1987; Kalsbeek et al. 1988; Rosenberg na Lewis 1994, 1995; Meng et al. 1999; maka nlele anya 2000 na-ekwu okwu), nke, yana njikọ dị iche iche nke ụdị ndị na-anabata ihe DA (Seeman et al. 1987; Meng et al. 1999; 2000 na-ekwu okwu) na eleghi anya n'ozuzu nke synapses na striatum (Sowell et al. 1999), nwere ike inye aka na ụdị 2 dị iche iche nke nzaghachi ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu, ọrụ na-adịghị mma na nzaghachi na-akpali akpali (na-egosipụta ịdị elu nke ụgwọ ọrụ) na nzaghachi na-aga nke ọma n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi (na-egosipụta atụmanya dị elu nke ịnweta ụgwọ ọrụ) (Cooper na Knutson 2008).

Ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gosikwara ụbara mbanye nke FEF putative ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye n'oge oge nkwadebe maka ma nnọpụiche yana ule ụgwọ ọrụ. Nke a na-egosi na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-ebu ụzọ were FEF karịa ndị okenye n'ịkwado ime nzaghachi nkwụsịtụ ziri ezi n'agbanyeghị ihe mkpali ụgwọ ọrụ. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gosikwara nzaghachi ogologo oge nwa oge n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ na FEF putative yana MFG / anterior cingulate (Fig. 5). Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ primate na-abụghị nke mmadụ egosila na nkwado nkwado nke ọkwa ọrụ na FEF "ndozigharị" neurons na-enye aka na nkwụsị nke ọma nke saccade na njedebe dị n'akụkụ ọrụ AS, ikekwe site n'ịkwụsị igbochi saccade na-emepụta neurons moto.Schall et al. 2002; Munoz na Everling 2004). Neurons dị na cingulate dị n'ihu ka egosiri na-ebu ọtụtụ akara, gụnyere nke metụtara atụmanya na nnyefe nke nkwado (Schall et al. 2002). Anyị na-eche na mmụba mụbaa anyị hụrụ na FEF putative nwere ike igosipụta mmụba nke ọrụ neuronal metụtara nrụzi nke na-enye aka na mmelite nke arụmọrụ ntorobịa (ọnụego nzaghachi ziri ezi) site na ịkwalite nkwadebe nzaghachi. Ọzọkwa, nrịbama atụmanya dị elu na VS na ihu ihu n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ nwere ike itinye aka na mgbama kwalite na FEF putative, nke n'aka nke ya nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta dị elu karịa na neurons metụtara saccade na caudate na colliculus dị elu.Ding na Hikosaka 2006; Hikosaka et al. 2006). A ga-achọ ọmụmụ ihe otu nkeji n'ọdịnihu iji nyochaa usoro ndị a atụpụtara.

N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, data ewepụtara ebe a gara n'ihu na-egosi na a na-ekesa usoro akwara ozi n'okpuru njirimara ụgwọ ọrụ na atụmanya (dịka, cingulate, FEF, na basal ganglia)O'Doherty et al. 2004) na akabeghị aka n'oge uto. A na-atụ aro n'ọtụtụ ebe na n'oge uto, enweghị ahaghị nhata dị n'etiti mpaghara ụbụrụ metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ na njikwa ọgụgụ isi, nke nwere ike ikpughe adịghị ike n'ihe ize ndụ.Steinberg 2004; Ernst et al. 2006; Galvan et al. 2006; Casey et al. 2008). O nwere ike ịbụ na njikwa omume na-akpali akpali nke tozuru okè, yana mpụta nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, mkpebi ime mgbanwe dị ka okenye, dabere na njikọta arụ ọrụ nke ọtụtụ mpaghara ụbụrụ gụnyere PFC.Luna et al. 2004).

Ọdịiche mmepe na nzaghachi/nkwụghachi ụgwọ “Nzaghachi”

N'oge nzaghachi saccade, ọtụtụ mpaghara ewepụtara egosighi otu ma ọ bụ mkpali dị ukwuu site na mmekọrịta oge (Isiokwu 7; Fig. 6, aka nri). Agbanyeghị, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma weghaara mpaghara n'akụkụ aka ekpe OFC n'oge ule nnọpụiche nke ndị okenye na-etinyeghị aka nke ukwuu (Fig. 6, n'elu aka ekpe). OFC etinyela aka na ya n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nhazi ụgwọ ọrụ (Kringelbach na Rolls 2004), gụnyere nnochite anya nzuzo nke valence mkpali na ịdị ukwuu n'oge nzaghachi ụgwọ ọrụ (Delgado et al. 2000, 2003). Ejikọtara OFC n'akụkụ ya na nsonaazụ ntaramahụhụ/adịghị mma (O'Doherty et al. 2001). Ọ bụ ezie na enyeghị isiokwu ndị ahụ nzaghachi doro anya na ọrụ a dabere na arụmọrụ ha, ha gosipụtara ihe akaebe maka nzaghachi dị n'ime mgbe emehiere. Nke ahụ bụ, isiokwu ndị a tụkwasịrị obi soro AS na-ezighi ezi na saccades ndozi na ebe kwesịrị ekwesị, na-egosi na ha maara na ha emezighị emezi (Velanova et al. 2008). Ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gosikwara nzaghachi dị iche iche n'oge ule na-anọpụ iche na cingulate azụ azụ abụọ.Fig. 6, etiti na ala aka ekpe). Otu ọrụ atụpụtara nke cingulate azụ azụ bụ nleba anya nsonaazụ omume (Ridderinkhof, Ullsperger, et al. 2004). Ọ nwere ike ịbụ na maka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, nsonaazụ a na-ahụ anya nke nnwale nnọpụiche emere n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ebe a na-enwetaghị ego ma ọ bụ na-efunahụ ya, dị mgbagwoju anya, yana ikekwe adịghị mma, karịa nsonaazụ nnwale ụgwọ ọrụ ma gosipụta ya site na ịgbalite OFC na ihu ihu azụ azụ. Ọrụ n'ọdịnihu lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite site na nzaghachi njehie doro anya n'oge omume na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike inye aka dokwuo anya ọrụ nke OFC na cingulate azụ azụ n'oge nzaghachi saccade na ọrụ a.

Mkpebi

Nchọpụta ugbu a na-egosi na nkwụghachi ụgwọ nkwụghachi ụgwọ na-enye aka na mmechi nzaghachi dị mma na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ndị okenye dị ka egosiri ọnụ ọgụgụ nzaghachi ziri ezi na mbelata latency nke ezi AS. Anyị na-enye ihe akaebe fMRI mbụ nke mmụba ọrụ n'oge ule ụgwọ ọrụ na VS na-eto eto na ntinye FEF n'oge oge nkwadebe nzaghachi nke nwere ike ịkwado nkwalite omume AS hụrụ. Ọzọkwa, anyị na-egosipụtakwa na otu nnwale na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike igosi nzaghachi na-adịghị mma na VS n'oge nyocha ụgwọ ọrụ, wee megharịa VS mgbe e mesịrị n'oge nkwadebe nzaghachi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye, na-atụ aro na-adịgide adịgide na isi isi nke usoro ụgwọ ọrụ ntorobịa nke nwere ike. A ga-akọwa ya dị ka nke na-egosipụta ma usoro ụgwọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru na nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. N'ịtụle ọnụ, nsonaazụ ndị a nwere mmetụta dị mkpa maka ụdị usoro iwu ugbu a nke itinye ihe egwu n'oge ntorobịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị triadic echere na nso nso a (Ernst et al. 2006) na-ekwu na enweghị ahaghị nhata na-eme n'oge uto n'etiti sistemu na-akpata ụgwọ ọrụ hyperactive (dịka ọmụmaatụ, VS-mediated) na oke mmerụ ahụ na-ezere (dịka, amygdala-mediated) na njikwa njikwa / mmezu (dịka, mgbasa ozi PFC). N'ihe atụ a, a na-eche na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-etinye aka n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi nchikota ụgwọ ọrụ hypersensitivity na obere usoro na-achịkwa mmetụta ya na omume. Nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi na ụgwọ ọrụ nwere ike “ịkwalite” sistemu njikwa mgbochi ọkachasị n'oge uto ma yabụ na ọ dabara na ụdị triadic. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere ike ịbụ na n'oge uto, àgwà ndị na-eduga na ụgwọ ọrụ ozugbo na-eme ka a na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ ogologo oge. N'ihe gbasara nnwale a na-achịkwa, igbochi saccade na-eduga n'inweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ (ya bụ, ụgwọ ọrụ ego) ma si otú a kwalite ọrụ na VS na putative FEF bụ mgbanwe. N'ebe a na-abụghị ụlọ nyocha, mgbe ị na-ekpebi n'etiti ụzọ abụọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịnya ụgbọ ala ngwa ngwa maka mkpali vs. ịkwọ ụgbọala nwayọ iji zere ihe mberede), ntozu oke n'ọrụ sistemu ụgwọ ọrụ nwere ike imebi njikwa / mkpebi ime ihe na-eduga na ụgwọ ọrụ nso (dịka ọmụmaatụ. , ịnya ụgbọ ala ngwa ngwa) ma kpughee adịghị ike na nsonaazụ ọjọọ (Steinberg et al. 2009).

Na nchịkọta, nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'ichepụta mmepe na ntinye ụbụrụ n'ime isi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụgwọ ọrụ na nchịkwa nchịkwa n'oge ihe nnwale dị iche iche nke ọrụ AS ụgwọ ọrụ. Nchọpụta anyị na-egosi na ndị isi ihe na-ekpebi omume na-eduzi ebumnuche na ime mkpebi, ụgwọ ọrụ na usoro njikwa ọgụgụ isi, erubeghị oke ọrụ nke ọrụ site n'oge uto, nke nwere ike inye aka na mpụta ihe egwu na-ebute n'ime afọ a.

Ihe ndi ozo

Ihe omuma enwere ike ịchọta ya na: http://www.cercor.oxfordjournals.org/.

ego

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike mba (RO1 MH067924, RO1 MH080243 ruo BL).

Ihe ndi ozo

[Data mgbakwunye]

Pịa ebe a iji lee.

Nkweta

Nsogbu nke Mmasị: Ọ dịghị onye kwuru.

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