Ntughari: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2012; 2: 14874 - DI: 10.3402 / snp.v2i0.14874
Kevin S. Holloway, PhD*
Ngalaba akparamaagwa na akwara ozi banyere akparamaagwa na mmemme omume, Vassar kọleji, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
nkịtị
Ifyingchọpụta ọrụ nke opioids na mgbagha nke omume mmekọahụ amụrụla agbagha agbagha site na iji ụzọ dị iche iche na nyocha ahụ. Nyocha a na-ekwu banyere ọtụtụ ụdị, usoro, na ọgwụ ọgwụ, ọtụtụ atụmatụ nke ogbugbu opioid pụtara ìhè. Opioids na-ekere oke dị iche iche na ọnọdụ mmekọahụ na ọnọdụ enweghị mmachi. Oge nke nnyefe nke onye na - eme ka nwoke nwee mmekọahụ n'oge a na - enwe ọnwụnwa, ọkachasị ndị na - eji ụmụ nwoke eme ihe, na - emetụta oke nke opioids nwere na mmụta. Opioids nwere ike ịdị mkpa kachasị mkpa na mmezi nke omume mmekọahụ dị na oge n'oge na - akwadoghị. Nke a bụ eziokwu ma maka nyocha ma usoro nyocha doro anya iji kpochapụ mmeghachi omume dị na mmekọahụ. Akụkụ ndị a nke ngụkọta mgbasa nke opioid apụtaghị na amachibidoghị ya na ọnọdụ inwe mmekọahụ. Nke a na-egosi na, maka akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mmụta mmekọahụ na agbanyeghị njirimara dị iche iche na-agbaso ụkpụrụ omume, mgbanye aka nke omume mmekọahụ sitere na opioids na-adabere na usoro ndị n'ofe usoro nchebe.
Keywords: mechibido; ntụgharị; mkpochapu; nnọgidesi ike; naloxone; mmụta
(E bipụtara: 15 March 2012)
Neuroscience & Psychology nke Socioaffective 2012. © 2012 Kevin S. Holloway. Nke a bụ ederede Open Access kesara n'okpuru usoro nke Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), ikwe ka ojiji, nkesa, na mmepụta ọ bụla na-abụghị nke azụmahịa, ọ bụla ọ bụla, ma ọ bụrụ na a kpọtụrụ ọrụ mbụ ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi.
Achọpụtala ihe gbasara mmekọahụ na ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche gụnyere oke, hamsters, ụmụ oke, gouramis na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na azụ azụ, nnụnụ kwel, nduru, na ijiji mkpụrụ (lee Crawford, Holloway, & Domjan, 1993; Domjan & Holloway, 1998; Krause, 2003; na Pfaus, Kippin, na Centeno, 2001 maka nyocha). Mmụta gbasara mmekọahụ nwere ike gbanwee mmeghachi omume na otu ihe. Oke oke na-ebelata nnwale copulatory mgbe ekpughere ụmụ nwanyị nwere oghere emechiri emechi (Kagan, 1955; Whalen, 1961). Nwa oke kwere ka intromit ma ọ bụghị ejaculate nwekwara belatara copulatory mgbalị (Kagan, 1955); Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka ọtụtụ intromissions (7) kweye, ụmụ nwoke na-enweta ejaculation na obere mkparịta ụka karịa ụmụ nwoke na-enweghị nsogbu a (Silberberg & Adler, 1974). Ratsmụ nwanyị ndị nwanyị ga-arịọ ụmụ nwoke ọtụtụ ugboro ma họrọ ha maka ejaculation mbụ ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ nwoke na-esi ísì ụtọ (Coria-Avila, Ouimet, Pacheco, Manzo, & Pfaus, 2005; Coria-Avila et al., 2008) ma ọ bụ akara na agba (Coria-Avila et al., 2008) jikọtara na mbụ na ohere ịlụ nwanyị na-aga nke nwanyi. N'ime oke nnụnụ quail, latencies copulatory dị mkpụmkpụ karịa mgbe ekpughere ya na ọnọdụ mkpali metụtara mmekọahụ (CS) (Gutierrez & Domjan, 1996). Nwanyị quail ga-egosiputa oke omume nnabata na-adị n'ihu nwoke mgbe nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmekọahụ CS (Gutierrez & Domjan, 1997).
N'otu aka ahụ, nzaghachi na CS nwere ike ịgbanwe site na ịmụ mmụta mmekọahụ. Nwoke quail ga-egosiputa mmekorita nke mmekorita nke mmadu na ihe mkpali na-ezighi ezi nke ejikotara ya na mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi (dika Domjan, O'Vary, & Greene, 1988; Holloway & Domjan, 1993a, 1993b). Ratsmụ nwoke na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke ga-egosiputa omume na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime ụlọ bilevel metụtara ohere inwe mmekọahụ (Mendelson & Pfaus, 1989; van Furth & van Ree, 1996; van Furth, Wolterink-Donselaar, na van Ree, 1994). Mgbanwe ndị a na-aza CS na-apụta ìhè ọbụlagodi na CS abụghị aka ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ahụmịhe nke nwanyị ga-eme ka mbikọ dị iche iche dị iche iche na okwu metụtara mmekorita na oke ụmụ nwoke gosipụtara na mmamịrị nwanyị (mana ọ bụghị nwoke) (Dizinno, Whitney, & Nyby, 1978). Nwoke quail ga-amụta ịbịaru obere windo ụzọ maka ịlele naanị-ịbanye na nne okuko mgbe mmekọrịta ya na nwanyị (Balthazart, Reid, Absil, Foidart, & Ball, 1995).
Mgbanwe ndị a na-enwe n’ihe ọmụmụ ịmụ gbasara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nwere ihe ndị dị mkpa ha na-arụ. Omume nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmekọahụ na-egosi na enwere ọnọdụ nwoke na nwanyị inwe mmekọahụ na-abawanye na isiokwu nwere nsogbu nsogbu (Cutmore & Zamble, 1988). Na azụ gourami na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ikpughe mmekọahụ mmekọahụ nke Pavlovian mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ amịpụtara (Hollis, Pharr, Duas, Britton, & Field,) 1997). Nwoke nnụnụ kwel ndị Japan gosipụtara na ọnọdụ nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmekọahụ na-eme ka ọbara ọcha na ọbara ọcha banye na ihe nlereanya (Domjan, Blesbois, & Williams, 1998). Adkins Regan na MacKillop (2003) gosipụtara na nnụnụ kwel ọzọ na inseminations na a mmekọahụ na ọnọdụ ọnọdụ ga-yikarịrị ka utịp nsen. N'ime ọnọdụ asọmpi spam, ikpughe na mmekọahụ CS kwere ka nnụnụ kwel mụọ ụmụ karịa (Matthews, Domjan, Ramsey, & Crews, 2007).
Enwere akwụkwọ dị ukwuu kwekọrọ na akwụkwọ na-emegharị ngagharị mgbasa opioid nke omume mmekọahụ na-agụghị amụ n'ime anụmanụ (lee Argiolas, 1999; Ike, 2009; Pfaus, 1999; Pfaus & Gorzalka, 1987a; van Furth, Wolterink, na van Ree, 1995 maka nyocha). N'ozuzu, a na-achọpụta ọgwụ opioids na ọgwụ opioid nwere ọrụ mgbochi na ma omume nwoke ma nwanyị. Nchịkwa nke β-endorphin gbochiri ndọtị, ịmịnye aka, na ọnye na oke oke (McIntosh, Vallano, & Barfield, 1980) ma gbochie omume nke nna nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị (Pfaus & Gorzalka, 1987b; Wiesner & Moss, 1986). Morphine (Pfaus & Gorzalka, 1987bna methadone (Murphy, 1981) gbochikwara oke mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi, morphine gbochiri onye ozo na nwanyi (Pfaus & Gorzalka, 1987b). Endomorphin-1, ihe dị ịtụnanya, µ-opioid receptor specific peptide, gbara ya na ventricle nke atọ, ụba ejaculatory latencies na interintromission etiti oge, na belata ejaculations (Parra-Gamez, Garcia-Hidalgo, Salazar-Juarez, Anton, & Paredes, 2009). N'ime ụmụ nwoke nnụnụ kwel,,-opioid agonist D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide agbara na preoptic na ihu hypothalamic ebelata ma na-eme ihe ike na omume mmekọahụ (Kotegawa, Abe, & Tsutsui, 1997).
Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ihe ngosi na mmetụta mgbochi nke opioids bụ ọgwụ na saịtị nchịkwa nke akọwapụtara (dịka Agmo, Rojas, & Vazquez, 1992; Band & ahu ihe, 1990; Mitchell & Stewart, 1990; van Furth, van Emst, na van Ree, 1995), nkwubi okwu zuru oke nke opioids na-egbochi omume mmekọahụ na-egosipụtakarị site n'ọmụmụ ihe na ndị na-emegide opioid bụ ndị nchịkwa ha na-akwado mmeghachi omume mmekọahụ. A kọọrọ Naloxone iji mee ka ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ (Gessa, Paglietti, & Pellegrini Quarantotti,) 1979). Ọzọkwa, ọ belatara latency na ugwu mbụ wee belata ọnụ ọgụgụ intromissions tupu ejaculation (McIntosh et al., 1980). Naloxone gbaghaara mmalite nke ike ọgwụgwụ mmekọahụ na oke oke (dị ka a kọrọ na Pfaus & Gorzalka, 1987a). N'ime ụmụ nwoke hamsters, naltrexone belata latency ka ọ bụrụ ugwu mbụ ma belata intromissions tupu ejaculation (Murphy, 1981). Ngwongwo nnuku Japanese meputara ihe ndi ozo copulatory mgbe enyere ya na udiri naloxone (Kotegawa et al., 1997; Riters, Absil, & Balthazart, 1999). Ekwesiri ighota na otu akuko nke mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi, oge nleghari anya nke akuko, akukola otutu oge ka ogwu naloxone ba uba (McConnell, Baum, & Badger, 1981; Sachs, Valcourt, & Flagg, 1981). N'ime oke ụmụ nwanyị, usoro inloxone (Sirinathsinghji, 1984; Sirinathsinghji, Whittington, Audsley, & Fraser, 1983) ọ bụ ezie na a kọọrọ mwakpo nke ndị na-emegide opioid ka ha bụrụ ndị na-abụghị ma ọ bụ na ha dị obere (Wiesner & Moss, 1986).
N’ihota mkpa imuta ihe banyere nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi na udiri onye ikpe azu n’ime opioids n’ime akparamagwa nwoke na nwoke amutaghi, enwere nnabata ihe omumu ihe omumu iji choputa ihe opioids n’uta muta bu ihe ijuanya. Otu ihe mere o ji yie ka enweghi nyocha ihe omume nke oge a banyere ogbugbo nke mmụta mmekọahụ site na opioids nwere ike ịbụ na ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị ewepụtara na ọmụmụ ndị dị adị siri ike ịkọwa. Ebumnuche nke ntụle a bụ iwepụta ọmụmụ dịnụ nke ntụgharị uche opioid nke omume mmekọahụ amụrụ, nyochaa usoro ejiri, ma kọwaa nkọwa dị oke mkpa maka ịdị iche na nsonaazụ ya. Nke a nwere ike ime ka anyị nwekwuo nchọpụta usoro nke ntanetị nke ndị ogbugbo abụọ dị mkpa nke omume mmekọahụ.
Nlele na-ekwu banyere ọrụ nke opioids na mmụta mmekọahụ
Nchoputa mbu bidoro ihie opioid nke omume nmeko nwoke nwa nwoke nwalere ka itughari udiri urua ya na-erughi n'ihi usoro opioid. Ọ bụrụ na opioids na-akwụghachi ụgwọ ọrụ gbasara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, yabụ na mgbochi ha kwesịrị emetụta nnweta nke mmeghachi omume na ọnọdụ mmekọahụ Miller na Baum (1987) jiri ọnọdụ dọrọ ọnọdụ ka mma (CPP). E kwere ka ụmụ nwoke jiri ụmụ nwoke na-emekọ ihe (lee Camacho, Portillo, Quintero-Enriquez, & Paredes, 2009, maka nkọwa nke mkpa ejikọtara ọnụ na usoro CPP) ya na oge 10 nwanyị n'ime ụlọ mbụ a na-ahọrọghị. N’ụbọchị ndị ọzọ, ụmụ nwoke ahụ na-anọ naanị otu oge n’ụlọ nke abụọ, ndị a họọrọ. Mụnwanyị a na-esote ọnwụnwa a, ụmụ nwoke ka etinyere ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe ihere. Ewere ha ohere ịbanye na ụlọ ahụ na - akwụghị ụgwọ ma ọlị naloxone (5.0 mg / kg SC) ma ọ bụ injections saline ugboro abụọ, otu ụbọchị 7 gachara ịwa ahụ yana otu ụbọchị 14 mgbe a wasịrị ya ahụ. N'ime ule nnwale 15 min, ọ nweghị nwanyị bịara. Mamụ nwoke ndị tụrụ ụtara, iji ọgwụ naloxone gbanye mkpọrọgwụ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ gosipụtara na ha selatara oge ha nọrọ na ụlọ mbụ a na-akwadoghị (nke ha zutere nwanyị) na ụbọchị 7. N'ụbọchị 14, mmetụta a nọghachiri n'ihe akaebe yana yana ọfụma ọfụma karịa n'ụkpụrụ ndị a na-etinye naloxone. A kọwapụtara nsonaazụ ndị a dị ka nke na-egosi mbelata nke ịnata ụgwọ ọrụ sitere na ihe mkpali nke nwanyị na-anabata ihe.
Na nyocha CPP yiri nke a (Agmo & Berenfeld, 1990), ụmụ nwoke ka etinyere na mkpo ya na mmiri ma ọ bụ naloxone (16 mg / n'arọ) tupu otu ejaculation ma debe ya na ụlọ mbụ a na-ahọrọghị maka 30 min. A na-eme ọnwụnwa na-eme ka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị sie ike, na-agbanwe ya na ule atọ nke isiokwu niile natara ịgba mmiri mmiri chọrọ ma nọrọ 30 min n'ụlọ na-ahọrọ mbụ. Ọzọkwa, kwekọrọ na nkọwapụta nke opioids na-akwụghachi ụgwọ ọrụ nke mmekọahụ, a hụrụ naloxone ka ọ gbochie inweta CPP.
Na nwute, akụkọ nnwale ọzọ e bipụtara n'otu afọ gbagwojuru nkọwa nkọwa nke data ahụ anya. Mehrara na Baum (1990) jiri ihe atụ CPP ọzọ. Na nke a, kama ịgọnyere nwanyi tupu edobe ya n'ụlọ CPP, a na-ahapụ ụmụ oke ka ha na nwanyị dinaa kpọmkwem n'ụlọ na-abụghị nke mbụ. Eithermụ nwoke ka etinyere ma ọ bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ wee nata mkpụkọ saline ma ọ bụ 1 ma ọ bụ 5 mg / kg nke inloxone nke gbara tupu ọnwụnwa na-eme ka mmekọahụ sie ike. Emere ọzụzụ asatọ, ebe ụmụ nwoke kpughere ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ụlọ ndị mbụ a na-ahọrọghị maka 1 h iji mezuo ejaculation na ụbọchị anọ ọzọ nke ụmụ nwoke ji otu oge ahụ naanị n'ime ụlọ mbụ a họọrọ. . E jiri ya tụnyere njikwa nnu mmiri, maịlị nke naloxone nwechara ike ịnwe nnweta nke CPP maka ụlọ izizi na-abụghị nke dị mma (ọ bụ ezie na a na-akọpụta naloxone iji belata CPP n'ihe ọmụmụ). N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, na nnwale nke abụọ nke na-agbadata Miller na Baum n'ụzọ mbụ (1987), a na-ahụta naloxone nwere mmetụta yiri ya na nnwale a gara aga. N'oge a, na ngbanwe nke nchoputa nke 1, a tụgharịrị data ọhụrụ a iji gosipụta mmetụta na arụmọrụ nke CPP ma gwa ndị edemede na opioids etinyeghị na sekọndia ụgwọ ọrụ mbụ kama na ndị metụtara mkpali nwere ọnọdụ. .
N'ime ọmụmụ CPP ndị a gara aga, ụmụ nwoke na-ekpughere n'ime ụlọ na-adịghị ọcha na ụbọchị ndị a na-anaghị ewusi ike. Usoro ozo gunyere ekpughere umu nwoke maka nwanyi nke na - adighi anabata ya n'ime ulo a ka mbu n’abia n’ime ubochi ndi n’enweghi ume. Hughes, Everitt, na Herbert (1990) ejiri nhazi a dịka otu n'ime nnwale abụọ nke nnweta opioid nke mmụta mmekọahụ. Enyere ụmụ oke maka ụmụ nwanyị 15-min ume mmelite nye ụmụ nwanyị na-anabata ihe n'ụlọ mbụ a na-ahọrọghị site na mkpughe ndị yiri nke ahụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-anaghị anabata ya na ụlọ mbụ a họọrọ. A na-etinye β-endorphin ma ọ bụ naloxone n'ime mpaghara preoptic medial-mpaghara hypothalamic ihu, ma ọ bụ naloxone ka ejiri aka mee ihe (5 mg / kg) tupu oge nyocha 15-min n'oge ewepụrụ nwanyị. E nyere ụmụ nwoke ohere ịhọrọ ụlọ nke ha ga-eji nọọ nwa oge. Enweghi ọgwụ β-endorphin ma ọ bụ naloxone nyere ya nwere mmetụta na arụmọrụ nke CPP. Naloxone systemic belatara ngosipụta nke CPP na ọnọdụ a.
Nnwale nke abụọ nke Hughes et al. (1990) bụ usoro eji arụ ọrụ nke abụọ. A zụrụ ọzụzụ ụmụ nwoke ka ha jiri ọkụ (CS) mee ka njikọ dị na ume. A zụrụziri ịkụbanye otu lever na ngosipụta nke CS dịka nkwanye aka. Nwanyị a gosipụtara na ngwụcha nnọkọ. Na mbu, nke a bụ mgbe otu nzaghachi gasịrị, mana n'oge nnwale ahụ, ọnụọgụ nzaghachi dị mkpa iji nweta ohere nke nwanyị gbagoro na 100, na mgbe ahụ, ewepụtara usoro oge edobere ma ụmụ nwoke site na ngwụsị ọzụzụ ahụ. na -ezi azịza ihe dị ka 200 (ma nweta nkwupụta 20 CS) tupu amata nwa nwanyị. inf-endorphin na-abanye na mpaghara medog medial hypothalamus (mPOA) enweghị mmetụta na akwara ọrụ. Nlekọta ihe mgbochi nke naloxone na 5 mg / n'arọ, mana ọbụghị 1.0 ma ọ bụ 2.5 mg / kg, ka a belata ọnụ ọgụgụ azịza enyere iji nweta ohere nwanyị.
Agmo na Gomez (1993) jiri usoro CPP ewebata na Agmo na Berenfeld (1990). Agbanyeghị, na atụ a, naloxone, n'ụdị nke methylnaloxonium, nyere ya na 5 µg / cannula n'ime mPOA ma ọ bụ nucleus accumbens (NAC) nke ụmụ oke 1 min tupu usoro CPP. Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, a na-ahapụ ụmụ nwoke otu ejaculation n'otu mpaghara ejidere wee kwaga n'ụlọ mbu na-enweghị mmasị nke ngwa CPP maka 30 min. N’ụbọchị ndị ọzọ, a na-etinye saline, ọ dịghị nwanyị ewepụtara, a na-edobe ụmụ nwoke maka 30 min n’ime ụlọ mbụ a họọrọ. Naloxone tinyere n'ime mPOA mana ọ bụghị NAC egbochi CPP mana ọ naghị emetụta mmeghachi omume mmekọahụ na-enyere na nwanyị. Ihe a gwara ndị edemede na mPOA bụ saịtị akwụmụgwọ mmekọahụ.
Achọpụtakwarala ihe gbasara mmekọahụ na ịmụ gbasara ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke site na nyocha nke mgbanwe mgbanwe omume. N'ime oghere onu, tupu iwebata nwanyi, umu nwoke ga egosiputa onu ogugu nke ngbanwe ngbanwe site n'igosiputa ya na nwanyi ma obughi igosiputa nwanyi nye nwanyi. N'ọtụtụ ule yiri nke atụ nke mgbanwe mgbanwe atụ, achọpụtara naloxone iji gbochie mmụba nke mgbanwe ọkwa atụmanya. N'ime usoro ndị a, a na-etinye ụmụ nwoke n'ime ngwa nyocha bilevel, na 5 nkeji mgbe e mesịrị, a kpọbatara nwanyị na-anabata n'ime ụlọ (na ọkwa nke na-enweghị nwoke ugbu a). Ọchịchị naloxone dị n'akụkụ nwere mmetụta ma ọ bụ na 1.0 ma ọ bụ 10.0 mg / kg doses (van Furth, Wolterink-Donselaar, & van Ree, 1994), na-anwale n'oge oge ọkụ nke ụbọchị (van Furth & van Ree, 1994) ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ime oghere mpaghara ahụ (van Furth & van Ree, 1996). A na-akọwa data niile dị ka ịtụ aro maka ọrụ maka opioids na mkpali mmekọahụ. Ọmụmụ ihe na-adịbeghị anya, na-akpọ nke a na nkọwa ndị ọzọ nke ọrụ opioid na mkpali mmekọahụ.
Agmo (2003b) gosipụtara usoro mara mma maka nyocha nke mkpali mmekọahụ. A na-etinye oke ụmụ nwoke n'ọgbọ egwuregwu buru ibu. E mere ka ime ụlọ abụọ sie ike na nsọtụ ọzọ nke akụkụ ogologo nke ogige ule ahụ. A ga-etinye Stimuli, dịka nwanyi na-anabata ihe na anaghị anabata ihe n'ime ụlọ ndị a, a hụkwara agwa nwoke na-ebute ya. Iji ngwaọrụ a, Agmo (2003a) nyochara ihe mkpali maka agụụ mmekọahụ ma na-eji usoro opioid eme ihe. E gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị na - anabata ihe n'otu ọnụ ụlọ n'otu oge nwoke nwere ahụmịkị nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmekọahụ na nke ọzọ. Ọ na-akọ na ọ nweghị ọgwụ metụtara ọgwụ na ike (1, 4, ma ọ bụ 8 mg / kg) ma ọ bụ naloxone (1, 4, na 16 mg / kg) enweghị mmetụta doro anya na mkpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Mgbakwunye opioid agonist loperamide emetụta nhọrọ na ule ndị a mana site na usoro ndị na-abụghị opioid. Ya mere, Agmo kwubiri na opioids adịghị mkpa maka mkpali mmekọahụ na oke oke.
Na nwoke quail Japanese, mbelata na uru ụgwọ ọrụ mmekọahụ (Holloway & Domjan, 1993b) ma ọ bụ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ (Holloway & Domjan, 1993a) rụpụtara na-agbadata ịzaghachi na ọnọdụ elele nke ọnọdụ mmekọahụ. N'ime usoro ndị a, a na-enyekarị nnụnụ kwel na nkenke oge (30 s – 1 min) nke CS na-esote ohere ịnweta nnụnụ kwel. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ikpe opioids na-akwụghachi ụgwọ ọrụ nke mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ mkpali na nnụnụ kwel, mgbe ahụ mgbochi nke ndị na-anabata opioid site naloxone kwesịrị ime ka azaghachi CS.
Otu ụzọ iji nwalee ọnọdụ nnabata ụdị mmekọahụ dị na nnụnụ kwel bụ iwepụta ụmụ nwoke ka ọ nwee ike ịhụ nwanyị anya n'azụ ụzọ nke nwere obere slit na ya dịka CS. Nke a na-esozizizi ohere inweta nne okuko. Tupu ya na nne okuko, nwoke ahụ ga-anọ obere oge na windo slit. Mgbe nwoke nke nwoke tochara, nwoke ahụ ga-eguzo na windo ruo ọtụtụ oge. Riters et al. (1999) jiri usoro a tulee mmetụta nke naloxone na arụmọrụ nke omume mmekọahụ ọnọdụ. Abughi oke (na-abawanye usoro nke 1.0, 10.0, na 50.0 mg / n'arọ) ma ọ bụ injexone etiti nke naloxone banye ventricle nke atọ enweghị mmetụta na arụmọrụ nke omume ịnabata ọnọdụ mmekọahụ. Nwoke nnụnnụ nnụnụ gara n'ihu na-ele anya nwanyị ahụ site na mbata.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe na-esochi, Holloway, Cornil, and Balthazart (2004) duziri nnụnụ quail dị ka akọwara n'elu. Mgbe ahụ, n'ihi na ihe ngosi ọhụụ na nne nnụnụ kwel bụ nke a maara na ọ ga-akwụghachi ụgwọ (Holloway & Domjan, 1993b), a nwalere isiokwu dị iche iche na ọnwụnwa mkpochapụ. Nke ahụ bụ, a tụlere ụzọ mbata n'ọnụ ụzọ n'ọnụ ụzọ gafere ule asatọ nke nwanyị na-anọghị n'azụ ọnụ ụzọ. N'oge ule mkpochapu ndị a, a chọpụtara na inloxone dị mkpa iji belata mmeghachi omume nwoke na nwanyị na ihe ọmụmụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa nnu.
Ebe ọ bụ na mwepụ nke nwanyị gbanwere CS n'etiti nnwale nnweta na ikpochapu, ọ ga-ekwe omume na mbelata ịzaghachi bụ n'ihi naloxone na-eme ka uche ụmụ nwoke gaa na mgbanwe CS. Iji mee ka o kwe omume, a na-etinye quail nwoke ka ọ bịakwute ihe mkpali na-enweghị isi nke nwere ike ịhapụ ebe n'oge ule mkpochapụ (lee Holloway & Domjan, 1993a, 1993b). Ọbụlagodi mgbe CS kwụsịrị na ọnwụnwa nnweta na mkpochapụ, injexone nke naloxone na-agbasozi ọnọdụ mmekọahụ ka ọ na-aza n'oge mkpochapụ (Holloway, Shaw, Cornil, na Balthazart, 2009).
Riters et al. (1999) kọọrọ mmetụta dị iche iche nke inloxone na mkparịta ụka dị n'akụkụ na mmekọahụ na-enweghị mmekọahụ na-enwe mmekọahụ na nnụnụ kwel ndị Japan. Iji nwalee nsonaazụ nke naloxone na omume mmekọahụ, enwere nnwale abụọ na ihe mkpali na-enweghị isi dị ka CS. N'ime nnwale nke mbụ, emere ka nnụnụ kwel na-abịakwute CS site na ijikọ ngosipụta 30 s na mkpali ahụ na 5 min nke nnweta nnabata. N'ime oge mkpochapu, a na-agbanye na ụmụ nwoke naloxone (30 mg / kg) tupu ha ekpughere na ngosipụta CS naanị na-aga n'ihu. Naloxone mere ka mkpochapu nke inwe mmekọahụ nwee ike ịbịakwute CS na-enweghị isi ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa nnu. Na nnwale nke abụọ, a na-etinye otu nnụnụ kwel na otu 30 mg / kg dose nke naloxone tupu ngosipụta CS-quail hen ọ bụla. N'adịghị ka ihe a ga-atụ anya ya ma ọ bụrụ na usoro opioid na-etinye aka na mkpali ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ọrụ, ndị naloxone na-atụgharị uche na-enweta usoro ịkwa iko nke CS na otu ọnụọgụ dị ka saline-injected njikwa (Holloway & Jensen, 1997).
N'ikpeazụ, a na-enyocha mmetụta nke naloxone (30 mg / kg) nke a na-arụ n'akụkụ akụkụ n'oge nnweta na mkpochapu nke nnwale enwere ọnọdụ inwe mmekọahụ (Holloway & Meerts, 2003). Ọzọkwa, na-eme ule ọnwụnwa nke jikọtara CSquition CS na copulation, naloxone enweghị mmetụta na mmepe nke ịchekwa ọnọdụ na-aza CS. N'oge usoro ngosi CS na-akwadoghị nke ọma, na-aga n'ihu inloxone injections nke ọma ma kwadoo mkpochapu nke ọnọdụ oyi nwere ọnọdụ.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe niile dị n'elu, ụmụ anụmanụ na-eje ozi dị ka ndị isi. Enweela njedebe nke ọrụ nke opioids na mgbasa ozi gbasara omume nwanyị na-amụrụ ihe. A chọpụtawo mmekọahụ CPP na oke ụmụ nwanyị na-agbanye naloxone (Paredes & Martinez, 2001). E kwere ka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme njem tupu ha etinye ha n'ime ụlọ mbụ na-enweghị mmasị maka 30 min. N'ụbọchị ndị ọzọ, ha nọrọ otu oge n'otu ọnụ ụlọ nke mbụ. Tupu ikpe ọ bụla e mere ka ọ dịkwuo ike, a na-etinye ọgwụ ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkụ naloxone (4 mg / kg) ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri. Dị ka a kọrọ maka oke oke na usoro CPP a (dịka Agmo & Berenfeld, 1990), naloxone gbochiri inweta CPP mmekọahụ.
N'ikpeazụ, nchọpụta CPP a na-enwe mmekọahụ na ụmụ oke ụmụ nwanyị na-emetụta nke ọma na naloxone n'ime mPOA, oghere ventromedial nke hypothalamus (VMH), amygdala (Me), na NAC (Garcia-Horsman, Agmo, & Paredes, 2008) . Naloxone (5 µg infusions) n'ime mPOA, VMH, na M gbochiri inweta CPP mmekọahụ.
Enyochala ntụgharị nke opioid nke omume mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị na nyocha nnwere onwe nke mmekọ (Coria-Avila et al., 2008). Dị ka m kwuru na mbụ, na mbụ aka ike olfactory na visual ihe nwere ike ịbụ metụtara paced mating ohere. Beenmụ nwanyị ka a kọọrọ ijere ụdị nwoke ka ewu na -arụ na-enwe na isi nke dị na mbụ (Coria-Avila et al., 2005). N'ime nnwale abụọ, Coria-Avila et al. (2008) nwalere ma enwere ike ịgbachi inweta nnabata nke a anya site na naxexone naloxone (4 mg / kg) tupu ikwado ule. Na nnwale 1, enyere ụmụ nwanyị nwere ụmụ nwoke almọnd nke ọma n’ime ọnọdụ iteghete na ụmụ nwoke anaghị enwe isi n ’ọnọdụ nwoke na nwanyị, nke ha enweghị ike imebi. Na nnwale 2, albino na ụmụ oke nwere ụcha dị ka ndị a na-ejikọ ọnụ na ndị na-enweghị nsogbu na ìgwè ndị na-edozi ahụ. N'ime nyocha abụọ a, a chọpụtara naloloone gbara agba n'oge nnweta ahụ iji kpaghasị mmasị nke nwoke na - ebute ihe metụtara ọnọdụ nwoke n'oge ule na - abụghị ọgwụ.
Ekwesiri ighota na achoputawo ndi ozo ka ha choo ka ha muta umu nwoke dika ndi choro icaculatory. Ratsmụ nwoke na-etinye ọgwụ naloxone (5mg / kg) injections tupu 10 anwale ọnwụnwa na nwanyị na-esi ísì almọnd egosipụtaghị mmasị iji soro nwanyị na-esi ísì ụtọ na-emekọ ihe na nyocha nke oghere na-esote ya na ụmụ nwanyị na-esi ísì ụtọ na-enweghị isi (Ismail, Girard -Beriault, Nakanishi, & Pfaus, 2009).
Mmekọahụ pheromones na akwa nwoke nwere mmerụ nwere ike mepụta CPP na ụmụ oke ụmụ nwanyị. A na-ahapụ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha nyochaa otu nnwale nnwale buru ibu nke nwere ihe ndina ihe ruru unyi na n'akụkụ nke ọzọ na efere akwa dị ọcha na 10 min ọnwụnwa na ụbọchị 4 sochiri na-ahọrọ itinye oge n'akụkụ akụkụ ihe ndina ahụ metụrụ na nke sochirinụ. ule na-abụghị nke a nwalere. Naloxone (1 na 10 mg / kg) na-achịkwa akụkụ n'oge nhazi (ma ọ bụghị ule) oge adịghị emebi nnweta nke CPP mmekọahụ (Agustin-Pavon, Martinez-Ricos, Martinez-Garcia, & Lanuza, 2008).
Nkwurịta
Dika nyocha ndị a nyochara mere ka a doo anya, ejirila usoro dị iche iche iji chọpụta ọrụ nke opioids na omume mmekọahụ amụrụ. Dabere na usoro edere, mmadụ nwere ike rụọ ụka nke na-eme ka opioids na-edozigharị ma ọ bụ na-enweghị oke na ịnweta nzaghachi mmeghachi omume mmekọahụ na ya bụ, ya mere, na-etinye aka na ụgwọ ọrụ na mkpali mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ọbụnadị n'ime usoro eji ọtụtụ akachasị eji eme ihe, CPP, enwere ọdịiche ga-enye ohere maka nkwubi abụọ ahụ. Odi ka odi, odi ka odi na nkwenye abuo a ziri ezi.
Otu ụzọ ịtụle usoro ndị a bụ inyocha ma jikọtara ọnụ na ọnọdụ a kọrọ na opioids na-emetụta mmeghachi omume nwoke na nwanyị, na n'ezie, n'ọnọdụ ebe opioids na-eyighị ka ọ na-etinye ọnụ na azịza nke mmụta a mụtara. Mehrara na Baum (1990) na-egosi isi mmalite dị ụtọ n'ihi na ha na-akọpụta nchoputa nke na-akwado ma ọrụ maka opioids na mmụta mmekọahụ (2 nnwale) ma na-atụ aro na opioids etinyeghị (nnwale 1). Nnukwu ihe dị n’etiti nnwale abụọ ahụ bụ na, na mbụ, a na-achịkwa naloxone n’ihu CS (ụlọ izizi na-abụghị nke dị mma) na mkpalite mmekọahụ na-enweghị atụ (US) (copulation to ejaculation). Yabụ, njikọta CS-US mere n'okpuru nduzi nke nchịkwa naloxone. N'ime nnwale nke abụọ, ihe njikọta CS-US mere tupu nchịkwa naloxone, na n'oge nnwale ahụ, mgbe a na-achịkwa naloxone, naanị CS ka ọ dị maka isiokwu nwoke. N'ezie, ihe ngosi CS a gosipụtara bụ ikpe na Miller na Baum (1987) kwa, enwere mmetụta nke naloxone. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, enwere ike ịme ikpe ahụ na n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ CPP ebe a hụrụ naloxone iji mee ka agụmakwụkwọ na-emetụta mmekọahụ, ekpughere isiokwu ahụ nye CS naanị. Na nyocha nke Agmo na Berenfeld (1990), Agmo na Gomez (1993, Paredes na Martinez (2001), na Garcia-Horsman et al. (2008), naloxone na-ahazi na copulation mere tupu etinye etinye isiokwu na CS ụlọ. Mgbe ahụ, maka 30 min, ekpughere isiokwu dị n'ime ụlọ ahụ na-enweghị ikpughekwu nke onye mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, mana mgbe ọ ka nọ n'okpuru mmetụta opioid mgbochi site naloxone. Nanị ihe ngosi CS na ọnọdụ Pavlovian ka a na-ekwu maka ọnwụnwa mkpochapụ. N'ime usoro CPP a kpọtụrụ aha, naanị na nnwale 1 nke Mehrara na Baum yana usoro CPP nke Agustin-Pavon et al. (2008) bụ nke a na-elekọta naloxone n'oge a na-ahụkarị CS na-enweta usoro nnweta US ma ọ nweghị mmetụta dị mkpa nke naloxone a kọọrọ na nke ọ bụla. Nsonaazụ Naloxone na nnwale 2 nke Mehrara na Baum na Miller na Baum bụ n'ụzọ doro anya n'oge ọnwụnwụ ọnwụ dị ka arụmụka bụ mmetụta ya na nyocha CPP ndị ọzọ ekwuru.
N’iche na naloxone enweghị mmetụta n’oge ule nnweta CS-US jikọrọ mana ọ na-enwe mmetụta n’oge mkpochapụ, CS-naanị, ọnwụnwa ndị a na-enye ohere ịgụta data nnụnụ kwụrụ ahụ. Na Riters et al. (1999), naloxone emetụtaghị arụmọrụ nke omume na-ele mmekọahụ anya. Na nke ọ bụla n'ime ọnwụnwa ndị a, nnụnụ quail na-abịaru nso na windo CS mere ka ọ sie ike site n'ichepụta ya na nne ọkụkọ quail, nke a maara iji kwado omume omume ọnọdụ Pavlovian (Holloway & Domjan, 1993b). Na Holloway na Jensen (1997) na Holloway na Meerts (2003), nnwale nnwale nke nnweta na-eso naloxone nchịkwa ekpugheghị nsonaazụ opioid mgbochi. N'ime usoro mkpochapụ (Holloway et al., 2004; Holloway et al., 2009; Holloway & Jensen, 1997; Holloway & Meerts, 2003), ka osiladi, naloxone belatara belata nsogbu onodu mmekorita nke nwoke na nwanyi ma obu bukwanu na odi nnukwu mkpochapu.
Echiche ahụ na mgbochi opioid na-emetụta omume mmekọahụ amụrụ naanị site na ịgbasa mkpochapụ chọrọ ngbanwe ụfọdụ maka ịkọwa nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ọnọdụ mmekọahụ a na-enwe n'ọnọdụ a na-eguzogide n'ụzọ dị oke mma na mkpochapụ na enweghị nchịkwa naloxone (lee Balthazart et al., 1995). Ikekwe, opioids na-eme ka ịnọgidesi ike na-azaghachi mmekọahụ. N'ime ule nnweta ọdịnala, nke CS na-esochi US ngwa ngwa, ọ dịghị mkpa ịnọgidesi ike. Za CS na ngwa ngwa na-esochi ohere mmekọahụ. Na ọnwụnwa ikpochapu, CS esoghị US na yabụ, ọ bụrụ na ịzaghachi ga-aga n'ihu na-ekwenye usoro a ga-arụ ọrụ. Opioids nwere ike inye usoro a, na igbochi ọrụ ha, ya mere, kwesiri igbochi obughi inwe mmekorita nke mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi n'oge mkpochapu kamakwa n'oge ngosi CS ogologo na-esochi ụgwọ ọrụ mmekọahụ na ogologo oge, onye na-abụghị onye na-akwado mmekọahụ na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ngwa ọrụ. Nke a bụ ihe a kọrọ na nyochaa ebe a. CS na usoro ime ụlọ bilevel bụ ihe gbasara ọnụ ụlọ nke onwe ya. Na nyocha atọ nke mgbanwe mgbanwe omume (van Furth & van Ree, 1994; van Furth & van Ree, 1996; van Furth, Wolterink-Donselaar, & van Ree, 1994), oke oke nọrọ 5 nkeji n’ime ụlọ tupu e gosipụta nwanyị. Mmeghachi omume mmekọahụ, n'ụdị ihe yiri ka ọ bụ omume ọchụchọ ọchụchọ izugbe (lee Domjan, Mahometa, & Matthews na mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ugbu a maka mkparịta ụka banyere usoro omume na-abịakwute ịmụ gbasara mmekọahụ), chọrọ ka ị nọgidesie ike n'ogologo a ihe akaebe nke mmụta bụ ịzụlite. Naloxone gbochiri mmụta a. N'otu aka ahụ, na usoro ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke Hughes et al. (1990A tụlere ọnụ ọgụgụ azịza ndị mere n'oge usoro a kapịrị ọnụ iji wee nweta ohere nke nwanyị, nnabata doro anya, naloxone belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nzaghachi ndị a.
Ya mere, nyocha niile na-enyocha akparamagwa nwoke na nwanyị na nnwale abụọ na-enyocha akparamagwa mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị kwekọrọ na atụmanya nke ntụgharị nke opioids na-eme ka nnọgidesi ike nke ịzaghachi na ihu na-abụghị ma ọ bụ na-egbu oge-nkwado mmekọahụ. Ọ dị mma ịmara na ihe ndị a niile bụ nhọrọ mmekọ. O kwere omume na mgbanye anya nke opioid nke usoro enweghị ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ nke usoro enweghị mmekọahụ na-arụpụta maka nchọpụta ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nnwale CPP nke Hughes et al mere. (1990), E guzobere CPP site na ohere dị iche iji wepụta ọ bụghị site na ụlọ na-enweghị isi kama ya na nwanyị na-anaghị anabata ya. Ikekwe, mmetụta nke naloxone na omume ndị a na-ejighị n'aka na-eduzi na nwanyị na-adịghị anabata ya zuru ezu iji belata uru nke nwanyị na-anabata ya. Enweghị CPP ebe a nwere ike ịkọwa naanị dị ka na-atụ aro nha anya nke nkwonkwo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-anabata ya na ndị na-anaghị anabata ya na-akwado, ọ bụghị enweghị ọnọdụ mmekọahụ. Ọnọdụ atọ fọdụrụnụ nke nsonaazụ na-ekwekọghị na nkọwa a dị ugbu a na-akọ site na otu ụlọ nyocha ahụ ma jiri ihe niile na-eme njem. Maka ụmụ nwoke, ọ dị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-eme ka ọ dị mma. Plọ ime njem nwere otu oghere ma ọ bụghị anọ dị mkpa (Ismail, Gelez, Lachapelle, & Pfaus, 2009). N'iburu n'uche usoro a dị iche, o siri ike ịkọwa ịchọta Ismail et al. (2009) naloxone ahụ gbochiri nnwekọrịta ejaculatory dị mma maka nwanyị nwere isi. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ohere dịịrị nwa nwanyị ịgbanahụ oge na oge ọmụmụ adapụtara ọnọdụ nke chọrọ ịnọgidesi ike. O nwekwara ike ịbụ naloxone ahụ gbochiri nhazi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ, isi ihe na-esi ike (maka ọmụmaatụ metụtara anya hụ Kelley et al., 2002) n'ụzọ anaghị emetụta mmekọahụ. Okwu ndị yiri ya na-eme ịkọwa nnwale abụọ ahụ na isiokwu ụmụ nwanyị na Coria-Avila et al. (2008) siri ike. Ihe mgbagwoju anya, n'agbanyeghị usoro ohuru (eg Meerts & Clark, 2009), dị nnọọ kpọmkwem ihe nwanyị hụrụ ụgwọ ọrụ banyere paced mating ka dị ajụjụ. Nke a gụnyere pacing onwe ya, dịka Meerts na Clark (2007) nwere ike idozi otu CPP na oke oke na-enweghị ikwe ka iweghachite. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, nyocha ọzọ ka akwadoro.
Ọ bụ ihe na-akpali mmasị ịmara na a kọkwara naloloone na-emetụta mkpochapu mana ọ bụghị nnweta nke nzaghachi ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma nke mmanya na-atọ ụtọ (Cunningham, Dickinson, & Okorn, 1995). Mmetụta ndị a nke naloxone na usoro nhazi nke ị alcoholụ mmanya na-aba n'anya dị ka onye na-akwado ya nwere ike ịbụ ụdị na nsogbu metụtara (Bormann & Cunningham, 1997; Cunningham, Henderson, na Bormann, 1998). Naloxone na-emekwa ka mkpochapụ omume omume nrụgide na-akwụ ụgwọ site na nri ma ọ bụ sucrose ma nwee mmetụta dị ntakịrị na ịzaghachi n'oge ọnwụnwa nkwụghachi ụgwọ (Norris, Perez-Acosta, Ortega, & Papini, 2009). Nchoputa ndi a na-enye echiche na nghazi nke mmụta na ọnọdụ ọnọdụ mmekọahụ site na opioids nwere ike bụrụ nke gafere na usoro akparamagwa ndị ọzọ.
Echiche a gosipụtara ebe a, na opioids mmụta gbasara mmekọahụ na-agbagide nnọgidesi ike nke ịzaghachi ihu na-egbu oge ma ọ bụ na-esighi ike, enwere njiri mara na ọdịiche e mere n'etiti 'ịchọ' na 'ịmasị'. Achọpụtawo ka uru nke ihe mkpali sitere na ihe mkpali na-anọghị n'akụkụ ọ bụla hedonic. N'aka nke ozo bu uzo hedonic nke ngosi ihe mkpali, ihe oma ahu di nma nke so n’enye onyinye (Berridge, 2004). Opioids abanyela na nghota nke chọrọ site na ọrụ ha na amygdala. Microinjections nke [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol] -enkephalin (DAMGO), onye nnabata nnabata,, wee banye na etiti amygdala butere mkpachapụ anwụ siri ike na ntamu nke CS na-ebu amụma mbufe pellet. Microinjections nke GABAA agonist muscimol ka inactivate mpaghara rụpụtara na-abụghị mmetụta, belatara obibia, sniffs, na nibbles nke CS (Mahler & Berridge, 2009). N'ime nnwale nwere njikọ chiri anya, ọrụ opioid na NAC egosiputala iji gboo ihe ndị chọrọ na ihe masịrị ha n'ụkpụrụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ dị ụtọ (Smith, Berridge, & Aldridge, 2011).
Ọ bụrụ na nchịkwa nke ndị na - emegide opioid na nnwale gbasara ọnọdụ mmekọahụ a tụlere ebe a na - emebi ihe mkpali maka (chọrọ) na / ma ọ bụ uru hedonic (nke masịrị) nke CS na-ebu amụma inwe mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ nke mkpali mmekọahụ, n'onwe ya, ọ ga - agbada ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga - emeghachi omume. na-atụ anya. Mbelata a, agbanyeghi onweghi ọnọdụ nke CS na - esoghi site na mmasi ma obu nke kewapu ya na ugwo site na onyinye nwoke na ibe ya. Agbanyeghị, nke a bụ usoro a na-ahụ n'ofe nyocha nke ntụgharị uche opioid nke omume mmekọahụ. Ọ dị mma ịmara na Smith, Berridge, na Aldridge (2011) weputara oge maka ihe omumu banyere opioid nke ndi mmadu choro na ichota ugwo olu di nma. A na-eji CSs abụọ mee ihe, otu oge na-eweta ihe mkpali dị ụtọ, otu dị nso. N'ime usoro ụgwọ ọrụ na-atọ ụtọ, ọ bụ naanị nzaghachi maka ihe dị nso ka emetụta ọrụ opioid. Nke a dị iche n'ụzọ doro anya na nchoputa site na usoro ụgwọ ọrụ gbasara mmekọahụ. Oge mmechi nke CS na ụgwọ ọrụ mmekọahụ enweghị mmetụta site na njikwa nke ọrụ opioid (dịka Holloway & Jensen, 1997; Holloway & Meerts, 2003; Mehrara & Baum, 1990), ebe ogologo oge ụgwọ ọrụ CS-mmekọahụ na-eme ka nzaghachi na-egbochi mgbochi opioid (eg van Furth & van Ree, 1994). Dika odi, ebe akwukwo banyere akuko banyere opioid nke omume nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi apughi iwepu ngbanwe nke ochicho nke nmekorita nke Berridge na ndi ya na ha choro. kọwara omume nke opioids n'ime mmụta mmekọahụ.
Ọ bụrụ na echiche nke opioids na-agbagide nnọgidesi ike nke mmeghachi omume mmekọahụ n'ọnọdụ enweghị ụgwọ ọrụ ziri ezi, mgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ amụma na-esochi. Obere mkpirisi mkpirikpi onsets nke CS na ihe ngosi US nke inwe mmekọahụ kwesịrị ibelata mmetụta ọ bụla ndị na-emegide opioid nwere n'oge nnweta. N'otu aka ahụ, nsonaazụ nke ndị na-emegide ihe kwesịrị ịba ụba ka oge nke CS-US na-abawanye. N'ime usoro ọrụ, ihe ndị ka ukwuu nke nchịkwa opioid kwesịrị ijikọ oge dị ogologo na ntụnyere akara. N'ime usoro agụụ mmekọahụ niile na-agụ agụụ, ndị na - emegide opioid kwesịrị ịkwado mkpochapu, dịka a kọọrọ ha ime na akwụkwọ nyocha edepụtara ebe a. Ọ dị mkpa inwale usoro ihe omume ọzọ iji lebara amụma ndị a anya.
Mgbagwoju anya na ego
Onye ode akwukwo anaghi enweta ego ma obu uru si na ulo oru ma obu ebe ozo iji mee nyocha a.
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*Kevin S. Holloway Ngalaba Psychology
Vassar College
124 Raymond Avenue
Poughkeepsie, NY12604, USA
email: [email protected]
;