Mmetụta uche na ethanol na ihe omimi ndị ọzọ na-emetụ n'ahụ na ụdị anụmanụ nke oge uto: ihe gbasara nchịkọta mgbochi? (2010)

Dev Psychobiol. 2010 Apr;52(3):236-43.

Okwu LP, Varlinskaya EI.

Source

Ngalaba Psychology, Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA. [email protected]

nkịtị

Usoro metụtara afọ nke inwe mmetụta nke agụụ na ihe mkpali na-ewe iwe yiri ka ọ nwere mgbọrọgwụ evolushọn miri emi, yana mgbanwe mmepe pụtara ìhè hụrụ n'oge uto n'ọtụtụ sistemụ ụbụrụ oge ochie dị oke mkpa maka ịkpali na iduzi omume metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ. N'iji ụdị anụmanụ dị mfe nke oge ntorobịa na oke, egosila na ndị na-eto eto na-enwe mmetụta dị nro karịa ndị okenye ha na-enwe mmetụta dị mma nke mmanya na-aba n'anya, ọgwụ ndị ọzọ, na ụfọdụ ihe mkpali sitere n'okike, ebe ha na-enwechaghị mmetụta maka ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke ihe mkpali dị otú ahụ. Mmetụta mmanya na-aba n'anya nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike ịkawanye njọ site na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nrụgide tupu oge ma ọ bụ ikpughe mmanya yana site na adịghị ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-ekwe ka ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na-eto eto dị elu ma eleghị anya na-abawanye ohere maka mmalite nke nsogbu mmetọ. A na-atụle ọtụtụ ihe nwere ike (n'agbanyeghị tent) nke nchoputa nyocha ndị a bụ isi maka sayensị mgbochi.

Keywords: oge uto, omume neuro, ụdị anụmanụ, oke, mmanya na-aba n'anya, ọgwụ eji eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, mmetụta ọgwụ ọjọọ, ihe ọgwụ na-akwụghachi ụgwọ, ihe nrụgide, mmanya na-adịghị ala ala, mgbochi
Gaa:

Okwu Mmalite

Oge uto bụ mgbanwe mmepe n'etiti ntozu oke na ntozu oke nke e ji mara ntolite na mgbanwe hormonal na physiological na-eduga na ntozu oke mmekọahụ, yana mgbanwe mgbanwe homonụ ndị ọzọ na nnukwu uto uto. Nnyocha e mere n’oge na-adịbeghị anya emewokwa ka a mata na ụbụrụ na-enwe mgbanwe pụtara ìhè n’oge uto—mgbanwe ndị na-agbanwe nghọta anyị banyere àgwà ndị ntorobịa na-enwekarị. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, mgbanwe mgbanwe hormonal, physiological, neural, na omume e ji mara mgbanwe site na ntozu okè ruo ntozu okè yiri ka echekwabara nke ọma n'oge evolushọn, na ọtụtụ myirịta na ọdịdị nke ndị ntorobịa ndị a-mgbanwe ndị a na-ahụ anya n'ofe ụdị anụ mammalian (lee anya. Okwu, 2010, maka nkwurịta okwu ọzọ). Ogologo mgbanwe mmepe a na-adịkarị ka ogologo ndụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla merenụ na-egosi mmalite ma ọ bụ nkwụsị nke oge uto, ọ na-esiri ike ikpebi oge ntolite n'oge uto n'ụdị ọ bụla. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ ezie na oke dị ọnwa 1 pụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na oge ntorobịa, na ụbọchị ọmụmụ (P) 28-42 na-akọwapụta dịka oge ntorobịa nke oke na oke, enwere ike ịhụ ndị na-eto eto n'oge uto dị ka P22-23 na ụmụ nwanyị. , na ụfọdụ ụzọ ndị na-eto eto na-adịkarị ruo P55 ma ọ bụ karịa n'etiti oke oke (lee Okwu, 2000, maka mkparịta ụka).

Myirịta dị n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke ụdị dị iche iche na njirimara ndu na omume na-akwado iji ikpe ziri ezi nke ụdị anụmanụ nke oge ntorobịa mgbe ị na-enyocha ihe ndị na-enye aka na akwara na gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ọrụ n'oge uto. N'ezie, mgbagwoju anya zuru oke nke ụbụrụ mmadụ na ọrụ omume n'oge uto (ma ọ bụ n'oge ọ bụla ọzọ na ndụ, maka okwu ahụ) enweghị ike ịmepụta ya kpamkpam n'ụdị ndị ọzọ, ya mere nkwenye nke ụdị ọ bụla na-eto eto chọrọ nlebara anya nke ọma, ma bụrụ nke ukwuu. dabere na akụkụ nke oge uto na nyocha.

Edemede dị ugbu a na-akọwa nkenke maka mgbanwe akwara na njirimara omume nke echekwara nke ukwuu n'ofe ụdị n'oge uto. Ebumnobi bụ isi nke isiokwu a bụ iji kparịta mmekọrịta ndị nwere ike n'etiti mgbanwe mgbanwe nke neurobehavioral na-eto eto na iji ethanol na mmetụta uche na mmetụta ethanol n'oge oge mmepe a.

Gaa:

Mgbanwe omume Neuro-ahụkarị

Mgbanwe Neural nke Ntorobịa echekwara

Ụbụrụ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-enweta ọkpụ a ma ama nke nwere oke mpaghara na usoro akọwapụtara nke ọma, nke echekwara nke ukwuu n'ofe ụdị. Ọtụtụ usoro ụbụrụ bụ isi na-akpata omume mmadụ bilitere ọtụtụ nde afọ gara aga. Myirịta ụbụrụ echekwara n'ofe ụdị anụmanụ mammalian gụnyere ihe ndabere nke usoro ụbụrụ na mpaghara mpaghara, yana oge ikwu n'oge ontogeny mgbe mgbanwe mmepe nkịtị na-eme na ụbụrụ. Mgbanwe mmepe ndị a gụnyere mbelata nke metụtara ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'ime ahụ mmadụ bara ụba, njupụta isi awọ n'ụfọdụ mpaghara ụbụrụ cortical na subcortical. Mbelata dị otú ahụ na njupụta ihe isi awọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba nke kwachaa synapti (na atụmatụ na ruo nhata M1 nke njikọ synaptik nwere ike ịla n'iyi n'oge uto na mpaghara ụfọdụ cortical na primates; Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 1994), apoptosis nke mpaghara kpọmkwem (mkpụrụ ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ akwadoro ọnwụ cell; Markham, Morris, na Juraska, 2007), na mbelata mmepe na ọnụego nke neurogenesis (He & Crews, 2007), yana mmepe mmepe na oke nkewa nke ụbụrụ dị ka ihe ọcha jikọtara ya na myelination nke axon na-aga n'ihu (lee. Ndị ọrụ, He, & Hodge, 2007, maka nyochaa). N'ihi na ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na akụkụ ụfọdụ na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke njikọ synaptik nke metabolic na-akwụ ụgwọ ma na-abawanye na oke nke axon myelinated na-akwụ ụgwọ, enwere mbelata mmepe nke ume na oxygen chọrọ iji rụọ ọrụ ụbụrụ site na nwata ruo n'oge. oge uto, na mkpa ume nke nta nke nta na-agbada n'ihu n'oge uto iji rute ọnụ ọgụgụ metabolic dị ala nke e ji mara ụbụrụ okenye na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.Chugani, 1996).

N'ime mpaghara ụbụrụ a ma ama nke na-enwe mgbanwe n'oge uto bụ ọtụtụ mpaghara ụbụrụ oge ochie nke na-etolite ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu na neurocircuitry na-emegharị uche na mkpali maka ụgwọ ọrụ sitere n'okike dị ka mkpali mmekọrịta, ihe ọhụrụ, na ihe egwu, na nke ahụ nwere ike ịkwado ya site na ihe na-abụghị nke okike. ụgwọ ọrụ, dị ka mmanya na-aba n'anya na ọgwụ ọjọọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara ụbụrụ ihu na-anata ntinye dopamine (DA) site na mpaghara ventral tegmental na substantia nigra-mpaghara nke gụnyere akụkụ nke prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, na dorsal striatum. N'ime mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ bụ mgbanwe dị ukwuu na DA na cannabinoid (CB) akụkụ nke usoro mkpali / ụgwọ ọrụ nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ, yana 50% ma ọ bụ nke ka ukwuu na-ejikọta ikike nke ụfọdụ subtypes nke DA na CB ndị nabatara na ụfọdụ mpaghara ụbụrụ n'etiti oge ntorobịa na ịghọ okenye (dịka ọmụmaatụ. , Rodríguez de Fonseca, Ramos, Bonnin, na Fernández-Ruiz, 1993; Tarazi & Baldessarini, 2000; Teicher, Krenzel, Thompson, & Andersen, 2003), tinyere akara, abụọ ruo okpukpu asaa, mgbanwe na ọkwa mpaghara nke nnweta DA-nke a na-akpọkarị, "ụda dopamine" (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Andersen, 2002).

Mkpa nke Ndị Ntorobịa-Mgbanwe Ụbụrụ Na-ahụkarị

Ọkpụkpụ ụbụrụ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ nsonaazụ na-arụ ọrụ maka nwata ahụ. N'ezie, otu ọrụ nke ịkpụ ụbụrụ n'oge uto bụ ịgbanwe rọba ahụ, mana ọ bụghị nke ọma, ụbụrụ na-eto eto ka ọ bụrụ nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke yiri ka ọ dị obere plastik, ụbụrụ tozuru okè nke nwere ike ịkwado ndị okenye-ahụkarị neural na omume omume (lee anya. Okwu, 2010, maka mkparịta ụka na ntụnye aka). N'ezie, mgbanwe mmepe na usoro ịgbalite na mpaghara ụbụrụ ụfọdụ n'oge uto na-ejikọta ya na mmepe nke nghọta na nke mmetụta uche (lee. Rubia et al., 2006). Ọrụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke ụbụrụ na-eto eto na-ahụkarị, karịsịa na hypothalamus na sekit njikọ njikọ, bụ ịkpali ịrị elu na hormones nwa agbọghọ, si otú ahụ na-akpali usoro nke ntozu okè mmekọahụ na ikekwe na-akpali ndị na-eto eto na-ejikọta ụbụrụ ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị mmekọahụ.Sisk & Zehr, 2005).

N'ezie, ọbụlagodi n'oge usoro nhazigharị ngwa ngwa kachasị ngwa ngwa, ụbụrụ na-eto eto aghaghị imekwu ihe, n'agbanyeghị, karịa ije ozi dị ka mkpụrụ maka mpụta nke ọrụ neurobehavioral nke ndị okenye na-ahụkarị, ọ ghaghị ịkwado ịrụ ọrụ nke nwa ahụ. N'inye mgbanwe mmepe nke na-eme n'oge a na mpaghara ụbụrụ ụbụrụ dị oke mkpa maka ịmegharị omume maka ụgwọ ọrụ dị ka mkpali mmekọrịta, ihe ọhụrụ, na ihe ize ndụ, ọ bụghị ihe mgbagwoju anya na mgbanwe ndị a na-ahụ maka akwara na-ejikọta ya na mmụba dị ịrịba ama afọ-kpọmkwem na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị ọgbọ. , yana mmụba n'ịchọ ihe ọhụrụ na omume ime ihe egwu (lee Okwu, 2007 maka nyochaa). A na-ahụ omume ndị a gbasara afọ n'ofe ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke ụdị dị iche iche ma atụwo aro ka ha nwee, ma ọ bụ nwee ọtụtụ uru na-eme mgbanwe maka onye na-eto eto. Uru ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye mmekọrịta mmekọrịta-mmalite mmepe nke nkà mmekọrịta ọha na eze, nkwado mmadụ, na nduzi nke omume nhọrọ (Harris, 1995), na-achọ ihe ọhụrụ / ihe ize ndụ na-atụ aro iji kpalite mmụba na nnabata ndị ọgbọ yana n'ịkwalite nyocha site n'ókèala ebe obibi, na-enyere aka na usoro ọpụpụ, si otú a na-ezere ịmụ nwa na nsonaazụ ọjọọ ya (Okwu, 2000; Wilson & Daly, 1985).

Na mgbakwunye na ije ozi dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka mmepe neurobehavioral kwesịrị ekwesị nke ndị okenye mgbe ọ na-akwado ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na omume n'oge uto, ngbanwe nke ụbụrụ na-eto eto nwere ike inwe nsonaazụ enyemaka. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime usoro akwara ozi nke na-enwe mgbanwe ontogenetic n'oge uto bụ ọtụtụ ndị ethanol na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ eji eme ihe na-emetụta, nke nwere ike gbanwee nghọta na mgbanwe maka ihe ndị a n'oge uto, ma nwee ike imetụta mmasị maka ojiji ha.

Gaa:

Iji Ethanol na mmetụta uche n'oge uto

Ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na-amalitekarị n'oge uto, ebe ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na-abụkarị ihe dị ka afọ 14 na United States, tupu oge ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. N'otu oge, ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya n'etiti ndị dị afọ 12 ruo 20 ji ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ karịa nke ndị aṅụrụma iwu kwadoro (Ihe eji eme ihe na mmekorita oru ahuike uche, 2006). Ọ bụghị naanị na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ka a na-ahụta oke mmanya na-aba n'anya n'oge uto, kamakwa na ndị na-eto eto nke ụdị ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'okpuru ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, oke ndị na-eto eto na-aṅụ okpukpu abụọ ruo atọ karịa ndị ogbo ha toro eto (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Doremus, Brunell, Rajendran, & Spear, 2005).

Attenuated Sensitivity na mmetụta ọjọọ nke Ethanol n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma

Nnyocha ụmụ anụmanụ egosila na ọ bụghị nanị na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-aṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya karịa ndị okenye n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, mana ha dịkwa iche na mmetụta ha nwere maka mmetụta mmanya dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, egosiri na oke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma adịghị enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu karịa ndị ogbo ha toro eto maka ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta mmanya a na-eche na ọ na-achọghị bụ nke nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egosi na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. Mmetụta ndị a gụnyere mgbochi mmekọrịta mmadụ na-ebute ethanol (Varlinskaya & Ube, 2002), ịgba ume (Draski, Bice, & Deitrich, 2001; Moy, Duncan, Knapp, & Breese, 1998; Silveri & Spear, 1998), mmebi moto (White et al., 2002), na ọbụna mmetụta nkwụsịtụ (Doremus, Brunell, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2003; Varlinskaya & Ube, 2004). Mmetụta dysphoric dị ka a na-enyocha site na ịkpọasị mmanya na-aba n'anya (CTA) ka achọpụtakwara na ọ na-adịkarịghị ekwu okwu na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma karịa ndị okenye, yana ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-achọ doses dị elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ na-atọ ụtọ na ethanol iji zụlite ịkpọasị maka uto ahụ.Anderson, Varlinskaya & Spear, 2008). N'ozuzu, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịnwale ma a na-ahụ enweghị mmetụta ethanol yiri nke ahụ na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, na-enye ụkpụrụ omume megide inye mmanya na-eto eto. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, enwere ọmụmụ ihe mbụ site na Behar et al. (1983) nke nyere dose nke ethanol nke mepụtara ọkwa mmanya na-aba n'anya ọbara (BAL) na oke oriri na-edozi ahụ nye otu ụmụ nwoke dị afọ 8 ruo 15 ma nye ha ọtụtụ ule nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. N'ụzọ tụrụ ndị nchọpụta a n'anya nke ukwuu, ụmụ okoro ahụ egosipụtachaghị ihe ịrịba ama nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè mgbe e depụtara ha n'onwe ha, n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ na ebumnobi ule anụ ahụ nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. Ha kwuru na “nwere mmasị na obere mgbanwe omume siri ike na ụmụaka… mgbe mmanya riri nne nke nọworo na-egbu ndị okenye (ọ masịrị ha)Behar et al., 1983, p 407). Ya mere, ọ bụ ezie na a nyochaghị ntakịrị, ntakịrị ihe akaebe ruo taa na-egosi na mmetụta uche na-adịghị mma na mmetụta na-egbu egbu nke ethanol na ụdị anụmanụ dị mfe nke oge ntorobịa na oke nwekwara ike bụrụ ihe e ji mara ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. Enweghị mmetụta nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na mmetụta ethanol nke na-emekarị ka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na-adabere na mmụba a maara nke ọma na ugboro ole a na-akpọ "binge" ịṅụ mmanya n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma.Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, na Schulenberg, 2007), na data a tụlere na mbụ na ndị na-eto eto na-aṅụ nkezi okpukpu abụọ karịa ihe ọṅụṅụ kwa oge dị ka ndị okenye na-aṅụ.

Nnyocha e mere na oke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-atụ aro na enweghị mmetụta nke ndị na-eto eto na mmetụta ndị a na-egbu egbu na nke na-emerụ ahụ nke ethanol nwere ike belata ọbụna n'ihu site na nrụgide tupu oge ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji ethanol mee ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkwa mmanya na-aba n'anya dị elu dị mkpa iji gbochie omume ọha mmadụ na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma karịa ndị okenye; A na-ebelata mmetụta a na-emetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke ethanol n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-esote ụbọchị 5 nke nrụgide mgbochi ugboro ugboro (Doremus-Fitzwater, Varlinskaya, & Ube, 2007). N'otu aka ahụ, a kọwawo ikpughe na ethanol na-adịghị ala ala iji kpalite nnabata na mmetụta na-egbochi ethanol n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma.Diaz-Granados & Graham, 2007; Swartzwelder, Richardson, Markwiese-Forch, Wilson, na Little, 1998), si otú a na-ebelata mmetụta nke ndị na-eto eto na mmetụta ethanol ndị a. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na o doro anya na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ikpughe ethanol ugboro ugboro na-ebute ntachi obi na-adịghị ala ala n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, na-eme ka ha ghara inwe mmetụta nke ethanol, ntachi obi na-adịghị ala ala na-apụtakarị na ndị okenye, a na-agwakọtakwa data ahụ dị ka ma nkwupụta nke ntachi obi na-adịghị ala ala bụ karịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ. , Diaz-Granados & Graham, 2007) ma ọ bụ obere (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ristuccia & Ube, 2005) akpọpụtara, ma ọ bụ ọbụna kwupụta ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Varlinskaya & Ube, 2007), n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma metụtara anụmanụ tozuru okè.

Mmetụta mmetụta nke ndị ntorobịa na-enwe mmetụta agụụ/ụgwọ ọrụ nke Ethanol n'oge ntorobịa

N'adịghị ka mmetụta uche na-adịghị mma nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta na-adịghị mma, nke na-adịghị mma, na-egbochi, na nkwụsị nke ethanol ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye, ndị na-eto eto na-enwe mmetụta nke ọma na mmetụta ole na ole ahọpụtara nke ethanol. N'otu aka ahụ, ndị Swartzwelder egosila oke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ka ha nwee mmetụta karịa ndị okenye na nkwụsị nke ethanol kpatara na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ (nke a na-edepụta electrophysiologically n'ihe gbasara ike ogologo oge) na ebe nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ na mbara igwe (Morris). (lee White & Swartzwelder, 2005, maka nyochaa). A na-ahụkwa mmetụta mmetụta dị otú ahụ na arụmọrụ ebe nchekwa ethanol metụtara ndị na-eto eto obere oge mgbe ha ruru afọ ịṅụ mmanya n'ụzọ iwu (21-25 afọ) mgbe e jiri ha tụnyere otu okenye nke ndị ntorobịa (25-29 afọ) n'ihe gbasara arụmọrụ. na ma okwu ọnụ na nke na-abụghị okwu mmụta na ebe nchekwa ọrụ na-eso oke (0.6 g / kg) nke ethanol (Acheson, Stein, & Swartzwelder, 1998). Mmetụta mmetụta dị otú ahụ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-akpata ọgba aghara ethanol na arụ ọrụ ebe nchekwa bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya n'ihi nhụsianya nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na mmetụta na-egbu egbu nke ethanol nke nwere ike bụrụ ihe ngosi iji kwụsị oriri. Ya bụ, n'ihi na ha pụrụ iche ụkpụrụ nke uche na ethanol, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwere ike na-aṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ, ọ bụ ezie na ụbụrụ ha nwere ike na-enwekwu mmetụta na ebe nchekwa na-akpaghasị mmetụta nke ọgwụ.

Enwere ike ịkwalite oriri ethanol dị elu n'oge uto site na mmụba na mmetụta nke ọtụtụ mmetụta na-adọrọ adọrọ nke ethanol: mmemme mmekọrịta nke ethanol kpatara, mmetụta na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ethanol, na enwere ike ọbụna "ịgwọ onwe ya," mmetụta mweghachi nke ethanol. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, njirimara kachasị mma nke mmetụta ndị a bụ nhụsianya nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-eme ka ethanol kwalite omume mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Nke ahụ bụ, egosila oke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ iji gosipụta mmụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-esote ihe ịma aka na obere doses nke ethanol mgbe etinyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ndị ọgbọ nwoke na nwanyị na ọnọdụ maara nke ọma, nke na-adịghị egwu, ebe ndị okenye adịghị egosi nkwado mmekọrịta n'okpuru ndị a. ọnọdụ ule (elele na Spear & Varlinskaya, 2005). Ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-ekwukwa nkwado ọha mmadụ dịka otu n'ime, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị nke kachasị mkpa, nsonaazụ mmanya na-aba n'anya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Beck, Thombs, na oku, 1993).

Nnyocha ole na ole ụmụ anụmanụ mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwekwara ike na-enwe mmetụta na-enweghị atụ maka mmetụta na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ethanol ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye. Ntụle afọ dị iche iche na mmetụta na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ethanol na oke egosila ihe ịma aka n'ọtụtụ akụkụ. A na-ejikarị nyocha nke mmasị ọnọdụ ọnọdụ eme ihe iji gosipụta nsonaazụ na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ụdị ọgwụ dị iche iche n'ime òké (dị ka a tụlere ya ma emechaa) mana ọ naghị adị irè mgbe niile n'ikpughe mmetụta na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ethanol na oke. Na ọnọdụ Pavlovian dị mfe n'otu aka ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị ewepụta akara doro anya nke uru na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ethanol na oke, ikekwe n'otu akụkụ n'ihi àgwà nwere ọnọdụ nke ihe mkpali ahụ nwere ike ịkpata (CS) nke nwere ike ịsọ mpi na nkwupụta nke mmasị n'oge ule (lee. Pautassi, Myers, Ube, Molina, & Ube, 2008). N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, n'iji ụzọ ndị ọzọ, a na-amalite inyocha ọdịiche afọ na akụrụngwa na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ethanol na oke. Otu atụmatụ bụ inyocha nzaghachi obi (HR) maka mmanya na-aba n'anya, nyere ihe akaebe n'ọmụmụ ihe mmadụ na oke tachycardia nke mmanya na-aba n'anya na-ejikọta ya na usoro ihe omume nke mmetụta na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ethanol.Holdstock, King & de Wit, 2000; Ray, McGeary, Marshall, & Hutchison, 2006). N'iji usoro a, mgbe enyere ndị na-eto eto na oke ndị toro eto 2 hr ohere ịnweta ethanol na-atọ ụtọ saccharin ma ọ bụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ naanị, naanị ndị na-eto eto na-elekọta onwe ha nke ọma ethanol iji gosi mmụba nke IIR nke gafere nzaghachi ha na ngwọta nchịkwa dị ụtọ naanị.Ristuccia & Ube, 2008). Ya mere, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma yikarịrị ka ndị okenye ga-eji afọ ofufo rie ethanol zuru ezu iji nweta uru ya na-akwụghachi ụgwọ. N'iji ọrụ nhazi usoro nke abụọ-ebe ejikọtara ethanol na ọnụ CS (CS1) na nkeji 1 nke nhazi, CS1 ọnụ na-ejikọta ya na ebe a na-ahụ anya / nke dị iche (CS2) na nkeji 2, mgbe ahụ, a nwalere anụmanụ maka ya. mmasị ha maka CS2 n'oge ule-ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma gosipụtara ihe akaebe siri ike nke agụụ agụụ na ethanol karịa ka ndị okenye.Pautassi et al., 2008). Ya mere, n'iji usoro abụọ dị iche iche, nchọpụta abụọ na-adịbeghị anya egosiwo oke ndị na-eto eto iji gosipụta mmetụta na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ethanol siri ike karịa ndị okenye.

Oke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nwekwara ike na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ihe anxiolytic nke ethanol n'okpuru ọnọdụ mgbe ọkwa nchekasị ha na-ebuli elu n'ihi tupu ikpughe na nrụgide ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmanya. Nchegbu mgbochi ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ ethanol na-adịghị ala ala ọ bụghị naanị na-ebelata mmetụta nke mmetụta ethanol na-emebi (dị ka ekwuru na mbụ) kamakwa na-abawanye nchekasị dị ka egosipụtara site na nkwụsị nke ọkwa mmalite nke omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ethanol na-eji nlezianya na-eweghachi ọkwa nke omume ọha mmadụ, karịsịa n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. Kpọmkwem, achọpụtara mkpughe ethanol na-adịghị ala ala ka ọ na-ebuli ọkwa basal nke nchegbu n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, mana ọ bụghị ndị okenye, yana mmetụta anxiogenic ndị a gbanwere ethanol.Varlinskaya & Ube, 2007). Achọpụtara mkpughe siri ike na ugboro ugboro na nrụgide mgbochi ka ọ na-abawanye ọkwa nchegbu basal, yana mmetụta anxiogenic ndị a gbanwere site na ethanol n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, mana naanị na-eso nrụgide na-adịghị ala ala na ndị okenye.Doremus-Fitzwater et al., 2007; Varlinskaya & Ube, 2006). N'ihi ya, ethanol nwere ike igbochi nchegbu nke nrụgide mbụ ma ọ bụ ikpughe ethanol kpatara, yana mmetụta anxiolytic ndị a, "ịgwọ onwe" nke a na-akpọkarị na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Ethanol Sensitivities na Ethanol Iji/Mmegbu

Mbelata pụtara ìhè na mmetụta nke mmetụta na-adịghị mma na nke na-egbu egbu nke ethanol a na-ahụkarị n'oge uto nwere ike imekọrịta ihe na ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ na-ebelata mmetụta ethanol, na-abawanye mmasị maka nsogbu mmanya na-aba n'anya n'oge a. N'ezie, ọ dịla anya a mara mbelata uche nke ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ maka itinye aka na mmanya nwere nsogbu. Dị ka e kwuru site Schuckit (1994) "A na-ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke mmanya na-aba n'anya na mmụba nke ihe ize ndụ nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè n'ọdịnihu, ikekwe site n'ịbawanye ohere na mmadụ ga-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè." Otu isi ihe na-enye aka na nzaghachi mmanya na-aba n'anya bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na enweghị mmetụta nke mmetụta ethanol na-adịghị mma na nke na-egbu egbu nke a na-ahụ ọ bụghị nanị na ụmụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme ezinụlọ nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè (dịka, n'ime ụmụ nwoke ndị aṅụrụma -Newlin & Thomson, 1990ma n'ọtụtụ ahịrị nke òké a na-ahọrọ nke ọma maka oke oriri ethanol afọ ofufo dị elu (McBride & Li, 1998). Ma dị ka a tụlere na mbụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji ethanol na mbụ na ihe ndị na-akpata nchekasị nwere ike ime ka mmetụta nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-emetụta mmetụta ethanol na-emerụ ahụ. Ya mere, enweghi mmetụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mmanya na-aba n'anya na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè mgbe ejikọtara ya na mmalite mmalite nke ịṅụ mmanya n'oge ntorobịa, nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi tupu oge, na enweghị mmetụta ontogenetic nke a na-ahụkarị n'oge uto nwere ike ime ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ ma ọ bụ anọ "whammies" iji kpalite ọkwa dị elu. ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya mgbe ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na-enwe ọnọdụ nrụgide ma malite ịṅụ mmanya n'oge ntorobịa, ụkpụrụ nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nke nwere ike itinye ha n'ọnọdụ maka ịṅụ mmanya na-akpata nsogbu.

Gaa:

Ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma-ụkpụrụ a na-ahụkarị nke mmetụta mmetụta Ethanol: n'ozuzu ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na ụgwọ ọrụ eke.

Enwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na ọ bụghị naanị ethanol, kamakwa ọgwụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụ ụkpụrụ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke nhụsianya na-adịghị mma na nke agụụ agụụ. Otu ụzọ esi enyocha akụrụngwa na-akwụghachi ụgwọ nke ọgwụ na ihe mkpali agụụ ndị ọzọ bụ site na mmasị ọnọdụ nwere ọnọdụ (CPP). N'iji usoro a, a na-ekpughere ụmụ anụmanụ n'otu ebe n'ihu ụgwọ ọrụ ha nwere, ebe ha, na-enye ha nha nhata na ebe ọzọ na-enweghị ihe mkpali ahụ nwere ike inye ụgwọ ọrụ; mgbe ọtụtụ ihe ngosi dị otú ahụ gasịrị, mgbe a na-anwale anụmanụ site na ikwe ka ha nweta ebe abụọ ahụ n'efu, ruo n'ókè ha na-ahụ na ihe mkpali ahụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ike, ha kwesịrị itinyekwu oge n'ime ụlọ ahụ na mbụ jikọtara ya na mkpali ahụ karịa ụmụ anụmanụ na-achịkwa nke na-emebeghị. ekpughere ihe mkpali na ụlọ ọ bụla. N'iji CPP, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ egosila ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma iji gosipụta ike nicotine na-ebute CPP karịa ndị okenye (Shram, Funk, Li, & Lê, 2006; Torres, Tejeda, Natividad, & O'Dell, 2008; Vastola, Douglas, Varlinskaya na Spear, 2002). Enwekwara akụkọ banyere CPP emelitere na cocaine na ihe mkpali psychomotor ndị ọzọ n'etiti oke ndị na-eto eto metụtara ndị okenye (Badanich, Adler, & Kirstein, 2006; Brenhouse & Andersen, 2008; Zakharova, Leoni, Kichko, & Izenwasser, 2009; Zakharova, Wade, & Izenwasser, 2009), ọ bụ ezie na nchoputa ndị a abụghị ebe niile, na ụfọdụ ọmụmụ adịghị achọpụta ọdịiche metụtara afọ (Aberg, Wade, Wall na Izenwasser, 2007; Campbell, Osisi, & Ube, 2000).

N'ụzọ dị iche na inwe mmetụta uche nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-egosipụtakarị na agụụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ, n'ụzọ dị iche, ha na-adị ka ọ dịghị enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọmụmụ ọbụlagodi n'ime otu usoro nnwale ahụ akọwo na, n'ihe gbasara ndị okenye, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-egosipụta mmetụta dị ukwuu na CPP na-ebute nicotine, mana ọ na-ebelata mmetụta nke ihe na-adịghị mma nke nicotine nke na-apụta na oke doses mgbe edepụtara ya site na CTA.Shram et al., 2006) ma ọ bụ ịkpọasị ebe nwere ọnọdụ (Torres et al., 2008). N'otu aka ahụ, egosiwokwa oke oke ndị na-eto eto ka ha gosipụta CTA attenuated maka amphetamine metụtara ndị okenye (Infurna & Ube, 1979).

N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, ụkpụrụ ndị a na-eto eto na-enwe mmetụta nke agụụ ọgwụ ọjọọ nwere ike ịgbatị ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ ruo ụfọdụ ụgwọ ọrụ eke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, oke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-egosi CPP maka ndị ọgbọ na-elekọta mmadụ ọbụna mgbe a na-elekọta mmadụ, ebe CPP na-ahụ maka ọha na eze na-apụta ìhè nanị n'ụlọ dịpụrụ adịpụ (ya bụ, enweghị ọha) oke ndị okenye (ya bụ, ọha mmadụ).Douglas, Varlinskaya, & Ube, 2004). Ahụrụ nsonaazụ ndị yiri ya na oke oke nwoke (ma ọ bụghị nwanyị) na nyocha na-enyocha CPP sitere na ikpughe na mkpali ọhụrụ (Douglas, Varlinskaya, & Ube, 2003). Mgbe a na-enyocha nzaghachi hedonic dị mma na sucrose site na iji usoro mmeghachi omume ụtọ, achọpụtara na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-egosipụta nzaghachi dị mma karịa ndị okenye na mkpokọta sucrose ụfọdụ, ebe ha na-egosipụta nzaghachi uto na-adịghị mma na quinine na-adịghị mma.Wilmouth & Spear, 2009).

Gaa:

Nchịkọta na ihe nwere ike ime maka sayensị mgbochi na ndị ntorobịa mmadụ

Ọ dị anya site na nyocha na ụdị dị mfe nke oge uto na oke ruo n'ichepụta atụmatụ maka igbochi akparamagwa ntorobịa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, apụtawo ọtụtụ nchọpụta na-ekwe nkwa nke nwere ike mechaa nwee mmetụta maka sayensị mgbochi. Site na nkwenye zuru oke nke adịghị ike nke mbọ ntụgharị asụsụ dị otú ahụ n'oge mmalite a n'ime ọmụmụ sayensị nke oge uto, ebe ole na ole, ma ndị nwere ike ịkwado maka nleba anya, ka ewepụtara ebe a:

  1. Ụfọdụ omume ndị ntorobịa na-ahụkarị nwere ike ịbụ usoro ndu site na ụgwọ ọrụ/usoro mkpali oge ochie na ụbụrụ. Ruo n'ókè enwere nkwado ndụ siri ike maka itinye ihe ize ndụ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, nchọpụta mgbochi nwere ike ịba uru karịa maka mmepe nke ọnọdụ ndị na-akwalite iwere ihe egwu "dịkwa nchebe", karịa ilekwasị anya n'ebumnobi nke iwepụ omume ime ihe egwu kwa otu. Site n'ịkwalite ọnọdụ "dị nchebe" maka itinye ihe ize ndụ, ihe mgbaru ọsọ a ga-abụ ikwe ka ndị na-eto eto nweta ihe ọhụrụ na ihe mkpali na-akpali mmasị na ọnọdụ na-adọrọ mmasị, nke na-enweghị ọgwụ ọjọọ nke na-ebelata ohere nke imerụ ahụ.
  2. Ihe mgbakasị ahụ nwere ike ime ka mmetụta nke mmanya na-aba n'anya ka njọ, na-eme ka ha ghara inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke a na-eji dị ka ihe ngosi iji belata ịṅụ mmanya, ma na-enwe mmetụta karịa mmetụta ethanol na-akwụghachi ụgwọ. Ihe mgbakasị ahụ siri ike na nke na-adịghị ala ala na-abawanye nchekasị, ebe nchegbu ahụ nwere ike gbanwee site na mmanya na-aba n'anya n'oge uto. Ruo n'ókè a na-ahụ mmetụta nrụgide / mmanya na-aba n'anya n'ime mmadụ, nsogbu akụ na ụba, agbata obi, ezinụlọ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgba ume ọbụna ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè n'etiti ndị ntorobịa. Nchọpụta ndị a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ịrụ ọrụ iji belata nrụgide nrụgide n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a na-ahụkarị nke oge uto, na inyere ndị na-eto eto aka ịbawanye ikike ha iji nagide nrụgide.
  3. Mmetụta uche nke ethanol n'oge ntorobịa nwere ike ikwe ka ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya dị elu n'oge uto, na nke a na-enweghi mmetụta nke mmepe nke nwere ike jikọta ya na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nrụgide na ịṅụ mmanya tupu ịṅụ mmanya na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ ethanol - ihe ize ndụ a maara maka mmepe nke nsogbu ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. Ọ dị ka amatachaghị n'etiti ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na enweghị mmasị na mmetụta mmanya na-egbu egbu nke ethanol bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke vulnerability na mmepe nke nsogbu mmanya na-aba n'anya, kama ịdepụta nke resiliency. Ịkụziri ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma (na ndị ha na ha na-emekọrịta ihe) ka e si egosipụta adịghị ike nke ịṅụ mmanya na-akpata nsogbu nwere ike inyere ndị na-eguzogide mmanya na-aba n'anya aka ịghọta adịghị ike ha ma mee ka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè kwụsị. Ọ dị mkpa mgbanwe n'ọdịbendị site n'ịhụ ndị na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè ngwa ngwa dị ka ndị mmanya na-aba n'anya siri ike ruo n'ịghọta na ihe ọghọm kasịnụ maka mmetọ emejọ na-adịkarị n'etiti ndị na-adịghị eguzogide mmetụta mmanya na-egbu egbu.
Gaa:

Nkweta

Nchọpụta ewepụtara n'isiokwu a bụ nke NIH nyere R37 AA012525, R01 AA016887, R01 AA018026, na R01 AA012453.

Gaa:

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