MRI Mpempe Ọrịa Pediatric Brain Development: Gịnị Ka Anyị Mụtara na Ebee Ka Anyị Na-aga? (2010)

Neuron. Ihe odide onye edemede; dị na PMC 2012 Feb 23.

E bipụtara na ụdị edetu ikpeazụ:

PMCID: PMC3285464

NIHMSID: NIHMS347429

Mbubre ọhụụ nke onye bipụtara edemede a dị na Neuron

Hụ ihe ndị ọzọ na PMC na ebe isiokwu e bipụtara.

Gaa:

nkịtị

Igwefoto resonance magnetik (MRI) na-enye ohere ohere a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya na nhazi ahụ na physiology nke ụbụrụ na-eto eto na-enweghị iji radieshon ionizing. N'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga, ọtụtụ puku ụbụrụ MRI na-enyocha site na ndị ntorobịa ahụike na ndị nwere ọrịa neuropsychiatric enwetara ma nyochaa ya gbasara nchọpụta, mmekọahụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na / ma ọ bụ mgbanwe uche dị ka IQ. Akụkọ mbụ na-atụnyere nha nha nke akụkụ ụbụrụ dị iche iche gbakọrọ n'ogologo afọ ebutela ọmụmụ ogologo oge na-enyocha trajectories nke mmepe ka oge na-aga na nyocha nke sekit akwara dị iche iche dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na MRI ka na-abụghị nke ọrụ diagnostic oge niile maka nyocha nke ọrịa neuropsychiatric ụmụaka, usoro nke ọdịdị na-emekarị na mmepe nke atypical apụtala nke nwere ike ime ka usoro pathologic pụta ìhè ma tụọ aro maka itinye aka. Na nyocha a, anyị na-achịkọta onyinye n'ozuzu nke MRI nhazi maka nghọta anyị banyere mmepe neurode na ahụike na ọrịa.

MRI nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na mmepe ụmụaka ụmụaka

Ụbụrụ mmadụ nwere oke ntozu oke, nwere ụdị anụ ahụ dị iche iche, nhazi ụbụrụ, na sekit akwara nwere ụzọ mmepe dị iche iche na-enwe mgbanwe dị egwu n'oge ndụ niile. Nyocha ogologo oge MR nke ụmụaka na-eto eto na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-egosi na-abawanye ụba nke ihe ọcha (WM) yana mpịakọta U emepụtara trajectories nke isi awọ (GM) nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na-eme n'oge dị iche iche na mpaghara dị iche iche. Nyocha 1 na-egosi afọ site n'ụzọ nha site na ọmụmụ ogologo ogologo nke nwere nyocha 829 sitere na isiokwu 387, afọ 3-27 (lee Nyocha 1 na Usoro Ntụle Mgbakwunye).

Nyocha 1 

Usoro mmepe nke ụbụrụ Morphometry: Afọ 6–20

Mkpokọta olu cerebral

N'ime otu ngalaba mgbaka ụmụaka ekwuru n'elu, mkpokọta ụda ụbụrụ na-esochi trajectory nwere ụdị ntụgharị U na-erute n'afọ 10.5 n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ yana 14.5 n'ime ụmụ nwoke (Lenroot et al., 2007). N'ime ma nwoke ma nwanyị, ụbụrụ adịlarị na 95% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu ya site na afọ 6 (XNUMX)Nyocha 1A). N'ime afọ ndị a, nkezi ụbụrụ ụbụrụ maka ụmụ nwoke dị ~ 10% buru ibu karịa nke nwanyị. Ihe dị iche 10% a kwekọrọ na nnukwu neuroimaging okenye na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ postmortem mana a na-akọwakarị ya dị ka ihe metụtara oke ahụ nke ụmụ nwoke. Otú ọ dị, n'ihe ọmụmụ ụmụaka anyị, ahụ ụmụ nwoke adịghị ibu karịa nke ụmụ agbọghọ ruo mgbe ha tolitere. Ihe akaebe ọzọ na-egosi na ejikọtaghị nha ụbụrụ nke ọma na nha ahụ bụ isi ngbanwe nke ụbụrụ na oke ahụ, yana ogo ahụ na-abawanye site na ihe dịka afọ 17.

E kwesịghị ịkọwa ọdịiche dị na nha ụbụrụ dị ka ọ bụchaghị na-enye ụdị uru ma ọ bụ ọghọm ọ bụla. N'ihe banyere ndịiche nwoke / nwanyị, nnukwu usoro nhazi nwere ike ọ gaghị egosipụta ọdịiche dimorphic mmekọahụ na ihe ndị dị mkpa dị ka njikọ neuronal na njupụta nnabata.

Sowell na ndị ọrụ ibe tụrụ mgbanwe na ụda ụbụrụ n'ime otu ụmụaka 45 enyochara ugboro abụọ (afọ 2 dị iche) n'etiti afọ 5 na 11 (Sowell et al., 2004). N'iji usoro dị iche iche, nke a na-atụle anya n'etiti isi ihe dị n'elu ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na etiti ụbụrụ, ha hụrụ mmụba nke ụbụrụ n'oge afọ a, karịsịa na mpaghara ihu na occipital.

Cerebellum

Caviness et al., N'ime ihe nlele nke ụmụ nwoke 15 na ụmụ agbọghọ 15 dị afọ 7-11, chọpụtara na cerebellum dị na oke okenye na ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụghị ụmụ nwoke n'oge a, na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke mmepe mbubreyo na dimorphism mmekọahụ (Caviness et al., 1996). A na-akọwakarị ọrụ nke cerebellum dị ka ihe metụtara njikwa moto, ma ugbu a, a na-anabatakarị na cerebellum na-etinyekwa aka na nhazi mmetụta uche na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị elu nke na-eto eto n'oge uto (Riva na Giorgi, 2000; Schmahmann, 2004).

N'ime otu ngalaba isi mgbaka ụmụaka, akụkụ mmepe nke mkpokọta cerebellum nha dị ka nke ụbụrụ na-eso ụzọ mmepe ọdịdị U nwere ntụgharị nwere oke na-eme na 11.3 n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ yana 15.6 n'ime ụmụ nwoke. N'adịghị ka evolushọn na-adịbeghị anya cerebellar hemispheric lobes nke sochiri trajectory mmepe ọdịdị U, cerebellar vermis size agbanwebeghị n'ofe afọ a (Tiemeier et al., 2010).

Ihe ọcha

A na-emepụta agba ọcha nke "ihe na-acha ọcha" site na myelin, n'ọbọ na-acha ọcha fatịlaịza nke oligodendrocytes na-ekekọta gburugburu axon ma na-abawanye ọsọ ọsọ nke akara neuronal. Olu WM na-abawanye n'oge ọ bụ nwata na n'oge uto (Lenroot et al., 2007), nke nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu njikọta na ntinye nke sekit akwara dị iche iche. Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke enwetara ekele n'oge na-adịbeghị anya bụ na myelin ọ bụghị naanị na-ebuli ngwa ngwa nke nnyefe kama ọ na-agbanwe oge na mmekọrịta nke usoro ịgba egbe neuronal nke na-emepụta netwọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na ụbụrụ.Ubi na Stevens-Graham, 2002). N'ikwekọ na nke a, nnyocha e mere site n'iji njupụta nke ihe ọcha na-ese onyinyo uto ihe ọcha mpaghara hụrụ mmụba ngwa ngwa n'etiti nwata na oge uto. Traktị Corticospinal gosipụtara mmụba nke yiri oke n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ, ebe traktị jikọtara mpaghara ihu na nke oge gosipụtara mmụba karịa na mpaghara ndị metụtara asụsụ n'akụkụ aka ekpe (Paus et al., 1999).

Ihe isi awọ

Ebe WM na-abawanye n'oge nwata na n'oge uto, trajectories of GM volumes na-esochi ntụgharị ọdịdị ọdịdị U. Usoro mmepe dị iche iche nke WM na GM na-emegide njikọ chiri anya n'etiti neurons, sel glial, na myelin, nke bụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ na sekit akwara na-ejikọta ya na mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ogologo ndụ. Cortical GM na-agbanwe na ọkwa voxel site na afọ 4 ruo afọ 20 sitere na nyocha nke isiokwu 13 bụ ndị a na-enyocha nke ọ bụla ugboro anọ na ~ 2 afọ etiti oge. Nyocha 2 (animation dị na http://www.nimh.nih.gov/videos/press/prbrainmaturing.mpeg) (Gogtay et al., 2004b). Afọ nke oke njupụta GM bụ nke izizi na mpaghara sensorimotor bụ isi yana kacha ọhụrụ na mpaghara mkpakọrịta dị elu dị ka cortex prefrontal dorsolateral, obere parietal, na gyrus temporal dị elu. Ajụjụ a na-edozibeghị bụ ogo nke mbelata cortical GM na-ebute site na kwachaa synapti na myelination n'akụkụ oke GM/WM (Sowell et al., 2001). Olu nke caudate nucleus, ihe owuwu GM subcortical, na-esokwa ngbanwe nke ọdịdị ọdịdị U, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu dị ka lobes ihu nke ha na-ekekọrịta njikọ dị ukwuu (Lenroot et al., 2007).

Nyocha 2 

Ntozu mpaghara nke ịdị arọ cortical: Afọ 4–21

Ụzọ mmepe: Njem ahụ yana ebe njedebe

Otu ihe a ma ama ugbu a na akwụkwọ akụkọ neuroimaging bụ na ọdịdị nke afọ site na nha trajectories nwere ike jikọta na njirimara arụ ọrụ ọbụna karịa oke zuru oke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime ọmụmụ ogologo ogologo nke nwere nyocha 692 sitere na 307 na-etolitekarị isiokwu, afọ site na cortical ọkpụrụkpụ akụkụ mmepe mmepe na-ebu amụma nke IQ karịa ọdịiche dị na ọkpụkpụ cortical mgbe ọ dị afọ 20.Shaw et al., 2006a). Afọ site na nha trajectories na-enwekwa ịkpa ókè karịa usoro static maka dimorphism mmekọahụ ebe oke GM lobar na-eme 1-3 afọ gara aga na ụmụ nwanyị (Lenroot et al., 2007). A na-eji trajectories na-abawanye ọrụ dị ka phenotype nwere nghọta na ọmụmụ nke psychopathology nakwa (Giedd et al., 2008).

Ọtụtụ ọrịa uche (ma nwata ma ndị okenye) ka a na-eche ogologo oge iji gosipụta adịghị ike na-adịghị mma na mmepe ụbụrụ. Ọmụmụ mmepe ụbụrụ anatomic agbatela ma gbasaa nghọta anyị maka usoro mmepe nkịtị na nke na-adịghị mma yana nzaghachi plastik maka ọrịa. Ọ bụ ihe karịrị oke nyocha a iji kwurịta nsogbu ọ bụla n'ime omimi miri emi, mana nchịkọta nke usoro ọmụmụ maka nlebara anya-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), mmalite (oge nwata) mmalite schizophrenia (COS), na autism na-egosi ụfọdụ. isi ụkpụrụ.

Ntị Nkọwa / Nrụpụta Hyperactivity

ADHD bụ nsogbu mmepe neurodevelopment nke nwata, na-emetụta n'etiti 5% na 10% nke ụmụaka gbara akwụkwọ na 4.4% nke ndị okenye (XNUMX%).Kessler et al., 2005). A ka na-arụrịta ụka banyere nsogbu a n'ihi enweghị ule nyocha ọ bụla dị ndụ, ugboro ole nke mgbaàmà dị ịrịba ama (nlebara anya, enweghị ike, na enweghị mmasị) n'ozuzu ọha mmadụ, ihe dị mma ga-adịte aka maka ihe dị ka ọkara nke ụmụaka, na ihe nwere ike ime. ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ na-akpali akpali.

Ọmụmụ ihe onyonyo nke akụkụ akụkụ nke ADHD na-arụtụ aka mgbe niile na itinye aka na lobes ihu (Castellanos et al., 2002parietal lobes (Sowell et al., 2003basal ganglia (Castellanos na Giedd, 1994, corpus callosum (Giedd et al., 1994), na cerebellum (Berquin et al., 1998). Ọmụmụ ihe onyonyo nke physiology ụbụrụ na-akwadokwa itinye aka na sekit frontal-basal ganglia circuitry nwere mmetụta mgbanwe dị ike sitere na cerebellum (lee. Giedd et al., 2001, maka nyochaa).

N'ihi nnukwu nsonaazụ ụlọ ọgwụ a na-ahụ na ADHD, ọmụmụ ogologo oge nwere mmasị pụrụ iche. Ọmụmụ ihe dị otú ahụ na-egosi igbu oge mmepe nke trajectories ọkpụrụkpụ cortical nke kacha pụta ìhè maka lobes n'ihu (Shaw et al., 2007a) (lee Nyocha 3). Usoro izugbe nke mpaghara mmetụta uche na-enweta oke cortical tupu polymodal, mpaghara mkpakọrịta dị elu mere na ndị nwere na ndị na-enweghị ADHD. Agbanyeghị, afọ etiti nke 50% nke isi ihe cortical nwetara ọkpụrụkpụ kacha elu bụ afọ 10.5 maka ADHD yana afọ 7.5 maka njikwa. Mpaghara nwere nnukwu afọ dị iche bụ cortex nke etiti prefrontal, na-eru oke oke na afọ 10.9 na ndị nwere ADHD na afọ 5.9 maka njikwa.

Nyocha 3 

Ọdịnihu mmepe nke ịdị arọ cortical na ADHD

Otu isiokwu nke ọmụmụ ADHD anyị bụ na a na-egosipụtakarị ọganihu ụlọ ọgwụ site na nchikota nke mmepe mmepe na mmepe mmepe yana na nnọgidesi ike nke ADHD na-esonyere mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu na mmepe mmepe. Anyị egosipụtala nke a maka cortex, ebe ezigbo parietal cortical normalization na-esonyere nkwalite ụlọ ọgwụ.Shaw et al., 2006b- na maka cerebellum, ebe mfu olu na-aga n'ihu nke lobes dị n'azụ na-egosipụta nnọgidesi ike nke ADHD (Mackie et al., 2007). Ụkpụrụ yiri nke ahụ nwere ike ijide hippocampus: ụmụaka nwere ADHD bụ ndị na-atụgharị uche na-egosi ọnọdụ nke yiri nke mmepe mmepe, ebe ADHD na-adịgide adịgide na-esonyere na mfu nke ụda hippocampal na-aga n'ihu.Shaw et al., 2007b). Nchọpụta ndị a dị oke mkpa na-eme onwe ha, yabụ mmadụ enweghị ike ịhụ ADHD dị ka "mmepe n'ihu na-egbu oge." Ekwesịrị imesi ya ike na, ka ọ dị ugbu a, usoro ndị a naanị ma ọ bụ jikọta anaghị aba uru na ụlọ ọgwụ maka nyocha ma ọ bụ nsonaazụ ụlọ ọgwụ.

Ihe na-akpali akpali na-anọgide na-agwọ ọrịa ADHD kachasị dị irè na nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na-emeziwanye omume ọrụ yana ibelata mgbaàmà na-akpaghasị. Nnyocha ndị gara aga na-egosi na ihe na-akpali akpali nwere mmetụta na-edozi ahụ na mmepe nke subcortical na ọcha (Castellanos et al., 2002agbasawanyela na mmepe cortical (Shaw et al., 2009) na thalamus (Logvinov et al., 2009). Ma nhazigharị nke a na-anọchi anya mgbanwe rọba na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ metụtara ma ọ bụ mmetụta akwara ozi nke ọgwụ na-aga nke ọma ka amabeghị.

Enwere nnukwu ihe akaebe na-efe efe na neuropsychological na-egosi na a na-ele ADHD anya dị ka akụkụ, na-edina n'oke nkesa nke mgbaàmà na-aga n'ihu na mmebi nghọta. Anyị si otú a jụọ ma mmepe ụbụrụ cortical na-etolite ụmụaka nwere ihe mgbaàmà nke hyperactivity na impulsivity yiri nke a na-ahụ na ọrịa ahụ. Kpọmkwem, anyị chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke cortical thinning n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na oge uto, nke anyị hụrụ na mbụ na ADHD, jikọtara ya na oke mgbaàmà nke hyperactivity na impulsivity na ụmụaka na-emepe emepe, na-enye ihe àmà neurobiological maka akụkụ nke nsogbu ahụ.

isi mgbaka

A na-ahụta schizophrenia dị ka ọrịa neurodevelopment (nsogbu na-adịghị ala ala).Weinberger, 1987; Rapoport et al., 2005). Ọmụmụ nke COS na-enye ohere magburu onwe ya iji nyochaa nkọwapụta nke nhụsianya nke neurodevelopmental dị ka (1) enwere ike ịnweta nyocha n'oge oge kachasị ike na nke dị mkpa nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na (2) ndị mmekọ mmalite nwata nke ọrịa ndị okenye na-emekarị na-egosi. phenotype ka njọ na-adịkarịghị ka ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ya ma nwee ike igosi mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Nnyocha nke COS na-aga n'ihu na NIMH kemgbe 1990. A na-eme nchọpụta ahụ site na iji njirisi DSM-III-R / IV na-agbanweghị agbanwe na, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, mgbe nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ na-enweghị ọgwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị ụkọ, na-eme ~ 1 / 500th dị ka ndị okenye na-amalite schizophrenia (AOS), ikpe COS (n = 102 ruo taa) na-adị ka ọrịa AOS dara ogbenye, na ihe ọmụmụ phenomenological, ezinụlọ, na neurobiological na COS na-egosi. Nchọpụta yiri nke ahụ dị na AOS, na-atụ aro na ọ ga-aga n'ihu n'etiti ụdị ọrịa abụọ a (Gogtay na Rapoport, 2008).

Nchọpụta Neuroimaging sitere na ndị otu COS kwekọrọ na akwụkwọ AOS na-egosi mmụba nke akụkụ ventricular mpụta, mbelata mkpokọta na mpaghara cortical GM, mbelata hippocampal na amygdala, na ụba basal ganglia na-aga n'ihu n'oge uto (lee anya. Gogtay na Rapoport, 2008, maka nyochaa). Ihe kacha pụta ìhè site na data ogologo ogologo bụ mfu cortical GM na-aga n'ihu n'oge uto (Thompson et al., 2001) na mmepe ihe ọcha na-egbu oge (Gogtay et al., 2008). Mbelata GM nke cortical na-aghọwanye nke gbara ya gburugburu na afọ (dị ka otu ahụike ahụike nke cortical thinning "na-ejide" na usoro accelerated nke cortical GM ọnwụ hụrụ na COS). Egosiwo na ọnwụ cortical GM na schizophrenia bụ n'ihi mfu nke "neuropil," nke nwere glia, synapti na dendritic arbors, na vasculature (Selemon na Goldman-Rakic, 1999). Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ postmortem egosighi ọnweghị mfu neuronal zuru oke na schizophrenia ma ọ bụ nzaghachi glial maka mmerụ ahụ neuronal nwere ike ime. Dabere na data ndị a na ndị ọzọ na-agbakọta ọnụ, ụdị mmepe nke ọrụ synapti na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu ejirila (Weinberger et al., 1992).

Autism

Akọwapụtara Autism site n'omume na-adịghị mma n'akụkụ nzikọrịta ozi, mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na akparamagwa stereotyped n'ime afọ 3 mbụ nke ndụ. N'ime ụmụaka nwere autism, a na-enwe ọganihu n'oge uto nke ụbụrụ, nke na-eme ka akụkụ ndị a na-ahụkarị, na-eduga na mmụba ụbụrụ na-agafe agafe (Courchesne et al., 2007). Ihe omuma nke ụbụrụ na ihe ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke COS nyere njikọ na-atụghị anya ya na autism gbasara "ngbanwe gaa n'aka nri" na mmalite ụbụrụ ụbụrụ (ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa n'ime afọ mbụ nke ndụ na autism na mbelata nke cortical n'oge uto maka COS) . Ụdị phenotype nke etiti nwere ike ịgbanwe oge nke mmemme mmepe ụbụrụ (Rapoport et al., 2009) ma ọ bụ ụzọ ụbụrụ ọzọ "polar" ka atụpụtara (Crespi et al., 2010). Anyị na-ebu amụma na nyocha ọgwụgwọ n'ọdịnihu ga-elekwasị anya na ndị ọrụ nwere "mmetụta na-edozi ahụ" n'ozuzu na mmepe ụbụrụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere ntakịrị ihe akaebe na ọgwụ ndị na-akpali akpali nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ka ekwuru n'elu (Sobel et al., 2010).

Na nchịkọta, ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ na-egosi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụbụrụ anatomic nke nchoputa nke na-agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị nchọpụta na-amalite ịkọwa oge na ọdịdị nke ndịiche site na mmepe ọdịdị. Iji trajectories (ya bụ, morphometric jikoro site afọ) dị ka endophenotype nwere ike inye ike ịkpa ókè ebe usoro static adịghị (Giedd et al., 2008). Ọ na-apụtawanye ìhè na otu ihe ize ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike jikọta ya na ụdị phenotypes dị iche iche nke uche, gụnyere autism, ọrịa bipolar, schizophrenia, nkwụsịtụ uche, na akwụkwụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, otu phenotype psychiatric ahụ nwere ike igosipụta ọtụtụ ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị ụkọ n'otu n'otu dị ka ụdị nnomi nọmba (Bassett et al., 2010; McClellan na King, 2010). Ịchọgharị ọrụ dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na oge mmepe ụbụrụ nwere ike ime ka ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị a nke nghọta na nkọwa doro anya.

Mgbanwe dị elu nke usoro ụbụrụ n'ofe ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu

A ghaghị ịkọwa data niile ewepụtara n'elu n'ihi mgbanwe dị egwu nke nha ụbụrụ n'ofe ndị mmadụ (Lange et al., 1997). Mgbanwe a dị elu na-agbatị ruo n'usoro nke akụkụ ụbụrụ ụbụrụ. Mgbanwe dị elu na nnukwu nchikota nke ọtụtụ usoro maka ọtụtụ ndị otu a na-atụnyere nwere mmetụta miri emi maka njirimara nchọpụta nke neuroimaging nke uche na uche / nkọwa dị na iji neuroimaging na-ebu amụma banyere omume ma ọ bụ ikike n'ime otu onye. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ ezie na a kọwawo ọdịiche dị iche iche nke MRI nke otu maka ọrịa isi mgbaka niile, MRI adịghị egosi ugbu a maka nchọpụta oge ọ bụla. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na n'ìgwè dị iche iche enwere ọdịiche siri ike na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'etiti ụbụrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ọ dịghị ihe dị na ụbụrụ MRI nke onye ọ bụla iji jiri obi ike chọpụta ma ọ bụ nke nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịdị elu maka ụmụ nwoke toro eto dị ukwuu karịa ịdị elu maka ụmụ nwanyị toro eto. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị toro ogologo karịa ọtụtụ ndị ikom na ịdị elu naanị agaghị abụ ụzọ bara uru iji chọpụta mmekọahụ mmadụ. Ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị dị n'ogo dị ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ karịa nha mmetụta nke ọtụtụ neuroimaging ma ọ bụ usoro neuropsychological.

Ịga site na nkezi ndịiche dị iche iche gaa n'iji onye ọ bụla eme ihe bụ otu n'ime ihe ịma aka kachasị nke neuroimaging. Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime uru nke neuroimaging na-adabere n'ókè nke enwere ike izute ihe ịma aka a, ịza ajụjụ maka mgbanwe dị mkpa. Na ngalaba na-esonụ, anyị ga-enyocha ụfọdụ n'ime paramita ndị a maara na-emetụta mgbanwe na mmepe ụbụrụ.

Mmetụta na Usoro mmepe nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ n'oge nwata na n'oge uto

Genes na gburugburu ebe obibi

Site n'ịtụle myirịta dị n'etiti ejima monozygotic (MZ), ndị na-eketa ~ 100% nke otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ụmụ ejima dizygotic (DZ), bụ ndị na-ekerịta ~ 50% nke otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, anyị nwere ike ịkọwa ntinye aka nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmetụta na-abụghị nke mkpụrụ ndụ na trajectories mmepe ụbụrụ. Iji chụọ ajụjụ a, anyị na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe neuroimaging ogologo nke ejima ma nweta ~600 nyocha site na 90 MZ na 60 DZ ejima abụọ. A na-eji ihe nlegharị anya nhazi nhazi (SEM) iji nyochaa afọ × gene × mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi yana ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe na-agbagha nkọwa nke data ejima. SEM na-akọwa mmetụta mmekọrịta dị ka (A) mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mgbakwunye, (C) gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ (E) ihe gburugburu ebe obibi pụrụ iche (Neale na Cardon, 1992). Maka ọtụtụ akụkụ ụbụrụ enyochala, nsonaazụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mgbakwunye (ya bụ, “nketa”) dị elu yana mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi kekọrịtara dị obere (Wallace et al., 2006). Mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mgbakwunye maka mkpokọta cerebral na lobar (gụnyere GM na ngalaba WM) sitere na 0.77 ruo 0.88; maka ndị agadi, 0.80; na maka corpus callosum, 0.85. cerebellum nwere profaịlụ ihe nketa pụrụ iche nwere mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mgbakwunye nke naanị 0.49, n'agbanyeghị na oge ntụkwasị obi buru ibu kwesịrị nkọwa nke ọma. Usoro morphometric ụbụrụ nke nwere ike eketa nke ukwuu na-enye akara nrịbama nke ndụ maka àgwà e ketara eketa ma nwee ike bụrụ ebumnuche maka njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọmụmụ mkpakọrịta.Gottesman na Gould, 2003).

Ntụle dị iche iche na-enye ohere nyocha nke ogo nke otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye aka na ọtụtụ akụkụ neuroanatomic. Dịka mgbanwe ndị dị n'otu n'otu, enwere ike itinye njikọ njikọta n'ime mmekọrịta sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe ọmụma a dị oke mkpa maka nkọwa nke ọtụtụ data ejima, gụnyere ịghọta mmetụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike imetụta netwọk akwara kesara, yana ntinye aka nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta ụbụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Mmetụta kekọrịtara na-akpata ihe dị iche iche karịa nsonaazụ nhazi-kpọmkwem, yana otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-aza 60% nke mgbanwe na ọkpụrụkpụ cortical (Schmitt et al., 2007). Ihe isii na-akpata 58% nke ọdịiche fọdụrụ, yana otu ise nke ihe owuwu nwere mmetụta siri ike site na otu ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-akpata. Nchọpụta ndị a kwekọrọ na echiche radial unit nke mgbasawanye neocortical nke Rakic ​​tụpụtara.Rakic, 1995) na n'ichepụta na zuru ụwa ọnụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche na nkewa nke cell bụ ike na-akpata ọdịiche dị iche iche na mkpokọta ụbụrụ ụbụrụ (ụbụrụ).Darlington et al., 1999; Finlay na Darlington, 1995; Fishell, 1997). Ịgbasawanye ụbụrụ dum mgbe naanị ọrụ pụrụ iche nwere ike ịhọrọ maka ya na-efu nnukwu ego, mana ọnụọgụ nke mmụgharị achọrọ iji metụta nkewa cell ga-adị obere karịa nke achọrọ iji gbanwee nhazi ụbụrụ kpamkpam.

Mgbanwe ndị metụtara afọ na ihe nketa nwere ike jikọta na oge ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana metụtara afọ mmalite nke nsogbu. N'ozuzu, ihe nketa na-abawanye na afọ maka WM ma na-ebelata maka mpịakọta GM (Wallace et al., 2006), ebe ihe nketa na-abawanye maka oke cortical na mpaghara n'ime ihu cortex, parietal, na lobes nke oge.Lenroot et al., 2009). Ịmata mgbe ụfọdụ akụkụ ụbụrụ na-enwe mmetụta karịsịa maka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge mmepe nwere ike inwe mmetụta mmụta na/ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa.

Ọdịiche nwoke/Nwanyị

Nyere na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrịa neuropsychiatric niile nwere mgbasa dị iche iche, afọ mmalite, na mgbaàmà dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, ọdịiche mmekọahụ na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na-ahụkarị dị oke mkpa maka ọmụmụ banyere pathology. Achọpụtara esemokwu mmekọahụ siri ike na ọnọdụ mmepe maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ GM na-emekarị 1-3 afọ tupu mgbe ahụ na ụmụ nwanyị.Lenroot et al., 2007). Iji nyochaa ntinye aka nke chromosomes na homonụ mmekọahụ, ndị otu anyị na-amụ isiokwu nwere ọdịiche chromosome mmekọahụ (dịka, XXY, XXX, XXXY, XYY)Giedd et al., 2007), yana isiokwu ndị nwere ọkwa homonụ na-adịghị mma (dịka ọmụmaatụ, hyperplasia adrenal a mụrụ, ezinụlọ nwoke na-eto eto, ọrịa Cushing) (Merke et al., 2003, 2005).

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

Dịka ọ dị n'ihe omume ma ọ bụ oke anụ ahụ enwere ike ịkọwapụta, enwere ike kewaa ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu dabere na genotype. Enwere ike ịhazi onyonyo ụbụrụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu genotype dị iche iche ma jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ. N'ime ndị okenye, otu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a na-enyochakarị bụ apolipoprotein E (apoE), nke na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa Alzheimer gbanwee. Ndị na-ebu 4 allele nke apoE abawanyela ihe ize ndụ, ebe ndị na-ebu 2 allele nwere ike ịdaba n'ihe ize ndụ. Iji chọpụta ma apoE alleles nwere mbinye aka neuroanatomic dị iche iche nke a na-amata na nwata na n'oge uto, anyị nyochara nyocha 529 sitere na isiokwu 239 ahụike dị afọ 4-20.Shaw et al., 2007c). Ọ bụ ezie na enweghi mmekọrịta dị ịrịba ama nke IQ-genotype, enwere mmetụta na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ cortical dị na mpaghara entorhinal na nke ziri ezi nke hippocampal, na otu 4 na-egosipụta nke kachasị mkpa, 3 homozygotes dị n'etiti etiti, na 2 otu kachasị. Ihe data ndị a na-egosi na nyocha ụmụaka nwere ike ịbụ otu ụbọchị na-enye ihe ọmụma maka nsogbu mmalite ndị okenye.

Nchịkọta/ Mkparịta ụka

Isiokwu ntozu oke metụtara ma ahụike na ọrịa gụnyere mkpa ọ dị ịtụle echiche mmepe mmepe na mgbanwe dị elu nke usoro n'ofe ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe dị elu nke onye ọ bụla, ọtụtụ usoro ngụkọ siri ike nke mgbanwe ntozu oke pụtara pụtara ìhè. Kpọmkwem, mpịakọta WM na-abawanye na mpịakọta GM na-eso ụzọ mmepe U mgbanwe mgbanwe yana ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha ọhụrụ na mpaghara mkpakọrịta dị elu dị ka dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Mgbanwe anatomic ndị a kwekọrọ na electroencephalographic, MRI na-arụ ọrụ, postmortem, na neuropsychological ọmụmụ na-egosi mmụba "njikọ" na ụbụrụ na-emepe emepe. "njikọ" na-akọwa ọtụtụ echiche neuroscience. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe anatomic, njikọta nwere ike ịpụta njikọ anụ ahụ n'etiti mpaghara ụbụrụ na-ekerịta usoro mmepe. N'ime ọmụmụ banyere ọrụ ụbụrụ, njikọta na-akọwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụbụrụ na-arụ ọrụ ọnụ n'oge ọrụ. Na ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọ na-ezo aka na mpaghara dị iche iche nke otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta. Ụdị njikọ ndị a niile na-abawanye n'oge uto. Ịmara mmepe nke sekit akwara ozi na mmekọrịta na-agbanwe n'etiti akụkụ ụbụrụ dị iche iche bụ otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke nyocha neuroimaging dị ka nkọwa ya si dị. Ike et al. (2010) (okwu a nke Neuron).

Ọ bụ ezie na mpaghara mkpakọrịta ndị ọzọ dị elu na-etokwa obere oge, usoro mmepe nke dorsolateral prefrontal cortex abanyela nke ọma n'okwu na-emetụta ọha mmadụ, ndị omebe iwu, ikpe, ịzụ ụmụ, na agụmakwụkwọ n'ihi itinye aka na ikpe, mkpebi, na njikwa mkpali. Ọ na-adaberekwa na akwụkwọ na-eto eto nke na-egosi nguzozi na-agbanwe n'etiti netwọk usoro limbic na mbụ (nke bụ oche nke mmetụta uche, na mgbe e mesịrị-maturing frontal lobe networks) na mgbe e mesịrị-maturing frontal usoro.Casey et al., 2010a [Nke a nke Neuron]). Mmekọrịta ihu / limbic dị ike nke ukwuu. Ịkwado mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro limbic na cognitive dị mkpa maka ịghọta mkpebi n'oge uto.

A na-eme ule nyocha nke mmụọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ "cognition oyi" - echiche efu, ọnọdụ mmetụta dị ala. Otú ọ dị, ime mkpebi n'ezie n'ụwa na-emekarị n'ọnọdụ nke "nghọta dị ọkụ" - mkpali dị elu, na nrụgide ndị ọgbọ na ezigbo nsonaazụ. Nnyocha nyocha nke neuroimaging na-aga n'ihu na-achọpụta ụdị sekit dị ndụ dị iche iche na-etinye aka na nghọta dị ọkụ na oyi ma na-amalite ịkọwa otú akụkụ ụbụrụ si etinye aka na mkpebi siri ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-egosi mmegide nucleus accumbens activation iji nweta ụgwọ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụaka mana ọ bụghị ihe dị iche na ịgbalite n'ihu orbital (Galvan et al., 2006). E gosiputara ntozu oke nke PFC na ọ nwere njikọ na mmelite metụtara afọ na ebe nchekwa maka nkọwa nke ahụmịhe (n'adịghị ka ihe owuwu etiti etiti etiti oge gara aga na-edobe ncheta na-enweghị ahụmahụ) (Ofen et al., 2007).

Usoro "njem yana ebe ebe a na-aga" na-eme ka ọdịdị ụbụrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nzụlite uche na ụmụaka pụta ìhè. Oge uto bụ ọkwa dị oke egwu nke mmepe akwara ozi, yana mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mgbanwe ntozu oke na mmalite nke psychopathology na ọgbọ a bụ mpaghara nyocha siri ike. Mmalite nke ọtụtụ klaasị nke ọrịa mgbaka n'afọ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nchekasị na nsogbu ọnọdụ uche, akparamaagwa, nsogbu iri nri, na iji ọgwụ eme ihe) (Kessler et al., 2005) nwere ike jikọta ya na ọtụtụ mgbanwe ụbụrụ na-eme n'oge a (Paus et al., 2008). N'ịgbasawanye nke ọma, ịghọta usoro na mmetụta na ụbụrụ nhazi na arụ ọrụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata nwere ike inyere anyị aka ijikwa ụbụrụ na-emepụta plasticity nke ụbụrụ iji nyere aka na-eduzi ntinye aka maka nsogbu ụlọ ọgwụ na maka ịmepụta ụzọ iji kwalite ọganihu ahụike kachasị mma.

Ihe ndi ozo

Ntinye data

Ihe odide ala

Ozi agbakwunyere

Ozi ndị ọzọ gụnyere usoro nleba anya na enwere ike ịchọta ya na isiokwu a n'ịntanetị na doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.040.

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