Nyochaa banyere Osisi eji eme ka mma maka arụmọrụ na nhụsianya (2014)

 

nkịtị

Ojiji nke osisi ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ka agụụ mmekọahụ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ịkwalite ịrụ ọrụ na ihe ụtọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ agadi dị ka agbụrụ mmadụ n'onwe ya. Akwụkwọ a na-enyocha ihe ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ụkpụrụ okike, na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe nke osisi, bụ ndị bara uru na nsogbu mmekọahụ, nwere ike ime ka omume mmekọahụ na ịrụ ọrụ dịkwuo mma, ma na-enye aka na spermatogenesis na ịmụ nwa. A na-eme nyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ refereed na akwụkwọ sayensị dị na ọdụ data eletrọnịkị na akwụkwọ ọdịnala dị na India nke ukwuu. Ọrụ ahụ na-enyocha njikọ nke ihe akaebe na nkwupụta ọdịnala, nkọwapụta, na nyocha nke echiche ezi uche dị na ya na-achịkwa ojiji osisi dị ka aphrodisiac na mkpokọta. Ekewala ihe ndị nwere ihe arụrụ arụ ama ama n'ime otu kemịkalụ kwesịrị ekwesị yana ewepụtala mpụta mpụta na-arụ ọrụ. A na-akọ data gbasara ọrụ ọgwụ ha, usoro omume, na nsi. Ntụleghachi a dị ugbu a na-enye nkọwapụta nke mkpirisi na molikula ha na-arụ ọrụ na nkwupụta maka imeziwanye omume mmekọahụ. A kwadoro ọtụtụ ọgwụ herbal maka mmetụta ha nwere na omume mmekọahụ na ọmụmụ ma nwee ike bụrụ ihe ndabere maka nchọpụta kemịkalụ ọhụrụ nke bara uru na arụrụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na erectile.

1. Okwu Mmalite

Achọpụtara na ikike ịmụ nwa nwoke eruola ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 50 nke ndị di na nwunye na-amụghị nwa dị ka otu nnyocha Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ahụ Ike Ụwa mere na 1987 si kwuo. nke isiokwu na-ata ahụhụ site na otu ụdị arụrụ arụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ. Isi ihe na-ebelata ohere ịtụrụ ime n'ime nwanyị nwanyị na-abụkarị ihe ọmụmụ, immunological, iatrogenic, ma ọ bụ endocrine kpatara ya. Oligozoospermia, mmekọahụ, na ejaculatory dysfunction bụ ihe ọzọ kpatara enweghị ike ịtụrụ ime n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ.1]. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ọgwụ sịntetik dị na/ma ọ bụ iji gwọọ nsogbu ndị a, ụfọdụ ihe ndọghachi azụ maka ọgwụ ndị a gụnyere na ha dị oke ọnụ yana ikike ha ịkpalite mmetụta ọjọọ, ya mere ọgwụgwọ eke dị irè ka na-achọ. Ọbụlagodi na ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa sitere n'okike na-ekwu na ha gosipụtara ịdị irè ha na-enweghị akaebe sayensị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma nwee ọrụ ndu, nke data sayensị gosipụtara. Ọzọkwa, enwere ụkọ nyocha usoro nyocha nke akwụkwọ sayensị na akaebe nnwale ewepụtara maka osisi ọgwụ bara uru n'ịgwọ ọrịa erectile na ọ dị mkpa nyocha nyocha ọgwụ miri emi [2].

Ọganihu na nghọta nke ndabere ọgwụ na ọrụ erectile na mmekọahụ na ọkwa molekụla na-atụgharị ka ọ bụrụ okwute steepụ na-ekewapụ ihe ọmụmụ physiologic dị mkpa nke metụtara agụụ mmekọahụ, si otú a na-enyere aka belata nchọta aphrodisiac nke nhọrọ. Ọtụtụ ndị ekweghị na ịhụnanya potions ma ọ bụ aphrodisiacs, ma ọnụ ọgụgụ na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ nke ndị ikom na ndị inyom ejiriwo ha kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, na e nwere doro anya na-egosi na ha ka na-eji taa. Obi abụọ a na-eche echiche nke aphrodisiac abụghị ihe ziri ezi, ọ bụ ezie na nyocha nhazi na nchịkọta ihe ọmụma sayensị nwere ike inye ihe ndabere maka iji ihe àmà na-egosi na iji ọgwụ herbal eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ mmekọahụ n'ozuzu ya. Nyochaa dị ugbu a bụ mgbalị iji mebie ozi sayensị dị na ọgwụ herbal dị iche iche, bụ nke a tụlere maka mmetụta ha na arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na arụ ọrụ. Nlebanya ahụ gụnyekwara ihe akaebe ndị a ma ama anakọtara maka itinye aka na ọgwụ herbal na usoro akwara, nitric oxide na homonụ dabere na ọrụ ha na ọrụ mmekọahụ. A tụlere ọtụtụ osisi n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ole na ole ndị ọzọ bụ naanị tabulated; Isi ihe dị mkpa maka nhazi a bụ mkpa ethnopharmacological nke osisi na usoro ọgwụgwọ Ayurvedic. Ka o sina dị, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ịkọwa na nke a anaghị agụnye usoro nhazi ọkwa maka osisi ndị a kọwara na akwụkwọ ahụ na ụfọdụ osisi ndị e depụtara naanị n'ụdị tabular nwekwara ike ịba uru dị elu nke sayensị.

2. Nkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme

Okwu ahụ bụ "Aphrodisiac" sitere na "Aphrodite" chi nwanyị ịhụnanya. Site na nkọwa aphrodisiacs bụ ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ (Greek-Aphrodisiakos-sexual) [3]. A na-eji osisi dị iche iche eme ihe dị ka ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-akwalite mmekọahụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala nke mba dị iche iche [4-6]. Ndị na-eme Ayurveda usoro ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala na India ghọtara mkpa ịdị ọcha dị mkpa ma mepụta ọgwụgwọ Vajikarna.7] (Isiokwu 1). Enwere ike ịtụle echiche nke oge a maka okwu aphrodisiac dị nso na echiche Vajikarna akọwapụtara na ederede ọdịnala nke ọgwụ Ayurvedic.

Isiokwu 1 

Ndepụta osisi a kọrọ na Ayurveda dị ka Vajikaran Rasayan.

3. Vajikaran na ederede Ayurvedic

A kọwawo Vajikaran dị ka echiche n'ime Rig Veda na Yajurveda, ederede izizi edere banyere ọgwụ, na Ayurveda. Ahịhịa Vajikarana bụkwa ihe ndabere maka ọgwụgwọ ndị a tụrụ aro Kamasutra, akwụkwọ akụkọ na-akọwa ụzọ maka afọ ojuju mmekọahụ kwesịrị ekwesị n'etiti ndị di na nwunye. Akụkụ nkọwa nke e nwetara site na akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ ndị a na-egosi na onye ntorobịa nwere ahụike na-agbaso ụdị ọgwụgwọ Vajikarana mgbe niile nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ ntorobịa n'abalị ọ bụla n'oge oge niile nke afọ [8]. Ndị agadi, ndị na-achọ ịnụ ụtọ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ iji nweta mmetụta ịhụnanya nke ụmụ nwanyị, yana ndị na-arịa ire ere ma ọ bụ enweghị ike inwe mmekọahụ, na ndị ike na-agwụ ike na oke mmekọahụ nwere ike iji ọgwụgwọ Vajikaran. Ha na-abara ndị na-eto eto mara mma ma mara mma na ndị lụrụla ọtụtụ nwunye uru. Dabere na Rasendra Sara Sangrah ederede ayurvedic Vajikaran ọgwụgwọ na-eme ka nwoke nwee mmekọahụ ka ike dị ka ịnyịnya (Vaji) ma na-enyere ya aka iji obi ụtọ mejuo okpomọkụ na ihe ụtọ nke ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto (Nyocha 1) [9, 10]. Ọ bụ ezie na n'okwu sayensị, nkwupụta ndị a nwere ike ịnọchite anya echiche ọha mmadụ, ama ama Vajikaran na usoro ọgwụgwọ Ayurvedic bụ nke a na-agbaghaghị n'ọtụtụ nkwupụta na ederede ederede ekwuru ha n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ.

Nyocha 1 

Action nke Vajikaran Rasayana.

4. Ọrụ Mmekọahụ: Nchịkọta Ayurvedic

Enweghi ike mmekọahụ a tụlere na Ayurveda bụ ụdị isii ndị a:

  1. Nkwụsị nke agụụ mmekọahụ n'ihi ịrị elu nke echiche dị ilu nke icheta n'uche nwoke, ma ọ bụ mmekọ mmanye ya na nwanyị na-enweghị nkwekọrịta (nke na-adịghị akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke ọma n'obi di ya) na-egosi otu ihe atụ. nke enweghị ike iche echiche.
  2. Iji ihe nrịbama, acid, ma ọ bụ saline ụtọ eme ihe nke ukwuu, ma ọ bụ nke ikpo ọkụ na-eme akụkọ ego na-eduga na mfu nke Saumya Dhatu (ụkpụrụ mmiri) nke organism. Nke a bụ ụdị enweghị ike ọzọ.
  3. Enweghi ike na-adighi nma nke sitere na mfu nke mmamiri n'ime ndi mmadu nwere oke uto nke inwe mmekọahụ na-ejighi ihe ogwugwu aphrodisiac ọ bụla bụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị nke enweghị ike.
  4. Ọrịa na-adịte aka nke akụkụ ahụ nwoke na-emepụta ihe (syphilis, wdg) ma ọ bụ mbibi nke Marma dị n'ógbè ahụ dị ka eriri spermatic na-ebibi ike nke njikọta kpamkpam.
  5. Enweghi ike inwe mmekọahụ site n'ọmụmụ ka a na-akpọ enweghị ike ime nwa (Sahaja).
  6. Mwepu nke afọ ofufo nke agụụ mmekọahụ site n'aka nwoke siri ike na-ahụ nkwụsịtụ zuru oke ma ọ bụ site na enweghị mmasị zuru oke na-emepụta ike nke mmiri spermatic ma bụrụ ihe kpatara ụdị nke isii nke enweghị ike ime ihe.

N'ime ụdị enweghị ike isii ndị e kwuru n'elu, ụdị ọmụmụ yana nke n'ihi mbibi nke Marma ọ bụla (ụdọ spermatic) kwesịrị ka a na-ewere dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịgwọta agwọta, ndị ọzọ bụ ndị a pụrụ ịgwọta ma nwee ike ịkwado usoro na ọgwụgwọ antidotal nke sitere na nke ha. ihe na-akpata [11].

5. Ayurveda na echiche nke Aphrodisiacs

Agụmakwụkwọ Ayurvedic ọdịnala nkewapụtara aphrodisiac n'ụdị ise ndị a, enyela osisi ole na ole dịka ntụnye aka maka ụdị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla akọwapụtara [3].

  1. Ọgwụ ndị na-abawanye ụba nke mmiri ma ọ bụ na-akpali mmepụta nke mmiri dịka ọmụmaatụ, Microstylis walichii, Roscoea procera, Polygonatum verticillatum, Mucuna pruriens., na Asparagus racemosus.
  2. Ọgwụ ndị na-asachapụ ma melite ogo nke semen dịka ọmụmaatụ, Saussurea lappa, Myrica nagi, Sesamum indicum, Vetiveria zizanioides, na Anthocephalus cadamba.
  3. Ọgwụ ndị na-akwalite ọrụ ejaculatory dịka ọmụmaatụ, Strychnos nux vomica, Cannabis sativa, Myristica fragrans, na Cassia occidentalis.
  4. Ọgwụ na-egbu oge oge ejaculation ma ọ bụ meziwanye arụmọrụ ejaculatory dịka ọmụmaatụ, Sida cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Cinnamomum tamala, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Mucuna pruriens, na Cannabis sativum..
  5. Ọgwụ ọjọọ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, ya bụ, Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus, Datura stramonium, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Hibiscus abelmoschus, na Opium.

N'ịtụle ndabere Ayurvedic maka ọrụ Vajikarana herbs, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta ọrụ nke nkà mmụta ọgwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na nghọta na njikwa nke omume mmekọahụ na ahụ mmadụ.

6. Usoro nke Omume Mmekọahụ: Echiche Oge A

Nghọta anyị banyere usoro na mmalite nke mkpali mmekọahụ bụ ịchọta ihe ndabere dị nro karị, nke sitere na ihe akaebe na ma ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ na mbụ. Mmasị mmekọahụ na-adabere na akwara (sensory na cognitive), hormonal, na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ihe a kọwakwara na Ayurveda yana iji asụsụ sayensị metụtara oge a.

7. Ụbụrụ na Neurochemical ndabere nke omume mmekọahụ

Ọgwụ ndị na-emetụta mmekọahụ nwere ike ime na sistemu ụjọ etiti (ụbụrụ) na/ma ọ bụ na sistemu ụjọ. A na-ekwukarị ọgwụ na-emetụta ụbụrụ ụbụrụ yana ebe a na-enwe mmekọahụ na mmụba ma ọ bụ ibelata agụụ mmekọahụ. Ọgwụ ndị na-emetụta akwara dị n'akụkụ agaghị emetụta mkpali ozugbo kama ọ nwere ike imetụta ọrụ mmekọahụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, omume ọgwụ na-apụta kpọmkwem ma na-agụnye mgbanwe kemịkalụ nke neurons, nke na-achịkwa agụụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụfọdụ ọgwụ nwere ike ime ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè site n'ịgbanwe ọbara na-eruba na genital. Ọtụtụ echiche gbasara ndabere neurochemical nke omume mmekọahụ sitere na ọmụmụ anụmanụ, mana n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ enyerela nkwado site na nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ. Usoro ise dị iche iche nke neurochemical kwesịrị ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ maka ịba ụba agụụ mmekọahụ. Ndị na-ebugharị gụnyere norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, na histamine.12]. Echiche ndị kacha akwadoro na-egosi na ma serotonin na dopamine na-etinye aka na nchịkwa neurochemical nke omume mmekọahụ na serotonin na-arụ ọrụ mgbochi yana dopamine bụ ọrụ mkpali. Dopamine na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na njikwa etiti nke omume mmekọahụ na ụmụ nwoke.13]. Mmụba na ọrụ nke sistemu dopaminergic Central na-ejikọta ya na omume mmekọahụ [14]. Na vivo microdialysis n'ime oke ụmụ nwoke maara nke ọma gosipụtara na nnyefe dopamine na-abawanye nke ọma na striatum, nucleus accumbens, na mpaghara preoptic medial n'oge mmekọ [15-17]. Mgbanwe a na neurotransmission nke etiti nwere ike inye ohere maka usoro nzaghachi moto gụnyere nrụpụta penile. Ọ nwekwara ike gbanwee ọrụ ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na-etinye aka na njikwa penile erection [18]. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụ ndị dị ka levodopa, nke na-abawanye ọkwa nke dopamine na ụbụrụ, na-ejikọta ya na mmụba libido na ịkwalite ọrụ mmekọahụ na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa dopamine na-adịghị mma dịka nke metụtara ọrịa Parkinson. N'ụzọ dị iche, ọgwụ na-egbochi ọrụ dopamine dị ka haloperidol na-akpata ọnwụ nke agụụ mmekọahụ. Ọ dịla anya a na-enyo enyo na monoamines na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na nhazi nke omume mmekọahụ, karịsịa nke nnyefe dopaminergic nke na-eme ka ọrụ nwoke na-arụ ọrụ ma na-etinye aka na dopaminergic na adrenergic receptors. Yohimbine, bromocriptine, na reserpine bụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-anabata ihe na-anabata alfa-adrenergic ebe yohimbine, bromocriptine, amphetamine, na apomorphine niile na-eji dopamine neurotransmitter maka ijikọ na saịtị akpụkpọ ahụ.19]. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ọmụmụ na-atụ aro na ntọhapụ dopamine na-abawanye n'oge mmekọahụ na paraventricular nucleus nke hypothalamus na na nke a hypothalamic nucleus dopamine na-eme ka penile erection na omume mmekọahụ site n'ịkwalite NO mmepụta na cell ozu nke oxytocin neurons ịchịkwa penile. nrụpụta na mkpali mmekọahụ, nke na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ụbụrụ extrahypothalamic na ọgidigi azụ [13, 20-24]. Ya mere, ọ dị ka enwere ọtụtụ okwu mkparịta ụka na ọkwa neuronal dị iche iche n'etiti dopamine na nitric oxide; A tụlewo nke a n'ihu n'akụkụ nke na-esote.

8. Usoro Nitric Oxide dabeere na omume mmekọahụ

Nitric oxide (NO) bụ molekul na-achịkwa ihe na-enweghị atụ nke nwere ọrụ abụọ dị ka onye ozi nke abụọ / neurotransmitter. Ọ na-etinye aka na ọrụ physiological dị iche iche [22]. Nchọpụta ndị dị ugbu a na-egosi na NO nwekwara ike ịbụ onye ozi neuronal bụ isi [23]. Karịsịa, ọ bụ onye ogbugbo physiological guzobere nke erection penile [24] na n'ụbụrụ; Ọ dịghị synthase na-etinye uche nke ukwuu na akụkụ ma ọ bụ na-etinye aka na omume mmekọahụ (olfactory bulb, supraoptic na paraventricular nuclei, amygdala, septal structures, etc.)25].

Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na NO bụ isi ihe mkpali physiological maka izu ike nke penile vasculature na trabecular smooth muscle, dị mkpa maka penile erection [26]. Ntụrụndụ nke akwara trabecular dị nro nke corpus cavernosa na-eduga na mbelata mgbochi vaskụla na mmụba ọbara na amụ. N'akụkụ mmụba na-abawanye, mpụta venous na-ebelata site na mkpakọ nke venules subtunical. Nchikota nke mmụba nbata na mbelata mpụta na-ebute penile engorgement na nrụpụta. Ọ dịghị site na endothelium vaskụla nke sinusoids na site na nonadrenergic, noncholinergic, na akwara cavernosal na-egosi na ọ na-emezi vasodilatation [27, 28]. Ọgwụ ọhụrụ a na-eji maka ọgwụgwọ nke nrụrụ erectile, na sildenafil na-eme site n'ịkwalite mmetụta nke NO site na igbochi kpọmkwem enzyme phosphodiesterase-V nke na-akwụsị ọrụ nke NO mepụtara cGMP na penile vasculature.29]. Ọtụtụ ahịhịa na ọgwụ ndị e nwetara site na mkpuru osisi ndị a egosila na ha nwere mmetụta na ụzọ mgbama NO. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, egosiwo saponins sitere na ginseng (ginsenosides) iji mee ka arịa ọbara dị jụụ (ma eleghị anya na-enye aka na mgbochi ike ọgwụgwụ na ọbara mgbali elu nke ginseng) na corpus cavernosum (ya mere, maka ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ikom na-ata ahụhụ site na erectile dysfunction; Otú ọ dị, Mmetụta aphrodisiac nke ginseng nwere ike ịbụ nkwupụta).30].

9. Usoro Androgen dabeere na omume mmekọahụ

Androgens na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na mmepe akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nwanyị nke abụọ dị ka epididymis, vas deferens, vesicle seminal, prostate, na amụ. Ọzọkwa, a na-achọ androgens maka oge ntozu, ọmụmụ nwoke, na ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị.29]. Testosterone bụ androgen bụ isi nke testes zoro ezo. A na-emepụta Testosterone na mkpụrụ ndụ Leydig nke testes, nke na-akpali site na hormone luteinizing (LH). Otu n'ime mmetụta ndị bụ isi nke testosterone n'ime testes bụ mkpali nke spermatogenesis na tubules semiferous. Ihe mgbagwoju anya testosterone- ma ọ bụ dihydrotestosterone na-esote na-agafe akpụkpọ ahụ nuklia, na-ejikọta DNA, ma kpalie njikọ mRNA ọhụrụ na, si otú ahụ, njikọ protein ọhụrụ. Mmetụta nke testosterone na libido nwere ike ịchọ ntụgharị nke testosterone na estradiol na hypothalamus. Usoro nke testosterone na-emetụta ahụ ike, ọkpụkpụ, na erythron adịghị ka ọ dị mkpa ka ọ dị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ ngbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.30].

A na-achọta ọgwụ ndị a na-eji agwọ nsogbu mmekọahụ dị iche iche iji gbanwee omume nke neurotransmitters nke nwere ike ịbụ mmemme, mgbochi, ma ọ bụ abụọ. A maara Androgens ka ọ na-emetụta mmepụta NO na ụbụrụ yana na mpụta.31, 32]. Ọ dịghị emebere ya site na enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ụbụrụ. Ọ dịghị ọrụ dị ka neurotransmitter na NOS dị na mpaghara ụbụrụ nke na-achịkwa ọrụ mmekọahụ [33]. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, nchịkwa nke testosterone nye ụmụ oke nwoke a na-achụpụ na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke NO synthase-labelled neurons na mPOA, na-egosi mmụba na NO synthesis [34]. NO nwere ike ịkpali ntọhapụ dopamine (DA) na mPOA, nke n'aka nke ya na-akpalite nrụpụta penile. Usoro a nwere ike ịbụ otu ụzọ nke androgens si akpali agụụ mmekọahụ [35].

10. Ahịhịa ọgwụ ole na ole nwere mmetụta akwadoro na ọrụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị

Na ngalaba dị ugbu a, anyị ga-atụle ole na ole n'ime ọtụtụ Ayurvedic a nwalere nke ọma na ahịhịa ọdịnala ndị ọzọ, bụ ndị nwere aha dị ogologo dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka arụrụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nke ejirila mee ihe n'ọtụtụ nkwadebe maka imeziwanye arụmọrụ mmekọahụ na ịmụ nwa karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. nke ụmụ nwoke. Ewezuga mkpuru osisi ndị a, a nwalekwara ma nyochaa maka mmetụta na ọrụ mmekọahụ na usoro ọmụmụ, nkọwa zuru oke na aha herbs ndị a bụ n'ime ya. Isiokwu 2. Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta enyochala bioconstituent na-arụ ọrụ dị na herbs dị iche iche bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ịkwalite mmekọahụ, spermatogenesis na igosi mmetụta ndị ọzọ dị mma na usoro ọmụmụ (Isiokwu 3).

Isiokwu 2 

Ndepụta ole na ole n'ime ahịhịa dị iche iche na-ewu ewu nwere nkwado ehtnopharmacological maka iji ya dị ka aphrodisiac. Tebụl ahụ na-akọwakwa usoro omume nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na ha.
Isiokwu 3 

Nchịkọta tabular nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe na-arụ ọrụ yana nchọpụta sayensị na nkọwapụta isi mmalite.

10.1. Daalụ nke ukwuu

Daalụ nke ukwuu A na-ahụkarị Roxb (Leguminosae) n'oké ọhịa ndị Thai na-egbu egbu ma nwee aha ụlọ nke "Red Kwao Krua." Ogologo oge a na-eri tubers osisi dị ka ọgwụ ọdịnala maka ịkwalite ume mmekọahụ nwoke. B. superba mmanya na-egbu egbu (0.01, 0.1 ma ọ bụ 1.0mg/kg BW / ụbọchị) maka ọgwụgwọ ọnwa 6 mụbara ụbara sperm nke ukwuu ma na-egbu oge mbelata motility na oge. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ịrịba ama nke sperm anomalies na testicular mmebi a hụrụ [36]. Subhronical ọgwụgwọ nke B. superba nkwusioru uzuzu tuberous na oke doses (200mg/kg) n'ime oke ụmụ nwoke gosipụtara mmetụta ọjọọ na kemistri ọbara, hematology, na ọkwa testosterone ọbara. Ọgwụ ntụ ntụ ntụ na dose nke 2, 25, 250, na 1250mg/kg arọ ahụ ka a na-enye maka izu asatọ; enwere ụbara ibu testis na ọnụ ọgụgụ spam na oke. Hematology yana ọrụ imeju na akụrụ nke ndị otu niile a na-agwọ egosighi ihe dị iche na njikwa ahụ.37]. Mbelata na-adabere na dose nke naanị testosterone ọbara, ma ọ bụghị LH, dị nnọọ iche na njikwa na oke ndị a na-emeso ya na nnukwu doses nke ntụ ntụ osisi. Ọmụmụ ihe a dị ugbu a na-egosi na nkwụsị nke testosterone dị ịrịba ama, ọ dịkarịa ala mgbe ụbọchị 90 gasịrị nke oriri dị elu B. superba ntụ ntụ [38]. The ethanol wepụ nke B. superba dị irè n'ịkwalite nrụpụta penile. Mwepụta ethanol mụbara nrụgide intracavernous (ICP) na vivo. O mekwara ka mmetụta cGMP na isobutylmethylxanthine dịkwuo elu. Nke a na-egosi na B. superba nwere ike ime site na cAMP / cGMP ụzọ [39].

Ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ. Osisi ntụ ntụ gosipụtara ọrụ nwere ike ime na nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ mmadụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke nrụrụ erectile na ụmụ nwoke [40].

10.2. Curculigo orchioides

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (Amaryllidaceae), makwaara dị ka Kali Musli ma ọ bụ Syah (oji) Musli, a na-ewere dị ka aphrodisiac na Rasayan ma ọ bụ rejuvenator.41]. Mwepụta ethanolic nke rhizome kwalitere omume mmekọahụ na oke oke. Omume mmekọahụ dị ka enyochara site n'ịchọpụta paramita dị ka nrụpụta penile, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, na omume mmekọahụ na nhazi ka emelitere nke ọma. Ọzọkwa, a na-egosipụta mmetụta anabolic na spermatogenic akpọpụta site na oke ibu nke akụkụ ọmụmụ. Ọgwụgwọ ahụ metụtakwara omume mmekọahụ nke anụmanụ n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè n'ibelata nkwụsị ugwu, mmụba nke ugboro elu ugwu yana nkwalite mmasị n'ebe nwanyị nọ. A gbatịkwara index erection penile na otu a na-agwọ ọrịa [42, 43]. The lyophilized aqueous extracts nke Curculigo orchioides kwalitere nke ọma ọrụ pendiculatory na oke oke ka ụbọchị 14 gachara ọgwụgwọ. N'otu aka ahụ, wepụ nwekwara ike ichekwa ndị na vitro Ọnụọgụ sperm ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu njikwa mgbe afọ 30 gacharamin. nke incubation [44]. Mwepụta mmiri nke osisi ahụ gosipụtara ọrụ a ma ama na ọkwa dose 200mg/kg. N'ozuzu, mmetụta anabolic akpọpụtara n'anụmanụ a na-agwọ bụ egosipụtara site na mmụba dị arọ na ahụ na akụkụ ọmụmụ. Enwere mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na omume mmekọahụ nke anụmanụ dị ka egosipụtara site n'ibelata nkwụsị elu, nkwụsị ejaculation, postejaculatory latency, intromission latency, na mmụba nke ugwu ugwu. Ewulitekwara amụ nke ukwuu. Mbelata oge ịla azụ (ihe na-egosi mmasị n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ na oke a na-emeso ya) gosikwara mmụba nke omume mmekọahụ nke wepụ anụmanụ a na-emeso ya.45]. Bụrụ na nke anụ ahụ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, ya bụ, okpomọkụ na-akpata mebiri emebi na testicular ọrụ, osisi bụ uru na emeliorating na mbelata spermatogenesis na emeso anụmanụ nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè imeri okpomọkụ ujo protein; nke a gosipụtara ọrụ nke C. Orchioides na imeri arụrụ arụ mmekọahụ kpatara n'ihi mmebi testicular [46].

10.3. Cynomorium coccineum

Cynomorium coccineum Linn. A maara (Cynomoraceae) dị ka Som-El-Ferakh na Saudi Arabia, nke bụ ahịhịa ahịhịa na-enweghị akwụkwọ ojii na-enweghị chlorophyll. Ụmụ amaala na Qatar na-eji ya (karịsịa na mmanụ aṅụ) dị ka tonic na aphrodisiac [47]. Aqueous wepụ nke Cynomorium coccineum kpalitere mmụba dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ sperm, kwalite pasent nke spam dị ndụ na mmegharị ha, ma belata ọnụ ọgụgụ spam na-adịghị mma. Histology testicular gosiri mmụba spermatogenesis na seminiferous tubules juputara na sperm n'ime ìgwè a na-agwọ ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa na-adịghị edozi ahụ.48]. Mwepụta mmiri nke osisi ahụ kpalitere spermatogenesis ama ama na oke oke akabeghị aka. Serum testosterone na ọkwa FSH dị ala na anụmanụ ndị a na-eji mmịpụta emeso ya karịa njikwa, ebe sel interstial cell na-akpali akpali nke hormone dị elu na anụmanụ a na-emeso ya.49].

10.4. Chlorophytum borivilianum

Musli echekwara (Chlorophytum borivilianum) sitere na ezinụlọ Liliaceae nwere nkwupụta akụkọ ifo dị ka aphrodisiac na ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ.50]. Ethanolic wepụ nke mgbọrọgwụ yana sapogenins dịpụrụ adịpụ na mgbọrọgwụ ka a mụrụ maka mmetụta na omume mmekọahụ na spermatogenesis na oke albino. Ọgwụgwọ ekwupụtala mmetụta anabolic na spermatogenic n'ime anụmanụ ndị a na-emeso ya, nke egosipụtara site na oke ibu nke ahụ na akụkụ ọmụmụ. Nlekọta nke mmịpụta emetụtara nke ọma omume mmekọahụ nke anụmanụ na-egosipụta na mbelata nke mount ejaculation, postejaculatory, na intromission latency. A hụrụ mmụba nke ugboro elu ugwu na mmasị n'ebe nwanyị nọ [51]. Na aqueous wepụ nke Fikiere mgbọrọgwụ nke Chlorophytum borivilianum na-akwalite mkpali mmekọahụ, ume na agụụ mmekọahụ na oke Wistar. Mwepụta ahụ na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ sperm nke ukwuu [44, 52].

N'ihe banyere streptozotocin na alloxan induced hyperglycemia, mmiri mmiri na-amịpụta sitere na osisi ahụ kpatara mmụba nke arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, mere ka arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ dịkwuo mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere oke nchịkwa ọrịa shuga. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ si otú a nye ihe akaebe na ọgwụ herbal nwere ike ime na arụrụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na nkịtị yana anụmanụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga.53, 54].

10.5. Epimedium koreanum

Omenala ogwu ogwu ndi China, Epimedium L. (Berberidaceae), bụ ihe mgbakwunye botanical na-ewu ewu na-eji dị ka tonic ahụike. Nke kacha mkpa Epimedium umu eji eme ogwu bu E. koreanum Nakai, E. pubescens Maxim., E. brevicornum Maxim, E. sagittatum (Sieb. Et Zucc) Maxim, na E. wushanense TS Ying55]. A na-ewere ihe ọkụkụ nke hydroalcholic ka ọ na-emepụta mmetụta aphrodisiac ma na-ejikarị ya na nkà mmụta ọgwụ ndị China iji kwalite ọrụ erectile.56]. A na-eche na icariin yiri ka ọ bụ isi ọrụ akụrụngwa nke Epimedium wepụ. Icariin bụ flavonol, ụdị flavonoids. Ọ bụ prenylacetylation nke kaempferide 3,7-O-diglycoside, icariin na erectile dysfunction na guzobe ya dose-adabere nhọrọ inhibitory mmetụta na phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5). Ọgwụgwọ ọnụ na icariin (> 98.6% ịdị ọcha) maka izu anọ nwere ike ime ka ọrụ erectile dịkwuo mma. A na-ejikọta mmetụta a na mmụba na pasent nke uru ahụ dị nro na nkwupụta nke ụfọdụ NO synthase isoforms na corpus cavernosum nke oke awụsara. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi na icariin nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọgwụgwọ na arụrụ arụ erectile.57]. Icariin bụ inhibitory atọ PDE5 isoforms na yiri IC50 ụkpụrụ, nke bụ mkpokọta ugboro atọ karịa ndị nke zaprinast. Icariin nwere ike ịkwalite ọkwa cyclic gunosine monophosphate na sodium nitroprusside-agwọta cavernous akwara dị nro.58-60na ịkwalite mmepụta nke nitric oxide bioactive.61] yana iṅomi mmetụta nke testosterone [62].

10.6. Eurycoma longifolia

Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceace), nke a maara na mpaghara dị ka Tongkat Ali, na-ahụkarị n'oké ọhịa ndị dị larịị. Ndị agbụrụ na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ndị na-ebupụ na Malaysia [63]. E. longifolia na-abawanye mkpali mmekọahụ na oke nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ. A na-eji eriri eletrik mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbochi n'ime ọnụ ụlọ eletrik iji chọpụta ókè ihe mkpali na-akpali akpali nke oke nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ maka ma ndị a na-emeso ya. E. longifolia na ndị otu njikwa dị njikere imeri iji ruo nwanyị na-anabata estrous n'ime oghere mgbaru ọsọ. Edokwasiri ike nke grid ugbu a na 0.12mA na nke a bụ ike nke ụmụ oke nwoke nọ n'òtù njikwa na-agafeghị ịgafe ebe mgbaru ọsọ. Nsonaazụ gosiri na E. longifolia Jack gara n'ihu na-akwalite ma na-enwekwa ọkwa dị elu nke ma ọnụ ọgụgụ nke crossovers na-aga nke ọma, ịrị elu, intromissions, na ejaculations n'oge 9-12th izu nleba anya oge.64]. Ethanol wepụ ọgwụgwọ maka ụbọchị 10 mụbara ịrụ ọrụ mmekọahụ nke ụmụ oke nwoke a na-emeso ya site n'ịgbatị oge nke coitus na ibelata oge nkwụsịtụ n'etiti usoro dị iche iche nke copulation.65]. Ọchịchị nke 800mg/kg nke butanol, methanol, mmiri, na chloroform irighiri nke E. longifolia mụbara uru anụ ahụ leavator nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa (anaghị agwọ ya) na oke oke nwoke na-adịghị emebi emebi yana ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa (anaghị agwọ ya) na testosterone-stimulated castrated emebibeghị oke oke nwoke.66]. E. longifolia nọgidere na-akwalite ma na-enwekwa ọkwa dị elu nke ma ọnụ ọgụgụ nke crossovers na-aga nke ọma, ịrị elu, intromissions, na ejaculations n'oge oge nlele 9-12th izu. Butanol, methanol, mmiri, na chloroform wepụ nke mgbọrọgwụ nke E. longifolia na-emepụta ihe na-adabere na dose, na-emegharị ugboro ugboro, na mmụba dị ịrịba ama na ngosipụta nke penile reflexes dị ka egosipụtara site na mmụba nke ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa, ogologo ntụgharị ogologo, na nrụpụta nke oke oke ndị a na-emeso n'oge oge nlele 30-min.67]. E. longifolia (0.5g / kg) maka mmụba izu atọ na pasent nke oke ụmụ nwoke na-azaghachi na nhọrọ ziri ezi, ihe karịrị 50% nke oke ụmụ nwoke nwetara "nhọrọ ziri ezi" mgbe izu 3 gachara ọgwụgwọ na mmetụta ahụ bịara pụta ìhè mgbe izu 8 gasịrị. naanị 40-50% nke oke ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa zara nhọrọ ziri ezi) na-eji oghere mkpuchi eletrik [68]. Eji 800 gwọọ oke oke ndị agadimg/kg nke E. longifolia mmụba nke omume nghazi n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-anabata ya dị ka egosipụtara site na mmụba nke omume nyocha nke anogenital, ịracha, na ịrị elu mana enweghị mmasị na gburugburu ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ka ọ na-egosi site na mbelata nke ịrị elu, ịgba ọsọ, na nyocha na mgbidi a kpọchiri akpọchi, yana ya. kwalitekwara ntuziaka onwe onye dịka ọ pụtara site n'ịkwa akwa nke akụkụ ahụ nke onwe ha ma gosikwa mmachi mmachi, yana ntughari uche na ngagharị n'ebe nwanyị nọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa; o mekwara ka omume mmekọahụ nke oke oke nwoke nọ n'etiti afọ site na ibelata oge ịla azụ ha ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa nwere akụkụ dị iche iche. E. longifolia [69, 70].

10.7. Lepidium meyenii

Lepidum meyenii Walp (Brassicaceae) nke a maara dị ka Maca bụ mgbọrọgwụ oriri nke a na-arụ n'ọrụ maka akụrụngwa aphrodisiac na-eme ka ọmụmụ ya dị elu. Nlekọta ọnụ nke hexanic, methanol, na chloroform nke MacaLepidium meyenii) Mgbọrọgwụ mbelata nke ukwuu intromission latency na intercopulatory interval na ụba intromission ugboro na copulatory arụmọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa. Mkpokọta hexanic na methanolic nwere ike ịbawanye ugboro ole ugwu, ebe ọ bụ naanị akụkụ hexanic mere ka ọ dịwanye elu n'oge. N'ụwa niile, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ irighiri hexanic mere ka ọtụtụ n'ime usoro mmekọahụ tụrụ anya ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Subacute nchịkwa ọnụ nke hexanic Maca wepụrụ oke arụmọrụ mmekọahụ na oke oke nwoke na-enwechaghị mmekọahụ nke ọma [71]. nchịkwa ọnụ nke lipid wepụ si Lepidium meyenii kwalitere ọrụ mmekọahụ nke ụmụ oke na oke, dị ka egosipụtara site na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ intromissions zuru oke na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmasị na sperm na ụmụ oke nkịtị, yana mbelata oge nkwụsị nke erectile na oke nwoke na-arụ ọrụ erectile [72]. Mmalite nke ọrụ larginine-nitric oxide ka ekenyekwara Maca. Ọchịchị siri ike na kwa ụbọchị nke Maca na ụmụ oke nwoke nwere ahụmahụ na-emepụta obere mgbanwe na njedebe ejaculation na nkwụsị nke postejaculatory na mgbanwe ndị a na-apụ n'anya na ọgwụgwọ na-adịghị ala ala. Nlekọta oge nke Maca emeghị ka nchekasị dịkwuo elu ma nwee mmetụta ụfọdụ na ọrụ locomotor [73]. Black maca pụtara na ọ nwere mmetụta bara uru karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ sperm na epididymal sperm motility mgbe ụbọchị 42 gasịrị.74]. Maca egosila ịdị irè dị ka ọgwụgwọ ndu maka arụrụ arụ na-ebilite n'ihi ikpughe ndu ígwè. Maca na-echebe spermatogenesis site n'ịbawanye ogologo nke nkebi nke VIII na IX-XI na ọnụ ọgụgụ spam kwa ụbọchị nke na-ebute mmụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ sperm epididymal.75]. Ọgwụgwọ ọnụ na akụkụ ethyl acetate nke hydroalcoholic wepụ nke Black Maca maka ụbọchị 7 nwere mmetụta kachasị mma na ọnụọgụ sperm epididymal na ọnụọgụ sperm kwa ụbọchị ma e jiri ya tụnyere akụkụ ndị ọzọ.76].

Ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ. Maca kwalitere ọmụmụ na nwoke na nwanyị [77, 78]. Mmelite nke agụụ mmekọahụ enweghị njikọ na mgbanwe nke homonụ pituitary ma ọ bụ gonadal [79, 80]. Maca anaghị eme ka ndị na-anabata androgen rụọ ọrụ ma nwee ike igbochi ndị na-anabata androgen.81, 82]. Enwere ike iwere wepụ Maca aqueous dị mma na doses ruo 5g extract/kg, kwekọrọ na ụfọdụ 11g akọrọ hypocotyls/kg. Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta na physiology ọmụmụ na 0.10g wepụ / kg nke Maca wepụ nke na-anọchite anya 15.4g nke hypocotyls akọrọ maka mmadụ 70n'arọ [83].

10.8. Anyị nwere ike

Anyị nwere ike Linn. Ezinụlọ Leguminosae bụ ahịhịa na-ewu ewu nke India, nke ejirila ya na ọgwụ ọdịnala Ayurvedic ọdịnala. Mkpokọta alkaloids si mkpụrụ nke M. pruriens Achọpụtara na ọ na-abawanye spermatogenesis na ịdị arọ nke testes, seminal vesicles, na prostate na oke albino [84]. M. pruriens kpalitere ọrụ mmekọahụ na oke oke nwoke nke a hụrụ site na mmụba nke ugboro ugboro, ugboro intromission, na latency ejaculation [85]. M. pruriens Mkpụrụ ntụ ntụ emelitere nke ọma dị iche iche parampat mmekọahụ copulatory omume gụnyere ugwu ugwu, ugwu latency, intromission ugboro, na intromission latency nke nwoke albino oke [86]. The ethanol extracts nke M. pruriens Mkpụrụ ewepụtala mmụba dị ukwuu ma na-adịgide adịgide na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nke oke oke n'otu dose (200mg/kg). A na-enwewanye mmụba nke ukwuu ugboro ugboro, ugboro intromission, na nkwụsị nke ejaculation na mbelata nkwụsị ịrị elu, nkwụsị intromission, etiti postejaculatory, na etiti interintromission [87]. M. pruriens eweghachite nke ọma mfu spermatogenic kpatara n'ihi nchịkwa ethinyl estradiol nye oke. A na-edozi mgbake ahụ site na ibelata ọkwa ROS, mweghachi nke MMP, nhazi nke apoptosis, na n'ikpeazụ na-abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ germ na nhazi nke apoptosis. Isi ihe mejupụtara L-DOPA nke M. pruriens Nke a bụ ihe na-akpata prospermatogenic Njirimara.88]. A na-elekọta mkpụrụ wepụ nke M. pruriens na oke ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga gosipụtara mmụba dị ukwuu na omume mmekọahụ, libido na ike, paramita sperm, DSP, na ọkwa hormonal ma e jiri ya tụnyere oke ọrịa shuga na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ.89].

Ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọgwụgwọ na M. pruriens Mkpụrụ mụbara mkpokọta spam na motility n'ime otu ọmụmụ ihe niile na-amụghị nwa n'ime mmadụ. Mgbe ọgwụgwọ nke wepụ plasma seminal nke ndị niile na-amụghị nwa, a na-enwetaghachi ọkwa nke lipids, vitamin antioxidant na fructose emezigharị mgbe mbelata nke peroxides lipid mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị, enwetara mkpokọta spam nke ukwuu na ndị ọrịa oligo-zoospermic, mana motility spam. eweghachiteghị ọkwa nkịtị na ụmụ nwoke astheno-zoospermic [90]. M. pruriens kwalitere nke ọma T, LH, dopamine, adrenaline, na noradrenaline ọkwa yana mbelata ọkwa FSH na PRL n'ime ụmụ nwoke na-amụghị nwa. Ọ gbakere nke ọma ọnụ ọgụgụ spam na motility. M. pruriens ọgwụgwọ nye ụmụ nwoke na-amụghị nwa na-achịkwa steroidogenesis ma na-eme ka mma semen dịkwuo mma.91, 92]. Ọgwụgwọ na M. pruriens Mgbochi nke lipid peroxidation nke ukwuu, spermatogenesis dị elu, yana mma motility spam nke nwoke na-amụghị nwa ma mee ka ọkwa nke mkpokọta lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, na vitamin A, C, na E ma mezie fructose na plasma seminal nke ụmụ nwoke na-amụghị nwa.93]. M. pruriens emelitere nrụgide uche nke ukwuu na ọkwa plasma lipid peroxide nke seminal yana mmụba spam na ọnụ ọgụgụ sperm na motility. Ọgwụgwọ weghachikwara ọkwa SOD, catalase, GSH, na ascorbic acid na plasma seminal nke ụmụ nwoke na-amụghị nwa. Ọ na-emeghachi usoro nchebe antioxidant nke ụmụ nwoke na-amụghị nwa ma na-enyekwa aka na njikwa nke nchekasị ma na-eme ka mma semen [94].

10.9. Ọchịchị ndị mmadụ

Osisi Ọchịchị ndị mmadụ Linn. (Zygophyllaceae) nke a maara dị ka osisi vine puncture bụ ahịhịa na-akpụ akpụ nke na-ekesa n'ụwa niile. Kemgbe oge ochie, a na-ewere ya dị ka aphrodisiac na mgbakwunye na nkwupụta bara uru na ọrịa dị iche iche dị ka ọrịa urinary, mbufụt, leucorrhea, edema, na ascites.95]. T. terrestris ejirila ya ogologo oge na usoro ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala ndị China na ndị India maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa dị iche iche ma na-ekwu na ọ na-emeziwanye ọrụ mmekọahụ. Nchịkwa nke T. terrestris na ụmụ atụrụ na ebule na-eme ka testosterone plasma na spermatogenesis dịkwuo mma.96]. A chọpụtakwara na ọ na-abawanye ọkwa nke testosterone, hormone luteinizing.97, dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, na dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.98, 99]. The corpus cavernosal anụ ahụ enwetara site na New Zealand ọcha oke bekee na-eso ọgwụgwọ ya T. terrestris a nwalere na vitro ya na ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ dị iche iche na mkpali ọkụ eletrik ma chọpụta na ọ nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma [100]. T. terrestris achọpụtala na ọ na-abawanye omume mmekọahụ na oke. Ọgwụgwọ nke oke achụpụrụ na T. terrestris wepụ gosipụtara mmụba nke ibu prostate na nrụgide intracavernosal. Enwere mmụba nke usoro omume mmekọahụ dị ka egosipụtara site na mmụba nke ugboro elu na ugboro intromission; mbelata na nkwụsị ugwu, latency intromission, na penile erection index.101, 102]. T. terrestris nchịkwa na oke oke mụbara NADPH-d nti neurons na androgen receptor immunoreactivity na mpaghara PVN. A maara Androgens na-abawanye ma ndị na-anabata androgen na NADPH-d neurons dị mma ma ọ bụ site na ntụgharị ya na estrogen. Usoro maka mmụba a na-ahụ anya na AR na NADPH-d neurons dị mma n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi androgen na-abawanye ụba nke ihe onwunwe. T. terrestris [103]. T. terrestris mekwaa njikọ nke nucleotides cyclic na sel CCSM.101]. T. terrestris mwepu mụbara ọkwa nke T, DHT, na DHEAS nakwa na mmetụta ahụ pụtakwuru na steeti hypogonadal. Mmụba dị otú ahụ na ọkwa androgen nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara nkwupụta afọ PTN dị ka aphrodisiac ya mere. T. terrestris nwere ike ịba uru dị ka ihe mgbakwunye n'okwu dị nro ma dị oke ala nke ED [104]. Ikike nke tribulus na-abawanye ntọhapụ nke nitric oxide nwere ike ịkọ maka nkwupụta ya dị ka aphrodisiac [100, 102].

10.10. Withania somnifera

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Ezinụlọ: Solanaceae) a makwaara dị ka ginseng India nke a na-ejikarị na ọgwụ Ayurvedic. A na-ele ya anya dị ka adaptogen, tonic nwere ihe aphrodisiac. Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ akọpụtala mbelata omume mating na mmetụta mgbochi ọmụmụ nke W. somnifera mgbọrọgwụ n'ime oke [105]. Mgbọrọgwụ mpụta ahụ kpatara mmebi ahụ pụtara ìhè na libido, ịrụ ọrụ mmekọahụ, ike inwe mmekọahụ, na arụrụ ọrụ penile erectile.106]. O gosikwara ọrụ mgbochi ọmụmụ na oke oke [107]. Ma ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-egosi nke ahụ W. somnifera nwere ikike nke ịlụ ọgụ na-akpata nchekasị kpatara enweghị ọmụmụ. Ọ na-echebekwa ebe igwu mmiri na-ebute ọrịa endocrine dysfunctions na oke oke.108]. Aqueous wepụ mma spermatogenesis, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ụba interstitial cell na-akpali hormone na testosterone-dị ka mmetụta yana ntinye nke nitric oxide synthase [109].

Ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ. Ashwagandha mgbọrọgwụ wepụ nke a na-enye ndị ọrịa oligospermic mere ka mmụba dị ukwuu na ọrụ spermatogenic na ọkwa hormone serum dị ka e jiri ya tụnyere placebo.110]. Ọgwụgwọ nke ụmụ nwoke na-amụghị nwa na Withania somnifera gbochiri peroxidation lipid na protein carbonyl ọdịnaya yana mmụba spam ọnụ na motility. Ọ gbakeekwa ọkwa plasma seminal nke enzymes antioxidant W. somnifera mgbọrọgwụ ntụ ntụ mgbe a na-enye ya na dose 5g / ụbọchị maka ọnwa 3 na nwoke na-amụghị nwa normozoospermic mere ka mbelata nke nrụgide, mee ka ọkwa nke antioxidants dịkwuo mma, na mma n'ozuzu semen na vitamin A, C, na E ma mezie fructose. Ahụrụ ọbara ọbara T na LH nke ọma na ọkwa FSH na PRL belatara n'ime ụmụ nwoke na-amụghị nwa.111, 112].

11. Mmechi

Ndị si n'ọdịbendị dị iche iche ejirila ahịhịa dị iche iche na-agwọ ọnọdụ amụghị nwa ma ọ bụ maka ọgwụgwọ nsogbu ọmụmụ. A na-akwadokwa ha maka imeziwanye agụụ mmekọahụ yana ịrụ ọrụ mmekọahụ na arụ ọrụ erectile, vasodilatation, ụba testosterone larịị, ụbụrụ monoamines, mmetụta na pituitary-gonadal axis, na ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro usoro maka omume nke ndị a herbs.113].

Na enweghị ike ụlọ ọgwụ na data nchekwa na herbs ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-enwe obi abụọ iji ha. Ọ dị mkpa ka ịme ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ ngwa ngwa iji kwado nkwupụta ọdịnala yana ịrụpụta usoro cellular na molecular metụtara. Nnyocha na nkwado nke herbs ga-aga ogologo oge na njikwa nke infertility. Ọzọkwa, a ghaghị iburu n'uche okwu cross nke ụzọ dị iche iche nke metụtara iji wepụta ụzọ mkpụrụ ndụ iji chọta mkpụrụ ndụ ndu nke sitere na herbal sitere na ọgwụgwọ ụdị dị iche iche nke enweghị mmekọahụ.

Acknowledgment

Otu n'ime ndị odee, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, kelere AICTE, New Delhi, maka inye Mmekọrịta Doctoral Mba.

Esemokwu nke Mmasị

Ndị edemede na-ekwupụta na ọ dịghị esemokwu gbasara ọdịmma nke akwụkwọ a.

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