Shafin Farko na Yanar Gizo: Abin da muka sani da kuma abin da ba mu kasance ba-wani nazari na yaudara (2019)

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Clin. Mad. 2019, 8(1), 91; doi:10.3390 / jcm8010091

Rubén de Alarcón 1 , Javier I. de la Iglesia 1 , Nerea M. Casado 1 da kuma Angel L. Montejo 1,2,*

1 Asibiti na asibiti, Clinic Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Cibiyar nazarin halittu na Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain

2 Jami'ar Salamanca, EUEF, 37007 Salamanca, Spain

Abstract

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka wuce, an yi tasiri na abubuwa da suka danganci cin zarafin hali; wasu daga cikinsu suna da mayar da hankali kan buri na batsa na kan layi. Duk da haka, duk da duk kokarin, har yanzu ba mu iya bayyanawa yayin da ake yin wannan hali ya zama abin ba da illa. Matsaloli masu yawa sun haɗa da: samfurin samfuri, bincike don kayan aikin bincike, tsayayya da kimantawa da batun, da kuma cewa ana iya haɗa wannan mahaɗi a cikin mafi girma dabarun (watau, jima'i da jima'i) wanda zai iya gabatar da kansa tare da alamun bayyanar da bambancin. Rashin jima'i na al'ada ya zama wani nau'in binciken da ba a bayyana ba, kuma yawanci yakan nuna matsala mai amfani: asarar kulawa, rashin lafiya, da kuma amfani mai amfani. Harkokin luwaɗi ya dace da wannan samfurin kuma yana iya hada da abubuwa masu yawa na jima'i, kamar yin amfani da matsala ta batsa ta yanar gizo (POPU). Amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo yana tashi, tare da yiwuwar jaraba la'akari da tasirin "sau uku A" (samuwa, iyawa, anonymity). Wannan matsala ta amfani da ita zai iya haifar da mummunar tasiri a ci gaban jima'i da yin jima'i, musamman a tsakanin matasa. Muna nufin tattara bayanai game da matsalolin batsa ta yanar gizo da ake amfani dasu a matsayin mahallin halitta. A nan muna ƙoƙarin taƙaita abin da muka sani game da wannan mahallin kuma ya tsara wasu yankunan da suka cancanci yin bincike.
Mahimmanci: shafukan bidiyo; jaraba; cybersex; internet; halayen jima'i; haɗin kai

1. Gabatarwa

Tare da hada da "Ƙungiyar Tambaya" a cikin "Matakan da ake amfani da su da ƙwayoyi" wanda aka rubuta na DSM-5 [1], APA a fili ya yarda da abin da ya faru na buri. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an sanya "Cibiyar Cutar Gida ta Intanet" a cikin sashe 3-Sashe don kara nazarin.
Wannan yana wakiltar matsalolin da ke gudana a cikin fannin tsire-tsire da ke danganta da halayyar haɗari, kuma yana samar da hanyoyi don sababbin bincike dangane da sauye-sauyen al'adun da sababbin fasaha suka haifar.
Babu shakka akwai kwayoyin halitta na zamani [2] da muhalli [3] kasa tsakanin nau'in ƙwayar cuta, wanda ya hada da cin zarafi da kuma haɗakarwa; wannan zai iya nunawa a matsayin mai ɗagawa duka biyu [4].
Mahimmanci, masu halayyar dabi'a suna nuna matsala mai amfani: rashin ƙarfi (watau, sha'awar, ƙoƙari mara kyau don rage hali), rashin daidaituwa (misali, ƙuntataccen bukatun, watsi da wasu wurare na rayuwa), da kuma amfani mai amfani (ci gaba da cigaba duk da haka sanarwa game da lalata halayen halayyar] an adam). Ko wadannan halaye sun haɗu da ka'idodin ka'idar lissafi game da jaraba (haƙuri, janyewa) ya fi karuwa [4,5,6].
Anyi la'akari da rashin karuwanci a matsayin wani daya daga cikin wadanda ake cin mutunci. An yi amfani da shi azaman shimfiɗa wadda ta ƙunshi nau'o'in matsalolin matsala (rikice-rikice na al'ada, cybersex, yin amfani da batsa, jima'i na jima'i, halayyar jima'i tare da yarda da manya, ziyartar tafiye-tafiyen kulob, da sauransu) [7]. Hakanan yawanta daga 3% zuwa 6%, kodayake yana da wuya a ƙayyade tun lokacin da ba a bayyana ma'anar cutar ba [8,9].
Rashin ingantattun bayanan kimiyya ya sa bincike, fahimta, da kima da wuya, yana haifar da wasu shawarwari don bayyana shi, amma yawanci yana haɗuwa da ƙananan matsala, jin kunya da lalacewar psychosocial [8], kazalika da sauran al'amuran lalata [10] kuma yana yin jarrabawa.
Har ila yau, saurin sababbin hanyoyin fasaha ya buɗe wani tafkin damuwa mai mahimmanci, yafi Intanit yanar gizo. Wannan buri zai iya mayar da hankali kan takamaiman aikace-aikace a intanit (caca, shopping, betting, cybersex ...) [11] tare da yiwuwar halayyar haɗari-haɗari; a wannan yanayin, zai zama tashar tasiri don faɗakarwa game da irin wannan hali [4,12]. Wannan yana nufin haɓakawa marar kuskure, samar da sababbin kundayen adireshi ga magunguna masu maƙwabtaka da kuma masu jarrabawa (saboda ƙara yawan tsare sirri, ko dama) wanda ba zai taɓa yin waɗannan abubuwa ba.
Yin amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo, wanda aka fi sani da yin amfani da batsa ta Intanit ko cybersex, yana iya zama ɗaya daga cikin halayen Intanit wanda ke da haɗari ga jaraba. Ya dace da amfani da yanar-gizon don halartar ayyuka daban-daban na jima'i [13], daga cikinsu akwai amfani da batsa [13,14] wanda shine mafi shahararren aiki [15,16,17] tare da iyakacin labaran matakan jima'i da dama [13,18,19,20]. Ci gaba da yin amfani da shi a wannan salon wani lokacin yakan samu kudi, shari'a, sana'a, da kuma dangantaka ta rikici [6,21] ko matsaloli na sirri, tare da sakamako masu banbanci daban-daban. Rashin jinin kulawa da kuma amfani da yayata duk da wadannan sakamako mummunan shine "halayen jima'i akan layi" [22] ko Shirye-shiryen Bidiyo na Rashin Matsala (POPU). Wannan matsala ta amfani da samfurori yana amfani da ita daga abubuwan "Triple A" [23].
Dangane da wannan samfurin, al'amuran batsa na al'ada na iya zama mafi yawa a zamanin yau, amma wannan ba lallai ba ne alamar ilimin cututtuka [21]. Mun san cewa yawancin matasan matasa suna samun damar Intanet don yin amfani da batsa [24,25]; a gaskiya, shi ne ɗaya daga cikin mabuɗin tushen su don yin jima'i [26]. Wasu sun bayyana damuwarsu game da wannan, magance lokacin rata tsakanin lokacin da ake cinye kayan batsa a karo na farko har abada, kuma ainihin ainihin jima'i; musamman, ta yaya tsofaffi zai iya tasiri kan ci gaban jima'i [27] kamar ƙananan rashin sha'awar jima'i lokacin cinye batsa na kan layi [28] da ciwon daji, wanda ya yi girma a tsakanin matasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan idan aka kwatanta da wasu shekaru da suka wuce [29,30,31,32,33].
Muna yin nazarin wallafe-wallafe na zamani game da batun POPU don gwadawa da taƙaita abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan game da annobar cutar, bayyanar cututtuka, bayanan da ke taimakawa wajen yin amfani da wannan matsala ta amfani da matsala, fahimtar fahimtarta dangane da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin mata da maza, ra'ayin da aka tsara dabaru da magunguna.

2. Hanyar

Mun yi nazari na ainihin bin umarnin PRISMA (Figure 1). Ganin sabon shaidun shaida game da wannan batu, mun gudanar da bitarmu ba tare da ƙayyadadden lokaci ba. An gabatar da fifiko a kan wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen da kuma rubutun da aka buga ta hanyar sabuwar hanyar zuwa mafi tsofaffi, wanda ya dace da wallafe-wallafen da aka buga a kan batun. PubMed da Cochrane sune manyan bayanan bayanan da aka yi amfani da su, ko da yake an tattara adadin takardu ta hanyar rubutun giciye.
Jcm 08 00091 g001 550
Hoto 1. PRISMA kwararar zane.
Tun lokacin da muke mayar da hankalinmu yafi yawan batsa ta yanar gizo da kuma halayyar jima'i, mun cire waɗannan takardun da kawai ƙungiyoyi ne kawai tare da shi a cikin bincikenmu: wadanda ke da hankali akan jita-jitar yanar-gizon yanar gizo, waɗanda suka danganci batsa iri-iri iri iri, da wadanda kusata batun daga hangen zaman jama'a.
Ana amfani da shafukan binciken da aka biyo baya da abubuwan da suka samo su a cikin haɗuwa masu yawa: cybersex, batsa * (don ba da damar "batsa" da "batsa"), likitan shan magani * (don ba da izini ga "jaraba" da "zina"), intanit, internet , jima'i, jima'i, jima'i. Ana amfani da Zotero kayan sarrafa kayan aiki don gina bayanai na duk abubuwan da aka duba.

3. Sakamako

3.1. Epidemiology

Hanyoyin batsa a cikin yawancin jama'a sun nuna wuya a auna su sosai, musamman tun lokacin tashi daga yanar-gizo da kuma abubuwan "sau uku A" wanda ya ba da izini ga duka sirri da sauƙi na samun dama. Nazarin Wright game da yin amfani da batsa a cikin mazaunin Amurka ta amfani da General Social Survey (GSS) [34], da nazarin Farashin (wanda yake fadada akan Wright ta rarrabe tsakanin shekarun, yunkuri, da kuma hadarin lokaci) [35] sun kasance wasu daga cikin 'yan kaɗan, idan ba wai kawai ba, tushen da suke da shi wanda ke biye da batsa a cikin yawan jama'a. Suna nuna yadda yawancin batutuwa suke amfani da su a tsawon shekaru, musamman ma tsakanin maza da mata da bambanci da mata. Wannan ya fi dacewa a tsakanin matasa, kuma hakan yana raguwa da shekaru.
Wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa akan batutuwa masu amfani da batsa suna fita waje. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne, jaridar 1963 da 1972 na 'yan jarida sun nuna kawai ƙananan ƙananan amfani da su daga shekara ta 1999, suna nuna cewa amfani da batsa tsakanin waɗannan rukuni ya kasance mai mahimmanci tun lokacin [35]. Sauran ita ce 1999 ita ce shekarar da al'amuran mata a cikin 18 zuwa 26 don cinye batsa ya zama sau uku kamar wadanda suke da shekaru 45 zuwa 53, maimakon sau biyu kamar yadda ya kasance har zuwa wannan batu [35]. Wadannan hujjoji guda biyu zasu iya danganta da sauye-sauye a cikin hotuna batutuwa da fasahar ke amfani da su (sauyawa daga offline zuwa samfurin yin amfani da yanar-gizon amfani), amma baza'a iya gane ba tun bayan asalin asalin bazai lissafa bambance-bambance ba a cikin layi da kuma layi bambance-bambancen karatu lokacin amfani da batsa.
Amma ga POPU, babu cikakkun bayanai a cikin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen da za su iya bayar da cikakken ƙididdigar yadda ake amfani da shi. Ƙara har zuwa abubuwan da aka ambata da aka ambata saboda rashin bayanai game da amfani da batsa na batsa, wani ɓangare na iya haifar da tsinkayen yanayin da ake ciki a hannun mai yiwuwa mahalarta, mahallin kayan aikin kwarewa da masu bincike suka yi, da kuma rashin yarda a kan abin da ainihin ya zama mashahuriyar amfani da batsa, wanda duka al'amurran da suka shafi kuma duba kara a cikin wannan takarda.

Mafi yawan binciken da ke tattare da POPU ko halayyar jima'i yana amfani da samfurori masu dacewa don auna shi, yawanci ganowa, duk da bambancin al'umma, masu amfani kaɗan sunyi la'akari da wannan al'ada, har ma a lokacin da suka yi, ko kaɗan sunyi la'akari da cewa wannan zai iya zama mummunan tasiri akan su. Wasu misalai:

(1) Nazarin nazarin ƙwarewar hali tsakanin masu amfani da kayan, ya gano cewa kawai 9.80% daga cikin mahalarta 51 sun yi la'akari da cewa suna da jaraba ga jima'i ko batsa [36].

(2) Wani binciken da aka yi a Sweden wanda ya samo samfurin mahalarta 1913 ta hanyar tambayoyin yanar gizo, 7.6% ya ruwaito wasu matsalolin Intanit kuma 4.5% ya nuna jin 'jin daɗin' ga Intanet don ƙauna da jima'i, kuma cewa wannan babbar 'matsala' [17].

(3) Nazarin Mutanen Espanya da samfurin dalibai na kwalejin na 1557 sun gano cewa 8.6% yana cikin wata hadari na tasowa wajen amfani da labarun batsa ta yanar gizo, amma cewa ainihin amfani da masu amfani da ilmin lissafi shi ne 0.7% [37].

Nazarin kawai tare da wakilin wakilai zuwa yau shine dan Australia, tare da samfurin mahalarta 20,094; 1.2% daga cikin matan da aka yi la'akari sunyi la'akari da kansu ne, yayin da maza ne 4.4% [38]. Irin wannan binciken kuma ya shafi halaye na haɗin kai a waje da batsa [39].
Masu ba da shawara ga mawuyacin halin jima'i da batsa su ne, a fadin yawancin al'umma: kasancewa mutum, matashi, addini, amfani da yanar-gizon yanar gizo, yanayin rashin tausayi, da kuma kasancewar rashin jima'i, da kuma neman sabon abu [17,37,40,41]. Wasu daga cikin wadannan halayen halayen suna da alaƙa da halayen halayyar halayyar halayyar halayya (39,42].

3.2. Ethiopathogenical da Diagnostic Conceptualization

Hanyoyin fahimtar dabi'un dabi'a suna ci gaba da kasancewa kalubale a yau. Duk da yake an yi ƙoƙari da dama game da halayyar haɗin kai, rashin fahimtar bayanai kamar yadda yanzu ya bayyana gaskiyar cewa babu wata yarjejeniya akan wannan al'amari [9]. POPU ya ƙunshi wani tsari na musamman game da halin jima'i wanda ya haɗa da fasaha. Saboda yin amfani da fasaha mai mahimmanci (musamman fasaha ta yanar gizo) kasancewa ne kwanan nan, muna buƙatar farko muyi magana game da halayyar halayya da ba a danganta da fasaha ba don fahimtar wurin batsa ta labaran da ke cikin layi.
Jima'i a matsayin hali yana da bambanci daban-daban, kuma ana iya nazarin bangarorin da ke da alamomi a cikin ƙarni [43]. Saboda haka, yana wakiltar gwagwarmaya don yin la'akari da ƙoƙarin daidaita shi, tun da yake zai iya haɗawa da ayyukan da ke tattare da raɗaɗɗɗen galibi ga tashin hankali [21]. Haka kuma mawuyacin ƙaddamar da abin da ke haifar da damewa kuma sarrafa don kauce wa yiwuwar yin amfani da wannan ma'anar don ɓarna da pathologize mutane [44]. Alal misali, wasu sun kafa iyaka tsakanin al'ada da halayyar jima'i a cikin fiye da bakwai orgasms a cikin mako guda [43] (shafi na 381), amma wannan tsarin kulawa da yawa zai iya zama haɗari, tun da yake abin da ke tattare da dabi'ar al'ada da na halin kirki zai iya bambanta tsakanin mutane. Wannan rashin daidaituwa da daidaito cikin jinsinta na iya hana bincike kan gaba game da bincike game da jima'i [45] da kuma watsi da sifofin sifofin da ke mayar da hankali ga halayyar motsin zuciyar da ke tattare da shi [46,47]. An bayar da shawarwari don fansar wannan batu ta amfani da wasu kayan aiki, wanda aka rigaya ya zama ɓangare na tsari na rikici tsakanin mata da maza da aka yi amfani da ita a jarrabawar DSM-5 [43,47].
Hudacin jima'i yakan yi aiki kamar labaran gini [7]. Har ila yau, yawancin da ake yi wa muhawara a yau, kuma yana da saurin haɗuwar da dama da suke magana da wannan ra'ayi: halayyar jima'i, jima'i da jima'i, zubar da jima'i, ko rashin karuwa. Wasu mawallafa, yayin da suke fahimtar muhimmancin kalmomin "jaraba" da "compulsivity", sun fi so su kusantar da hankali ga batun batun kulawa da yiwuwar hasara ko sulhuntawa kamar yadda damuwa ta farko game da wannan hali, ta haka yana nufin shi "daga cikin iko halayen jima'i "[45,48,49].
Kodayake ma'anonin ba salo ba ne, sukan mayar da hankali kan mita ko ƙaramin bayyanar cututtuka [46] na matsalolin al'ada na yau da kullum da kuma rudu, wanda zai haifar dasfunction. Wannan ya bambanta daga dabi'un jima'i na yau da kullum, kodayake buƙatar ƙarin bayani game da bambancin bambance-bambance, daidaito, da ɓacewa tsakanin nau'o'i biyu har yanzu yana cigaba [45].
Yawancin lokaci an haɗa su a cikin halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayya da yawa da kuma nau'in halayen halayen jima'i, kamar dogara ga rashin jima'i da jima'i, cin zarafi, labarun intanit, jigilar tarho,43,44,49,50,51]. Bancroft ya yi la'akari da cewa, ta hanyar amfani da Intanit, al'amuran al'ada da waɗannan ayyukan jima'i zasu iya haɗuwa da kansu, yana cewa mutane "suna amfani da shi a matsayin ƙarancin iyakokin da ba su da ikon yin tasiri a kan masturbatory".
Duk da yake yiwuwar gano zancen halayya ta halayya ko da yaushe yana samuwa tare da "lalata jima'i ba in ba haka bane" a cikin DSM [1], Kafka [43] ya yi ƙoƙarin ba da shi a matsayin hanyar bincike don DSM-5. Ya gabatar da zane-zane game da shi, a matsayin ɓangare na ɓangaren jima'i na jima'i. Wadannan samfurori da aka kwatanta sun haɗa da halayyar haɗin kai kamar yadda: (1) da ake dasu da jima'i, (2) wani buri na hali, (3) wani ɓangare na cuta mai rikitarwa, (4) wani ɓangare na cututtuka na impulsivity-and spectrum (5) daga cikin iko "halayen jima'i da yawa. Wannan tsari ya ƙi yarda saboda dalilan da yawa; an ce babban abu ba shi da wani ɓangaren abubuwan da ke tattare da annoba da kuma maganganun da ke tattare game da wannan hali [52,53], amma har ma da yiwuwar cin zarafi, da ba da takamaiman tsari na tsarin bincike ba, da kuma yiwuwar siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma game da lalata al'amuran hali ga rayuwar mutum [54]. Yana da ban sha'awa don kwatanta shi da sauran shafuka guda biyu da suka gabatar a cikin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafe, waɗanda Patrick Carnes da Aviel Goodman [9]. Dukkanin kashi uku sunyi la'akari da hasara na hasara, lokaci mai yawa da aka yi amfani da shi cikin halayen jima'i da kuma mummunar tasiri ga kai / wasu, amma ya karkatar da wasu abubuwa. Wannan yana nuna rashin jin dadi akan rashin daidaito a cikin shekaru masu yawa. A halin yanzu, manyan zaɓuɓɓuka suna bada shawara game da halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar kai ko dai a matsayin matsala ta rikici ko kuma buri na hali [55].
Daga tsarin kulawar rikici na hanzari, halayyar halayyar zinare gaba ɗaya ana kiransa "Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB)". Coleman [56] shi ne mai goyon bayan wannan ka'idar. Duk da yake ya hada da halayen kirki a karkashin wannan lokaci [57], kuma suna iya zama tare a wasu lokuta, ya bambanta shi daga CSB, wanda shine abin da muke so mu mayar da hankalin a cikin wannan bita. Abu mai ban sha'awa, al'adar jima'i ba tare da zane ba ne yawancin lokaci, idan ba haka ba, fiye da wasu alamu [43,58].
Duk da haka, ƙayyadaddun ma'anar CSB yawanci suna magana ne akan yawancin halayen jima'i da zasu iya zama masu tilastawa: yawancin da aka ruwaito shi ne al'aura, ana biye da shi ta yin amfani da batsa, da lalata kamfani, daɗaɗɗen tafiya, da kuma dangantaka da yawa (22-76%) [9,59,60].
Yayinda akwai tabbacin mahimmanci tsakanin haɗin kai da kuma yanayin kamar yanayin rashin tausananci-gajiya (OCD) da sauran cututtuka na rikici [61], akwai wasu bambance-bambance masu ban mamaki da aka nuna: alal misali, al'amuran OCD basu ƙunshi lada ba, ba kamar halin jima'i ba. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da yake shiga cikin ƙwarewa zai iya haifar da taimako na wucin gadi na OCD marasa lafiya [62], halin jima'i yakan haɗu da halaye da kuma baƙin ciki bayan aikata aikin [63]. Har ila yau, damuwa wanda zai iya rinjaye wani hali na mai haɗari a wasu lokuta ba tare da haɗuwa da shiri mai kyau da ake bukata a wasu lokuta a CSB (alal misali, game da saduwa da jima'i)64]. Goodman yana tunanin cewa maganin rikitarwa ya ta'allaka ne a tsaka-tsaki na rikitarwa masu rikitarwa (wanda ya haɗa da raguwa da juyayi) da kuma nakasa (wanda ya haɗa da jin dadi), tare da bayyanar da alamun kwayoyin halitta (serotoninergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, da tsarin opioid)65]. Stein ya yarda da samfurin da ke hada da hanyoyin da ke da nau'o'in ethiopathogenical kuma ya gabatar da samfurin ABC (dysregulation shafi, halayyar hali, da dyscontrol) don nazarin wannan mahallin [61].
Daga dabi'un hali na jaraba, halayyar halayyar halayen haɗin kai ya dogara ne akan raba bangarori na buri. Wadannan fannoni, bisa ga DSM-5 [1], koma zuwa samfurin mai amfani da aka ambata da aka ambata dangane da halin halayen haɗin kai, duka biyu da layi [6,66,67]. Shaida na haƙuri da janyewa a cikin wadannan marasa lafiya zai iya zama maɓalli a cikin halayyar wannan mahaluži azaman ƙwayar cuta [45]. Amfani da matsalar cybersex mawuyacin hali shine sau da yawa an yi la'akari da shi azaman buri na hali [13,68].
Kalmar "jaraba" da ake amfani da wannan mahadar har yanzu yana cikin babban muhawara. Zitzman yayi la'akari da cewa juriya don yin amfani da maganganun jima'i shine "mafi yawan kwarewar al'adun jima'i da haɓakawa fiye da duk wani rashin alamun bayyanar cututtuka da rubutu tare da wasu nau'i na jaraba" [69]. Duk da haka, ana bukatar amfani da wannan kalma tare da taka tsantsan, tun da za'a iya fassara shi a matsayin abin da ya dace don bincike maras dacewa don jin dadi da jin dadi, kuma ya zargi abin da ya faru a kan shi.
An yi ta muhawarar tsakanin Patrick Carnes da Eli Coleman game da tantancewar halayyar halayyar jinsi. Coleman yayi la'akari da jima'i don a tilasta shi ta rage wasu nau'i na tashin hankali, ba da sha'awar jima'i ba [56] bayan da aka ba da shi a cikin ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen guda bakwai (ɗaya daga cikinsu yana amfani da batsa na bidiyo) [57], yayin da Carnes (wanda ya bayyana jaraba a matsayin "dangantaka ta ruhaniya tare da yanayin canza yanayi") ya samo alamu ga sauran labarun dabi'a kamar caca, mai da hankali kan rashin hasara da kuma ci gaba na ci gaba duk da sakamakon da ya faru [70].
Binciken cikakken nazarin wallafe-wallafe na Kraus [71], ya kammala cewa duk da waɗannan misalai, gagarumar gazawar fahimtar fahimtar ta ƙaddamar da matsayinsa na jaraba. Babban damuwa yana nufin girman yawan ƙididdigewa, bayanan asibiti da kuma na asibiti (ƙayyade ainihin bayyanar cututtuka da ƙididdigar bincikensa), ƙirar neuropsychological, neurobiological, da bayanan kwayoyin, da kuma wasu bayanai game da yiwuwar dubawa da rigakafi, da kuma yana nuna fasaha na zamani a cikin halayen halayyar halayyar halayya kamar matsayin mahimmanci don bincike na gaba.
Yunƙurin yanar-gizon yana ƙaruwa da damar yin hulɗar jima'i, kuma ba kawai labarun bidiyo ba (webcamming, jima'i yanar gizo). Hatta ko amfani da Intanet yana wakiltar wani nau'i na wasu nau'o'in hali na sakewa (misali, halayyar jima'i ko caca) ko kuma ya zama wata ƙungiya daban-daban a kan hakkinsa har yanzu an yi muhawara [72]. Duk da haka, idan shari'ar ita ce tsohon, bayanan da suka dace da su na iya amfani da ita ga takwaransa na intanet.
A halin yanzu akwai buƙatar bukatun da aka samo asali wanda ke la'akari da ƙananan abubuwan da ke nuna halayen kan layi (ba tare da bata) ba, saboda yawancinsu ba su da wani ɓangaren layi wanda za a iya kwatanta da [73]. Ya zuwa yanzu, an ambaci sabon abu yayin da ake hulɗa da halayen jima'i na yanar gizo, kamar kasancewar rashin daidaito ta yanar gizo [74], wanda ke haifar da "kasancewa da hankali da kuma motsa jiki lokacin da ya shiga, tare da lokaci mai sulhuntawa da sakewa". An riga an kwatanta wannan rushewa dangane da wasu ayyukan kan layi [75], wanda ke goyan bayan ra'ayi cewa yin amfani da matsala na cybersex zai iya dangantaka da intanet da jima'i [76].
A ƙarshe, dole ne mu ambaci cewa an gano wani abu mai bincike da ake kira "rikice-rikice mai haɗari da lalata" a cikin littafin nan na ICD-11 na gaba mai zuwa, a cikin "ɓangaren magunguna"77]. Za a iya fassara ma'anar a https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1630268048.
Hannun wannan rukunin a cikin ICD-11 na iya zama mai mayar da martani ga mahimmancin wannan batu kuma ya tabbatar da ita ga mai amfani da asibiti, yayin da bayanai masu yawa amma basu da cikakkun bayanai sun hana mu daga rarraba shi a matsayin rashin lafiyar jiki [72]. An yi imanin samar da ingantaccen kayan aiki (duk da haka a cikin tsarin gyaran) don magance bukatun kulawa na neman marasa lafiya da kuma yiwuwar laifin da ke da alaƙa da [78], kuma yana iya yin la'akari da muhawarar da ake gudana game da mafi dacewa na CSB da yawancin adadin bayanai a wasu yankuna [55,71] (Table 1). Wannan hadawa zai iya kasancewa mataki na farko don fahimtar wannan batu kuma yadawa akan shi, ɗaya maɓallin mahimmanci shine babu shakka zane-zanen batsa na kan layi.
Table 1. DSM-5 da ICD-11 sun kusanci rarraba nau'in halayen hypersexual.
Table

3.3. Bayyanar Clinical

Ana iya takaita bayyanar cututtuka na POPU a cikin maɓalloli uku:

  • Abubuwan da ke cikin lalata: Kamar yadda wasu binciken sun samo ƙananan shaida na ƙungiyoyi tsakanin batsa da amfani da jima'i [33], wasu suna ba da shawara cewa haɓaka amfani da batsa na iya zama maɓalli mai mahimmanci wanda ke bayyana haɓakar lalacewar lalacewa tsakanin matasa [80]. A cikin nazarin daya, 60% na marasa lafiya wadanda ke fama da lalata da haɗin kai tare da abokin tarayya, ba su da wannan matsala tare da batsa [8]. Wasu suna jayayya cewa caus tsakanin amfani da batsa da lalata jima'i yana da wuya a tsayar, tun da yake ba a iya gano ainihin ikon sarrafa batsa ba [81] kuma sun gabatar da yiwuwar ƙirar bincike a wannan batun.
  • Mawuyacin halin kirkici namiji: cin abincin batsa an haɗa shi da rashin jin dadi da jima'i, ga maza da mata [82], kasancewa mafi mahimmancin jikin mutum ko abokin tarayya, ƙara yawan ƙarfin aiki da ƙasa da ainihin ainihin jima'i [83], samun ƙarin abokan tarawa da shiga halayen jima'i da ake biya [34]. An lura da wannan tasiri musamman a cikin alamuranmu yayin da a gefe guda suke [84], a wata hanya mai kama da amfani da marijuana, yin musayar mahimmin abu kamar sakatariya mafi girma [85]. Wadannan nazarin suna dogara ne akan amfani da batsa na yau da kullum ba, amma labaran batsa na yanar gizo bazai haifar da cutarwa ta kansa ba, sai kawai lokacin da ya zama buri [24]. Wannan na iya bayanin alakar da ke tsakanin amfani da batsa ta hanyar-mace da wasu kyakkyawan sakamako ga mata [86].
  • Abun ciki: halayyar halayyar haɗin kai an hade da rashin tausin zuciya, biyo bayan rashin halayyar yanayi, amfani da maganin amfani da jima'i da dysfunction jima'i [87]. Wadannan binciken kuma sun shafi POPU [88], har ma suna hade da shan taba, shan barasa ko kofi, cin zarafi [41] da kuma yin amfani da wasan-bidiyo mai matsala [89,90].
Samun wasu takamaiman abubuwan da ke cikin batsa an haɗa su tare da karuwa a cikin matsalolin da aka ruwaito [17]. An yi ta muhawara idan wadannan siffofi na asibiti sune sakamakon sakamakon cin zarafi na cybersex daidai ko saboda batutuwa da suka fahimci kansu kamar addicts [91].

3.4. Neurobiological Evidence Tallafa Addiction Model

Tattara shaidu game da POPU tsari ne mai wahala; Babban bayanai game da wannan batu har yanzu ana iyakance ta kananan samfurori masu yawa, kawai samfurorin namiji da maza da samfurori na giciye [71], ba tare da isasshen binciken da ke tattare da neuropsychological [4], mai yiwuwa ne saboda abubuwan da suka shafi ra'ayi, kudi da haɗin gwiwar. Bugu da kari, yayin da za a iya lura da kayan maye a cikin dabbobin gwaji, ba za mu iya yin wannan tare da jarabawar ɗan takarar ba; wannan na iya ƙididdige bincikenmu game da ƙarancin neurobiological [72]. Rarrabar ilimi na yanzu dangane da binciken halayyar halayyar dan adam, harma da hanyoyin da za'a bi don magance su, an lullube su sosai kuma a takaice cikin labarin Kraus [71]. Yawancin binciken da aka samu a cikin bincikenmu ya shafi halin jima'i, tare da batsa ne kawai daga cikin kayan da aka lissafta.
Wannan hujja ta dogara ne akan fahimtar da ke faruwa game da tsarin ƙwayoyin hanyoyi tsakanin maganganun neuroplasticity. Matakan Dopamine suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan kyautar sakamako na jima'i, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin cutar kansa ta gaba da magungunan pro-dopaminergic a cikin cutar Parkinson ana alaƙa da halayyar jima'i [92,93].
Za a iya ƙara yin amfani da labaran da ke kan labarun intanit ta hanyar cigaba da sauri da kuma "ƙwararru" (kalmar da Nobel ta lashe lambar yabo ta Nikolaas Tinbergen)94]. Wannan sabon abu zai iya haifar da motsawar wucin gadi (a wannan yanayin, batsa ta yadda ake cinye shi a yau, nau'ikan sa na kan layi) yana birge amsawar kwayoyin halitta. Ka'idar ita ce cewa za su iya kunna tsarin aikinmu na halitta a matakin sama da abin da magabatanmu suka samu yayin da kwakwalwarmu ta samu, hakan ya sa ya cancanci canzawa cikin yanayin jaraba [2]. Idan munyi la’akari da batsa ta yanar gizo daga wannan mahangar, zamu iya fara ganin kamanceceniya da masu shan kwayoyi na yau da kullun.

Manyan canje-canje na kwakwalwa da aka lura da masu shan abubuwa suna sanya tushe don bincike na gaba game da halayen jaraba [95], gami da:

  • Tsananin hankali [96]
  • Kayan aiki [97]
  • Dysfunctional prefrontal da'irori (hypofrontality) [98]
  • Rashin tsarin damuwa99]
Wadannan kwakwalwa suna canzawa a cikin addicts an danganta su tare da marasa lafiya da halayyar jima'i ko masu amfani da batsa ta hanyar nazarin binciken 40 na nau'o'i daban-daban: hotunan haɓakaccen magnetic, electroencephalography (EEG), neuroendocrine, da neuropsychological.
Misali, akwai bambance-bambance a fili cikin ayyukan kwakwalwa tsakanin marassa lafiyar da ke da halin jima'i na tilastawa, wanda ke madubin da masu shan kwayoyi. Lokacin da aka nuna shi ga hotunan jima'i, batutuwan da ba su dace ba sun nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin son (a layi tare da sarrafawa) da so (sha'awar jima'i), wanda ya fi girma [8,100]. A wasu kalmomi, a cikin waɗannan batutuwa akwai sha'awar kawai ga takamaiman batun jima'i, amma ba jima'i ba. Wannan yana nuna mu ga yanayin jima'i da kanta sannan ana ganinta azaman lada [46].
Tabbatar da wannan aikin neural da ke nuna sha'awar shi ne muhimmin shahararren gwargwadon ƙwayar cuta [101] da amygdala [102,103], kasancewa shaida na hangen nesa. Kunnawa a cikin wadannan kwakwalwa sassan yana da la'akari da kudaden kudi [104] kuma yana iya ɗaukar irin wannan tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙarin karatu na EEG mafi girma a cikin waɗannan masu amfani, kazalika da sha'awar da aka yi wa jima'i tare da abokin tarayya, amma ba don al'aura da batsa ba [105], wani abu da yake nunawa a kan bambanci a darajar gyare-gyare [8]. Wannan za a iya la'akari da alamar lalata. Duk da haka, binciken da Steele ya yi yana dauke da hanyoyi masu yawa da za a yi la'akari da su (maganganu da yawa, da rashin nunawa ga rashin hankali ko ƙwaƙwalwa, da rashin ƙungiya mai kulawa, da kuma yin amfani da takardun shaida ba a tabbatar dasu ba)106]. Binciken da aka yi wa [107], a wannan lokaci tare da ƙungiya mai kulawa, ta sake yin wannan binciken. Halin da ake yi wajen sakewa da kuma sha'awar cigaba da cin hanci da rashawa na cybersex an lalata ta a cikin mata namiji [108] da ɗan kishili namiji samfurori [109].
Wannan nuna bambancin ra'ayi ga al'amuran jima'i yana da fifiko a cikin mutanen farko masu rashin hankali [110], amma maimaitawa ta sake bayyanawa zuwa gare su ya nuna nuna rashin amincewarsu [111,112]. Wannan na nufin lalacewar tsarin lada, watakila mai sulhu ne da babban kasala [107,113,114]. Tun da dingal cingulate yana da hannu a tsammani sakamakon da amsa ga sabon faru, a rage a cikin aiki bayan da maimaita bayyana nuna mana ga ci gaba da al'ada zuwa ci gaban da suka gabata. Wannan yana haifar da fifikon haɓakar aikin jima'i na rayuwar jima'i [115], wanda zai iya bayyana azaman yunƙurin shawo kan yanayin ɗabi'a da nuna damuwa ta hanyar bincika ƙarin (sabon) batsa a matsayin hanyar gamsuwa da jima'i, zaɓi wannan halayyar maimakon jima'i na zahiri.20].
Wannan yunƙurin na neman sabon abu na iya zama mai sulhunta shi ta hanyar sake aiki da juna [116] da amygdala [117]. An san cewa kallon batsa a cikin masu amfani da kullun ya kasance an danganta shi da babban aikin jijiya [99], musamman a cikin ventral striatum [116,118] wanda ke taka rawa sosai wajen tsammanin sakamako [119].
Koyaya, haɓaka tsakanin ventral striatum da prefrontal cortex an ragu [103,113]; raguwa a cikin haɗi tsakanin cortex prefrontal da amygdala kuma an lura dashi [117]. Bugu da kari, batutuwan da suka shafi rayuwa sun nuna rage haɓakar aiki tsakanin caudate da na yau da kullin cortex lobes, da kuma rashi lafuzza a waɗannan yankuna [120]. Duk waɗannan canje-canje na iya bayyana rashin iyawa don sarrafa halayen halin jima'i.
Haka kuma, batutuwa na ruhi sun nuna karin amygdala [117], wanda ya bambanta da waɗanda ke da tasirin da ake dauka a kullum, wanda ya nuna ƙarar amygdala ragewa [121]; za a iya bayanin wannan bambancin ta hanyar yiwuwar cutar neurotoxic na abu. A cikin batutuwan da ba a sani ba, karuwar aiki da girma na iya yin nuni ga daidaituwa tare da hanyoyin jaraba (musamman tallafawa ka'idojin motsa hankali) ko kuma zama sanadiyyar ƙarancin matsanancin damuwa na zamantakewa, irin su jarabar halayyar kanta [122].
Waɗannan masu amfani kuma sun nuna amsa gajiyawar damuwa, wanda aka yi sulhu akai ta hanyar hypothalamus – pituitary-adrenal axis [122] a hanyar da ta kwatanta wadannan canje-canje da aka gani a cikin abubuwa masu yawan gaske. Wadannan sauye-sauyen na iya zama sakamakon canje-canje na kwayar halitta a kan matsakanci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu tuki, kamar corticotropin-sakewa-factor (CRF) [123]. Wannan lafazin ka'ida na tsarin halitta yana la'akari da sakamakon dabi'un hedonic da na anhedonic duk a cikin ƙananan cututtukan dopaminergic sun shafi shi, kuma mai yiwuwa sauran ɗan takarar neurotransmitter da ke tattare da tsarin kwayoyin halittar jini [124]. Akwai kuma shaidar mafi girman cutar tumatur necrosis factor (TNF) a cikin masu shaye-shayen jima'i, tare da ingantacciyar hulda tsakanin matakan TNF da manyan maki a ma'aunin sikelin hypersexuality [125].

3.5. Shaidar Neuropsychological

Game da bayyanar waɗannan canje-canjen a cikin halayen jima'i, yawancin karatun neuropsychological suna nuna wasu nau'ikan kai tsaye ko sakamakon kai tsaye cikin aikin zartarwa [126,127], mai yiwuwa a sakamakon sakamakon gyaran gyare-gyare na farko [128]. Idan aka yi amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo, to yana bayar da gudummawa ga ci gabanta da kiyayewa [129,130].
Bayani dalla-dalla game da wannan aikin zartarwa marassa karfi sun hada da: impulsivity [131,132], ƙwaƙwalwar haɗakarwa wadda ta hana ƙaddarar ilmantarwa ko kuma ikon iya matsawa [120,133,134], yanke hukunci mara kyau da yanke shawara [130,135], kutse a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar aiki [130], raguwa cikin tsari na tausayawa, da damuwa da damuwa da jima'i [136]. Wadannan binciken suna tunawa da wasu karuwancin hali (irin su caca-caca) da kuma dabi'un da suke dogara da shi [137]. Wasu karatun kai tsaye sun musanta wadannan binciken [58], amma akwai wasu ƙuntatawa a hanya (misali, ƙananan samfurin samfurin).
Gabatar da abubuwan da ke taka rawa wajen haɓaka halayyar ɗabi'a da maganganun yanar gizo, akwai da yawa daga cikinsu. Zamu iya tunanin yiwuwar sakewa, ƙarfafawa da haɓakawa da ilmantarwa [104,109,136,138,139] azaman mahimman hanyoyin samar da batsa. Koyaya, ana iya samun dalilai na raunin rashin ƙarfi [140], kamar: (1) muhimmancin yin jima'i da dysfunctional shan wuya a wasu mutane da suka rigaya sun rigaya [40,141,142,143] ko yana haifar da halin rashin hankali ne [144,145] ko halin jihar [146], da (2) tsarin kulawa / guje wa [147,148,149].

3.6. Hasashen

Yawancin nazarin da aka yi amfani da ita sunyi amfani da batutuwan da ke da tasiri a kan labaran yanar gizo [34,81,113,114], sabili da haka bayyanar da ke cikin asibiti ya zama daidai ne kuma ya haifar da sakamakon wannan halin rashin lafiya. Mun ambaci wahalar samun iko don kafa hujja, amma wasu rahotannin yanayi sun nuna cewa rage ko watsi da wannan halayyar na iya haifar da ci gaba a cikin lalata da lalata jima'i da rashin gamsuwa na psychosexual [79,80] har ma da cikakken murmurewa; wannan zai nuna cewa canjin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da aka ambata da aka ambata a baya ya kasance mai sauƙi.

3.7. Kayan Aikin Nazari

Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na allo da yawa suna wanzu don magance CSB da POPU. Dukkansu sun dogara da mai gaskiya da amincin mai amsa; watakila ma fiye da gwaje-gwaje na gwaji na yau da kullum, tun da yake jima'i su ne mafi ƙasƙantar da kansu saboda yanayin masu zaman kansu.
Domin haɗin kai, akwai tambayoyin da ake nunawa na 20 da tambayoyi na asibiti. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan sanannan sun hada da Gwajin Raunin Jima'i (SAST) wanda Carnes ya gabatar [150], kuma daga baya aka bita dashi SAST-R [151], Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Jima'i (CSBI) [152,153] da kuma Harkokin Saduwa da Harkokin Harkokin Hanyar Hudawa (HDSI) [154]. An yi amfani da HDSI na farko don tantancewa na asibiti na DSM-5 tsari na rikici tsakanin mata da maza. Yayinda ake buƙatar ƙarin bincike game da abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin game da sharuɗɗa da abubuwan da ake buƙata na yanke ƙira, a halin yanzu yana riƙe da ƙarfin ƙarfafawar ilimin halin dan adam kuma shine mafi kyawun kayan aiki don auna yanayin rashin hankalin [151].
Amma game da batsa na kan layi, kayan aikin da aka fi amfani da su shine jarabawa ta hanyar Intanet na gwajin jima'i (ISST) [155]. Yana kimanta daidaitattun matakai guda biyar (haɗuwar jima'i ta yanar gizo, halin jima'i ta yanar gizo-zamantakewa, halin jima'i ta yanar gizo-ware, ciyarwa ta yanar gizo da sha'awa cikin halayen jima'i ta yanar gizo) ta hanyar tambayoyin dichotomic na 25 (ee / a'a). Koyaya, yanayin kayan ilimin halin ɗan adam ɗin ba kawai an bincika shi ba, tare da ingantaccen inganci a cikin Mutanen Espanya [156] wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin tsari na karatun zamani [157].
Sauran kundin sanannun sune matsalar amfani da batsa na matsala (PPUS) [158] wanda ke auna fuskoki hudu na POPU (gami da: damuwa da matsaloli na aiki, yawan wuce gona da iri, shawo kan wahaloli da amfani don tserewa / nisantar mummunan rashi), gajeren jarabawar jarabar intanet wanda ya dace da ayyukan jima'i ta yanar gizo (s-IAT-sex) [159], kayan tambayoyin 12-mai ƙididdige ma'aunin abubuwa biyu na POPU, da kuma amfani da kayan batsa na yanar gizo (CPUI-9) [160].
CPUI-9 yana kimanta girma uku: (1) ƙoƙarin samun dama, (2) tsinkaye mai fahimta, da (3) damuwa na damuwa. Da farko ana tsammanin suna da tabbatattun abubuwan ilimin halin dan Adam [9], kwanannan tarin bayanan ya nuna ba za a iya dogara da shi ba: hadewar yanayin "damuwa damuwa" wanda ke magance matakan kunya da laifi, waɗanda ba sa cikin ƙididdigar jarabar jaraba don haka ya ɓoye sakamakon zuwa sama [161]. Yin amfani da kaya ba tare da wannan girman ya bayyana daidai da yadda ake amfani da batsa ba.
Ofayan kwanannan shine ma'aunin yawan batsa na matsalar batsa (PPCS) [162], dangane da Griffith nau'ikan kayan masarufi guda shida [163], kodayake bai daidaita jaraba ba, kawai matsala ta yin amfani da batsa tare da kyawawan kayan halayyar mahimmanci.
Sauran matakan POPU wadanda ba a tsara su don yin amfani da batsa ta batsa ba amma an inganta su ta yin amfani da masu amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo [9], sun hada da Abubuwan Layi na Batsa (PCI) [164,165], Sigar Tsarin Batsa na Batsa (CPCS)166] da Tambaya Game da Yin Batsa (PCQ) [167] wanda zai iya tantance abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin yanayin tsakanin nau'ikan batsa masu amfani.
Hakanan akwai kayan aikin don tantance shirye-shiryen masu amfani da batsa don watsi da halayyar ta hanyar dabarun fara kai [168] da kuma kimanta sakamako na magani a cikin yin [169], ganowa musamman abubuwanda zasu haifar da koma baya: (a) matsananciyar jima'i / gurnani / dama, (b) maye / wurare / saukin samun sauki, da (c) motsin rai mara kyau.

3.8. Jiyya

Idan aka ba da wannan tambayoyin da yawa game da fahimtar juna, kwarewa, da kuma haddasa halayyar halayyar halayya da kuma POPU, akwai ƙananan ƙoƙari na bincike don zaɓuɓɓukan magancewa. A cikin binciken da aka wallafa, samfurori masu yawa yawanci sune yawa kuma sunyi kama da juna, magungunan na asibiti sun rasa, kuma hanyoyin bincike sun warwatse, basu yarda ba, kuma ba su da ma'ana [170].
Yawancin lokaci, haɗuwa da psychosocial, fahimi-halayyar, psychodynamic, da hanyoyin pharmacologic ana ɗauka mafi inganci a lura da jarabar jima'i, amma wannan hanyar da ba ta takamaiman matakin yana nuna rashin ilimin game da batun [9].

3.8.1. Matsalolin Magunguna

Nazarin ya dogara ne akan paroxetine da naltrexone har yanzu. Aya daga cikin shari'o'i daya shafi paroxetine akan POPU ya taimaka rage matakan damuwa, amma ƙarshe ya kasa rage halayyar da kanta [171]. Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da SSRIs don ƙirƙirar lalatawar jima'i ta hanyar tasirinsu ba ga alama ba shi da tasiri, kuma bisa ga kwarewar asibiti suna da amfani kawai a cikin marasa lafiya da cututtukan cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta [172].
An bayyana rahoton shari'o'i hudu da suka shafi naltrexone don magance POPU. Abubuwan da aka samo a baya sun ba da shawarar cewa naltrexone na iya kasancewa mai yiwuwa magani ga jaraba na ɗabi'a da rashin lafiyar hypersexual [173,174], ƙaryar da hankali ga ƙwarewa da kuma ƙarfafawa ta hanyar hana jigilar euphoria da halayyar. Yayinda har yanzu ba'a sami gwajin sarrafawa ba wanda aka saba dashi tare da naltrexone a cikin waɗannan batutuwa, akwai rahoto huɗu. Sakamakon da aka samu a rage amfani da batsa ya bambanta daga mai kyau [175,176,177] matsakaici [178]; aƙalla a cikin ɗayan majinyacin ya kuma karɓi sertraline, don haka ba a sani ba nawa ne ake iya haɗuwa da naltrexone [176].

3.8.2. Ilimin halin rashin hankali

Babu shakka, psychotherapy na iya zama muhimmiyar kayan aiki a cikin fahimtar gabaɗaya da canza halayya. Duk da yake ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa-halayyar ƙwaƙwalwa (CBT) da yawa daga likitocin suna ɗauka cewa suna da amfani wajen lura da matsalar rashin hankalin da ke cikin damuwa [179], binciken da ya shafi masu amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo masu matsala sun kasa cimma daidaiton halayen [180], koda kuwa an sami karfin rashin lafiyar cututtuka da kuma yanayin rayuwa mai kyau. Wannan ya kawo tunanin ra'ayi cewa kawai rage amfani da batsa bazai wakiltar maƙasudin magani mafi mahimmanci ba [170]. Sauran hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da CBT don magance POPU, amma magance matsalolin matakan da ke cikin wannan yanki ya hana mu daga tsauraran shawara [181,182].
Psychodynamic psychotherapy da sauransu kamar maganin iyali, maganin ma'aurata, da jiyya na psychosocial wanda aka tsara bayan shirye-shiryen matakan 12 na iya tabbatar da mahimmanci lokacin da ake magana kan jigon kunya da laifi da kuma dawo da amana a tsakanin abokan hulɗa mafi kusa [170,172]. Gwajin da aka sarrafa kawai wanda aka saba dashi tare da masu amfani da batsa na yanar gizo masu matsala sun mayar da hankali kan Yarda da Yarda Gudanarwa (ACT) [183], haɓakawa daga jerin shari'o'insu na 2010 [184], wanda shine farkon binciken gwaji don magance POPU musamman. Binciken ya nuna sakamako mai tasiri amma yana da wahala a rarrabe tunda samfirin ya sake ƙanƙanta kuma ya mai da hankali ga takamaiman yawan jama'a.
Nasarar da aka ruwaito tare da CBT, conjoint therapy da ACT na iya dogaro da gaskiyar da ta dogara ne akan tsarin kulawa da yarda; dangane da mahallin, karuwar karɓar amfani da batsa na iya zama daidai ko mafi mahimmanci fiye da rage amfani da shi [170].

4. Tattaunawa

Yana da alama cewa POPU ba wai kawai ɗayan nau'in rikicewar hypersexual ba ne, amma a halin yanzu shine mafi yawan abin da ya fi dacewa tun da shi ma ya shafi al'aura sau da yawa. Kodayake wannan yana da wuya a iya sanin daidai lokacin da aka ba da bayanin abubuwan rashin hankali da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da batsa ta yau da kullun, amma aƙalla zamu iya tabbatar da cewa ma'abotan amfani da batsa sun canza kusan shekaru goma da suka gabata. Ba zai zama wauta ba ɗauka cewa bambancin sa ta kan layi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga masu amfani da shi, kuma cewa abubuwan da suka faru Uku A suna haɓaka haɗarin haɗari ga POPU da sauran halayen jima'i.
Kamar yadda muka ambata, rashin sani shine babban haɗarin haɗari ga wannan dabi'ar jima'i ta haɓaka cikin matsala. Muna buƙatar tuna cewa ƙididdiga game da wannan matsala a fili tana iyakance ga mutanen da suka isa yin doka don yin jima'i, kan layi ko akasin haka; amma hakan bai kubuta mana cewa yin jima'i da wuya farawa bayan wannan matakin, kuma akwai yuwuwar samun damar cewa ƙananan yara har yanzu suna cikin haɓakar cutar jima'i sune yawanci masu rauni. Gaskiya ita ce yarda mai karfi game da abin da al'adar jima'i ta ƙunsa, ta layi da kan layi, ya zama dole don auna shi daidai yadda ya dace a cikin wakilan wakilcin kuma tabbatar da yawan matsalar ita a cikin al'umman yau.
Kamar yadda muka sani, da dama daga cikin binciken na baya-bayan nan suna tallafawa wannan mahadar a matsayin wani jaraba tare da muhimmancin bayyanuwar asibitoci irin su cin zarafin jima'i da kuma rashin jin daɗin mutum. Yawancin ayyukan da ake gudanarwa ya samo asali ne a kan bincike irin wannan da aka yi a kan abin da ke kan kayan abu, bisa la'akari da hotunan batsa ta yanar gizo a matsayin abin da ke da mahimmanci na '' supranormal 'a matsayin ainihin abin da, ta hanyar ci gaba da amfani, zai iya haifar da rikici. Duk da haka, batutuwa irin su haƙuri da abstinence ba a bayyana su a fili ba don su cancanci lakabi na jaraba, kuma haka ne babban ɓangare na bincike na gaba. A wannan lokacin, an gano wani abu na bincike da ke dauke da tsarin halayyar jima'i a cikin ICD-11 saboda yanayin da yake ciki a yanzu, kuma zai kasance da amfani don magance marasa lafiya da wadannan alamun da ke neman taimakon likitoci.
Akwai abubuwa masu yawa na kyan gani don taimakawa likitan likitanci tare da bincike na bincike, amma maida hankali ga abin da ke da ilimin lissafi kuma ba daidai ba ne har yanzu matsala mai gudana. Ya zuwa yanzu, wani muhimmin sashi na tsarin sharuɗɗan uku da Carnes, Goodman, da Kafka suka gabatar sun haɗa da mahimmancin hasara na iko, lokaci mai yawa da aka kashe akan halayyar jima'i da mummunan sakamako ga kai da sauran su. Ta wata hanyar ko wata, su ma suna cikin mafi yawan kayan aikin dubawa.
Zasu iya zama ingantaccen tsari wanda za'a gina gini a kansa. Sauran abubuwan, waɗanda aka yi la'akari dasu tare da bambance-bambancen digiri na mahimmanci, tabbas suna iya nuna alama don la'akari da abubuwan mutum. Samun kayan aikin tantancewa wanda ke riƙe da wasu matakan sassauci yayin kuma kasancewa mai mahimmanci don ƙayyade abin da yake matsala tabbas wata matsala ce ta yau da muke fuskanta, kuma tabbas zai iya tafiya tare da ƙarin binciken neurobiological wanda zai taimaka mana mafi kyawun fahimta yayin da takamaiman yanayin rayuwar dan adam gama gari yana canzawa daga hali na al'ada zuwa cuta.
Game da hanyoyin dabarun magani, babban burin yanzu yana maida hankalin rage yawan amfani da batsa ko barin shi gaba daya, tun bayan bayyanuwar kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta. Hanya don cimma wannan ya bambanta gwargwadon haƙuri ga mai haƙuri kuma yana iya buƙatar wasu sassauƙawar mutum a cikin dabarun da ake amfani da su, tare da tunani da yarda-tushen psychotherapy kasancewa daidai ko mafi mahimmanci fiye da hanyar samar da magunguna a wasu yanayi.

kudade

Wannan binciken bai sami kudade na waje ba.

Rikice-rikice na Interest

Rubén de Alarcón, Javier I. de la Iglesia, da Nerea M. Casado sun ba da sanarwar wani rikici na ban sha'awa. AL Montejo ya karbi kudade na neman shawara ko tallafin girmamawa / bincike a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata daga Boehringer Ingelheim, Forum Pharmaceuticals, Rovi, Servier, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Janssen Cilag, Pfizer, Roche, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, da Junta de Castilla y León .

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