Abinda ke ciki, kwanciyar hankali da kuma kula da hankali ga ladan jima'i (2015)

COMMENTS: Sabon karatun kwakwalwar Jami'ar Cambridge. Batutuwa sun kasance masu tsinkayen batsa a hankali. Idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa, sun kasance cikin sauri zuwa hotunan jima'i. Wato, kwakwalwarsu ta daina aiki ganin hoto iri daya… sun fi saurin gundura. Sabili da haka, sabon salo na batsa na yanar gizo yana tafiyar da jaraba gare shi, ƙirƙirar madauwari karkace na buƙatar ƙarin sabon abu don shawo kan saurin al'ada. Amma wannan sha'awar sabon abu a cikin batsa masu lalata ba ta kasance ta kasance ba. Wato, 'kaza' ana amfani da batsa kuma 'kwan' ana neman sabon abu.

Latsa Labba. Nuwamba 23, 2015

Mutanen da suke nuna halayen halayen halayen jima'i - jima'i da jima'i - an kori su ne don neman karin sababbin hotunan jima'i fiye da 'yan uwansu, bisa ga sabon bincike da Jami'ar Cambridge ta jagoranci. Sakamakon zai iya zama mai dacewa a cikin layi na batsa ta yanar gizo, wanda zai iya samar da sabbin hotuna.

A cikin binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of Psychiatric Research, masu bincike sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa masu yin jima'i sun fi saukin fahimta game da muhalli 'masu alaƙa da hotunan jima'i fiye da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da hotunan tsaka tsaki.

Jarabawar jima'i - lokacin da mutum ya sami wahalar sarrafa tunanin jima'i, ji ko halayyar su - ya zama gama gari, yana shafar kusan ɗayan cikin matasa 25. An bata masa suna sosai kuma yana iya haifar da jin kunya, wanda zai shafi dangin mutum da zamantakewar sa da kuma aikin su. Babu cikakkiyar ma'anar yanayin don taimakawa tare da ganewar asali.

A cikin aikin da Dr. Valerie Voon ya fitar daga Sashen Harkokin Siyasa a Jami'ar Cambridge, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa yankuna uku na kwakwalwa sun fi karfin jima'i idan aka kwatanta da masu aikin sa kai na lafiya. Abu mai mahimmanci, waɗannan yankuna - ƙwararren ƙwararru, dorsal cingulate da amygdala - sun kasance yankuna da aka kunna su a cikin ƙwayar magungunan ƙwayoyi lokacin da aka nuna magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi.

A cikin sabon binciken, wanda kamfanin Wellcome Trust ya dauki nauyinsa, Dr Voon da abokan aikinsa sun yi nazari kan halayyar 'yan mata 22 da suka kamu da jima'i da kuma 40' lafiyayyu 'maza masu aikin sa kai. A cikin aiki na farko, an nuna wa mutane jerin hotuna biyu-biyu, gami da mata tsirara, mata masu suttura da kayan daki. Daga nan aka nuna musu wasu hotunan guda biyu, gami da sabbin hotuna da suka saba, kuma aka nemi su zabi hoto don 'cin nasarar although 1' - duk da cewa mahalarta taron basu da masaniya game da rashin dacewar, yiwuwar samun nasarar ko wane hoto ya kasance 50%.

Masu binciken sun gano cewa jima'i da yara sun fi dacewa su zabi wannan labari game da zabi na musamman don hotunan jima'i da suka shafi siffofin ketare, yayin da masu sa kai na lafiya zasu iya zabar zabi na zabi don 'yan mata masu tsauraran ra'ayi game da siffofi masu banƙyama.

"Dukanmu muna iya ba da labari ta wata hanya don neman abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanar gizo - zai iya kasancewa daga yanar gizo zuwa wani labari, ko tsalle daga Facebook zuwa Amazon zuwa YouTube da kuma ci gaba," in ji Dr Voon. "Ga mutanen da suke nuna halayyar jima'i ta tilasta musu, kodayake, wannan ya zama dabi'ar halayyar da ta fi karfinsu, ta mai da hankali kan hotunan batsa."

A cikin aiki na biyu, an nuna masu sa kai nau'i-nau'i na hotuna - mace mara sutura da akwatin launin toka mai tsaka-tsallake - waɗanda aka zana su duka a kan wasu alamu na daban. Sun koyi haɗa waɗannan hotunan ne tare da hotunan, kwatankwacin yadda karnukan da suka shahara a shahararren gwajin Pavlov suka koyi haɗa alaƙar kararrawa da abinci. Daga nan aka umarce su da su zabi tsakanin waɗannan hotunan na baƙon da sabon hoto.

A wannan lokacin, masu binciken sun nuna cewa masu yin jima'i sun fi son zaɓar alamomi (a wannan yanayin samfuran da ba a sani ba) waɗanda ke da alaƙa da lada da kuɗi. Wannan yana goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa alamun rashin tabbas a cikin yanayin shan tabar wiwi na iya 'jawo' su don neman hotunan jima'i.

Dr Voon ya ce: "Lissafi na iya zama da sauki kamar kawai bude burauzar intanet dinsu." “Za su iya haifar da jerin ayyuka kuma kafin su ankara, mai shan tabar ta bincika hotuna ta batsa. Karya alakar da ke tsakanin wadannan bayanan da halayyar na iya zama kalubale matuka. ”

Masu binciken sun gudanar da wani gwaji na musamman inda 20 jima'i da 20 suka haɗu da masu aikin sa kai na lafiya da ke fama da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a yayin da ake nuna jerin hotunan maimaitawa - mace mai tafe, dala ta 1 ko akwati mai launin fari.

Sun gano cewa lokacin da jima'i ya yi maimaita kallon jima'i akai-akai, idan aka kwatanta da masu aikin sa kai na lafiya sun sami raguwar aiki a yankin kwakwalwa da aka sani da layin kwakwalwa na baya, wanda aka sani yana shiga cikin sa ran sakamako da amsawa sababbin abubuwan. Wannan ya dace da 'haɓaka', inda mai shan magani ya sami irin wannan motsa jiki da ƙasa kuma ba mai ladabi - alal misali, mai shan giya na iya samun caffeine 'buzz' daga kofin su na farko, amma a tsawon lokaci sukan ƙara shan kofi, ƙananan buzz ya zama.

Hakanan wannan tasiri yana faruwa a cikin maza mai kyau wadanda aka nuna su a bidiyo guda daya. Amma idan sun duba sabon bidiyon, matakin sha'awa da ƙyamarwa ya koma matakin asali. Wannan yana nuna cewa, don hana haɓakawa, mai shan jima'i yana bukatar buƙatar samar da sababbin hotuna. A wasu kalmomi, halin da ake ciki yana iya fitar da bincike don hotunan hotuna.

"Abubuwan da muke binciken sun fi dacewa a cikin batutuwa na batsa na intanit," in ji Dokta Voon. "Ba a bayyana abin da ke haifar da jima'i ba a farkon wuri kuma yana iya yiwuwa wasu mutane sun fi damuwa da jaraba fiye da wasu, amma irin yadda ba a iya samar da hotuna a cikin layi ba, yana taimakawa wajen ci gaba da jaraba da jima'i. mafi wuya a tserewa. "

More bayanai: Paula Banca et al. Abinda ke ciki, kwanciyar hankali da kuma kulawa da hankali ga ladan jima'i, Journal of Psychiatric Research (2016). DOI: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

 

TAMBAYOYI

Paula Banca, Laurel S. Morris, Simon MitchellNeil A. Harrison, Marc N. Potenza, Valerie Voon (Dr)Rubutuemail

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

Abstract

Intanit yana samar da babban tushe na littafi da ladabi, musamman ma game da abubuwan da ke cikin lalata. Binciken da aka saba da shi da kuma kaddamarwa shi ne muhimmiyar matakai da suka dace da kuma dacewa da halin da ke cikin rikici. A nan zamu bincika wadannan matakai a cikin mutane tare da halayen jima'i masu haifa (CSB), tare da nuna fifiko mafi girma ga halayyar jima'i da kuma matsalolin da za su sami ladabtarwa game da ma'aikatan lafiya. Yara ashirin da biyu da CSB maza da masu aikin sa kai kimanin shekaru arba'in sun gwada su a cikin ayyuka biyu na halayen da suka shafi abubuwan da za a so don samfurori da kuma kwakwalwa. Abubuwa iri sha biyu daga kowane rukuni an kuma tantance su a matsayi na uku da kuma ƙaddarar aiki ta amfani da hotunan haɓakaccen yanayi na magnetic. Kamfanin CSB yana haɓaka da ƙwarewa mai kyau na sha'awar jima'i, idan aka kwatanta da siffofin sarrafawa, da kuma ra'ayi na kowa don alamun da aka tsara don yin jima'i da kudade da tsaka tsaki idan aka kwatanta da masu aikin sa kai lafiya. Kamfanonin CSB sun sami ciwon haɗin kai da yawa don sake yin jima'i tare da tsabar kudi tare da matsayi na haɓaka da haɓakawa tare da ingantaccen zaɓi na jima'i. Hanyoyin halayyar da ke tattare da jima'i a cikin abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba ne daga abubuwan da suka fi son yin amfani da su don halayyar jima'i. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa mutane CSB suna da wani zaɓi wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi don ƙaddamar da haɗin kai wanda ya fi dacewa ta hanyar haɗakarwa ta al'ada tare da ingantaccen haɓakawa na kwanciyar hankali don lada. Mun kara jaddada muhimmancin rawar da za a iya takawa wajen yin kwaskwarima da kuma fifiko mai kyau a kan abin da ake so a hankali game da jima'i. Wadannan binciken sun fi dacewa da su kamar yadda Intanet ke samar da wani nau'i na wallafe-wallafe da kuma yiwuwar samun sakamako.

keywords: sabon abu, gyare-gyare, sakamakon jima'i, Dualal cingulate habituation, addiction, kula da hankali

Gabatarwa

Me yasa saitunan kan layi na kan layi ne don haka yana da karfi ga mutane da yawa? Intanit yana samar da babban tushe na littafi da kuma yiwuwar sakamako. Binciken sabon abu, kulawa da hankali da kwanciyar hankali su ne matakai masu mahimmanci wanda zai iya fitar da sha'awar da ba tare da dadi ba kuma ya dace da yanke shawara a rayuwar yau da kullum. Wadannan matakai na iya taimakawa ga ci gaba da kuma kiyaye maganin cututtuka.

Neman sabon abu na iya kasancewa mai hangen nesa da kuma sakamakon rikicewar jaraba. Wannan halayyar, wanda yawanci ana kimantawa ta amfani da silar neman abin da Zuckerman ke so, an sami maɗaukaki a cikin ɗabi'a da ɗabi'u iri-iri. (Belin et al., 2011, Redolat et al., 2009). Bayanan da aka ba da shawara don wannan dangantaka mai karfi yana dogara da ra'ayin cewa ɗaukan hoto ga sabon abu zai iya aiki, a kalla a wani ɓangare, kayan aikin da ke tattare da ƙwayar da ke tattare da magungunan ƙwayoyi na zalunci (Bardo et al., 1996). A cikin binciken da aka yi a kan jarrabawa, fifitaccen burin ya nuna yiwuwar canzawa zuwa halin halayen hawan cocaine (Belin da Deroche Gamonet, 2012). A cikin nazarin ɗan adam, ana neman haɗakar da hankali tare da shan giya a matasan (Conrod et al., 2013).

Hanyoyin da aka samo asali ko alamu a muhallinmu na iya haifar da halayyar tasirin gaske. Ƙanshin taba, wurare ko abokai da suka haɗa da yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko ganin kudade na iya aiki a matsayin ƙirar sharaɗi kuma zai iya inganta haɓakawa da kuma haifar da sha'awar, tursatawa da sake dawowa cikin rikici (don dubawa (Childress et al., 1993) ). Wadannan hanyoyi ne tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin da za su iya samun haɓaka mai ban sha'awa ta hanyar yin kwaskwarima tare da maimaitawa tare da magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko wasu abubuwa masu dacewa kamar yadda abinci (Jansen, 1998) ko jima'i (Pfaus et al., 2001, Toates, 2009 ).

An samar da aiki na sabon abu da ilmantarwa tare da hada gwanin polysynaptic aiki da ke hada da hippocampus, ventral striatum, da kuma tsakiyar tsakiya na dopaminergic region (Lisman da Grace, 2005). Gano sabon abu, ƙaddamarwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kuma ilmantarwa ya shafi aikin da ya dace da maganin dopin da zai inganta karfin haɗin gwiwar hippocampal wanda ke cikin jigilar magungunan da ke cikin kwakwalwa. 1996, Lisman da Grace, 2005). Tare da nunawa sau da yawa, hippocampus da midbrain dopaminergic amsa ga karuwa mai yawa, yana ba da haɓaka lokacin da samfurori suka saba (Bunzeck da Duzel, 2006, Bunzeck et al., 2013). Sauya primate da nazarin ɗan adam sun nuna cewa fasalin kwayoyin dopaminergic yayi ɓoye kuskuren batu, kwatanta tsakanin ainihin sakamakon da aka sa ran yana nuna alamar sakamako mai ban mamaki, yin aiki a matsayin siginar siginar koyarwa (Schultz et al., 1997). Sassan kwayoyin halittu na Mesolimbic a cikin aikin tsakiya na tsakiya zuwa cibiyar sadarwar da suka hada da striatum, corsulation cortex (dACC) da hippocampus (Williams da Goldman-Rakic, 1998). DACC yana aiki ne a hankali da amsa tambayoyin litattafan da abubuwan da suka faru da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ladabi da kuma tsinkaya (Ranganath da Rainer, 2003, Rushworth et al., 2011).

Bugu da ƙari ga abubuwan da ake buƙata da kuma abubuwan da suke shafewa, yanayin da za a yi amfani da shi game da abin da ake yi na jaraba (kulawa da hankali) yana da muhimmiyar siffar da ke nuna lalacewar jaraba (Ersche et al., 2010, van Hemel-Ruiter et al., 2013, Wiers et al., 2011). Rashin rinjayar motsin rai a kan hanyoyi na hankali shine yaduwar rahoto a cikin samfurori na lafiya da na asibiti (Yiend, 2010). An yi la'akari da tsinkaye ga abubuwan da ake danganta da kwayoyi a cikin maganin da ake amfani dashi don barasa, nicotine, cannabis, opiates da cocaine (Cox et al., 2006). Bugu da ƙari, haɗakar da kai tsaye tsakanin jima'i da jigilar jima'i da kuma tsangwama ga hankali a cikin mutanen da ke da lafiya, wanda ke da alaka da halayen jinsi da halayyar jima'i (Kagerer et al., 2014, Prause et al., 2008). Mun riga mun gabatar da wadannan binciken ga mutane tare da halayen jima'i (CSB) ta yin amfani da aikin bincike-bincike (Mechelmans et al., 2014).

Tare da samun dama ga Intanit, akwai damuwa da yawa game da yiwuwar yin amfani da kima. Wani binciken da yayi la'akari da ikon yin amfani da nau'in aikace-aikacen Intanet (caca, caca, imel, da dai sauransu) akan ci gaba da amfani da yanar-gizon da ake amfani da ita ya nuna cewa samfurori da ke cikin layi na yau da kullum suna da mafi kyawun damar yin amfani da nishaɗi / mai karfi (Meerkerk et al. , 2006). Hanyoyin da ke cikin layi suna da yawa kuma suna fadadawa, kuma wannan fasalin yana iya bunkasa amfani da wasu a cikin mutane. Alal misali, maza masu lafiya suna kallo akai-akai sau ɗaya irin wannan fim ɗin da aka samo su don kasancewa a cikin motsa jiki kuma su sami motsa jiki na bayyane kamar yadda aka ragu da rashin jima'i, rashin ƙarancin jiki da kasawa (Koukounas da Over, 2000). Duk da haka, shafukan da suka dace a wani fim na fim ya nuna ƙarar matakan da ake ciki da kuma shafan su a cikin matakan da suka wuce kafin haɓakawa, suna nuna muhimmancin matakai don sabon abu da kuma haɓakawa. Nazarin ilmantarwa sun gano wata hanyar sadarwar da ta dace don maganin jima'i a cikin mutane masu lafiya, ciki har da hypothalamus, ƙananan ƙwayoyi, kobitofrontal, occipital da cibiyoyin kwakwalwa (Wehrum et al., 2013, Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014). Wannan cibiyar yanar gizo, wadda ta kasance mai zaman kanta ta jin dadin zuciya, tana samuwa a cikin maza da mata, duk da cewa maza suna nuna irin abubuwan da suka fi ƙarfin aiki fiye da mata, wanda zai iya nuna rashin fahimtar juna a cikin maza. Hakanan cibiyar sadarwa ta kunshe ne don motsa jiki ta hanyar jima'i, tare da tasirin jinsi a wannan hanya (Klucken et al., 2009).

A cikin bincikenmu, zamu tantance kwarewa, kulawa da hankali da kuma kwaskwarima ga yanar-gizon yanar gizo a cikin mutane masu zaman kansu tare da CSB. Wadannan matakai suna da matukar dacewa da rikitarwa masu amfani kuma suna iya dacewa da CSB. Hanyoyin yanar gizo na yau da kullum suna da mahimmanci ga yin amfani da karfi, kuma CSB yana da mahimmanci, yana faruwa a 2 zuwa 4% a cikin matasa da kuma kwalejin da ke cikin kwaleji da kuma masu asibitoci (Grant et al., 2005, Odlaug da Grant, 2010, Odlaug et al., 2013). CSB yana haɗuwa da ƙananan matsala, jin kunya da psychosocial dysfunction. Kodayake ƙungiya mai aiki don 11th Kundin tsarin cututtuka na kasa da kasa yana bayar da shawarar hada CSB a matsayin cuta mai rikitarwa (Grant et al., 2014), ba a haɗa CSB a cikin DSM-5 ba, duk da haka akwai gardama (Allsaint da Pitchot, 2013), musamman saboda iyakance bayanai. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin nazarin. Yin fahimtar irin kamance da bambancin tsakanin CSB da sauran cututtuka na psychiatric, musamman magungunan motsa jiki da kuma ciwon ƙwayar cuta, na iya taimakawa tare da kokarin rarrabawa da kuma ci gaba da inganta rigakafi da hanyoyin magance jiyya.

Mun gano a baya cewa mutanen da ke tare da CSB suna nuna ƙarar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar yanki a cikin sakon maganganun jima'i a cikin kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa, dorsal cortex cingulate (dACC) da amygdala, yankuna da ke cikin maganin magungunan magani da kuma sha'awar cututtuka (Voon et al ., 2014). Haɗin aiki na wannan cibiyar sadarwa, musamman ma dACC, an haɗa shi da sha'awar sha'awar jima'i ko motsawa ga abubuwan da suka faru. Mun ci gaba da lura cewa mutane da CSB, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba tare da su ba, suna nuna nuna bambanci game da abubuwan da ba a sani ba (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). An gabatar da wannan gagarumin tunani na farko don yin tunatar da hanyoyin da suka dace don taimakawa wajen yin tasiri. A nan, muna zurfafa binciken mu na bincike da bincike akan hanyoyin da ke haifar da ci gaba da karuwa da hankali da kuma samun karuwa a cikin CSB ta hanyar nazarin dukkanin halayen halayyar jiki da kuma karɓan jiki ga sabon abu da kuma kwaskwarima a cikin maganin matsalolin jima'i na bayyane..

Mun gudanar da ayyuka biyu na al'ada a waje na na'urar daukar hotan takardu don tantance zaɓin zabi don matsala na jima'i da tsararren jima'i da kuma zabi mafi kyau ga abubuwan da aka fi dacewa da Jima'i, Monetary da Neutral stimulations. Mun yi tsammanin cewa CSB mutanen da suka danganci masu aikin sa kai na lafiya (HVs) zasu sami zabi mafi kyau ga littafi da ya dace da siffofin da aka sani a cikin Jima'i amma ba a yanayin kula ba. Mun kara ɗauka cewa batun Darussan na da fifita mafi kyau ga sha'idodi a cikin yanayin jima'i amma ba cikin yanayin kudi ba.

Har ila yau masu halartar sunyi aikin hoton magnetic (fMRI) na aiki da kuma aikin ƙaura wanda ya shafi shafukan jima'i, Monetary da Neutral. An samu matakan tsaka-tsaki guda biyu tare da siffofin jima'i daban-daban da aka nuna akai-akai a yayin shakatawa. A lokacin da aka yi amfani da kayan shaƙatawa, an yi nazarin siffofi na al'ada zuwa hotunan jima'i ta hanyar nazarin canji a cikin ayyukan halayen kowane nau'i na jima'i a tsawon lokacin da ke mayar da hankali kan nunawar da aka yi ta maimaitawa ta hanyar rarraba nazarin kwanakin yanayin da kuma sakamakon. Mun yi tsammanin cewa batutuwa na CSB da suka shafi HVs zai nuna ayyukan haɓaka a cikin jigilar jima'i da matsaloli na musamman a cikin dACC da striatum, yankuna da aka gano a baya a cikin abubuwan da ake kira CSB (Voon, Mole, 2014). Mun kara ɗaukarda cewa batutuwa na CSB idan aka kwatanta da HVs zai nuna halin da ake ciki na al'ada zuwa jima'i idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin Neutral.

Hanyar

daukar ma'aikata

An ƙaddamar da daukar ma'aikata a wasu wurare (Voon, Mole, 2014). Abubuwan da ke cikin CSB sun karbi ta hanyar tallan tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da masu kwantar da hankali. An samo HVs ne daga tallan tallace-tallace a Gabas Anglia. Tambayoyi na CSB sunyi hira da wani likita don tabbatar da cewa sun cika ka'idodin bincike ga CSB (ka'idodin bincike game da Harkokin Saduwa da Harkokin Saduwa da Harkokin Saduwa da Harkokin Saduwa da Hoto; yin amfani da amfani da kayan yanar-gizon jima'i.

Duk batutuwan CSB da kwatankwacin shekarun HVs maza ne kuma namiji ne da aka ba yanayin alamun. HVs an daidaita su a cikin rabo na 2: 1 tare da batutuwa na CSB don haɓaka ikon ƙididdiga. Ka'idodin keɓancewa sun haɗa da kasancewa ƙasa da shekaru 18, tarihin rikicewar amfani da abu, mai amfani da yau da kullun na haramtattun abubuwa (haɗe da tabar wiwi), da ciwon cuta mai tabin hankali, gami da matsanancin halin rashin matsakaici na yanzu (Binciken Beck Depression Inventory> 20) ko cuta mai rikitarwa, ko tarihin rikicewar rikice-rikice ko schizophrenia (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) (Sheehan et al., 1998). Sauran tilastawa ko halayyar halayya sun kasance banda, waɗanda likitan mahaukata suka tantance su, gami da amfani da matsalar wasan caca ta yanar gizo ko kafofin watsa labarun, caca da cuta ko cin kasuwa mai tilastawa da rikicewar cin abinci.

Abubuwan da suka shafi UPPS-P sune Sakamakon Zama (Whiteside and Lynam, 2001), Inventory Beck Depress Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), Ingantacin Tattalin Arziki (Spielberger et al., 1983) AUDIT) (Saunders et al., 1993). An jarraba gwaji na Ƙungiyoyin Adult (Nelson, 1982) don samun labaran IQ.

Abubuwan biyu na CSB sun ɗauki magungunan antidodin magunguna kuma suna da mummunar rikici da labarun zamantakewar al'umma: zamantakewa ta yanar gizo (N = 1) da kuma tarihin yara na ADHD (N = 1).

An rubuta cewa an samu izini kuma Jami'ar Cambridge Research Ethics Committee ya amince da binciken. An biya wa] ansu ku] a] en su.

Ayyukan da suka dace

Abubuwan da suka shafi CSB ashirin da biyu da kuma 40 wadanda suka kasance masu tsufa na jarrabawa sun gwada a cikin aikin da ake so da sabon abu da kuma ayyuka biyu da ake damu da yanayin da aka ruwaito a nan, da kuma aiki mai ban sha'awa (aikin bincike-bincike) ya ruwaito sauran wurare (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). An gudanar da ayyukan ne bayan gwaji na fMRI, a cikin tsari mara kyau.

Zaɓin sabon abu

Abubuwan da aka sani sun kasance sun san hanyoyi guda uku (abubuwan jima'i, Hotuna na mutane da siffofi na siffofi) sannan kuma suka yi wani gwajin gwagwarmayar nuna bambanci, zabar tsakanin labari da sababbin hanyoyin da suka dace a kowane ɗayan (Figure 1A). A lokacin haɓakawa, an nuna hotuna guda shida ga mahalarta: 2 hotuna na mata masu tayar da hankali (Jima'i), 2 hotuna na mata masu ado (Control1) da 2 hotuna na wani kayan aiki (Control2) (2 hotuna da yanayin). An gabatar da hotuna 6 a cikin nau'i biyu ga mahalarta, a cikin dukan gwaje-gwajen 48 (16 gwajin kowace yanayin). Tsawon kowanne gwaji shi ne 5 sec. Don tabbatar da haɗin kai tare da aikin, an umurci darussa don nazarin hotuna da kyau don ana tambayar su a lokacin lokacin haɓakawa. An yi amfani da tambayoyi masu sauki game da hotunan a lokacin aikin a cikin tsangwama tsakanin tsangwama (alal misali, don nuna wacce mace take da makamai ta hanyar amfani da magungun dama ko hagu: 'Harsunan ƙetare'). Kowace tambaya ta dace da hotuna guda biyu da aka gani a baya, saboda haka tabbatar da cewa batutuwa sun kula da kowannensu hotunan.

Hoton hoto na Figure 1. Yana buɗe babban hoton

Figure 1

Ayyuka na halin kirki da yanayin gyaran fuska. A. Bukatar sabon abu: aiki da sakamakon. Abubuwan da aka sani sun kasance sananne tare da hotunan jima'i da kuma ma'aurata biyu ba tare da yin jima'i ba bayanan da wani zaɓi na nuna bambanci tsakanin zabar tsakanin zabar da aka saba da shi da aka saba da shi (watau p = 0.50) hade da cin nasara. Shafin yana nuna yadda za a zabi fifiko a cikin gwaje-gwaje a cikin batutuwan da ke da halayyar jima'i (CSB) da masu sa kai na lafiya (HV). B. Yanayin: aiki da sakamakon. Ana nuna aikin daidaita yanayin jima'i. Yayin yanayin kwalliya, hotunan gani da fari da fari (CS + Jima'i da CS-) sun biyo bayan hotunan jima'i ko tsaka tsaki bi da bi. Yayin gwajin nuna banbancin zabi, batutuwa sun zaba tsakanin CS + Jima'i da CS- haɗe tare da sabbin abubuwan gani-na gani (A da B). CS + Jima'i da matsalolin CS sun haɗu da manyan damar cin nasara. Shafukan suna nuna yawan zaɓin motsa jiki mai kwalliya a cikin gwajin CSB da HV don sakamakon Jima'i (hagu) da sakamakon Kuɗi (dama). * Haɗin haɗin rukuni-by-Valence: p <0.05.

A lokacin gwajin, batutuwa sunyi la'akari da nau'i-nau'i guda uku waɗanda suka kunshi hoto da aka sani da kuma hoto wanda ya dace da kowane yanayin gwaji. An yi amfani da hotunan guda shida: 3 saba, wanda aka zaba daga lokacin da aka koya a baya (daya ga kowane yanayin uku) da 3 sabon hotunan (wani labari don kowane yanayin). An nuna hotunan-hoto na 2.5 seconds sannan ta hanyar amsa 1-second (lashe £ 1 ko nasara ba kome). An gabatar da gwajin 60 duka (gwajin 20 kowace yanayin). Da yiwuwar cin nasara ga duk wani hotunan ya bazuwar a p = 0.50. An umurci batun da za a zabi daya daga cikin matsalolin da suka samu tare da manufar samun kudin kuɗi sosai kuma ya fada cewa za su karbi rabon abin da suka samu. An umurce su cewa fitina ta farko za ta kasance zato amma daya daga cikin matsalolin zai hade da mafi girma ga samun nasara. Matakan farko shine ma'auni na zabuka a cikin gwaji don kowane yanayin. Tun da abubuwan da ake amfani da su a nan sun kasance baƙi ba ne (p = 0.50), ma'auni na ƙarshe yana nuna wani zaɓi na ci gaba. Bayan nazarin, an tambayi batutuwa don nuna darajar mata a kan nauyin 1 zuwa 10 bayan gwaji. Lokaci yana aiki ne na minti 8 (4 min don horo da 3.5 min domin lokaci gwajin).

Yanayin zabin yanayi

An jarraba su a kan ayyuka biyu na zaɓin zaɓi a cikin tsari wanda bai dace ba, dukansu biyu sun haɗa da lokaci na kwakwalwa da lokacin gwaji (Figure 1B). Dukkanin ayyuka guda ɗaya suna da nau'i ɗaya amma wanda ya mayar da hankali akan jima'i da ɗayan a kan yanayin kudi.

A wani lokacin horo, siffofi na biyu (CS + Sex, CS-), wadanda aka gabatar don 2 seconds, sun kasance sun dace da hoton mace ko mata ko kuma jigon gashi (1-na biyu sakamakon), bi da bi. Wannan ya biyo bayan tsangwama na 0.5 zuwa 1 na biyu. An gabatar da gwaje-gwaje sittin cikin duka (30 CS+ da 30 CS-). Don tabbatar da haɗin kai, an umurci darussan su ci gaba da lura da yawan lokutan da suka ga wani jan jagon a kusa da hoton hoton, kuma sun bayar da rahoton wannan lambar a ƙarshen lokacin horo.

An fara aikin horarwa ta lokaci na gwaji wanda CS + Sex da CS- abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa su da wani littafi mai kayatarwa (misali Image A ko Image B). An tambayi wadansu tambayoyi don zaɓar daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru daga maɓallin motsa jiki (misali CS + Jima'i ko Hoton A; CS- ko Image B; 2.5 seconds), wanda aka biyo baya don karɓar £ 1 ko nasara ba (lokaci na 1 ba) . CS + Sex da CS- sun sami nasara mafi girma (p = 0.70 lashe £ 1 / p = 0.30 nasara ba tare da komai ba) game da wannan matsala na jimla. (P = 0.70 ba kome ba / p = 0.30 nasara £ 1). An jarraba su don gwajin 40 duka (gwajin 20 da yanayin) kuma an gaya musu cewa makasudin yin kudi ne sosai kuma za su sami rabon abin da suka samu. An umurce su cewa fitina ta farko za ta kasance zato amma daya daga cikin matsalolin zai hade da mafi girma ga samun nasara.

A aikin horo na biyu da gwaji, an yi amfani da irin wannan aikin da aka haɗa tare da sakamakon kuɗi: wani tsari daban-daban na alamu na gani (CS + Money, CS-) zuwa siffar £ 1 ko akwatin launin toka mai tsaka. Wadanda aka gaya musu za su samu kashi na kudaden da suka gani. Irin wannan gwaji ya biyo.

Yayin da CS + da CS- sun kasance sun haɗu da halayen da suka cancanci samun nasara, mun yi la'akari da fifikoyar zabi na farko na gwaji don tantance halin halayen farko da kuma yawan lokutan da aka zaɓa CS + da CS- a cikin dukkan gwaje-gwajen don tantance tasirin zabi mafi kyau na kwarewa akan ilmantarwa. Kowane ɗawainiya ya yi kusan kusan minti 7 (4 min don horon da 2.5 min domin yanayin gwaji).

Ɗaukar hoto

Shaidu ashirin da iri na CSB da 20 da aka kwatanta da HVs an yi nazari akan yin aikin sharaɗi da ƙyama (Figure 3A). A cikin yanayin yanayin, ana amfani da hotunan guda shida (launin launi) a matsayin kwakwalwa na asali (CS +) tare da nauyin haɓaka (unconditioned stimulation) (US) hoto na mace (CS + jima'i), £ 1 (CS + kudi) (CS-). Ƙungiyoyi biyu na CS + sun haɗa daidai da sakamakon. Ana amfani da nau'o'in nau'i biyar na mata da aka yi amfani da ita don haifar da jima'i da kuma maimaita lokuttan 8 a kan yanayin kwandishan. Lokacin da CS + ya kasance 2000 msec; a 1500 msec, Amurka an rufe shi don 500 msec kuma ya biyo bayan wani sakon amsawa tare da mahimmin tsakiya, wadda ta fito daga 500 zuwa 2500 msec. Don kulawa da aikin, batutuwa sun kunna maɓallin hagu don sakamakon kudi, maɓallin dama don sakamakon mutumin, da kuma maɓallin maɓallin don tsai da tsaiko lokacin lokacin ƙayyadewa. Shafukan da ke kallon gwaje-gwaje na 120 (20 da CS + ko 40 da yanayin) a cikin yanayin kwanciya. An gabatar da yanayin a bazuwar. A cikin lokaci maras kyau, an nuna kowace CS + don 2000 msec ba tare da Amurka ba don jimlar 90 (15 da CS + ko 30 da yanayin) sannan ya biyo baya (500 zuwa 2500 msec). Saboda haka, a 1500 msec, batutuwa za su yi tsammanin sakamakon, wanda aka yi watsi da shi. Kafin binciken, an horar da batutuwa a waje na na'urar daukar hotan takardu akan gwajin 20 na irin wannan zane tare da CS + da hotuna na mata, kudi da tsaka-tsaki don yin aikin mai da martani a yayin da aka mayar da martani. A lokacin aikin, batutuwa sun kalli siffofin kayan ado na mata amma an gaya musu cewa a cikin na'urar daukar hotan takardu, zasu iya ganin abubuwan da suka faru. An tsara dukkan ayyukan da aka yi amfani dashi ta hanyar fasaha na v2.0 na E-prime.

Hoton hoto na Figure 2. Yana buɗe babban hoton

Figure 2

Dangantaka tsakanin zaɓin zabi da kuma ra'ayi na musamman a fadin kungiyoyi. Shafin hagu na hagu yana nuna ƙididdigar kulawa da hankali game da jima'i ba tare da matsala ba (ƙima mafi girma ya nuna nuna fifiko ga jima'i da rikicewar rikicewa) a cikin batutuwa waɗanda suka fi son CS + Jima'i idan aka kwatanta da CS- a matsayin zaɓi na farko a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. * p <0.05. Shafin da ke daidai yana nuna ƙididdigar kulawa da hankali game da jima'i ba tare da rikici ba a cikin batutuwa waɗanda suka fi son labarin jima'i na jima'i idan aka kwatanta da abin da ya saba da shi.

Hoton hoto na Figure 3. Yana buɗe babban hoton

Figure 3

Ɗaukar hoto da yanayin haɓaka. A. Ɗaukar hoto. A lokacin shakatawa, batutuwa sunyi la'akari da alamomi shida masu launin biye da jima'i, Monetary ko Hotuna. Wannan lokaci ya ƙare, a lokacin da aka nuna motsa jiki na kwaskwarima ba tare da kararrawar ba. B. Habituation. Haɗuwa da dorsal cingulate na baya (dACC) aiki a cikin halayen jima'i (CSB) batutuwa game da masu aikin sa kai na lafiya (HV) don maimaita jima'i a cikin hotuna. Hoton yana nuna kwatancin farkon da kuma rabin rabin gwaji. C. Gangara da sakonnin al'ada na DACC. Shafukan suna nuna gangara ko digiri na al'ada (hagu na hagu) na ƙimar beta na dACC a cikin mutanen CSB da HV da sakonnin ko aikin farko na CSB da HV (hoto na dama) na Jima'i - Tsaka tsaki (Jima'i) da Kuɗi - Tsaka tsaki ( Kudi) hotuna. * Valence da Groupungiyar Rukuni-ta-Valence p <0.05; ** Tasirin valence p <0.05.

Duba Babban Hotuna | Download Slide PowerPoint

Ƙididdigar lissafi na bayanan hali

An bincika halayen batutuwan ta amfani da t-gwaji mai zaman kansa ko Chi Square. An bincika bayanai don masu fita waje (> 3 SD daga ma'anar rukuni) kuma an gwada su don daidaiton rarraba (gwajin Shapiro Wilks). An ƙaddamar da fifikon zaɓi a duk gwaje-gwajen don kowane sabon abu da ɗawainiyar ayyuka an kimanta su ta amfani da matakan haɗin gwiwa ANOVA tare da mahimman batutuwa na rukuni (CSB, HV) da kuma mahimmancin batun Valence (Jima'i, Control1, Control2; CS +, CS-) . Zaɓuɓɓuka don gwajin farko an kuma bincika su ta amfani da gwajin Chi-Square. P <0.05 an yi la'akari da mahimmanci.

Neuroimaging

Samun bayanan hoto

An bincika masu halartar a cikin 3T Siemens Magnetom TimTrio scanner, a Wolfson Brain Imaging Center, Jami'ar Cambridge, tare da akwatin 32 tashar tashar. An samo hotunan Anatomical ta amfani da hoton tsari na T1 ta hanyar amfani da jerin MPRAGE (TR = 2300 ms; TE = 2.98 ms; FOV 240 x 256 x 176 mm, nauyin girman ƙananan 1x1x1 mm). An samo bayanan na FMRI ta yin amfani da yanayin jinin oxygenation (BOLD) ya bambanta siffar kwakwalwa ta duniya (EPI) tare da sigogi masu biyowa: 39 ya haɗu da ƙananan sakonni ta ƙarfin, TR 2.32 s, TA 2.26, TE 33 ms, 3mm matakan kauri .

An gudanar da nazarin bayanan ta hanyar yin amfani da software na taswirar lissafi (SPM 8) (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm). An riga an aiwatar da gyare-tsaren gyare-tsaren lokaci, gyare-gyare na sararin samaniya, tare da batutuwa 'T1-ma'aunin tsari, daidaitawa, da ladabi na sararin samaniya (cikakke a rabin iyakar 8 mm). An kaddamar da kundin 4 na farko na kowane zaman don ba da izinin sakamako na T1-équilibration.

Nazarin bayanan bayanai

An gudanar da nazarin ilimin lissafi ta hanyar amfani da tsarin linzami na yau da kullum (GLM) da ke daidaita yanayin da ke ciki da kuma ƙazantattun abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin da ke ciki kuma sakamakon daban-daban ga dukkan nau'ikan 3. An saka sigogi na ainihi don gyara don kayan aiki. Lokaci na farko daga sakamakon da aka yi a cikin lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita shine 1500 msec bayan da aka fara daga cikin motsa jiki (ko lokacin da za'a sa sakamakon zai kasance a lokacin kwanciyar hankali) tare da tsawon lokaci na 500 msec.

Ga kowane yanayin, matsalolin kwakwalwa (CS + Sex, CS + Money, CS-) sun kasance a cikin ƙananan gwaje-gwaje daban don yanayin kwanciyar hankali da ƙarancin lokaci, da kuma sakamakon sakamakon ƙarshe. Wadannan hanyoyi daban-daban sun kasance daidai a cikin wannan yanayin. A cikin mataki na biyu na bincike, mun yi amfani da cikakken bincike game da mahimmanci (maimaita matakan ANOVA) kwatanta Rukunin, Valence da Hulɗa don gwajin da aka yi. Ana kuma nuna misalin nau'i na aikin hoto da bayanin fasalin da aka kwatanta a cikin Figure 4.

Hoton hoto na Figure 4. Yana buɗe babban hoton

Figure 4

Misali na sharadi, haɓaka da ƙazantawa Wannan adadi yana kwatanta nauyin ayyukan aikin da aka samo asali da yanayin da aka samu tare da sakamakon (CS + jima'i da aka nuna a nan; ba a nuna su ba) da kuma lokacin ƙaddara wanda ne kawai aka nuna magungunan yanayin ba tare da sakamako ba. CS + biyu daban-daban ga kowane nau'in sakamako ko CS- an daidaita su a kan gwaji na 20 ta kowace motsi. Hotuna daban-daban na jima'i (da aka nuna a nan tare da launi daban-daban na siffar mace) sun kasance tare da nau'o'i daban-daban na CS + jima'i kuma an nuna kowannen lokuta 8. Don ƙayyadaddun halin da ake ciki, an yi canjin canji a lokacin waɗannan maimaita sakamakon.

Don nazarin al'ada game da sakamakon a cikin yanayin kwantar da hankali, mun ƙirƙiri masu kulawa don kashi na farko da na ƙarshe na sakamakon Jima'i da Tsaka tsaki a matakin farko. An nuna batutuwa 5 daban-daban Hotunan jima'i sau 8 a duk faɗin gwajin CS + Jima'i. Don haka ne don hotunan Jima'i, rabin farko ya dace da na farko 4 Hotunan hotuna don kowane ɗayan hotuna daban-daban 5 da rabin ƙarshe, na ƙarshe 4 Jima'i hoton da aka nuna ga kowane ɗayan hotuna daban daban 5. A cikin bincike na mataki na biyu, ta amfani da cikakken bincike na gaskiya, mun kwatanta aiki a farkon da rabin ƙarshe na Jima'i dangane da sakamakon Neutral ta hanyar amfani da mahimmin abu tsakanin ofungiya, da abubuwan cikin Valence da Time. Ga duk nazarin da ke sama, dukkanin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa sun gyara FWE p <0.05 an dauke su da mahimmanci.

Kamar yadda muka gano ma'amala tsakanin Rukunin x Valence x Lokaci a cikin dACC, sannan muka yi amfani da Kayan Akwatin Kayan SPM, MarsBaR (MARSeille Boite A Region d'Interet), don cire ƙimomin beta akan tsarin gwaji-na-gwaji don kowane mutum da ke amfani da shi dACC na tsakiyar haɗin kai da radius na 5 mm. A cikin binciken matakin farko, mun ƙirƙiri masu gyara don kimanta canji kan tsarin gwaji-da-gwaji. Misali, an kirkiro masu gyara 8 don sakamakon jima'i wanda ya kunshi sakamakon jima'i daban-daban da aka nuna sau 8. Mun ƙididdige gangara da sakonnin maki na kowane sakamako uku ga kowane mutum. Bayan haka an shiga cikin gangaren da matakan tsinkaye dabam-dabam cikin kwatancen ANOVA mai kwatanta Rukuni a matsayin matsakaiciyar magana da Valence azaman mahimmin abu. P <0.05 an yi la'akari da mahimmanci.

Hakanan, an gudanar da nazarin hulɗar psychophysiological-hulɗa tare da iri iri ɗaya na yanki-na-sha'awa (ROI) iri ɗaya idan aka kwatanta su da farkon bayyanawa game da sakamakon jima'i. A duk ƙididdiga, activations sama iyali, Mai hikima kuskure (FWE) dukan-kwakwalwa gyara p <0.05 da kuma 5 contiguous voxels an dauke muhimmanci. Mun kuma ci gaba da gudanar da nazarin abubuwan sha'awa a priori yankuna da ke amfani da WFU PickAtlas ƙaramin ƙaramin gyaran fuska (SVC) FWE-an gyara shi tare da gyaran Bonferroni don kwatancen ROI da yawa (p <0.0125).

results

Ana danganta alamun CSB da HVs Table 1.

Siffofin 1Subject na Tablen.
CSBHVT / Chi squareP
Number2240
Shekaru25.14 (4.68)25.20 (6.62)0.0370.970
Abstinence (kwanaki)32 (28.41)
IlimiMakaranta22400.0001.000
Ƙasashen yanzu.6130.1820.777
Kwalejin digiri350.0391.000
Univ. abun ciki9140.2120.784
Mashahurin digiri634.4720.057
IQ110.49 (5.83)111.29 (8.39)0.3970.692
Relationship matsayisingle10160.1730.790
Curr. dangantaka7160.4070.591
aure580.0641.000
zamaStudent7150.2000.784
Aikin lokaci-lokaci321.4280.337
Ɗaukaka cikakken lokaci12210.0241.000
Ba a yi aiki ba021.1370.535
magungunaAntidepressants2
Yanzu halin shan tabaMasu shan taba01
Shafin taro na jiki24.91 (3.64)23.19 (4.38)1.5660.122
Binge Cin abinciBES6.91 (6.46)5.72 (6.17)0.7150.478
Yin amfani da barasaAUDIT7.13 (4.11)6.29 (3.41)0.8620.392
mawuyacinBDI11.03 (9.81)5.38 (4.89)3.0390.004
juyayiSSAI44.59 (13.19)36.15 (13.29)2.3700.021
STAI49.54 (13.91)38.23 (14.57)2.9710.004
M mai karfiOCI-R19.23 (17.38)12.29 (11.72)1.8720.067
ImpulsivityUPPS-P150.83 (17.95)130.26 (23.49)3.569

Abbreviations: CSB = Abubuwanda ke da halayen jima'i; HV = masu aikin sa kai na lafiya; BES = Sakamakon Ciniki na Binge; AUDIT = Alkaran Yi amfani da Gwajiyar Tabbacin Cutar Dama; BDI = Ƙaddamarwa ta Kwanan Bincike; SSAI / STAI = Ma'anar Magana da Ma'aikata da Harkokin Abinci; OCI-R = Abinda ke da muhimmanci mai kwadago; UPPS-P = Sakamakon Zama Mai Girma

Sakamakon abubuwa

Zaɓin sabon abu

Don zaɓin zabi mafi girma a cikin gwajin 20, akwai wani tayi zuwa sakamako na Valence (F (1,59) = 2.89, p = 0.065) da kuma hulɗar Rukuni na Aikin-Valence (F (2,59) = 3.46, p = 0.035) da babu Ra'ayin rukuni (F (1,60) = 1.47, p = 0.230) (Figure 1A). Da aka ba da hulɗar hulɗar, mun gudanar da bincike na bayanan, wanda ya nuna cewa abubuwan da ke cikin CSB sun fi son fifiko ga Jima'i zuwa Control2 (p = 0.039) yayin da HV na da fifiko mafi kyau ga Control1 da Control2 (p = 0.024).

Don zaɓin zabi na gwaji na farko, kodayake batutuwa na CSB sun iya zaɓar labari idan aka kwatanta da ƙwararren ƙwararraɗi mai mahimmancinci (kashi na farko na zabar: Jima'i, Control 1, 2: HV: 51.6%, 58.1%, 38.7%; CSB: 50.0%, 44.4%, 22.2%) babu bambanci daban-daban (Jima'i, Control1, Control2: Chi-square = 0.012, 0.357, 0.235 p = 0.541, 0.266, 0.193).

A taƙaice, batutuwa na CSB sun iya zaɓar wannan labari game da zaɓin da aka zaɓa don Hotuna masu jima'i dangane da siffofin siffofin Neutral yayin da HVs sun fi zaɓar zabi na musamman don Hotunan 'yan Adam wanda ke da alaka da siffofi na siffar Neutral.

Yanayin zabin yanayi

Yin jima'i aiki

Don zaɓin zabi mafi girma a kan gwaje-gwajen 20, akwai sakamako na Valence (F (1,60) = 5.413, p = 0.024) da sakamako na Rukuni na Rukuni (F (1,60) = 4.566, p = 0.037) wanda rubutun CSB suke sun fi iya zaɓar CS + Jima'i bisa CS- idan aka kwatanta da HVs (Figure 1B). Babu sakamako na Rukuni (F (1,60) = 0.047, p = 0.830). Kamar yadda aka yi tasiri, mun gudanar da ƙarin nazarin bayanan: Siffofin CSB sun iya zaɓar CS + Sex a kan CS- (p = 0.005) amma ba HVs (p = 0.873). Don zaɓin zabi na farko gwajin, babu bambancin tsakanin ƙungiyoyi (kashi na farko na CS + Jima'i: HV: 64.5%, CSB: 72.2%; Chi-square = 0.308, p = 0.410).

Lokaci na kudi

Don zaɓin zabi mafi girma a kan gwajin 20, babu wani muhimmin sakamako na Valence (F (1,60) = 1.450, p = 0.235) ko Rukunin (F (1,60) = 1.165, p = 0.287). Akwai sakamako na rukuni na Rukuni (F (1,60) = 4.761, p = 0.035) (Figure 1B). Don zaɓin zabi na gwaji na farko, babu bambancin tsakanin ƙungiyoyi (kashi na farko na zaɓi CS + Kudi: HV: 48.4%, CSB: 66.7%; Shafukan Shafi = 1.538 p = 0.173).

Rubutun CSB (shahararrun cike 8.35, SD 1.49) suna da fifiko masu kama da kowane nau'in hoton mace game da HVs (8.13, SD 1.45; t = 0.566, p = 0.573).

Ta haka ne, batutuwa na CSB sun fi son ci gaba da jarabawar jima'i ko jima'i.

Dangantaka tsakanin zaɓin zabi da kuma kula da hankali

Mun ci gaba da bincike idan akwai wata dangantaka tsakanin binciken da aka buga a baya da aka ba da hankali game da hotunan jima'i (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014) da kuma binciken yanzu na zabi na farko don sabon abu ko CS + Sex. Ta yin amfani da gwajin gwajin kai tsaye mun yi nazari da hankali game da jima'i da tsaka-tsaki game da kwatankwacin zaɓin zabi ga batutuwa waɗanda suka zaɓi CS-da CS + Jima'i da kuma abubuwan da suka dace da sababbin matakai. A cikin bangarori biyu, batutuwa da suka zaɓi CS + Jima'i idan aka kwatanta da wadanda suka zaɓi CS- sunyi da hankali sosai game da jima'i da matsaloli masu tsaka (t = -2.05, p = 0.044). Sabanin haka, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin batutuwa da suka zabi littafin nan idan aka kwatanta da wanda ya dace da wanda ya dace da jima'i idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin tsaka tsaki (t = 0.751, p = 0.458) (Figure 2).

Saboda haka, binciken da muka samu na baya-bayan nan na farko na hankali na iya kasancewa da alaka da abubuwan da za a ba su don shawo kan jima'i maimakon abubuwan da ake so don jima'i.

Sakamakon hotunan

Yanayin: cue

Mun fara tantance yanayin kwastomomi a cikin dukkan gwaji. Babu Tasirin Rukuni. Akwai tasirin Valence wanda ke nunawa ga matsalolin kwalliya ga Kudi (CS + Mon) da Jima'i (CS + Jima'i) idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin Neutral (CS-) an haɗu da mafi girman aiki a cikin ɗakunan kwakwalwa (duk waɗannan abubuwan ƙimar masu zuwa bayar da rahoton cikakken rukunin kwakwalwar da aka gyara FWE p <0.05: gungu mafi girma a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Neurological ta Montreal: XYZ a cikin mm: -6 -88 -6, Girman tarin = 3948, kwakwalwar gaba ɗaya FWE p <0.0001), hagu na farko na babba (XYZ = - 34 -24 52, Girman tarin = 5518, cikakkiyar kwakwalwa FWE p <0.0001) da kuma na biyun (hagu: XYZ = -24 -2 4, Girman tarin = 338, kwakwalwa duka FWE p <0.0001; dama: XYZ = 24 4 2 , Girman gungu = 448, FWE p <0.0001), da thalamus (XYZ = -0 -22 0, Girman gungu = 797, p <0.0001) aiki. Babu hulɗar Rukuni-da-Valence.

Ƙarshe: cue

Daga nan muka kimanta lokacin inarshen yanayin motsa jiki. Akwai tasirin Valence wanda CS + Jima'i da CS + Mon a kan CS- ɗaukar hoto ke haɗuwa da mafi girman haɓakar occipital cortex (XYZ = -10 -94 2, Girman Cluster = 2172, kwakwalwar gaba ɗaya FWE p <0.0001). Babu wani Rukuni ko tasirin hulɗa.

Samun: sakamako

Don bincika sakamakon halayen da za a yi zuwa jima'i, mun fara bincikar idan wani yanki yana da karuwa sosai ga ayyukan jima'i a cikin al'amuran CSB idan aka kwatanta da HVs ta hanyar kwatanta Rukunin x Valence x Lokacin hulɗar jimlar farko da na ƙarshe na zane-zane game da jima'i Sakamakon lokaci na ƙarshe. Ƙididdigar CSB sun sami ragu sosai a cikin ƙwayar cingulation (dACC) a kan lokaci (XYZ = 0 18 36, Cluster size = 391, kwakwalwar kwakwalwa FWE p = 0.02) da kuma ƙananan turɓaya na jiki (XYZ = 54 -36 -4, Cluster size = 184, kwakwalwar kwakwalwa FWE p = 0.04) zuwa Jima'i da Mahimmanci sakamakon idan aka kwatanta da HVs (Figure 3B).

Daga nan muka fitar da ƙananan beta masu gwagwarmaya da ke mayar da hankalin kan dACC don abubuwan jima'i, kuɗi da kuma mahimmanci. Mun kwatanta slopin (watau mataki na al'ada) da kuma sakonnin (watau, aiki don nunawa na farko) kwatanta jima'i - Neutral da Monetary - Mahimman sakamako (3 FiguresC). Don hawan, akwai tasiri mai muhimmanci na Valence (F (1,36) = 6.310, p = 0.017) da kuma hulɗar Ɗaukaka ta Rukuni (F (1,36) = 6.288, p = 0.017). Kamar yadda aka yi tasiri, mun gudanar da bincike na baya-bayanan: an sami raguwa a cikin dACC gangami zuwa sakamakon jima'i a cikin CSB idan aka kwatanta da HVs (F = 4.159, p = 0.049) ba tare da bambanci ga sakamakon kudi ba (F = 0.552, p = 0.463). Babu wani babban sakamako na Rukuni (F (1,36) = 2.135, p = 0.153). Don darajar sakonnin, akwai sakamako mai muhimmanci na Valence (F (1,36) = 11.527, p = 0.002) amma babu wani tasiri na Rukunin (F (1,36) = 0.913, p = 0.346) ko sakamako na hulɗa (F (1,36) = 2.067, p = 0.159). Babu dangantaka tsakanin yanayin sharaɗi da sakamako.

Ƙarshe: sakamako

Mun yi la'akari da ɓacewar sakamako a lokacin Lokaci na ƙarshe a duk lokacin gwaji. A nan muna da tsinkaya na musamman cewa an rage yawan aikin da aka yi a yayin da aka yi watsi da sakamakon da ya dace daidai da kuskuren ƙiren ƙarya. Akwai tasiri na Valencia wanda aka yi la'akari da sakamakon da aka yi a kan rashin daidaitattun ayyuka (XYZ 2 8 -10, Z = 3.59, SVC FWE gyara p = 0.036) (watau XNUMX XNUMX -XNUMX, Z = XNUMX, SVC FWE)Figure 5A). Babu rukunin Rukuni ko hulɗa. Babu bambanci da yawa tsakanin sakamakon jima'i da kuɗi.

Hoton hoto na Figure 5. Yana buɗe babban hoton

Figure 5

Haɗakarwa da haɗin aiki. A. Yanayin sakamako a lokacin ƙyama. Rage aiki mai kyau a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu don ɓoyewa na sakamakon Jima'i da Kuɗi tare da sakamakon Neutral yayin halakar (Tasirin Valence: p <0.05). B. Haɗin aiki tare da nunawa mai maimaitawa. Hanyoyin hulɗar psychophysiological na mutane tare da halayen halayen jima'i (CSB) da masu ba da agaji masu lafiya (HV) waɗanda ke kwatanta farkon wayewar lokaci game da sakamakon jima'i tare da kwayar ƙirar dorsal da ke nuna haɗin aiki tare da gefen dama na dama (hagu) da hippocampus na biyu (dama). * p <0.05; ** p <0.005.

 

Haɗin aiki na cingulate dorsal

Haɗin aiki ta amfani da hulɗar ɗan adam na dACC da ke nuna bambancin farko da marigayi (farkon gwajin 2 da gwajin 2 na ƙarshe) na sakamakon jima'i an kuma tantance su. Akwai haɗin aiki mafi girma a cikin HVs idan aka kwatanta da batutuwa na CSB a farkon idan aka kwatanta da gwajin gwagwarmaya tsakanin dACC da madaidaiciyar harshe (XYZ = 18 20 -8 mm, Z = 3.11, SVC FWE-gyara p = 0.027) da kuma hippocampus na biyu (dama: XYZ = 32 -34 -8, Z = 3.68, SVC FWE-gyara p = 0.003; hagu: XYZ = -26 -38 04, Z = 3.65 SVC FWE-gyara p = 0.003) (Figure 5B). Don haka batutuwa na CSB sun fi haɗin aiki tsakanin waɗannan yankuna a ƙarshen rikicewa yayin da masu aikin sa kai na lafiya suna da haɗin haɗin aiki a farkon lokacin shawagi.

Dangantakar tsakanin sakamakon hali da samfurin

Mun bincika idan akwai dangantaka tsakanin yanayin dACC (hawan) na jima'i tare da fifiko na gaba ga Jima'i - Control2 ta yin amfani da dangantaka tsakanin Pearson. A dukan batutuwa, fifitaccen sha'awa ga Jima'i zuwa Control2 hotuna an haɗu da mummunar dangantaka da hawan don hotunan jima'i (r = -0.404, p = 0.037). Saboda haka, zaɓi mafi girma na jima'i da aka haɓaka da aka haɗu da ƙananan haɓaka ko mafi yawan al'amuran dACC.

tattaunawa

Mun nuna cewa batutuwa na CSB sun fi son zabi mafi kyawun jima'i na jima'i da kuma bayanan da ke da alaka da jima'i da matakan kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da masu saran lafiya. Har ila yau, batutuwa na CSB sun kasance suna ci gaba da yin aiki na dACC don sake yin jima'i da jima'i. A dukkanin batutuwa, ma'anar dACC halaye zuwa jituwa ta jima'i an hade shi da fifiko mafi girma don samin jima'i. Wannan binciken ya haifar da binciken da muka samu na baya-bayan nan (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014) da kuma sakewa (Voon, Mole, 2014) zuwa ga abubuwan da ke cikin layi a cikin CSB da ke nuna hanyar sadarwar dACC- (ventral striatal) -amygdalar. A nan, muna nuna cewa dagewar hankalin da aka yi a kan jima'i da aka tsara ta hanyar amfani da bincike-bincike-bincike da aka haɗu da halayyar da ta fi dacewa ga abubuwan da aka tsara don yin jima'i amma ba fifiko ba. Ta haka ne, binciken da aka gano ya nuna cewa hanyoyin da za a iya yin la'akari da hankali ga abubuwan da aka gano a cikin al'amuran CSB sun haɗa kai da daidaitawa da kuma ingantaccen halin da ake fuskanta game da halin jima'i. Kodayake sha'awar sha'awar jima'i yana ingantawa a cikin batutuwa na CSB, wannan hali ba shi da alaƙa da lura da tsinkaye na farko. Wannan ra'ayi ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata a masu aikin sa kai na lafiya, wanda ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin kulawa da hankali game da matsalolin jima'i da neman jima'i (Kagerer, Wehrum, 2014). Hakan zai iya bayyana hakan ta hanyar tasiri mai yawa a cikin mutane tare da ilimin lissafi.

Baya ga yanayin da ake ciki don jima'i ko farashin kuɗi

Wannan zaɓin ingantawa don matsalolin kwakwalwa a kan dukkan nau'o'in sakamako (jima'i da kuɗin kuɗi) yana nuna ko dai abubuwan da ke cikin CSB suna da ƙwarewa da yawa ko kuma fadakarwa da kuma sauyewar yanayin kwantar da hankali tsakanin maɗaukaki irin wannan (Mazur, 2002). Wannan sabon abu yana cikin layi tare da haɗin gwiwar hali wanda aka lura a tsakanin binciken da aka yi a tsakanin jarrabawa da kayan haɓaka na ladabi, irin su jima'i da aka tsara don haɗawa da abubuwan da suka shafi dopaminergic (Fiorino da Phillips, 1999, Frohmader et al., 2011). Yin amfani da irin wannan tsarin bincike ga mutane tare da wasu abubuwan da ba'a amfani da su ba kamar matsalar wasan caca ne a matsayin binciken farko da aka ba da shawara ga dabi'un da aka ba da ita a cikin yawancin jama'a (Sescousse et al., 2013).

Kodayake mun yi amfani da wannan kalma don nuna rashin karfin aiki don sake ci gaba da jima'i, saboda an tantance wannan a cikin yanayin yanayin da ake ciki a yayin da aka haɗa alamomin da aka samu tare da sakamakon, wani tsari mai dacewa zai iya zama tasiri na ilmantarwa da ke tattare da shi. sharadin da abin ya shafa wacce ba za a yi la'akari da sakamakon da aka ba shi ba tare da kwanciyar hankali kuma saboda haka ya ragu a tsawon lokaci irin wannan aikin kamar yadda sakamako zai samu zai rage lokaci (Schultz, 1998). Duk da haka, kamar yadda (i) muka bazu da abubuwan 5 jima'i sun sake maimaita lokuttan 8 a duk yanayin da aka samu guda biyu don samun ladabi; (ii) ba mu lura da wani dangantaka tsakanin karuwar aikin DACC ba don sake jima'i da jima'i da sha'awar yanayi amma sun lura da dangantaka da jima'i na sha'awar jima'i, (iii) babu bambancin ra'ayi game da sakamakon sakamako ga sharuɗɗɗan sharaɗi kuma babu shaidar na inganta yanayin da aka dace don ladan jima'i, da kuma (iv) Abubuwan da ke cikin CSB sun fi so ga duka matsalolin da suka shafi jima'i da kuma ladan kuɗi, mun nuna cewa tsari zai iya zama daidai da sakamako na al'ada.

Har ila yau, mun kara nuna cewa rashin rashin yin jima'i ko kudin kuɗi yana haɗi da aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararrakin ƙira a kowane fanni. Gyara hotunan da nazarin ɗan adam ya nuna cewa zubar da jini na dopin yana ɓoye kuskuren hasashen tare da kuskuren hasashen da ya dace ba tare da sakamako maras kyau ba tare da kuskuren ƙiren ƙarya ba tare da la'akari ba na sakamako (Pessiglione et al., 2006, Schultz, 1998). Wannan ragewa a cikin aikin kwakwalwa don rashin rashin jima'i ko farashin kuɗi na iya zama daidai da kuskuren ƙiren ƙarya, yana nuna irin abubuwan da suka dace da mahimmanci na biyu da kuma ladabi na farko, dukansu biyu na iya ƙaddamar da abubuwan da ake so.

Baya ga labarin jima'i da jigilar jima'i da tsinkayen rayuwa

Neman sabon abu da neman abin sha'awa suna da alaƙa da rikice-rikice na jaraba a cikin yawancin abubuwa gami da taba, barasa da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi (Djamshidian et al., 2011; Kreek et al., 2005; Wills et al., 1994). Karatuttukan farko da suka gabata na nuna rawa ga fifikon sabon abu a matsayin abin hadari ga dabi'un neman miyagun kwayoyi (Beckmann et al., 2011, Belin, Berson, 2011), kuma makamancin haka, neman neman karin hankali shine mai hangen nesa na yawan shan giya a matasa amma ba na rikicewar abinci (Conrod, O'Leary-Barrett, 2013). Hakanan, a cikin marasa lafiyar Parkinson waɗanda ke haɓaka halayen sarrafawa ta hanzari a kan masu ƙyamar kwayar cutar dopamine, neman sabon abu yana da alaƙa da sakamakon lada na waje kamar caca da cuta da cin kasuwa mai tilasta amma ba lada ta ƙasa irin su cin abinci mai yawa ko CSB (Voon et al., 2011). A karatunmu na yanzu, babu bambanci a cikin tunani-neman scores tsakanin batutuwa na CSB da HVs, yana mai da muhimmanci ga ƙwarewar da aka fi so musamman ga sakamako amma ba a cikin kullun ba. Abubuwan da muka samu zai iya zama masu dacewa a cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa a kan layi, wanda zai iya samar da wani abu mai ban sha'awa, kuma zai yiwu ya bambanta da jaraba da miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda abin da ke faruwa a yanzu zai iya zama mawuyacin batun.

Mun kara nuna cewa batutuwa ta CSB sun fi dacewa da dACC don sake maimaita jima'i game da hotunan kuɗi. Wannan bincike zai iya nuna alamar sau da yawa zuwa abubuwan da ke faruwa a layi, kamar yadda aka lura da rage yawan aikin da aka samu na yin amfani da kayan aiki a kan layi a cikin ma'aikatan 'yan salama masu kyau (Kuhn da Gallinat, 2014). A cikin dukan batutuwa, fifitaccen sha'awa ga maimaita jima'i an nuna shi ta hanyar yin aiki da dACC mafi girma akan abubuwan jima'i. A kwanan nan mun nuna ayyukan ingantaccen dACC a cikin batutuwa na CSB zuwa bidiyo na bidiyo (Voon, Mole, 2014), kuma dACC an yi amfani da shi a cikin magungunan maganin magunguna (Kuhn da Gallinat, 2011). A cikin wannan binciken na baya, bidiyon sun kasance a bayyane kuma sunyi aiki a matsayin alamomi kuma an nuna su da yawa, sabili da haka sun kasance ba su da alaka da haɗuwa. Har ila yau, ba a yi la'akari da haɓaka ba. DACC tana karɓar jigilar hanyoyi daga tsakiya da ƙwayoyin maganin dopaminergic kuma yana da kyau tare da ma'amala masu yawa don haɓaka aikin zaɓi. DACC tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ganewa da kuma tsara matakan halayya masu dacewa ga abubuwan da suka faru a yayin daidaituwa na hali (Sheth et al., 2012). A madadin haka, dACC yana cikin nauyin halayen kyauta, musamman hasashen game da kurakuran gaba da ladabi (Bush et al., 2002, Rushworth da Behrens, 2008). Saboda haka, rawar da dACC ke yi na iya kasancewa da alaka da sakamakon saliri ko sakamako marar kyau.

Binciken sabon abu ya haɗa da kwatanta bayanin mai shigowa tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda aka adana shi ta hanyar hippocampal polysynaptic - (ventral striatal) - (ƙananan yanki na kwakwalwa) madauki da aka ba shawara don hada bayanai game da sababbin abubuwa, jin daɗi da burin (Lisman da Grace, 2005). Abubuwan da muka lura game da ingantaccen dACC- (ƙwararraɗi) - haɗin kai a cikin batutuwa na CSB tare da nunawa a kai a kai ga duk abin da aka samu a cikin jima'i duk da ragewa a cikin aikin dACC na iya wakiltar cibiyar sadarwar da ke cikin rikodin aberrant na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar hippocampal don maimaita jima'i.

Nazarin yana da muhimmancin ƙarfin. Wannan shine bincike na farko a kan hanyoyin da ke tattare da sabon tsari da ka'idoji a CSB, tare da binciken da ya ba da damar fahimtar wasu bangarori na halayyar al'amuran da kuma hanyoyi. Muna nuna gwaji da abin da aka lura a asibiti cewa CSB yana da alaƙa da neman sabon abu, sharaɗi da kuma halayyar kaiwa ga jima'i a cikin maza. Duk da haka, ana iya yarda da wasu ƙuntatawa. Na farko, binciken ya shafi matasa maza da mata. Ko da yake wannan siffar za a iya gani a matsayin ƙarfi ta hanyar rage bambanci, zai iya kasancewa iyakance game da daidaitawa ga mata, sauran kungiyoyi da kuma mutane da wasu abubuwan jima'i. Na biyu, mahalarta CSB sun fi damuwa, da tawayar, da kuma motsa jiki kuma sun nuna halin da ake ciki don ƙarin siffofi masu ban tsoro. Kodayake ba mu sami tasirin kai tsaye na waɗannan canje-canje a sakamakonmu ba, ba zamu iya cire yiwuwar cewa sun iya rinjayar binciken. Na uku, babu wani bambanci da yawa a cikin nazari na hoto game da yanayin kwalliya, ƙididdigar lalacewa, sakamako maras kyau. Abubuwan bincikenmu na binciken suna tallafawa matakan halayyar jima'i amma ba mu lura da binciken binciken don tallafawa abubuwan da aka gano ba. Ƙarin samfurori, karin hotuna, ko kuma ƙarfafawa tare da gwaji na gaba suna nuna muhimmancin la'akari don nazarin gaba wanda zai haifar da sakamako daban-daban. Hudu, wannan binciken ya yi amfani da zane-zane wanda za a iya zaton shi ne mai ban sha'awa maimakon jima'i. Ƙarin karatu da yin amfani da kayan aiki na jima'i na iya bambanta tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin kwakwalwa ga jituwa da jima'i.

Muna nuna muhimmancin muhimmancin ra'ayi na jima'i da haɓakawa na kowa na kwanciyar hankali don samun sakamako a cikin batutuwa na CSB da ke shafi al'ada DACC. Wadannan binciken suna fadada bincikenmu na kwanan nan cewa al'amuran CSB sun fi karfin jima'i a cibiyar sadarwa ta dACC, ventral striatum da amygdala (Voon, Mole, 2014) da kuma kulawa da hankali game da jima'i (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Muna jaddada rawar da za a yi don magance yanayin da ba za a iya shafewa ba daga fifiko mai mahimmanci wanda ya dace da wannan ra'ayi na ingantaccen kulawa da hankali ga jima'i. Wadannan binciken suna da tasiri mai zurfi kamar yadda yanar-gizo ke samar da babban tushe na littafi da yiwuwar wadatawa, musamman ma game da abubuwan da ke tattare da jima'i. Binciken na gaba ya kamata mu bincika yadda abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu zasu iya danganta su da matakan da suka dace da asibiti game da CSB, dukansu biyu da kuma gaba daya. Wadannan binciken suna da muhimmiyar rawa don ƙaddamar da tsarin kwaskwarima a cikin tsarin kula da lafiyar CSB.

Marubucin Mataimaki

Ƙira da kuma tsara gwaje-gwaje: VV. An yi gwaje-gwaje: PB, SM da VV. An bincika bayanan: PB, LSM, SM, VV. Sana takarda: PB, NAH, MNP da VV.

Matsayin Gidajen Kuɗi

PB na goyan bayan Fasaha ta Fasaha na Fasaha da Fasaha ta Fasahar (SFRH / BD / 33889 / 2009). Dokta Voon shi ne mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa wanda Kamfanin Wellcome Trust (WT093705 / Z / 10 / Z) ke biyan binciken. Channel 4 ya shiga cikin taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata ta hanyar ajiye tallan tallan da aka amince da ita don nazarin shafukan intanit. Tallace-tallace sun bayar da cikakken bayani game da masu nazarin binciken don masu halartar masu sha'awar.

Rikici na sha'awa

Littafin shine bincike na asali, ba a buga shi ba a baya kuma ba a sanya shi ba don bugawa a wasu wurare. Masu lasisi PB, LM, SM, NH, MNP da VV sun bayyana ba abubuwan da suka shafi kudi.

Godiya

Muna so in gode wa dukan masu halartar taron da suka shiga cikin binciken da ma'aikatan Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre. Mun kuma amince da Channel 4 don taimakawa tare da daukar ma'aikata da Fasaha ta Fasaha don Kimiyya da Fasaha da kuma Gidauniyar Aminci don kudade.

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