YBOP COMMENT: Masu bincike sun ƙirƙira kuma sun gwada sabon kayan aikin tantancewa, dangane da ƙa'idodin Ciwon Gaming na ICD-11 na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. An ƙirƙira shi don tantance ƙayyadaddun ɓangarorin amfani da Intanet da yawa (jarabar ɗabi'ar kan layi) gami da "rashin amfani da batsa."
Tare da haɗa matsalar caca a cikin ICD-11, an gabatar da ƙa'idodin bincike don wannan sabon cuta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan ga wasu ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikice na amfani da Intanet, waɗanda za'a iya rarraba su a cikin ICD-11 azaman sauran rikice-rikice saboda halayen jaraba, kamar su. matsalar siyayya ta kan layi, kan layi batsa - rashin amfani, rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a, da matsalar caca ta kan layi. [an kara jaddadawa]
ICD-11 ya lissafa Ciwon Halayen Halin Jima'i na Tilastawa (CSBD), wanda mutane da yawa suna ɗauka cewa amfani da batsa mai matsala shine babban alamar ɗabi'a, azaman cuta mai ƙarfi. An jera matsalar siyayya ta tilas a matsayin misali a ƙarƙashin nau'in 'sauran ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikice masu sarrafa motsin rai' (6C7Y) amma ba tare da bambanta tsakanin bambance-bambancen kan layi da na layi ba. Ba a kuma yi wannan bambance-bambance a cikin tambayoyin da aka fi amfani da su na auna siye na dole (Maraz et al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). Har yanzu ba a yi la'akari da rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a ba a cikin ICD-11. Koyaya, akwai dalilai masu tushe na shaida don kowace cuta guda uku da yakamata a ware su azaman halayen jaraba (Brand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). [an kara jaddadawa]
Abstract
Bayani da manufofin
Tare da haɗa matsalar caca a cikin ICD-11, an gabatar da ƙa'idodin bincike don wannan sabon cuta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan ga wasu ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikice na amfani da Intanet, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su a cikin ICD-11 a matsayin wasu rikice-rikice saboda halayen jaraba, kamar cutar siyayya ta kan layi, rashin amfani da batsa na kan layi, amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a. rashin lafiya, da kuma matsalar caca ta kan layi. Saboda bambancin ra'ayi a cikin kayan aikin da ake da su, muna da nufin haɓaka daidaitattun ma'auni na tattalin arziki na manyan nau'o'in (mai yuwuwar) takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet dangane da ka'idojin ICD-11 don matsalar caca.
Hanyar
Sabuwar Ƙimar abu 11 na Ma'auni don Takaddun Cutar Cutar Amfani da Intanet (ACSID-11) tana auna jarabar ɗabi'a guda biyar tare da saitin abubuwa iri ɗaya ta bin ƙa'idodin TAIMAKON WHO. An gudanar da ACSID-11 ga masu amfani da Intanet masu aiki (N = 985) tare da daidaitawa na Gwajin Cutar Ciwon Wasannin Intanet na Abu Goma (IGDT-10) da masu dubawa don lafiyar hankali. Mun yi amfani da Ƙididdiga Factor Analyzes don nazarin tsarin ma'auni na ACSID-11.
results
An tabbatar da tsarin da aka ɗauka mai sassa huɗu kuma ya fi madaidaicin bayani. Wannan ya shafi matsalar caca da sauran takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet. Sakamakon ACSID-11 yana da alaƙa da IGDT-10 haka kuma tare da matakan damuwa na tunani.
Tattaunawa da Karshe
ACSID-11 yana da alama ya dace da daidaitattun ƙima na (yiwuwar) takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet dangane da ƙa'idodin bincike na ICD-11 don matsalar caca. ACSID-11 na iya zama kayan aiki mai amfani da tattalin arziƙi don nazarin jarabar halaye daban-daban tare da abubuwa iri ɗaya da haɓaka kwatance.
Gabatarwa
Rarrabawa da sauƙin shiga Intanet yana sa ayyukan kan layi suna da kyau musamman kuma suna ba da fa'idodi da yawa. Bayan fa'idodin ga yawancin mutane, halayen kan layi na iya ɗaukar nau'in jaraba mara sarrafawa a cikin wasu mutane (misali, King & Potenza, 2019; Young, 2004). Musamman wasan kwaikwayo yana ƙara zama batun lafiyar jama'a (Faust & Prochaska, 2018; Rumpf et al., 2018). Bayan sanin 'Rikicin caca na Intanet' a cikin bita na biyar na Litattafan Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cutar Hauka (DSM-5; Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka, 2013) a matsayin yanayin ƙarin bincike, yanzu an haɗa da rashin lafiyar wasan a matsayin ganewar asali (6C51) a cikin 11th bita na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Cututtuka (ICD-11; Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, 2018). Wannan wani muhimmin mataki ne na magance kalubalen duniya da ke haifar da illar amfani da fasahar dijital (Billieux, Stein, Castro-Calvo, Higushi, & King, 2021). An kiyasta yaɗuwar matsalar caca a duniya da kashi 3.05%, wanda yayi daidai da sauran rikice-rikicen tunani kamar rashin amfani da kayan maye ko cuta mai tilastawa.Stevens, Dorstyn, Delfabbro, & King, 2021). Duk da haka, ƙididdiga masu yawa sun bambanta sosai dangane da kayan aikin tantancewa da aka yi amfani da su (Stevens et al., 2021). A halin yanzu, yanayin kayan aikin yana da yawa. Yawancin matakan sun dogara ne akan sharuɗɗan DSM-5 don matsalar caca ta Intanet kuma babu wanda ya fi dacewa a fili (King et al., 2020). Irin wannan ya shafi wasu halaye masu yuwuwar jaraba akan Intanet, kamar matsalar amfani da batsa na kan layi, shafukan sada zumunta, ko siyayya ta kan layi. Waɗannan halayen kan layi masu matsala na iya faruwa tare da matsalar caca (Burleigh, Griffiths, Sumich, Stavropoulos, & Kuss, 2019; Müller et al., 2021), amma kuma yana iya zama mahallin kansa. Tsarin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin kwanan nan kamar Tsarin Hulɗar Mutum-Tasirin-Fahimtar-Kisa (I-PACE)Alamar, Matasa, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016; Brand et al., 2019) ɗauka cewa tsarin tunani iri ɗaya yana ƙarƙashin nau'ikan halaye na jaraba (kan layi). Zato sun yi daidai da hanyoyin farko waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don bayyana abubuwan gama gari tsakanin cututtukan jaraba, misali, game da hanyoyin neuropsychological (Bechara, 2005; Robinson & Berridge, 1993), sassan kwayoyin halitta (Blum et al., 2000), ko abubuwan gama gari (Griffiths, 2005). Koyaya, cikakkiyar kayan aikin tantancewa don (mai yuwuwa) takamaiman rikice-rikicen amfani da Intanet dangane da ma'auni iri ɗaya a halin yanzu babu. Nune-nunen Uniform a cikin nau'ikan cuta daban-daban saboda halayen jaraba suna da mahimmanci don tantance abubuwan gama gari da bambance-bambancen inganci.
A cikin ICD-11, an jera matsalar caca fiye da matsalar caca a cikin nau'in 'rashin lafiya saboda halayen jaraba'. Sharuɗɗan bincike da aka tsara (na duka biyu) sune: (1) rashin kulawa akan halayen (misali, farawa, mita, ƙarfi, tsawon lokaci, ƙarewa, mahallin); (2) haɓaka fifikon da aka ba da halayen har zuwa yadda halayen ke gaba da sauran abubuwan buƙatu da ayyukan yau da kullun; (3) ci gaba ko haɓaka halayen duk da mummunan sakamako. Ko da yake ba a ambata kai tsaye a matsayin ƙarin ma'auni ba, ya zama dole don ganewar asali cewa tsarin ɗabi'a yana haifar da (4) nakasar aiki a muhimman wurare na rayuwar yau da kullum (misali, na sirri, iyali, ilimi, ko al'amurran zamantakewa) da / ko alamar damuwa (Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, 2018). Don haka, ya kamata a haɗa duka bangarorin biyu yayin nazarin halayen halayen jaraba. Gabaɗaya, ana iya amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan ga nau'in 'sauran ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikice saboda halayen jaraba' (6C5Y), wanda cutar siyayya, lalata-yin amfani da batsa, da rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa na iya yiwuwa a rarraba su ((XNUMXCXNUMXY).Brand et al., 2020). Ana iya bayyana matsalar siyayya ta kan layi ta hanyar wuce gona da iri, siyan kayan masarufi na kan layi mara kyau wanda ke faruwa akai-akai duk da mummunan sakamako don haka yana iya zama takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet (Müller, Laskowski, et al., 2021). Rashin yin amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da raguwar ikon sarrafa abubuwan batsa (kan layi), wanda ke bambanta da sauran halayen jima'i na tilastawa (Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016; Kraus et al., 2018). Ana iya bayyana rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa ta hanyar wuce gona da iri na cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a (ciki har da shafukan sada zumunta da sauran aikace-aikacen sadarwar kan layi) wanda ke da alaƙa da raguwar ikon amfani da shi, ƙara fifikon da aka ba amfani, da ci gaba da amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa duk da haka. fuskantar mummunan sakamako (Andreassen, 2015). Duk abubuwan da suka dace na ɗabi'a guda uku sun ƙunshi al'amuran da suka dace da asibiti waɗanda ke nuna kamanceceniya da sauran halayen jaraba (misali, Brand et al., 2020; Griffiths, Kuss, & Demetrovics, 2014; Müller et al., 2019; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Nauyi, & Strahler, 2018).
Kayayyakin da ke tantance takamaiman nau'ikan rikice-rikicen amfani da Intanet sun dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka gabata, kamar gyare-gyaren juzu'in Gwajin jarabar Intanet na Matasa (misali, Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013; Wegmann, Stodt, & Alamar, 2015) ko ma'aunin "Bergen" bisa tushen abubuwan jaraba na Griffiths (misali, Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012; Andreassen et al., 2015), ko kuma suna auna ginin undimensional bisa ka'idojin DSM-5 don matsalar caca (misali, Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Al'ummai, 2015; Van den Eijnden, Lemmens, & Valkenburg, 2016) ko matsalar caca (don dubawa duba Otto et al., 2020). An ɗauki wasu matakan da suka gabata daga ma'auni don matsalar caca, rashin amfani da kayan maye ko kuma an haɓaka su ta zahiri (Laconi, Rodgers, & Chabrol, 2014). Yawancin waɗannan kayan aikin suna nuna rauni na psychometric da rashin daidaituwa kamar yadda aka haskaka a cikin bita daban-daban (Sarki, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013; Lortie & Guitton, 2013; Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015). King et al. (2020) an gano kayan aiki daban-daban guda 32 da ke tantance matsalar caca, wanda ke nuna rashin daidaituwa a fagen bincike. Hatta kayan aikin da aka fi ambata da amfani da su, kamar Jarabawar jarabar Intanet ta Matasa (Young, 1998), ba sa wakiltar ƙa'idodin bincike don matsalar caca, ko na DSM-5 ko na ICD-11. King et al. (2020) ƙarin batu a raunin tunani, alal misali, rashin ingantaccen ingantaccen aiki da kuma cewa yawancin kayan aikin an tsara su bisa zato na ginin unimodal. Yana nuna cewa ana ƙididdige jimillar alamomin mutum ɗaya maimakon duban mita da gogewa daban-daban. Gwajin Ciwon Wasan Intanet Abu Goma (IGDT-10; Király et al., 2017) a halin yanzu da alama yana kama ma'aunin DSM-5 daidai amma gabaɗaya babu ɗayan kayan aikin da ya bayyana a sarari wanda aka fi so (King et al., 2020). Kwanan nan, an gabatar da ma'auni da yawa azaman kayan aikin nunawa na farko waɗanda ke ɗaukar ka'idodin ICD-11 don matsalar caca (Balhara et al., 2020; Higuchi et al., 2021; Jo et al., 2020; Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2020; Pontes et al., 2021) da kuma rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa (Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2021). Gabaɗaya, ana iya ɗauka cewa ba lallai ba ne kowace alamar ta sami gogewa daidai-da-wane, alal misali, daidai sau da yawa ko kuma mai tsanani. Don haka yana da kyawawa cewa kayan aikin tantancewa su sami damar ɗaukar duka biyun, jimillar abubuwan da suka shafi alamun, da jimillar alamomin kowane iri. Maimakon haka, wani nau'i mai nau'i na nau'i-nau'i na iya bincikar abin da alamar ta ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci, ko a cikin matakai daban-daban, don haɓakawa da kuma kula da halin matsala, yana da alaƙa da babban matakin wahala, ko kuma yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci.
Matsaloli iri ɗaya da rashin daidaituwa sun bayyana yayin kallon kayan aikin tantance wasu nau'ikan yuwuwar rikice-rikicen amfani da Intanet, wato matsalar siyayya ta kan layi, matsalar amfani da batsa ta kan layi, da rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa. Waɗannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikice na amfani da Intanet ba a keɓance su a hukumance a cikin ICD-11 sabanin caca da matsalar caca. Musamman ma game da matsalar caca, kayan aikin tantancewa da yawa sun riga sun wanzu, amma yawancinsu ba su da isasshen shaida (Otto et al., 2020), kuma baya magance ka'idodin ICD-11 don matsalar caca ko mai da hankali kan matsalar caca ta kan layi galibi (Albrecht, Kirschner, & Grüsser, 2007; Dowling et al., 2019). ICD-11 ya lissafa Rashin Halayen Halin Jima'i na Tilastawa (CSBD), wanda mutane da yawa suna ɗauka cewa amfani da batsa mai matsala shine babban alamar ɗabi'a, azaman cuta mai ƙarfi. An jera matsalar siyayya ta tilastawa a matsayin misali a ƙarƙashin nau'in 'sauran ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikice masu sarrafa motsin rai' (6C7Y) amma ba tare da bambanta tsakanin bambance-bambancen kan layi da na layi ba. Ba a kuma yi wannan bambance-bambance a cikin tambayoyin da aka fi amfani da su na auna siye na dole (Maraz et al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). Har yanzu ba a yi la'akari da rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a ba a cikin ICD-11. Koyaya, akwai hujjoji na tushen shaida don kowane ɗayan cuta guda uku da yakamata a ware su azaman halayen jaraba (Brand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). Bayan rashin daidaituwa game da rarrabuwa da ma'anar waɗannan yuwuwar takamaiman rikice-rikicen amfani da Intanet, akwai kuma rashin daidaituwa a cikin amfani da kayan aikin tantancewa (don sake dubawa duba. Andreassen, 2015; Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021; Hussain & Griffiths, 2018; Müller et al., 2017). Misali, akwai kayan aiki sama da 20 da ya kamata a auna amfani da batsa mai matsala (Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021) amma babu wanda ya cika ka'idodin ICD-11 don rashin lafiya saboda halayen jaraba, waɗanda ke kusa da ka'idodin ICD-11 na CSBD.
Bugu da ƙari, wasu takamaiman rikice-rikice na amfani da Intanet da alama suna iya faruwa tare, musamman rashin caca da amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa (Burleigh et al., 2019; Müller et al., 2021). Yin amfani da latent profile analysis, Charzyńska, Sussman, da Atrozko (2021) An gano cewa ɓarna ce ta hanyar sadarwar jama'a da sayayya gami da wasan caca mara kyau da amfani da batsa galibi suna faruwa tare bi da bi. Bayanan martaba wanda ya haɗa da manyan matakan akan duk rashin amfani da Intanet ya nuna mafi ƙarancin jin daɗi (Charzyńska et al., 2021). Wannan kuma yana nanata mahimmancin cikakkiyar tantancewa iri ɗaya a cikin halaye daban-daban na amfani da Intanet. An yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwa daban-daban a cikin rikice-rikice na amfani da Intanet daban-daban, kamar Matsalolin Amfani da Batsa (Matsala).B & et et., 2018), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017) ko Siyayyar Addiction Scale na Kan layi (Zhao, Tian, & Xin, 2017). Koyaya, an ƙera waɗannan ma'auni bisa ga samfuran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa ta Griffiths (2005) kuma kar a rufe ƙa'idodin da aka tsara na yanzu don cuta saboda halayen jaraba (cf. Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, 2018).
A taƙaice, ICD-11 ta gabatar da ƙa'idodin bincike don cuta saboda (mafi yawan kan layi) halayen jaraba, wato matsalar caca da matsalar caca. Amfani da batsa na kan layi mai matsala, siyayya-kan layi, da kuma amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa ana iya sanya su zuwa rukunin ICD-11 'wasu ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikice saboda halayen jaraba' waɗanda za a iya amfani da ma'auni iri ɗaya (Brand et al., 2020). Ya zuwa yau, yanayin yanayin kayan aikin tantancewa na waɗannan (masu yuwuwar) ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikicen amfani da Intanet ba su da daidaituwa sosai. Koyaya, daidaiton ma'auni na ginin daban-daban yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka bincike kan abubuwan gama gari da bambance-bambance a cikin nau'ikan cuta daban-daban saboda halayen jaraba. Manufarmu ita ce haɓaka gajeriyar kayan aikin nunawa don nau'ikan nau'ikan (mai yiwuwa) takamaiman rikice-rikicen amfani da Intanet wanda ke rufe ka'idodin ICD-11 don matsalar caca da matsalar caca, don taimakawa tare da farkon gano (mai yuwuwar) takamaiman halayen kan layi.
Hanyar
Wanda su ka Halarta
An dauki mahalarta aiki akan layi ta hanyar mai ba da sabis na kwamitin shiga wanda ta hanyar da ake biyan su daban-daban. Mun haɗa masu amfani da Intanet masu aiki daga yankin masu magana da Jamusanci. Mun cire bayanan da ba su cika ba da waɗanda ke nuna rashin kulawa. An gano na ƙarshe ta hanyar ma'auni (abin da aka umarce shi da ma'aunin rahoton kai) da kuma bayan-hoc (lokacin amsawa, tsarin amsawa, Mahalanobis D) dabarunGodinho, Kushnir, & Cunningham, 2016; Meade & Craig, 2012). Samfurin ƙarshe ya ƙunshi N = Mahalarta 958 (maza 499, mata 458, 1 divers) tsakanin 16 da 69 shekaru (M = 47.60, SD = 14.50). Yawancin mahalarta sun kasance suna aiki na cikakken lokaci (46.3%), a cikin (farkon) ritaya (20.1%), ko aiki na ɗan lokaci (14.3%). Sauran sun kasance dalibai, masu horarwa, matan gida/-mazaje, ko ba a yi aiki ba saboda wasu dalilai. An rarraba matakin mafi girman ilimin sana'a akan kammala horar da sana'o'i a cikin kamfani (33.6%), digiri na jami'a (19.0%), kammala karatun koyar da sana'o'i (14.1%), kammala karatun digiri daga babban makarantar / kwalejin fasaha (11.8%) , da kuma digiri na biyu (10.1%). Sauran sun kasance a cikin ilimi / dalibai ko ba su da digiri. Samfurin dacewa bazuwar ya nuna irin wannan rarrabuwar kawuna na manyan sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da al'umma kamar yawan masu amfani da Intanet na Jamus (cf. Statista, 2021).
Matakan
Ƙimar Ma'auni don Takamaiman Rashin Amfani da Intanet: ACSID-11
Tare da ACSID-11 mun yi nufin ƙirƙira kayan aiki don tantance takamaiman rikice-rikicen amfani da Intanet a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci amma cikakke, kuma daidaitaccen tsari. An haɓaka shi bisa ka'idar ta ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masu binciken jaraba da likitoci. Abubuwan sun samo asali ne a cikin tattaunawa da yawa da kuma taron yarjejeniya dangane da ka'idojin ICD-11 don rashin lafiya saboda halayen jaraba, kamar yadda aka kwatanta su don wasan kwaikwayo da caca, suna ɗaukar tsari mai yawa. An yi amfani da Binciken Binciken Magana-Aloud don inganta ingancin abun ciki da fahimtar abubuwan (Schmidt et al., sallama).
ACSID-11 ya ƙunshi abubuwa 11 waɗanda ke ɗaukar ma'aunin ICD-11 don rashin lafiya saboda halayen jaraba. Babban ma'auni guda uku, rashin kulawa (IC), ƙarin fifiko da aka ba da ayyukan kan layi (IP), da ci gaba / haɓaka (CE) na amfani da Intanet duk da mummunan sakamako, ana wakilta ta abubuwa uku kowanne. An ƙirƙiri ƙarin abubuwa biyu don tantance rashin aiki a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun (FI) da alamar damuwa (MD) saboda ayyukan kan layi. A cikin wata tambaya ta farko, an umurci mahalarta su nuna irin ayyukan da suka yi a Intanet da suka yi amfani da su aƙalla lokaci-lokaci a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata. Ayyukan (watau 'wasanni', 'cinyan kan layi', 'amfani da batsa akan layi', 'amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a', 'caca ta kan layi', da 'sauran') an jera su tare da ma'anoni masu dacewa da zaɓin amsa 'ee. 'ko' a'a'. Mahalarta da suka amsa 'e' kawai ga 'sauran' abun an tantance su. Duk sauran sun karɓi abubuwan ACSID-11 don duk waɗannan ayyukan waɗanda aka amsa da 'e'. Wannan tsari na ɗabi'a da yawa ya dogara ne akan Gwajin Haɗin Barasa da Shan Sigari na WHO (TAIMAKA; WHO TAIMAKA Kungiyoyi Aiki, 2002), wanda ke duba manyan nau'ikan amfani da kayan abu da mummunan sakamakonsa da kuma alamun halayen jaraba a madaidaiciyar hanya a kan takamaiman abubuwa.
A cikin kwatankwacin ASSIST, kowane abu an ƙirƙira shi ta hanya ta yadda za a iya amsa shi kai tsaye don ayyukan daban-daban. Mun yi amfani da tsarin amsa kashi biyu (duba Siffa 1), wanda mahalarta zasu nuna kowane abu don kowane aiki sau nawa sun sami gogewa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata (0: ‚ba’, 1: ‘da wuya’, 2: ‘wani lokaci’, 3: ‘sau da yawa’), kuma idan aƙalla “da wuya”, yadda tsanani kowace gogewa ta kasance a cikin watanni 12 na ƙarshe (0: ‚ba da ƙarfi ba’, 1: ‚maimakon ba mai tsanani ba’, 2: ‘mama tsanani’, 3: ‘mai tsanani’). Ta hanyar yin la'akari da mita da kuma ƙarfin kowane alama, yana yiwuwa a bincika abin da ya faru na alama, amma kuma don sarrafa yadda ake gane tsananin bayyanar cututtuka fiye da mita. Abubuwan ACSID-11 (fassarar Ingilishi da aka gabatar) ana nuna su a ciki Table 1. Ana iya samun ainihin abubuwan (Jamus) gami da tambaya ta farko da umarni a cikin Karin bayani (duba shafi A).
Wani abin misali na ACSID-11 (fassarar turanci da aka gabatar na ainihin abin Jamusanci) yana kwatanta ma'aunin mitar (ginshiƙan hagu) da ƙarfi (ginshiƙan dama) na yanayi masu alaƙa da takamaiman ayyukan kan layi. Notes. Hoton yana nuna wani abin misali na Impaired Control (IC) kamar yadda aka nuna A) ga mutumin da ke amfani da duk ayyukan kan layi guda biyar kamar yadda aka nuna a farkon tambaya (duba shafi A) da B) ga mutum wanda ya nuna amfani da siyayya ta kan layi da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa kawai.
Cikakkun bayanai: Jaridar Halayen Halayen 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Abubuwan ACSID-11 mai dubawa don takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet (fassarar turanci da aka gabatar).
| Item | tambaya |
| Saukewa: IC1 | A cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, kun sami matsala wajen lura da lokacin da kuka fara aikin, nawa ne, tsawon lokacin da kuka yi, ko a wane yanayi kuka yi, ko lokacin da kuka daina? |
| Saukewa: IC2 | A cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, kun ji sha'awar dakatarwa ko ƙuntata ayyukan saboda kun lura kuna amfani da shi da yawa? |
| Saukewa: IC3 | A cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, kun yi ƙoƙarin dakatarwa ko taƙaita ayyukan kuma kun gaza da shi? |
| IP1 | A cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, kun ba aikin fifiko mafi girma fiye da sauran ayyuka ko abubuwan bukatu a rayuwarku ta yau da kullun? |
| IP2 | A cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, shin kun daina sha'awar sauran ayyukan da kuke morewa saboda wannan aikin? |
| IP3 | A cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, kun yi sakaci ko barin wasu ayyuka ko bukatu da kuke sha'awar saboda wannan aiki? |
| CE1 | A cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, kun ci gaba ko haɓaka ayyukan duk da cewa ya yi barazanar ko ya sa ku rasa dangantaka da wani mai mahimmanci a gare ku? |
| CE2 | A cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, kun ci gaba ko haɓaka ayyukan ko da yake ya haifar muku da matsala a makaranta / horo / aiki? |
| CE3 | A cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, kun ci gaba ko haɓaka aikin duk da cewa ya haifar muku da gunaguni/cututtuka na zahiri ko na hankali? |
| Saukewa: FI1 | Yin tunani game da duk sassan rayuwar ku, shin aikin ya shafi rayuwar ku a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata? |
| MD1 | Yin tunani game da duk sassan rayuwar ku, shin aikin ya haifar muku da wahala a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata? |
Notes. IC = rashin kulawa; IP = ƙara fifiko; CE = ci gaba / haɓakawa; FI = rashin aiki; MD = alamar damuwa; Ana iya samun ainihin abubuwan Jamus a ciki shafi A.
Gwajin Rashin Ciwon Wasan Intanet Abu Goma: IGDT-10 – Sigar TAIMAKA
A matsayin ma'aunin ingancin haɗin kai, mun yi amfani da abu goma IGDT-10 (Király et al., 2017) a cikin wani tsawo version. IGDT-10 yana aiki da ƙa'idodin DSM-5 guda tara don matsalar caca ta Intanet (Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka, 2013). A cikin wannan binciken, mun tsawaita ainihin sigar wasan caca ta yadda aka tantance kowane nau'i na takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet. Don aiwatar da wannan, da kuma kiyaye tsarin kwatankwacinsu, mun kuma yi amfani da tsarin amsa ɗabi'a akan misalin TAIMAKA a nan. Don wannan, an gyara abubuwan ta yadda aka maye gurbin 'wasanni' da 'aikin'. An amsa kowane abu don duk ayyukan kan layi waɗanda mahalarta suka nuna a baya don amfani da su (daga zaɓi na 'wasan kwaikwayo',' siyayya ta kan layi', 'amfani da batsa na kan layi', 'amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a', da' caca ta kan layi' ). Kowane abu, kowane aiki an ƙididdige shi akan ma'aunin Likert mai maki uku (0 = 'ba', 1 = 'wani lokaci', 2 = 'sau da yawa'). Makin ya kasance daidai da ainihin sigar IGDT-10: Kowane ma'auni ya sami maki na 0 idan amsar ba ta kasance 'ba' ko 'wani lokaci' da maki 1 idan amsar ta kasance 'sau da yawa'. Abubuwan 9 da 10 suna wakiltar ma'auni iri ɗaya (watau 'haɗari ko rasa muhimmiyar alaƙa, aiki, ko damar ilimi ko aiki saboda shiga cikin wasannin Intanet') kuma a ƙidaya wuri ɗaya idan ɗaya ko duka abubuwa sun hadu. An ƙididdige jimlar jimlar ƙarshe don kowane aiki. Zai iya kewayo daga 0 zuwa 9 tare da maki mafi girma da ke nuna tsananin tsananin alamun. Game da matsalar caca, maki biyar ko fiye yana nuna mahimmancin asibiti (Király et al., 2017).
Tambayoyin Lafiyar Mara lafiya-4: PHQ-4
Tambayoyin Lafiyar Mara lafiya-4 (PHQ-4; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Löwe, 2009) taƙaitaccen ma'auni ne na alamun damuwa da damuwa. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa huɗu waɗanda aka ɗauka daga Ma'aunin Tashin hankali na Gaba ɗaya-7 da tsarin PHQ-8 don baƙin ciki. Mahalarta ya kamata su nuna yawan faruwar wasu alamomin akan ma'aunin Likert mai ma'ana huɗu daga 0 ('ba kwata-kwata') zuwa 3 ('kusan kowace rana'). Jimillar makin na iya kewayo tsakanin 0 da 12 yana nuna ba ko ɗaya/ƙananan, m, matsakaici, da matsananciyar matakan damuwa na tunani tare da maki daga 0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-12, bi da bi (Kroenke et al., 2009).
Gabaɗaya lafiya
An tantance gamsuwar rayuwa ta gaba ɗaya ta amfani da gajeriyar sikelin gamsuwar rayuwa (L-1) a cikin asalin Jamusanci (Beierlein, Kovalev, László, Kemper, & Rammstedt, 2015) ya amsa akan ma'aunin Likert mai maki 11 daga 0 ('ba a gamsu da komai ba') zuwa 10 ('cikakken gamsuwa'). Ma'aunin abu guda ɗaya yana da ingantaccen inganci kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi tare da ma'auni-abu da yawa yana tantance gamsuwa da rayuwa (Beierlein et al., 2015). Mun kuma nemi takamaiman gamsuwar rayuwa a fannin lafiya (H-1): 'Duk abin da aka yi la'akari, yaya gamsuwa da lafiyar ku kwanakin nan?' amsa akan ma'aunin maki 11 iri ɗaya (cf. Beierlein et al., 2015).
hanya
An gudanar da binciken akan layi ta amfani da kayan aikin binciken kan layi Limesurvey®. An aiwatar da ACSID-11 da IGDT-10 ta yadda kawai ayyukan da aka zaɓa a cikin pre-question aka nuna don abubuwan da suka dace. Mahalarta sun sami keɓaɓɓun hanyoyin haɗin kai daga mai ba da sabis wanda ya haifar da binciken kan layi wanda mu ya ƙirƙira. Bayan an gama, an tura mahalarta zuwa gidan yanar gizon mai bayarwa don karɓar sake ƙima. An tattara bayanai a cikin lokacin daga Afrilu 8 zuwa Afrilu 14 a cikin 2021.
Nazarin ilimin lissafi
Mun yi amfani da bincike na tabbatarwa (CFA) don gwada girma da gina ingancin ACSID-11. An gudanar da nazarin tare da Mplus version 8.4 (Muthén & Muthén, 2019) ta yin amfani da ma'auni mafi ƙanƙanta ma'ana da bambance-bambancen da aka daidaita (WLSMV). Don kimanta dacewa samfurin, mun yi amfani da fihirisa da yawa, wato chi-square (χ 2) Gwaji don dacewa da dacewa, Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa (SRMR) . Bisa lafazin Hu da Bentler (1999), Ƙimar yanke don CFI da TLI> 0.95, don SRMR <0.08, kuma don RMSEA <0.06 yana nuna kyakkyawan samfurin dacewa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar chi-square da aka raba ta digiri na 'yanci (χ2/df) <3 wata alama ce don dacewa da samfurin yarda (Carmines & McIver, 1981). Alfa na Cronbachαda Guttman's Lambda-2 (λ 2) an yi amfani da su azaman ma'auni na aminci tare da ƙididdiga> 0.8 (> 0.7) yana nuna daidaitaccen ciki (wanda aka yarda da shi).Bortz & Döring, 2006). An yi amfani da nazarin haɗin gwiwa (Pearson) don gwada ingancin daidaituwa tsakanin ma'auni daban-daban na ginin iri ɗaya ko masu alaƙa. An gudanar da waɗannan nazarin tare da IBM SPSS kididdiga (Sigar 26). Bisa lafazin Cohen (1988), darajar |r| = 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 yana nuna ƙaramin, matsakaici, babban tasiri, bi da bi.
Ethics
An gudanar da hanyoyin binciken bisa ga sanarwar Helsinki. Kwamitin da'a na sashen Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Kimiyyar Fahimtar Fahimtar Nazarin ya amince da binciken a Faculty of Engineering na Jami'ar Duisburg-Essen. An sanar da dukkan batutuwa game da binciken kuma duk sun ba da izini da aka sani.
results
A cikin samfurin na yanzu, an rarraba takamaiman halayen amfani da Intanet kamar haka: 440 (45.9%) mutane ne suka nuna wasan (shekaru: M = 43.59, SD = 14.66; 259 maza, 180 mata, 1 divers), 944 (98.5%) na mutanen da ke yin siyayya ta kan layi (shekaru: M = 47.58, SD = 14.49; 491 maza, 452 mata, 1 divers), 340 (35.5%) na mutanen da suka yi amfani da batsa na kan layi (shekaru: M = 44.80, SD = 14.96; 263 maza, 76 mata, 1 divers), 854 (89.1%) na mutane sun yi amfani da shafukan sada zumunta (shekaru: M = 46.52, SD = 14.66; 425 maza, 428 mata, 1 divers), da 200 (20.9%) mutane da ke yin caca ta kan layi (shekaru: M = 46.91, SD = 13.67; 125 maza, 75 mace, 0 divers). Ƙananan mahalarta (n = 61; 6.3%) an nuna don amfani da aiki ɗaya kawai. Yawancin mahalarta (n = 841; 87.8%) sun yi amfani da aƙalla siyayya ta kan layi tare da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a kuma 409 (42.7%) daga cikinsu kuma sun nuna yin wasannin kan layi. Sittin da takwas (7.1%) na mahalarta sun nuna don amfani da duk ayyukan da aka ambata akan layi.
Ganin cewa matsalar caca da caca sune nau'ikan cuta guda biyu saboda halayen jaraba waɗanda aka gane a hukumance kuma an ba da cewa adadin mutanen da ke cikin samfurin mu da suka ba da rahoton yin caca ta kan layi ya iyakance, da farko za mu mai da hankali kan sakamakon game da kima. na ma'auni don matsalar caca tare da ACSID-11.
Ƙididdiga masu fasali
Game da matsalar caca, duk abubuwan ACSID-11 suna da ƙima tsakanin 0 da 3 waɗanda ke nuna matsakaicin iyakar ƙimar ƙima (duba Table 2). Duk abubuwa suna nuna ƙananan ƙimar ma'ana da kuma rarraba madaidaiciya kamar yadda ake tsammani a cikin samfurin marasa lafiya. Wahalar ita ce mafi girma don Ci gaba/Haɓaka da Alamar Abubuwan Matsi yayin da Rashin Gudanarwa (musamman IC1) da Ƙara abubuwan fifiko suna da mafi ƙanƙanci. Kurtosis yana da girma musamman don abu na farko na Ci gaba / Haɓaka (CE1) da Abun Ciki mai Alama (MD1).
Bayanin ƙididdiga na abubuwan ACSID-11 masu auna matsalar caca.
| No. | Item | min | Max | M | (SD) | Skewness | Kurtosis | wahala |
| a) | Yawan ma'auni | |||||||
| 01a | Saukewa: IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.827 | (0.956) | 0.808 | -0.521 | 27.58 |
| 02a | Saukewa: IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.602 | (0.907) | 1.237 | 0.249 | 20.08 |
| 03a | Saukewa: IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.332 | (0.723) | 2.163 | 3.724 | 11.06 |
| 04a | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.623 | (0.895) | 1.180 | 0.189 | 20.76 |
| 05a | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.405 | (0.784) | 1.913 | 2.698 | 13.48 |
| 06a | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.400 | (0.784) | 1.903 | 2.597 | 13.33 |
| 07a | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.170 | (0.549) | 3.561 | 12.718 | 5.68 |
| 08a | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.223 | (0.626) | 3.038 | 8.797 | 7.42 |
| 09a | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.227 | (0.632) | 2.933 | 7.998 | 7.58 |
| 10a | Saukewa: FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.352 | (0.712) | 1.997 | 3.108 | 11.74 |
| 11a | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.155 | (0.526) | 3.647 | 13.107 | 5.15 |
| b) | Ma'aunin ƙarfi | |||||||
| 01b | Saukewa: IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.593 | (0.773) | 1.173 | 0.732 | 19.77 |
| 02b | Saukewa: IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.455 | (0.780) | 1.700 | 2.090 | 15.15 |
| 03b | Saukewa: IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.248 | (0.592) | 2.642 | 6.981 | 8.26 |
| 04b | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.505 | (0.827) | 1.529 | 1.329 | 16.82 |
| 05b | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.330 | (0.703) | 2.199 | 4.123 | 10.98 |
| 06b | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.302 | (0.673) | 2.302 | 4.633 | 10.08 |
| 07b | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.150 | (0.505) | 3.867 | 15.672 | 5.00 |
| 08b | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.216 | (0.623) | 3.159 | 9.623 | 7.20 |
| 09b | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.207 | (0.608) | 3.225 | 10.122 | 6.89 |
| 10b | Saukewa: FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.284 | (0.654) | 2.534 | 6.172 | 9.47 |
| 11b | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.139 | (0.483) | 3.997 | 16.858 | 4.62 |
Notes. N = 440. IC = rashin kulawa; IP = ƙara fifiko; CE = ci gaba / haɓakawa; FI = rashin aiki; MD = alamar damuwa.
Game da lafiyar kwakwalwa, samfurin gabaɗaya (N = 958) yana da ma'anar PHQ-4 na 3.03 (SD = 2.82) kuma yana nuna matsakaicin matakan gamsuwa da rayuwa (L-1: M = 6.31, SD = 2.39) da lafiya (H-1: M = 6.05, SD = 2.68). A cikin rukunin wasanni (n = 440), mutane 13 (3.0%) sun isa yankewar IGDT-10 don lamuran da suka dace da asibiti na matsalar caca. Ma'anar ma'aunin IGDT-10 ya bambanta tsakanin 0.51 don matsalar siyayya da 0.77 don rashin amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a (duba Table 5).
Ƙididdigar matakan tabbatarwa
An ɗauka samfurin abubuwa huɗu
Mun gwada tsarin sassa huɗu na ACSID-11 da aka ɗauka ta hanyar CFAs da yawa, ɗaya kowane takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet kuma daban don ƙimar mitar da ƙarfi. Abubuwan (1) Rashin Kulawa, (2) Ƙarfafa fifiko, da (3) Ci gaba / Haɓaka an samo su ta abubuwa uku. Ƙarin abubuwa guda biyu masu auna rashin aiki a rayuwar yau da kullun da alamun damuwa saboda ayyukan kan layi sun haifar da ƙarin fa'ida (4) Rashin Aiki. Tsarin abubuwa huɗu na ACSID-11 yana goyan bayan bayanan. Ƙididdiga masu dacewa suna nuna dacewa mai kyau tsakanin ƙira da bayanai don kowane nau'i na musamman na rashin amfani da Intanet wanda ACSID-11 ya kimanta, wato matsalar caca, rashin siyan siyayya ta kan layi, da rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa, amfani da batsa na kan layi. cuta, da matsalar caca ta kan layi (duba Table 3). Game da rashin amfani da batsa na kan layi da matsalar caca ta kan layi, TLI da RMSEA na iya zama masu son zuciya saboda ƙananan girman samfurin (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Ana nuna abubuwan ɗora nauyi da ragowar haɗin kai don CFAs da ke amfani da ƙirar abubuwa huɗu a cikin Siffa 2. Don lura, wasu samfuran suna nuna ƙima mara kyau guda ɗaya (watau ragi mara kyau don madaidaicin latent ko alaƙa daidai ko sama da 1).
Fihirisa masu dacewa na nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwa huɗu, unidimensional, da tsari na biyu na CFA don takamaiman (mai yuwuwar) rikicewar amfani da Intanet da aka auna ta ACSID-11.
| Cutar wasan | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Intensity | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Samfurin abubuwa huɗu | 38 | 0.991 | 0.987 | 0.031 | 0.051 | 2.13 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.029 | 0.043 | 1.81 |
| Samfurin Unidimensional | 27 | 0.969 | 0.961 | 0.048 | 0.087 | 4.32 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.047 | 0.082 | 3.99 |
| Samfurin dalilai na oda na biyu | 40 | 0.992 | 0.988 | 0.031 | 0.047 | 1.99 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.032 | 0.045 | 1.89 |
| Rashin siyan siyayya ta kan layi | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Intensity | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Samfurin abubuwa huɗu | 38 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 2.07 | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.020 | 0.037 | 2.30 |
| Samfurin Unidimensional | 27 | 0.981 | 0.976 | 0.037 | 0.070 | 5.58 | 0.986 | 0.982 | 0.031 | 0.056 | 3.98 |
| Samfurin dalilai na oda na biyu | 40 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.021 | 0.036 | 2.19 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 2.40 |
| Rashin amfani da batsa na kan layi | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Intensity | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Samfurin abubuwa huɗu | 38 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.034 | 0.054 | 1.99 | 0.987 | 0.981 | 0.038 | 0.065 | 2.43 |
| Samfurin Unidimensional | 27 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.044 | 0.075 | 2.91 | 0.976 | 0.970 | 0.046 | 0.082 | 3.27 |
| Samfurin dalilai na oda na biyu | 40 | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.033 | 0.049 | 1.83 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.039 | 0.068 | 2.59 |
| Rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Intensity | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Samfurin abubuwa huɗu | 38 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.023 | 0.049 | 3.03 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.023 | 0.052 | 3.31 |
| Samfurin Unidimensional | 27 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.048 | 0.096 | 8.89 | 0.977 | 0.972 | 0.039 | 0.085 | 7.13 |
| Samfurin dalilai na oda na biyu | 40 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.027 | 0.053 | 3.39 | 0.991 | 0.988 | 0.025 | 0.056 | 3.64 |
| Rashin caca akan layi | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Intensity | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Samfurin abubuwa huɗu | 38 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.027 | 0.059 | 1.70 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.026 | 0.049 | 1.47 |
| Samfurin Unidimensional | 27 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.040 | 0.078 | 2.20 | 0.991 | 0.989 | 0.039 | 0.080 | 2.28 |
| Samfurin dalilai na oda na biyu | 40 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.029 | 0.054 | 1.58 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.029 | 0.053 | 1.55 |
Notes. Girman samfurin ya bambanta don wasa (n = 440), siyayya ta kan layi (n = 944), amfani da batsa na kan layi (n = 340), amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa (n = 854), da caca ta kan layi (n = 200); ACSID-11 = Ƙimar Ma'auni don Takaddun Cutar Cutar Amfani da Intanet, 11-abubuwa.
Loading abubuwa da ragowar haɗin kai na nau'ikan abubuwa huɗu na ACSID-11 (mita) don (A) matsalar caca, (B) matsalar caca ta kan layi, (C) matsalar siyayya ta kan layi, (D) lalata-amfani da batsa ta kan layi. , da (E) rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa. Notes. Girman samfurin ya bambanta don wasa (n = 440), siyayya ta kan layi (n = 944), amfani da batsa na kan layi (n = 340), amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa (n = 854), da caca ta kan layi (n = 200); Ma'aunin ƙarfin ACSID-11 ya nuna sakamako iri ɗaya. ACSID-11 = Ƙimar Ma'auni don Takaddun Cutar Amfani da Intanet, 11-abubuwa; Ƙimar suna wakiltar daidaitattun abubuwan lodi, ma'auni, da saura covariances. Duk ƙididdiga sun kasance masu mahimmanci a p <0.001.
Cikakkun bayanai: Jaridar Halayen Halayen 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Samfurin Unidimensional
Saboda babban haɗin gwiwa tsakanin abubuwa daban-daban, mun kuma gwada mafita na udimensional tare da duk abubuwan da ke lodawa akan abu ɗaya, kamar yadda aka aiwatar, misali, a cikin IGDT-10. Samfuran undimensional na ACSID-11 sun nuna dacewa mai dacewa, amma tare da RMSEA da/ko χ2/df kasancewa sama da abubuwan yanke shawara. Ga kowane ɗabi'a, ƙirar da ta dace da samfuran abubuwa huɗu sun fi kyau idan aka kwatanta su da nau'ikan undimensional (duba) Table 3). Saboda haka, mafita mai abubuwa huɗu ya bayyana ya fi na undimensional bayani.
Samfurin dalilai na oda na biyu da samfurin bifactor
Madadin asusu don babban haɗin kai shine haɗawa da wani abu na gaba ɗaya wanda ke wakiltar ginin gabaɗaya, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan yankuna masu alaƙa. Ana iya aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar ƙirar ƙira ta biyu da ƙirar bifactor. A cikin tsari na oda na biyu, an ƙirƙiri wani abu na gaba ɗaya (tsari na biyu) a ƙoƙarin yin bayanin alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan oda na farko. A cikin ƙirar bifactor, ana ɗauka cewa babban mahimmanci yana yin lissafin gama gari tsakanin wuraren da ke da alaƙa da cewa, ƙari, akwai takamaiman dalilai da yawa, kowannensu yana da tasiri na musamman akan kuma bayan babban mahimmanci. An ƙirƙira wannan don kowane abu ya ƙyale ya yi lodi a kan ma'auni na gabaɗaya da kuma kan takamaiman yanayinsa inda aka ƙayyade duk abubuwan (ciki har da alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan gabaɗaya da ƙayyadaddun abubuwan) don zama orthogonal. Nau'in nau'in nau'in tsari na biyu ya fi ƙuntata fiye da ƙirar bifactor kuma an gina shi a cikin ƙirar bifactor (Yung, Thissen, & McLeod, 1999). A cikin samfuran mu, ƙirar ƙira-biyu na ƙima suna nuna daidai daidai kamar nau'ikan abubuwa huɗu (duba Table 3). Ga kowane ɗabi'a, abubuwan huɗun (tsari na farko) suna ɗaukar nauyi akan babban ma'ana (duba na biyu) shafi B), wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da ƙimar gabaɗaya. Kamar yadda yake da nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwa huɗu, wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙira na biyu suna nuna ƙima mara kyau na lokaci-lokaci (watau bambance-bambance mara kyau don madaidaicin latent ko alaƙa na daidai ko sama da 1). Mun kuma gwada ƙarin samfuran bifactor waɗanda suka nuna mafi dacewa kwatankwacinsu, duk da haka, ba ga duk ɗabi'un da za a iya gano samfurin ba (duba. Karin bayani C).
aMINCI
Dangane da tsarin abubuwa huɗu da aka gano, mun ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdiga don ACSID-11 daga hanyoyin abubuwa daban-daban da maƙasudin maƙasudin gabaɗaya ga kowane takamaiman (mai yuwuwar) rashin amfani da Intanet. Mun kalli amincin IGDT-10 yayin da muka yi amfani da bambance-bambancen ɗabi'a da yawa bin misalin ASSIST (ƙimantawa takamaiman takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet) a karon farko. Sakamakon yana nuna babban daidaiton ciki na ACSID-11 da ƙananan amma kuma ingantaccen amincin IGDT-10 (duba Table 4).
Matakan dogaro na ACSID-11 da IGDT-10 suna auna takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet.
| Saukewa: ACSID-11 | Saukewa: IGDT-10 | |||||
| Frequency | Intensity | (Sigar ASSIST) | ||||
| Nau'in rashin lafiya | α | λ2 | α | λ2 | α | λ2 |
| caca | 0.900 | 0.903 | 0.894 | 0.897 | 0.841 | 0.845 |
| Siyayya-kan layi | 0.910 | 0.913 | 0.915 | 0.917 | 0.858 | 0.864 |
| Amfani da batsa na kan layi | 0.907 | 0.911 | 0.896 | 0.901 | 0.793 | 0.802 |
| Amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a | 0.906 | 0.912 | 0.915 | 0.921 | 0.855 | 0.861 |
| Caca ta kan layi | 0.947 | 0.950 | 0.944 | 0.946 | 0.910 | 0.912 |
Notes. α = Alfa na Cronbach; λ 2 = Guttman's lambda-2; ACSID-11 = Ƙimar Ma'auni don Takaddun Cutar Amfani da Intanet, abubuwa 11; IGDT-10 = Gwajin Rashin Lafiyar Wasan Intanet Abu Goma; Girman samfurin ya bambanta don wasa (n = 440), siyayya- siyayya ta kan layi (n = 944), amfani da batsa na kan layi (n = 340), amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa (n = 854), da caca ta kan layi (n = 200).
Table 5 yana nuna ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na ACSID-11 da IGDT-10. Ga duk ɗabi'a, hanyoyin abubuwan ACSID-11 Ci gaba / Haɓakawa da Lalacewar Aiki sune mafi ƙasƙanci idan aka kwatanta da na sauran abubuwan. Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa yana nuna mafi girman ma'auni ga duka mitoci da ƙarfi. Jimlar maki ACSID-11 sun fi girma don rashin amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a, sannan matsalar caca ta kan layi da matsalar caca, rashin amfani da batsa na kan layi, da matsalar siyayya ta kan layi. Makin jimlar IGDT-10 yana nuna irin wannan hoto (duba Table 5).
Ƙididdiga masu siffatawa na fa'ida da jimlar maki na ACSID-11 da IGDT-10 (Sigar ASSIST) don takamaiman rashin lafiyar amfani da Intanet.
| Wasa (n = 440) | Siyayya-kan layi (n = 944) | Amfani da batsa na kan layi (n = 340) | Amfani da Social Networks (n = 854) | caca kan layi (n = 200) | ||||||||||||||||
| m | min | Max | M | (SD) | min | Max | M | (SD) | min | Max | M | (SD) | min | Max | M | (SD) | min | Max | M | (SD) |
| Frequency | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.58 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.78 | (0.88) | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.82) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.69) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.59) | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.74) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.13 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.16 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.24 | (0.60) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.18 | (0.48) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.19 | (0.47) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.61) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.68) |
| ACSID-11_jimla | 0 | 3 | 0.39 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.27 | (0.47) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.32 | (0.49) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.59) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.39 | (0.64) |
| Intensity | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.43 | (0.58) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.45 | (0.63) | 0 | 3 | 0.60 | (0.76) | 0 | 3 | 0.47 | (0.73) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.62) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.40 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.35 | (0.69) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.48) | 0 | 3 | 0.11 | (0.39) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.15 | (0.41) | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.23 | (0.58) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.15 | (0.45) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.18 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.57) | 0 | 3 | 0.29 | (0.61) |
| ACSID-11_jimla | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.46) | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.42) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.26 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.37 | (0.54) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.59) |
| IGDT-10_sum | 0 | 9 | 0.69 | (1.37) | 0 | 9 | 0.51 | (1.23) | 0 | 7 | 0.61 | (1.06) | 0 | 9 | 0.77 | (1.47) | 0 | 9 | 0.61 | (1.41) |
Notes. ACSID-11 = Ƙimar Ma'auni don Takaddun Cutar Amfani da Intanet, 11-abubuwa; IC = rashin kulawa; IP = ƙara fifiko; CE = ci gaba / haɓakawa; FI = rashin aiki; IGDT-10 = Gwajin Rashin Ciwon Wasan Intanet Abu Goma.
Daidaitawar bincike
A matsayin ma'aunin ingantacciyar haɓaka, mun bincika alaƙa tsakanin ACSID-11, IGDT-10, da matakan jin daɗin jama'a. Ana nuna alaƙa a cikin Table 6. Jimlar maki na ACSID-11 sun daidaita daidai da maki IGDT-10 tare da matsakaici zuwa manyan tasiri masu girma, inda alaƙar da ke tsakanin maki don ɗabi'u iri ɗaya ya fi girma. Bugu da ƙari, maki ACSID-11 sun daidaita daidai da PHQ-4, tare da irin wannan tasiri kamar IGDT-10 da PHQ-4. Hanyoyin daidaitawa tare da ma'auni na gamsuwar rayuwa (L-1) da gamsuwar lafiya (H-1) sun yi kama da juna tsakanin tsananin alamun da aka tantance tare da ACSID-11 kuma tare da IGDT-10. Dangantaka tsakanin ACSID-11 jimlar maki don halaye daban-daban suna da babban tasiri. Ana iya samun alaƙa tsakanin makin ƙima da IGDT-10 a cikin ƙarin kayan.
Daidaita tsakanin ACSID-11 (mita), IGDT-10, da matakan jin daɗin tunanin mutum
| 1) | 2) | 3) | 4) | 5) | 6) | 7) | 8) | 9) | 10) | 11) | 12) | |||
| ACSID-11_jimla | ||||||||||||||
| 1) | caca | 1 | ||||||||||||
| 2) | Siyayya-kan layi | r | 0.703** | 1 | ||||||||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | ||||||||||||
| 3) | Amfani da batsa na kan layi | r | 0.659** | 0.655** | 1 | |||||||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | |||||||||||
| 4) | Amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a | r | 0.579** | 0.720** | 0.665** | 1 | ||||||||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | 854 | ||||||||||
| 5) | Caca ta kan layi | r | 0.718** | 0.716** | 0.661** | 0.708** | 1 | |||||||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | |||||||||
| IGDT-10_sum | ||||||||||||||
| 6) | caca | r | 0.596** | 0.398** | 0.434** | 0.373** | 0.359** | 1 | ||||||
| (n) | (440) | (434) | (202) | (415) | (123) | (440) | ||||||||
| 7) | Siyayya-kan layi | r | 0.407** | 0.632** | 0.408** | 0.449** | 0.404** | 0.498** | 1 | |||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | (337) | (841) | (197) | (434) | (944) | |||||||
| 8) | Amfani da batsa na kan layi | r | 0.285** | 0.238** | 0.484** | 0.271** | 0.392** | 0.423** | 0.418** | 1 | ||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | (306) | (97) | (202) | (337) | (340) | ||||||
| 9) | Amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a | r | 0.255** | 0.459** | 0.404** | 0.591** | 0.417** | 0.364** | 0.661** | 0.459** | 1 | |||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | (192) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | |||||
| 10) | Caca ta kan layi | r | 0.322** | 0.323** | 0.346** | 0.423** | 0.625** | 0.299** | 0.480** | 0.481** | 0.525** | 1 | ||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | ||||
| 11) | PHQ-4 | r | 0.292** | 0.273** | 0.255** | 0.350** | 0.326** | 0.208** | 0.204** | 0.146** | 0.245** | 0.236** | 1 | |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | |||
| 12) | L-1 | r | -0.069 | -0.080* | -0.006 | -0.147** | -0.179* | -0.130** | -0.077* | -0.018 | -0.140** | -0.170* | -0.542** | 1 |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
| 13) | H-1 | r | -0.083 | -0.051 | 0.062 | -0.014 | 0.002 | -0.078 | -0.021 | 0.069 | 0.027 | -0.034 | -0.409** | 0.530** |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
Notes. ** p <0.01; * p <0.05. ACSID-11 = Ƙimar Ma'auni don Takaddun Cutar Amfani da Intanet, 11-abubuwa; IGDT-10 = Gwajin Rashin Lafiyar Wasan Intanet Abu Goma; PHQ-4 = Tambayoyin Lafiyar Mara lafiya-4; Daidaituwa tare da ma'aunin ƙarfin ACSID-11 sun kasance a cikin irin wannan kewayon.
Tattaunawa da Karshe
Wannan rahoto ya gabatar da ACSID-11 a matsayin sabon kayan aiki don sauƙi da cikakkiyar dubawa na manyan nau'ikan rikice-rikice na amfani da Intanet. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa ACSID-11 ya dace don kama ma'auni na ICD-11 don matsalar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari mai yawa. Ingantattun alaƙa tare da kayan aikin ƙima na tushen DSM-5 (IGDT-10) sun ƙara nuna ingancin ginawa.
Tsarin da aka ɗauka na ACSID-11 an tabbatar da shi ta sakamakon CFA. Abubuwan da suka dace da kyau tare da nau'i mai nau'i hudu da ke wakiltar ka'idodin ICD-11 (1) rashin kulawa, (2) haɓaka fifiko, (3) ci gaba / haɓakawa duk da mummunan sakamako, da kuma ƙarin abubuwan da aka gyara (4) rashin aikin aiki da kuma aiki. alamar damuwa da za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin dacewa ga halayen jaraba. Maganin abubuwa hudu ya nuna mafi dacewa idan aka kwatanta da maganin undimensional. Ma'auni na ma'auni shine keɓaɓɓen siffa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ma'auni da ke rufe ka'idojin ICD-11 don matsalar caca (cf. King et al., 2020; Pontes et al., 2021). Bugu da ƙari, madaidaicin madaidaicin ƙirar ƙira na oda na biyu (da wani ɓangare na samfurin bifactor) yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ke tantance ma'auni huɗu masu alaƙa sun ƙunshi ginin “rashin lafiya” gabaɗaya kuma yana ba da hujjar amfani da ƙima gabaɗaya. Sakamakon ya kasance iri ɗaya don matsalar caca ta kan layi da sauran yuwuwar takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet wanda aka auna ta ACSID-11 a cikin tsarin ɗabi'a akan misalin ASSIST, wato matsalar siyayya ta kan layi, matsalar amfani da batsa ta kan layi, cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a- rashin amfani. Ga na ƙarshe, da kyar babu wani kayan aikin da ya dogara da ka'idodin WHO don cuta saboda halayen jaraba, kodayake masu bincike sun ba da shawarar wannan rarrabuwa ga kowane ɗayansu (Brand et al., 2020; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018). Sabbin ingantattun matakan, kamar ACSID-11, na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan matsalolin hanyoyin da ba da damar yin nazari na tsari na gama gari da bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan halaye na jaraba (mai yiwuwa).
Amincewar ACSID-11 yana da girma. Don matsalar caca, daidaiton ciki yana kamanta ko sama da na sauran kayan aikin (cf. King et al., 2020). Amincewa dangane da daidaiton ciki shima yana da kyau ga sauran takamaiman rikice-rikicen amfani da Intanet da aka auna ta ACSID-11 da IGDT-10. Daga wannan za mu iya yanke shawarar cewa tsarin amsa hadedde, kamar na ASSIST (WHO TAIMAKA Kungiyoyi Aiki, 2002) ya dace da ƙimar haɗin gwiwa na nau'ikan nau'ikan jaraba na ɗabi'a. A cikin samfurin na yanzu, jimlar ACSID-11 ya kasance mafi girma don rashin amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a. Wannan yayi dai-dai da yawan yaɗuwar wannan al'amari wanda a halin yanzu an ƙiyasta kashi 14% na ƙasashe masu ra'ayin ɗaiɗai da 31% na ƙasashen gamayya.Cheng, Lau, Chan, & Luk, 2021).
Ana nuna madaidaicin inganci ta matsakaici zuwa manyan ingantattun alaƙa tsakanin maki ACSID-11 da IGDT-10 duk da nau'ikan ƙira daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, madaidaicin ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin maki ACSID-11 da PHQ-4 auna alamun damuwa da damuwa yana goyan bayan ingancin ma'auni na sabon kayan aikin tantancewa. Sakamakon ya yi daidai da binciken da aka yi a baya akan ƙungiyoyi tsakanin (comorbid) matsalolin tunani da takamaiman rashin amfani da Intanet ciki har da matsalar caca (Mihara & Higuchi, 2017; amma duba; Colder Carras, Shi, Hard, & Saldanha, 2020), rashin amfani da batsa (batsa)Duffy, Dawson, & Das Nair, 2016), rashin saye-saye (Kyrios et al., 2018), rashin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa (Andreassen, 2015), da kuma matsalar caca (Dowling et al., 2015). Hakanan, ACSID-11 (musamman matsalar caca ta kan layi da rashin amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a) an haɗa su da ma'aunin gamsuwa na rayuwa. Wannan sakamakon ya yi daidai da binciken da aka yi a baya akan ƙungiyoyi tsakanin rashin jin daɗi da kuma tsananin alamun rashin lafiyar amfani da Intanet.Cheng, Cheung, & Wang, 2018; Duffy et al., 2016; Duradoni, Innocenti, & Guazzini, 2020). Nazarin ya ba da shawarar jin daɗin rayuwa musamman lokacin da takamaiman rikice-rikicen amfani da Intanet ke faruwa tare (Charzyńska et al., 2021). Haɗuwa da ƙayyadaddun rikice-rikice na amfani da Intanet ba safai ba ne (misali, Burleigh et al., 2019; Müller et al., 2021) wanda zai iya yin bayanin ɗanɗano ɗanɗano babban haɗin gwiwa tsakanin rikice-rikicen da aka auna ta ACSID-11 da IGDT-10 bi da bi. Wannan yana nuna mahimmancin kayan aikin tantancewa iri ɗaya don tantance abubuwan gama gari da bambance-bambancen da suka fi dacewa a cikin nau'ikan cuta daban-daban saboda halayen jaraba.
Babban ƙayyadaddun binciken na yanzu shine marasa lafiya, ƙananan ƙananan kuma ba wakilci ba. Don haka, tare da wannan binciken, ba za mu iya nuna ko ACSID-11 ya dace a matsayin kayan aikin bincike ba, kamar yadda ba za mu iya ba da madaidaicin maki ba, tukuna. Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar ɓangaren giciye ba ta ba da izinin yin bayyani game da amincin gwajin gwajin gwaji ko alaƙar da ke tsakanin ACSID-11 da masu canji masu inganci. Kayan aikin yana buƙatar ƙarin tabbaci don tabbatar da amincinsa da dacewarsa. Duk da haka, sakamakon daga wannan binciken na farko ya nuna cewa kayan aiki ne mai ban sha'awa wanda zai iya cancanci gwadawa. Don lura, ana buƙatar tushen bayanai mafi girma ba don wannan kayan aikin kaɗai ba, amma ga dukan fagen bincike don sanin waɗanne cikin waɗannan halayen za a iya ɗaukar abubuwan ganowa (cf. Grant & Chamberlain, 2016). Tsarin ACSID-11 ya bayyana yana aiki sosai kamar yadda sakamakon binciken na yanzu ya tabbatar. Abubuwan takamaiman abubuwa guda huɗu da yanki na gabaɗaya an ba da cikakkiyar wakilci a cikin halaye daban-daban, kodayake kowane abu an amsa shi don duk ayyukan kan layi da aka nuna aƙalla lokaci-lokaci a cikin watanni goma sha biyu na ƙarshe. Mun riga mun tattauna cewa takamaiman rikice-rikice na amfani da Intanet na iya faruwa tare, duk da haka, dole ne a tabbatar da wannan a cikin binciken da aka biyo baya a matsayin dalilin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙimar ACSID-11 a cikin ɗabi'a. Bugu da ƙari, ƙima mara kyau na lokaci-lokaci na iya nuna cewa ga wasu ɗabi'u ana buƙatar haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙirar. Sharuɗɗan da aka yi amfani da su ba lallai ba ne su yi daidai da duk nau'ikan cututtukan da aka haɗa. Yana iya yiwuwa ACSID-11 ba zai iya cika ƙayyadaddun fasalulluka na rashin lafiya a cikin bayyanar cututtuka ba. Ya kamata a gwada saɓanin ma'auni a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban tare da sabbin samfura masu zaman kansu ciki har da marasa lafiya da aka gano takamaiman cuta ta amfani da Intanet. Bugu da ƙari, sakamakon ba wakilcin jama'a ba ne. Bayanan kusan suna wakiltar masu amfani da Intanet a Jamus kuma babu wani kullewa a lokacin tattara bayanan; duk da haka, cutar ta COVID-19 tana da yuwuwar tasiri akan matakan damuwa da (matsala) amfani da Intanet (Király et al., 2020). Kodayake ma'aunin L-1 abu ɗaya yana da inganci (Beierlein et al., 2015), (yanki-takamaiman) gamsuwar rayuwa za a iya kamawa sosai a cikin karatun gaba ta amfani da ACSID-11.
A ƙarshe, ACSID-11 ya tabbatar da dacewa da cikakkiyar ƙima, daidaito, da ƙimar tattalin arziƙi na alamun (yiwuwar) takamaiman rikice-rikice na amfani da Intanet gami da matsalar caca, matsalar siyayya ta kan layi, lalata-yin amfani da batsa na kan layi, cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a. -rashin amfani, da matsalar caca ta kan layi dangane da ka'idojin bincike na ICD-11 don matsalar caca. Ya kamata a gudanar da ƙarin kimanta kayan aikin tantancewa. Muna fatan cewa ACSID-11 na iya ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen ƙima na halayen jaraba a cikin bincike kuma yana iya zama taimako kuma a cikin aikin asibiti a nan gaba.
Asusun kuɗi
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Jamus Research Foundation) - 411232260.
Taimakon masu aiki
SMM: Hanyar, Bincike na yau da kullum, Rubutu - Daftarin Asali; EW: Tsare-tsare, Hanya, Rubutu - Bita & Gyarawa; AO: Hanyar, bincike na yau da kullum; RS: Hanyoyi, Hanyar; AM: Hankali, Hanya; CM: Hanyoyi, Hanya; KW: Hankali, Hanya; HJR: Hankali, Hanya; MB: Tsare-tsare, Hanya, Rubutu - Bita & Gyarawa, Kulawa.
Rikici na sha'awa
Marubutan ba su ba da rahoton kuɗi ko wani rikici na sha'awa da ya dace da batun wannan labarin ba.
Godiya
An gudanar da aikin akan wannan labarin a cikin mahallin Cibiyar Bincike ACSID, FOR2974, wanda Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Gidauniyar Bincike ta Jamus) ta tallafa - 411232260.
Karin bayani
Ƙarin bayanai zuwa wannan labarin za a iya samu a intanet a https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00013.
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