Dysregulated Pornography Amfani da Yiwuwar Hanyar Hanyar Hanyar (2018). (Tattaunawa game da tsarin halayen kirki na Grubbs)

Maganganu na Zamanin Jima'i

Fabrairu 2019, Juzu'i na 48, Fitowa ta 2 , shafi na 455–460 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1277-5

Paul J. Wright

Wannan sharhin yana magana ne game da labarin da ke akwai a https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.

A cikin wannan Sharhi, bayan na bayar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da tarihin rayuwata da abubuwan da nake sha'awa na bincike dangane da batutuwan da Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, da Reid ( 2018 ) suka tattauna game da Matsalolin Batsa Saboda Tsarin Rashin Daidaito na Ɗabi'a (PPMI), na sake duba ka'idodin PPMI, hujjar ra'ayinsu, da kuma goyon bayansu na zahiri. Sannan na gabatar da tambayoyi biyar (tare da ƙananan tambayoyi masu alaƙa) game da PPMI ga masu haɓaka ta don su yi la'akari da su. Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da ko samfurin ya kamata ya yi la'akari da "ƙin yarda da matsalolin batsa saboda jajircewar rashin ɗabi'a", idan gano samfurin na takamaiman hanyar "rashin daidaito na ɗabi'a" ya buɗe ƙofar zuwa ga adadin hanyoyin da ba a iya faɗi ba, ko hanyar hanya ɗaya ta fi dacewa da hanyar hanya biyu ta yanzu, tasirin samfurin don magani, da kuma la'akari da hanyoyin da za a iya ɗauka. Yayin da PPMI ke fatan faɗaɗa zuwa ga nau'ikan "matsalolin batsa" da ake fahimta da kansu, ina mai da hankali kan jarabar batsa da ake gani, domin wannan shine canjin da ya kasance abin da yawancin bincike suka mayar da hankali a kai kuma shine mafi jayayya.

Gudanar da Kyautattun Bayanai

Binciken kimiyya a wani yanki za a iya fadawa masu sauraro guda uku: (1) wasu masana kimiyya wadanda suka raba wannan sana'a, (2) sauran masana kimiyya waɗanda ba su kwarewa a yankin, amma suna da sha'awa a cikinta, da (3) da jama'a masu sha'awar (misali, dalibai na dalibai, masana kimiyya). Muhimmancin amsa daga masana kimiyyar 'yan uwan ​​da suka kware a cikin wannan yanki shine bayyane ne kuma suna nunawa a cikin matakan nazarin mujallolin kimiyya. Saukewa daga wadanda ba su da kwarewa a yankin ko basu horar da su don gudanar da binciken kimiyya yana da mahimmanci, duk da haka, yayin da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suke karantawa, fassarar, tattaunawarsu, kuma binciken da aka yi a cikin tambaya yana iya tasiri.

Digiri na na uku (Ph.D.) ya kasance a fannin ci gaban ɗan adam da nazarin iyali, kuma ina karantawa, na sake dubawa, kuma ina koyarwa a fannoni daban-daban a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa da ɗabi'a. Amma ilimina da horona galibi suna cikin hanyoyin sadarwa da tasirinsu (digiri na farko a fannin sadarwa, digiri na biyu a ka'idar sadarwa, digiri na uku a fannin sadarwa). Duk da cewa na buga a fannin jima'i mara tsari, waɗannan nazarin sun mayar da hankali kan sadarwa ta lafiya da kuma yanayin hulɗa da mutane (misali, Wright, 2010 , 2011 ; Wright & McKinley, 2010 ). Haka kuma, yayin da batsa babban abin da nake mayar da hankali a kai shi ne bincikena (misali, Wright, 2018 ; Wright, Bae, & Funk, 2013 ; Wright, Sun, & Steffen, 2018 ), na ƙware a zamantakewa, ba rashin tsari ba. To, ina rarraba kaina a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai sha'awar batutuwan da PPMI ta rufe, amma ba ƙwararre ba. Ina roƙon masu karanta wannan sharhin su tuna da wannan yayin da suke la'akari da bita da kimantawa ta, kuma marubutan PPMI su yi haƙuri da ni game da duk wani rashin fahimta ko kalamai da ke nuna rashin ƙwarewata. Dangane da na ƙarshen, ina kuma ƙarfafa masu haɓaka PPMI su tuna cewa zan iya zama alama ta irin waɗannan waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba waɗanda za su karanta labarin kuma su ɗauki martanin da suka bayar ga sharhina a matsayin dama ta fayyacewa da ƙara fahimta tsakanin wannan ɓangaren na masu sauraro masu sha'awar.

Model na PPMI

PPMI ta gabatar da wata alaƙa mai sauƙi tsakanin addini, rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a, amfani da batsa, da kuma jarabar da ake ɗauka da kai. Da farko, samfurin ya tabbatar da cewa shan batsa akai-akai ya kamata ya sa wasu mutane su fahimci cewa suna da jaraba ga batsa. Duk da yake sun yarda da rashin bayanai masu ƙarfi da ke tantance hujjojin ka'idoji da Cooper, Young, da sauransu suka yi game da yadda fasahar fasahar batsa ta zamani (watau, ta yanar gizo) za ta iya haɗuwa da halaye da abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaba don haifar da amfani da batsa mara tsari (Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000 ; Young, 2008 ), PPMI ta nuna wadatar shaidar mutum da masu shan batsa da kansu da likitocin da suke neman taimako daga gare su suka samar, da kuma wasu bayanai masu yawa (misali, Reid et al., 2012 ), don jayayya cewa akwai masu amfani da batsa akai-akai waɗanda ba sa jin kamar halayensu na son rai ne. Wannan ya zama kamar hasashe mai ma'ana, idan aka yi la'akari da ci gaba da samun damar yin amfani da batsa ba tare da shinge ba ta intanet, ikon sha'awar jima'i don canza yanayin sha'awa, ladaran ilimin halittar jiki da ke fitowa daga inzali, da kuma alamun bincike da ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin amfani da shi akai-akai da yuwuwar jaraba ga wasu jarabar halayyar da ke da alaƙa da juyin halitta amma ba ta da alaƙa da abubuwa kamar "jarabar caca ko caca ta tilas" (Ƙungiyar Masana Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka, 2016 ; Li, van Vugt, & Colarelli, 2018 ; Spinella, 2003 ). Bayanan da ake da su sun goyi bayan wannan hasashen PPMI, tare da jarabar da ake ganin kai tana da alaƙa mai kyau a matsakaici tare da yawan amfani da batsa.

Na biyu, PPMI ta tabbatar da cewa a tsakanin masu amfani da batsa, addini yana da alaƙa da rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a da ke tattare da shan batsa kuma rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a yana ƙara ta'azzara jin cewa ɗabi'ar mutum jaraba ce. Ganin yadda ake karɓar batsa tsakanin mutanen da ba su da addini tare da tsananin adawa da batsa tsakanin masu addini (Arterburn, Stoeker, & Yorkey, 2009 ; Dallas, 2009 ; Paul, 2007 ; Weinberg, Williams, Kleiner, & Irizarry, 2010 ), yana da ma'ana cewa mafi girman addini zai dace da mafi girman rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a. Haka kuma yana da ma'ana cewa yin aiki akai-akai a cikin wani hali da mutum ke adawa da shi zai haifar da jin rashin son kai (watau, kasancewa cikin jaraba). Bayanan da ake da su sun kuma goyi bayan waɗannan hasashen PPMI, tare da ma'ana addini yana da ma'ana sosai game da rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a da rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a yana hasashen jarabar da ake ganin kai.

Na uku kuma a ƙarshe, PPMI ta annabta cewa rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a zai zama mafi ƙarfin hasashen jarabar da ake ɗauka da kai fiye da yawan shanta. Wannan kuma hujja ce mai ma'ana, saboda dalilai uku. Na farko, fahimtar lalata tana da alaƙa da fahimtar mummunan sakamako (watau, mutane suna gane halaye a matsayin "marasa ɗabi'a" ne kawai lokacin da suka ɗauke su a matsayin masu cutarwa). Na biyu, ƙungiyoyin lafiya na ƙwararru da na taimakon kai suna ambaton ci gaba da ɗabi'a duk da mummunan sakamako kamar yadda suke ambaton yawan ɗabi'a a cikin ka'idojin ganewar su (Alcoholics Anonymous, 2018 ; American Psychiatric Association, 2016 ; World Health Organization, 2018 ). Na uku, masu aiki sau da yawa suna cewa "ƙin yarda shine alamar jaraba" (Lancer, 2017 - watau, yawancin masu amfani da yawa na iya musantawa). Don haɗakarwa, ya dace a yi hasashen cewa rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a zai yi hasashen jarabar da ake ɗauka da kanta fiye da yawan ɗabi'a saboda (1) gano hali a matsayin mai cutarwa abu ne da ake buƙata don fahimtarsa ​​a matsayin jaraba kuma kimantawa na cutarwa da lalata suna da alaƙa ba tare da rabuwa ba, kuma (2) a cewar masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, yawancin masu shan jaraba ba sa ɗaukar kansu a matsayin haka saboda suna musanta mummunan sakamakon ayyukansu (Weiss, 2015 ). Bayanan da ake da su sun kuma goyi bayan wannan hasashen PPMI, yayin da alaƙa tsakanin rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a da jarabar da ake ganin kai ta fi ƙarfi fiye da alaƙa tsakanin yawan amfani da jaraba da ake ganin kai ta fi ƙarfi.

A takaice dai, PPMI ta ƙunshi wata ka'idoji mai mahimmanci da ƙwararru game da yadda addini, haɓaka halin kirki, cin batsa, amfani da tsinkayen rai, da kuma bayanan bayanan da aka samu na kowane tsinkayen samfurin.

Tambayoyi don shawara

Hanyar da za a Karyata?

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, shine fahimtar cutar da ke haifar da fahimtar lalata kuma wani mutum wanda ya kamu da shi zai iya nuna kansa kawai idan sun fahimci halin da suke ciki. Sakamakon PPMI ya nuna cewa wasu mutane masu tsaurin ra'ayi suna ganin batsa kamar yadda suke da cutarwa har ma da wasu ƙananan hankulansu na iya haifar da ƙayyadaddun ra'ayi cewa halin su ya fita daga iko. Wadannan sharuɗɗan ana iya kiran su da halayen yaudarar rayukan kansu saboda mummunan halin kirkirar batsa.

Amma fa game da ƙarshen da ke gaba da wannan ci gaba? Kamar yadda akwai mutanen da ke ganin duk batsa da ake amfani da shi a matsayin cutarwa, akwai waɗanda suke da daidaiton akida mai tsauri cewa sai dai idan ba dalili ne na tashin hankali na jima'i ba, wanda ba za a iya musantawa ba, nan take, kuma kai tsaye, batsa ba zai iya yin wani mummunan tasiri ba (duba Hald, Seaman, & Linz, 2014 ; Linz & Malamuth, 1993 ). Idan mutum yana da akida ga rashin lahani na batsa, shin ba ya nufin cewa za su danganta illolin da ke tattare da su da sauran waɗanda shan su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ya haifar da wani abu banda ainihin dalili? Ana iya kiran waɗannan mutane da munanan maganganu na ƙarya waɗanda ke nuna kansu saboda jajircewarsu ga batsa.

Hanyoyi masu hanyoyi marasa iyaka?

Hakan na PPMI yayi hanyoyi guda biyu zuwa tsinkayar son kai ga batsa. A cikin hanyar farko, yin amfani da hotunan mutum yana da dysregulated kuma hakan yana da matsala cewa ba su da wani zabi sai dai don magance matsalar. A hanya ta biyu, mutum yana da halayyar halin kirki game da yin amfani da batsa amma ya ci gaba da yin amfani da shi, kuma wannan bambancin tsakanin halin kirki da halayyarsu yana haifar da tunanin mutum na jaraba.

Wannan hanya ta biyu ana kiranta da "matsalolin batsa saboda rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a" saboda rashin daidaito tsakanin ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a na mutumin game da batsa da kuma amfani da su na batsa yana haifar da fahimtar cewa suna da jaraba. Gano takamaiman hanyar "rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a" yana haifar da tambayar buƙatar wasu hanyoyi masu yiwuwa, kamar "matsalolin batsa saboda rashin daidaiton kuɗi," "matsalolin batsa saboda rashin daidaiton dangantaka," da "matsalolin batsa saboda rashin daidaiton ƙwararru" (Carnes, Delmonico, & Griffin, 2009 ; Schneider & Weiss, 2001 ). A cikin hanyar rashin daidaiton kuɗi, mutum yana ganin amfani da batsa a matsayin rashin iko saboda ba zai iya biyan kuɗin shiga gidajen yanar gizo na batsa ba amma yana ci gaba da yin hakan ko ta yaya. A cikin hanyar rashin daidaiton dangantaka, mutum yana ganin amfani da batsa a matsayin rashin iko saboda abokin tarayya ya ce zai kawo ƙarshen dangantakar idan halayensa suka ci gaba, amma suna ci gaba da amfani da shi duk da rashin son dangantakar ta ƙare. A cikin hanyar rashin daidaito ta ƙwararru, mutumin yana ganin amfani da batsa a matsayin abin da ba a iya sarrafawa ba saboda ma'aikacinsa yana da wata manufa ta hana kallon batsa a wurin aiki, amma suna ci gaba da yin hakan ko ta yaya.

Wadannan su ne kawai misalan misalai na yadda rikitarwa tsakanin mutum yayi amfani da batsa da kuma dalilin da ya sa ya kamata ba su kallon batsa ba zai iya haifar da jin dadin kasancewa "mai kamu". Bisa ga cewa akwai wasu asali masu yawa na rashin rikici , tambaya ta fito ne game da ko hanya mafi kyau ta kusanci tsarin gini shine gano sabuwar hanya ga kowane nau'i na ƙyama.

Haɗin Intanet?

Bangaren da ake nunawa na batsa a cikin kafofin yada labaran da al'umma ta al'ada, yawancin ƙalubalen da suke ƙin magance matsalolin rikice-rikicen matsala, da kuma ɗaukakar addinai da kungiyoyin addinai a kan tashe-tashen batsa, shin yiwuwar masu amfani da batsa masu cin hanci da rashawa bysregulated ne kawai mafi mahimmanci irin abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullum da kuma makomar da suka faru na yau da kullum fiye da masu amfani da batsa wadanda ba su da addini? Kuma idan lokacin da masu amfani da batsa masu cin moriyar al'ada suka ci gaba da halin su duk da ganin mummunar cutar (hakikanin yiwuwar), sun fi saurin fahimtar irin abubuwan da suka aikata na al'ada fiye da masu amfani da batsa masu ban sha'awa? Don sake maimaita ta yin amfani da wani lokaci da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin wallafe-wallafen farfadowa, to zai yiwu cewa masu amfani da batsa masu cin hanci da rashawa na dysregulated suna iya fahimtar cewa sun "fada kasa" kuma suna buƙatar taimako fiye da masu amfani da batsa masu ban sha'awa na dysregulated?

Wannan sharhin ya ɗauka cewa hukunce-hukuncen ɗabi'a suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da fahimtar mummunan sakamako; saboda ana ɗaukar halaye a matsayin masu cutarwa ne ya sa ake yi musu lakabi da rashin ɗabi'a. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa gane kai a matsayin mai shan muggan kwayoyi yana yiwuwa ne lokacin da mutane suka yi imanin cewa halayensu yana da illa amma suna ci gaba da shiga ciki. Daga wannan hangen nesa, amfani da batsa mara tsari yana hulɗa da ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a game da batsa don annabta jarabar da kai ke ɗauka, kuma ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a suna faruwa ne saboda fahimtar lahani. Ana auna rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a da tambayoyi kamar "Kallon batsa ta yanar gizo yana damun lamirina" da "Na yi imani cewa kallon batsa ta yanar gizo ba daidai ba ne" (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015 ). Tunda ra'ayoyin addini kan batsa suna jaddada illoli iri-iri (misali, rushewar dangantaka, raguwar budurci, son kai, halaye masu tsauri, rage tausayi ga mata, yaɗa ra'ayoyin jima'i, gami da waɗanda suka shafi launin fata, asarar kuɗi - Foubert, 2017 ), masu amfani da batsa ta addini da ba a tsara su ba na iya gane bayyanar ko yuwuwar mummunan sakamako cikin sauƙi fiye da waɗanda ba na addini ba. Ci gaba da amfani da batsa duk da cewa ya gane ko ya fahimci ikonsa na cutarwa, hakan yana hanzarta fahimtar cewa yana da jaraba. Wasu masu amfani da batsa marasa addini da aka lalata za su yanke hukunci iri ɗaya a ƙarshe, amma amfani da su zai buƙaci ya fi tsanani kuma ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo, kuma za su buƙaci fuskantar ƙarin illoli marasa tabbas.

A taƙaice, wannan Sharhi yana haifar da yiwuwar fahimtar jarabar batsa da ake ɗauka da kai wanda ya haɗa da addini, rashin daidaiton ɗabi'a, yawan amfani da batsa, da bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya, amma yana nuna hanya ɗaya (duba Hoto na 1 ). Wasu bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya suna ƙara yiwuwar amfani da batsa da ba a tsara ba, amma ko an yarda da wannan rashin daidaituwa ya dogara da fahimtar cutarwa. Ra'ayin cutarwa, bi da bi, yana shafar addini, da kuma sanin kai da tausayawa ga wasu. Masu amfani da batsa da ba a tsara ba waɗanda suka san kansu kuma suka tausaya za su yi sauri su ga yadda halayensu ke shafar rayuwarsu da rayuwar wasu.

Bude image a sabon taga

Siffa 1

Hanyar unipathway don fahimtar fahimtar batsa ta batsa

Abubuwa na Jiyya?

Hanyar hanyoyi biyu tana haifar da tsammanin magani daban-daban. Mutanen da suka faɗa cikin hanyar farko (mutanen da shan batsa "da gaske" ba a daidaita su ba) za su buƙaci wani irin shiri don samar musu da hukumar don dakatar ko daidaita amfani da batsa. Bai wuce iyakokin wannan Sharhi ba don yin bita da kimanta binciken da ke da alaƙa da hanyar "Karɓa da Alƙawarin Jiyya" (Twohig & Crosby, 2010 ) da aka gano a cikin Labarin Manufa, amma da alama hanya ce mai kyau don canza ɗabi'a. Sadarwa tsakanin takwarorinsu, da kuma jagoranci daga wasu waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa ta musamman wajen tsara amfani da batsa, na iya zama masu tasiri (Wright, 2010 ).

Sanin da mutane zasu samu wanda suka fada cikin hanya na biyu ba shi da cikakke (watau, mutanen da tunaninsu na batsa bidiyo ne saboda rashin halayyar kirki). Lokacin da mutum ya shiga dabi'un da ke damun lamirin halin kirki, suna da zabi biyu: rage halayensu don daidaita halayyarsu ko inganta hali su dace da dabi'unsu. Mataki na Target yana nuna cewa duka waɗannan su ne zabin. Game da tsohon, labarin ya nuna "ƙuduri na rikice-rikice na ciki da ya shafi halin kirki." Game da wannan batu, labarin ya nuna "ƙoƙari na inganta halayyar halayyar kirkira." Saboda yana da wuyar tabbatar da addini cewa ka'idodinsu na dabi'u ne da jima'i da kuma yin amfani da batsa, likitoci sun bar su tare da taimaka wa masu addinin su daina amfani da batsa. Duk da haka, a lokacin da mai amfani da batsa na addini ya buƙaci taimako na asibiti, mai yiwuwa sun riga sun yi ƙoƙari su dakatar da sau da yawa kuma sun yi nasara. Wannan ya kawo sharhin a kan hanyar da ba a iya amfani da shi ba, wanda ya nuna cewa mai amfani da batsa na addini da ba da addini ba ne daban-daban, amma irin su, da kuma canje-canje na halin da ke da kyau ga ɗaya zai zama nagari ga sauran (ko da yake watakila a shirye-shiryen da suka kasance masu zaman kansu ga wadanda ba su da addini da ruhaniya ga addini).

Idan mai amfani da batsa na addini ya kasance mai sauƙi da kuma bincike ne kawai kuma rashin lafiya kawai shine rikitarwa mai rikitarwa, tafarkin magani zai iya zama takaice. Shari'ar ta gabatar da batun; 'yan asibitin sun ce "Idan ya damu da ku, kada kuyi", kuma an kammala karatun. Idan, kamar yadda Manufar Target ta ba da shawara, yawancin wadanda suka yi tunanin kansu wadanda suke addini sun fada cikin wannan rukuni, wannan labari ne mai kyau. Ra'ayi mai sauki- ko jimlalin jumla biyu cewa hanya mafi kyau don kada kuyi mummunan game da hali shine don kaucewa ya isa ya isa. Kamar yadda dukkanin kafofin yada labaran, yin amfani da batsa ba shi da mahimmanci don rayuwa mai aiki, kuma wannan rukuni na mai amfani yana da cikakken iko akan halin su duk da laifin da aka yi musu na addini. Sakamakon haka, kulawa bai kamata ya kasance mai rikitarwa ba.

Hanyar?

Shawarwari guda uku da suka shafi hanyoyin sun taso yayin karanta Labarin Manufa. Da farko, da yawa daga cikin binciken da suka ƙunshi nazarin meta sun yi amfani da kimantawa guda ɗaya na yawan amfani da batsa. Yayin da matakan amfani da batsa na abu ɗaya suka nuna daidaito da hasashe a cikin nazarin sassa daban-daban da kuma amincin gwaji-sake gwaji a cikin nazarin dogon lokaci da yawa, girman tasirin da suke samarwa na iya raguwa kaɗan daga ƙimar da aka samar idan an yi amfani da ma'auni da yawa. A wata ma'anar, akwai yuwuwar cewa sakamakon meta-analytic na iya rage ƙarfin dangantakar da ke tsakanin yawan amfani da batsa da jarabar da aka fahimta da kanta (Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017 ). Na biyu, yayin da tsarin sakamakon ya nuna cewa mahalarta suna la'akari da amfani da batsa na kansu lokacin da suka amsa tambayoyi da suka shafi rashin amincewarsu da ɗabi'a ga batsa, wannan ya kamata a bayyana shi a sarari a cikin tambayoyi kafin waɗannan tambayoyin. Yana yiwuwa mahalarta suna tunanin amfani da batsa na wasu fiye da nasu lokacin da suka amsa tambayoyi kamar "Na yi imanin cewa kallon batsa akan layi ba daidai ba ne." Idan mutane suka yi amfani da hujjojin da suka bayar na amfani da batsa amma suka yi Allah wadai da amfani da wasu, wannan na iya zama matsala (Rojas, Shah, & Faber, 1996 ). Na uku, lokacin da ake fassara rashin alaƙa tsakanin jarabar batsa da ake gani da kuma amfani da batsa a tsawon lokaci, dole ne a tuna cewa mutane da yawa a cikin murmurewa suna bin kalmar "da zarar an yi jaraba, koyaushe mai shan tabar wiwi ne" (Louie, 2016 ). Mutanen da ke cikin murmurewa a hukumance da kuma mutanen da ba su cikin murmurewa a hukumance waɗanda suka koya game da wannan kuma suka fahimci wannan mantra za su amsa da tabbaci ga tambayoyi kamar "Na yi imanin na kamu da batsa ta Intanet" duk da cewa ainihin amfani da batsa na su ya ragu ko ya ƙare. Ganin wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa yawancin samfuran jaraba suna jaddada sakamako da iko fiye da yawan ɗabi'u, wataƙila ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa jarabar da ake gani da kanta a halin yanzu ba ta annabta yawan amfani da batsa daga baya ba (Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, & Pargament, 2018 ).

Kammalawa

Shirin PPMI wani abu ne mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci game da batutuwa da kuma bincike game da addini, rashin halayyar dabi'a, yin amfani da batsa, da jaraba da kansu. Makasudina na wannan Magana shi ne ya yaba mafanda suka samo samfurin don aiki da basira da kuma samar da wasu ra'ayoyin da za su yiwu don kasancewa da cigaba da bincike. Ƙididdigar kai tsaye a matsayin hoton likitancin hoto, tare da bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin masu bincike da masu sana'a game da yadda ake tsarawa da taimakawa irin waɗannan mutane, yana buƙatar hada aikin aiki a cikin wannan yanki ya ci gaba da zama babban fifiko.

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