Comments: Wannan shi ne ga jama'a, amma zai iya kasancewa fasaha. Duk da haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rubutu kuma mafi cikakke da aka rubuta a kan buri.
Da Eric J. Nestler da Robert C. Malenka
Fabrairu 09, 2004
Yin amfani da maganin ƙwayoyi suna haifar da canje-canjen lokaci mai tsawo a cikin ladabi na kwakwalwa. Sanin tantanin salula da kwayoyin halitta game da waɗannan gyare-gyare na iya haifar da sababbin jiyya ga dabi'un halayen da ke haifar da buri.
Layin farin akan madubi. Allura da cokali. Ga masu amfani da yawa, ganin magani ko abubuwan haɗin da ke haɗe da shi na iya haifar da rawar farin ciki na tsammani. Bayan haka, tare da gyara, ainihin rush yake zuwa: zafi, tsabta, hangen nesa, sauƙaƙewa, jin daɗin kasancewa a tsakiyar sararin samaniya. Na ɗan gajeren lokaci, komai yana jin daidai. Amma wani abu yakan faru ne bayan an sha kamuwa da shi ga kwayoyi na zagi –ko da tabar heroin ko hodar koki, wuski ko saurin.
Adadin da ya samar da jin daɗi sau ɗaya baya aiki da kyau, kuma masu amfani suna buƙatar harbi ko ihu don kawai su ji na al'ada; ba tare da shi ba, suna baƙin ciki kuma, galibi, rashin lafiya ta jiki. Sannan suka fara amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙarfi. A wannan lokacin, suna da laushi, sun rasa iko akan amfani da su kuma suna fama da tsananin sha'awa koda bayan farin ciki ya tafi kuma al'adunsu sun fara cutar da lafiyarsu, kuɗi da alaƙar kansu.
Masana ilimin kwayar halitta sun daɗe suna sane da cewa cutar da ake amfani da ita ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyi na cin zarafi ta taso ne saboda duk waɗannan sunadarai suna haɓaka aikin tsarin lada na kwakwalwa: wani hadadden zagaye na ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi, ko ƙananan jijiyoyi, wanda ya samo asali ne don sanya mu jin jiki bayan cin abinci ko jima'i-abubuwa ya kamata mu yi don mu tsira kuma mu wuce kwayoyin halittarmu. Aƙalla da farko, cin gajiyar wannan tsarin yana sanya mana jin daɗi kuma yana ƙarfafa mu mu maimaita duk wani aikin da ya kawo mana irin wannan jin daɗin.
Amma sabon bincike ya nuna cewa yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na yau da kullun yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsari da aikin ƙwayoyin halittar jikin wanda zai ɗauki makonni, watanni ko shekaru bayan gyara na ƙarshe. Wadannan sauye-sauyen, a karkace, suna rage tasirin jin daɗin abin da aka ci mutuncinsa akai-akai amma kuma yana ƙara yawan sha'awar da ke damƙar mai shan maganin a cikin ɓarnar ɓarna ta amfani da ƙaruwar faɗaɗa a aiki da a gida. Inganta fahimtar waɗannan sauye-sauye na jijiyoyin ya kamata su taimaka wajen samar da ingantaccen aiki don jaraba, don mutanen da suka faɗa cikin jarabar shan ƙwaya ta yau da kullun su iya dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar su da rayukansu.
Drugs to Die For
Ganin cewa magungunan ƙwayoyi iri-iri na haifar da jaraba ta hanyar hanyar da ta sabawa ta fito ne daga yawan binciken dabbobi da aka fara game da 40 shekaru da suka wuce. Idan aka ba da dama, berayen, mice da kuma wadanda ba na halitta ba, za su jagoranci irin abubuwan da mutane suke zalunci. A cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, an haɗa dabbobi zuwa layi na intravenous. Ana koyar da su don matsawa daya daga cikin magunguna don samun jima'i na miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar IV, wani mawuyacin don samun samfurin saline maras kyau, da kuma na uku don neman bugun abinci. A cikin 'yan kwanaki, dabbobin suna ƙuƙwalwa ne: sunyi amfani da su na hakin cocaine, heroin, amphetamine da wasu magunguna masu yawa.
Abin da ƙari, daga ƙarshe suna nuna halaye iri-iri na jaraba. Dabbobin kowane mutum zai sha ƙwayoyi ta hanyar lamuran yau da kullun kamar cin abinci da bacci –wasu ma har ta kai ga sun mutu saboda gajiya ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Ga mafi yawan abubuwan jaraba, kamar su hodar iblis, dabbobi za su yi amfani da yawancin sa'o'in farkawa da aiki don samun ƙarin, koda kuwa hakan yana nufin danna maɓallin libawa sau ɗari don bugawa ɗaya. Kuma kamar yadda addican Adam ke shan tsananin sha'awa lokacin da suka haɗu da kayan ƙwayoyi ko wuraren da suka zira kwallaye, dabbobi ma, sun zo sun fi son yanayin da suke haɗuwa da maganin - wani yanki a cikin kejin da matse lever koyaushe ke ba da diyyar sinadarai .
Lokacin da aka dauke kayan, dabbobin da sannu za su daina aiki don gamsar da sinadarai. Amma ba a manta da ni'ima ba. Beran da ya kasance mai tsabta –ko na tsawon watanni – nan da nan zai dawo cikin ɗabi’arsa ta matsa lamba lokacin da aka ba ta ɗanɗano da hodar iblis ko aka saka ta cikin kejin da ta haɗu da ƙwayoyi masu ƙarfi. Kuma wasu matsalolin damuwa na hankali, kamar na lokaci-lokaci, girgizar ƙafa da ba zato ba tsammani, za su aika da berayen da ke saurin komawa cikin kwayoyi. Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan rikice-rikicen zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyi na miyagun ƙwayoyi, alaƙa da alaƙa da ƙwayoyi ko damuwa - haifar da sha'awa da sake dawowa cikin jarabar mutane.
Amfani da wannan tsarin kula da kai da dabaru masu alaƙa, masu bincike sun zana tashoshin kwakwalwar da ke sasanta halayen jaraba kuma suka gano matsakaicin tasirin ladan ƙwaƙwalwa. Magunguna suna ba da umarnin wannan zagaye, suna haɓaka ayyukanta tare da ƙarfi da juriya mafi girma fiye da kowane lada na ɗabi'a.
Babban mahimmin sashin ladaran shine tsarin mesolimbic dopamine: jerin kwayoyin jijiyoyin da suka samo asali a cikin yanki mai kwakwalwa (VTA), kusa da gindin kwakwalwa, da kuma aika tsinkaya zuwa yankuna da ke gaban kwakwalwa-mafi yawa musamman ga wani tsari mai zurfin ƙasan goshi wanda ake kira nucleus accumbens. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin VTA suna sadarwa ta hanyar aikawa da manzon sunadarai (neurotransmitter) dopamine daga tashoshi, ko tukwici, na dogon tsinkayensu ga masu karɓa a kan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Hanyar dopamine daga VTA zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da mahimmanci ga jaraba: dabbobin da ke da rauni a cikin waɗannan yankuna kwakwalwa ba sa nuna sha'awar abubuwa na zagi.
Rheostat na sakamako
Hanyoyin sakamako sune dadadden tarihi. Koda mai sauƙin, tsutsa mai tsuttsauran ƙasa Caenorhabditis elegans yana da fasali mara daɗi. A cikin wadannan tsutsotsi, rashin aiki na manyan jijiyoyi masu dauke da kwayoyin dopamine zuwa hudu zuwa takwas na sanya dabba ta huce kai tsaye ta wuce tarin kwayoyin cuta, abincin da ya fi so. A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, ladan lada ya fi rikitarwa, kuma an haɗa shi tare da wasu yankuna masu ƙwaƙwalwa waɗanda ke ba da launi ga ƙwarewa tare da tausayawa da kuma ba da amsa ga mutum ga abubuwan lada, gami da abinci, jima'i da hulɗar zamantakewa. Amygdala, alal misali, na taimakawa wajen tantance ko wani abu mai dadi ne ko kuma kaudawa ne - kuma ko ya kamata a maimaita shi ko a kauce masa –kuma yana taimakawa wajen kulla alaka tsakanin kwarewa da sauran bayanai; hippocampus yana shiga cikin rikodin abubuwan da suka faru, ciki har da inda da yaushe da kuma tare da wanda ya faru; kuma yankuna na gaba na kwakwalwar kwakwalwa suna daidaitawa da aiwatar da duk waɗannan bayanan kuma suna ƙayyade ƙarshen halin mutum. Hanyar VTA-accumbens, a halin yanzu, tana aiki ne azaman gwargwadon lada: tana “faɗar” wa sauran cibiyoyin kwakwalwa yadda sakamako yake a aikin. Thearin aikin da ake tsammani, mafi kusantar da kwayar halitta shine ta tuna shi da kyau kuma a maimaita shi.
Kodayake mafi yawan ilimin ladaran da ke cikin kwakwalwa ya samo asali ne daga dabbobi, binciken nazarin-kwakwalwa da aka gudanar a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata ya nuna cewa hanyoyin daidai suke sarrafa lada da magani a cikin mutane. Yin amfani da hoton maganadisu na maganadisu (fMRI) ko sikanin fitar da sinadarin positron (PET) (fasahohin da ke auna canje-canje a cikin jini da ke hade da aikin jijiyoyin jiki), masu bincike sun kalli mahallin da ke shiga cikin masu shan hodar iblis suna haskakawa yayin da aka ba su wani abin sha. Lokacin da aka nuna masu irin wannan bidiyon bidiyo na wani da ke amfani da hodar ko hoto na fararen layuka a kan madubi, accumbens yana amsawa iri ɗaya, tare da amygdala da wasu yankuna na bawo. Kuma yankuna guda ɗaya suna amsawa a cikin caca masu tilastawa waɗanda aka nuna hotunan injuna, suna nuna cewa hanyar VTA-accumbens tana da mahimmin matsayi irin wannan har ma a cikin lalatawar lalata.
Dopamine, Don Allah
Ta yaya zai yuwu cewa abubuwa masu ban sha'awa iri-iri - waɗanda ba su da siffofi na yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da sakamako iri-iri a jiki - duk suna haifar da irin wannan martani a cikin ladan ladar kwakwalwa? Ta yaya cocaine, mai motsawa wanda ke sa zuciya ta yi tsere, da kuma heroin, mai kwantar da hankali mai sauƙin ciwo, ya kasance ya zama akasi a wasu hanyoyi kuma duk da haka daidai yake da niyya tsarin lada? Amsar ita ce cewa duk magungunan zagi, ban da duk wani tasirin, haifar da ƙananan ƙwayoyi don karɓar ambaliyar dopamine kuma wani lokacin ma siginonin kwaikwayi na kwayar cutar.
Lokacin da kwayar jijiya a cikin VTA ke birgewa, sai ta aika da saƙo na lantarki tare da axon – babbar hanyar da ke ɗauke da sigina wacce ta faɗaɗa cikin ƙananan mahaifa. Siginar tana haifar da fitowar dopamine daga bakin axon zuwa cikin kankanin sararin samaniya –wurin synaptic - wanda ya raba tashar axon daga wata jijiyar dake cikin mahaifa. Daga can, kwayar dopamine ta rataya a jikin mai karbarsa a kan kwayar halittar kuma ta watsa siginar cikin kwayar. Don rufe siginar daga baya, VTA neuron yana cire dopamine daga ɓoye na synaptic kuma ya sake yin amfani da shi don sake amfani dashi kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Cocaine da sauran kayan shafawa na dan lokaci na kawar da sunadarin mai hawa wanda ya sake dawo da neurotransmitter zuwa tashoshin VTA, don haka ya bar wucewar kwayoyin kwayoyin cutar dopamine don yin aiki a kan ƙwayar mahaifa.
Heroin da sauran opiates, a gefe guda, suna ɗaure da jijiyoyi a cikin VTA waɗanda ke rufe ƙananan ƙwayoyin VTA masu samar da dopamine. Masu gwagwarmayar sun saki wannan maƙarƙan salula, don haka yantar da ƙwayoyin ɓoye na dopamine don zuba ƙarin dopamine cikin ƙwayoyin mahaifa. Opiates na iya haifar da sako mai ƙarfi "sakamako" ta hanyar yin aiki kai tsaye a kan ɗakunan mahaifa.
Amma magungunan sun yi fiye da samar da jigidar dopamine wanda ke haifar da euphoria kuma ya ba da ladabi da ƙarfafawa. Bayan lokaci da kuma nunawa mai maimaitawa, sun fara samfurori da yawa a cikin ladaran sakamako wanda ya haifar da jaraba.
An haifi Yara
Matakan farko na jaraba suna halin haƙuri da dogaro. Bayan shan ƙwaya, mai shan magani yana buƙatar ƙarin abu don samun sakamako iri ɗaya kan yanayi ko natsuwa da sauransu. Wannan haƙuri zai haifar da haɓaka shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi wanda ke haifar da dogaro – buƙatun da ke nuna kanta azaman mai daɗaɗa rai kuma, a wasu lokuta, halayen jiki idan an yanke damar amfani da magani. Dukansu haƙuri da dogaro suna faruwa ne saboda yawan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya, da ban mamaki, danniya sassan ɓangarorin ladaran ƙwaƙwalwa.
A zuciyar wannan mummunar damuwa shine kwayoyin da aka sani da CREB (maɓallin mayar da martani na cAMP). CREB abu ne mai ƙididdiga, furotin wanda ke sarrafa bayanin, ko aiki, na kwayoyin halitta kuma ta haka ne yanayin halayen kwayar halitta. Lokacin da ake amfani da kwayoyi na zalunci, ƙididdigar kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsakiya ya haifar da haɓaka, haifar da kwayoyin halitta na dopamin don ƙara yawan samar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin alama, AMP cyclic (CAMP), wanda ke kunna CREB. Bayan da aka sauya CREB, sai ta ɗaura wani nau'i na kwayoyin halitta, ta haifar da samar da sunadarai wadanda kwayoyin sun shiga.
Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na yau da kullum yana cigaba da farawa na CREB, wanda ke inganta karfin maganganu na kwayoyin halitta, wasu daga cikinsu akwai lambar don sunadarin sunadarai sa'annan su rage ladaran lada. Alal misali, CREB yana kula da samar da dynorphin, ƙwayar halitta tare da sakamakon sakamako na opium.
Dynorphin an haɗa shi ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ke juyawa baya da kuma hana ƙananan jijiyoyi a cikin VTA. Shigar da dynorphin ta CREB ta haka yana hana lada ta ladabi, yana haifar da haƙuri ta hanyar yin tsoffin ƙwayoyi marasa magani. Inara yawan dynorphin kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga dogaro, saboda hana ta hanyar lada ya bar mutum, a yayin da babu ƙwayoyi, yana baƙin ciki kuma ba zai iya jin daɗin ayyukan da suka gabata ba.
Amma CREB yanki ne kawai na labarin. An kashe wannan sashin kwafin a cikin kwanaki bayan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Don haka CREB ba zai iya yin lissafin rikon da ya daɗe yana amfani da abubuwan da aka ci zarafinsu a kan ƙwaƙwalwa ba - don canjin ƙwaƙwalwar da ke haifar da masu shaye-shaye su koma wani abu koda bayan shekaru ko shekaru da yawa na ƙauracewa. Irin wannan sake dawowa ana tura shi zuwa babban har ta hanyar wayar da kai, wani al'amari wanda ya haifar da tasirin magani.
Kodayake yana iya yin sauti da mahimmanci, wannan magungunan na iya shawo kan haɗin kai da kuma haɓakawa.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan bugawa, aikin CREB yana da cikakkun dokoki da haɗin kai: don kwanaki da yawa, mai amfani zai buƙaci ƙara yawan miyagun ƙwayoyi don biyan ladaran lada. Amma idan likitan ya rage, aikin CREB ya rage. A wancan lokacin, hakuri ya wanke da haɓakawa a cikin, yana ƙyatar da sha'awar da ke shafar ƙwayar magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Abin dandano ko ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ta iya zubar da shan magani. Wannan bacin rai ya ci gaba ko da bayan lokaci mai tsawo. Don fahimtar tushen asiri, dole mu nema canje-canjen kwayoyin da ya wuce fiye da 'yan kwanaki. Ɗaya daga cikin dan takarar dan takara shi ne wani sashi na sakonni: Delta FosB.
Hanyar zuwa Rushewa
Delta FosB yana nuna aiki sosai a cikin jaraba fiye da CREB. Nazarin mice da berayen sun nuna cewa saboda maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi na yau da kullum, sassan FosB delta sun tashi a hankali da cigaba a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran yankuna. Bugu da ƙari, saboda sunadaran sun kasance balagagge, yana ci gaba da aiki a cikin wadannan kwayoyin halitta saboda makonni zuwa watanni bayan gwamnatin miyagun ƙwayoyi, mai dagewa wanda zai taimaka masa wajen kiyaye canje-canje a furcin bayanan bayan da shan magani ya daina.
Nazarin beraye masu rikida wadanda ke samar da adadi mai yawa na FosB a cikin kwayar halitta ta kara nuna cewa dadewar shigar da wannan kwayar tana sanya dabbobi su zama masu saurin yin kwayoyi. Wadannan berayen sun kasance masu saurin sake dawowa bayan an janye magungunan kuma daga baya aka samar dasu - binciken da ke nuna cewa hakar FosB ta Delta na iya taimakawa sosai ga karuwar lokaci mai tsawo a cikin ladan hanyoyin mutane. Abin sha'awa, ana samar da Delta FosB a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙananan yara don mayar da martani ga maimaita lada na nrugrug, kamar su wuce gona da iri da kuma amfani da sukari. Saboda haka, yana iya samun babban matsayi a cikin haɓaka halayyar tilastawa zuwa ɗimbin abubuwan sakamako masu fa'ida.
Shaidun kwanan nan sun nuna a kan wata hanyar yadda za a iya fadakarwa koda bayan hakar FosB ta delta ta koma yadda take. Bayanai na yau da kullun ga cocaine da sauran magunguna na zagi sananne ne don haifar da rassan karɓar sigina na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don haɓaka ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake kira spines dendritic, waɗanda ke ƙarfafa haɗin sel zuwa wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin rodents, wannan tsiron zai iya ci gaba har tsawon watanni bayan shan magani ya daina. Wannan binciken yana nuna cewa Delta FosB na iya zama alhakin ƙarin spines.
Sakamako mai mahimmanci daga waɗannan sakamakon ya haifar da yiwuwar cewa haɗin haɗin da samfurin Delta FosB ya samar ya ƙara ƙarfafa sigina a tsakanin sassan da aka danganta tsawon shekaru kuma cewa irin wannan siginar zai iya haifar da kwakwalwa don ya daina yin amfani da alamun magani. Canje-canje na dendritic zai iya, a ƙarshe, zama mahimmanci na mahimmanci da ke lissafin asirin rikice-rikice.
Sanin Addin
Har zuwa yanzu mun mai da hankali kan sauye-sauyen ƙwayoyi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da dopamine a cikin tsarin lada na ƙwaƙwalwa. Ka tuna, duk da haka, cewa sauran yankuna kwakwalwa - wato, amygdala, hippocampus da cortex na gaba - suna cikin jaraba da sadarwa ta baya tare da VTA da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Duk waɗannan yankuna suna magana da hanyar lada ta hanyar sakin glutamate neurotransmitter. Lokacin da magungunan zagi suka haɓaka sakin dopamine daga VTA a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, suna canza maɓallin VTA da ƙananan mahaifa zuwa glutamate na kwanaki.
Gwajen gwaje-gwaje na dabba ya nuna cewa canje-canje a hankali ga glutamate a cikin hanyar sakamako ya inganta duka sakin dopamine daga VTA da kuma amsawa ga dopamine a cikin ƙananan mahaifa, don haka inganta CREB da ayyukan FosB Delta da kuma mummunan sakamakon wadannan kwayoyin.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, wannan alama ce da zazzaɓin kwarewa yana ƙarfafa hanyoyi masu hanyoyi waɗanda ke danganta abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan shan magani da sakamako mai girma, saboda haka ciyar da sha'awar neman magani.
Hanyar da kwayoyi ke canzawa da hankali ga glutamate a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanyar lada ba a san ta da tabbaci ba, amma ana iya ƙirƙirar tsinkaye bisa ga yadda glutamate ke shafar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hippocampus. A can akwai wasu nau'ikan motsa jiki na gajeren lokaci na iya haɓaka haɓakar kwayar halitta ga maye a cikin sa'o'i da yawa. Lamarin, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da dadewa, yana taimakawa tunanin wajen samarwa kuma ya zama kamar an sasanta shi ne ta hanyar rufe wasu sunadarai masu karban kwayoyi daga shagunan intracellular, inda basa aiki, zuwa ga kwayar halittar jijiyar, inda zasu iya amsa ga glutamate sakewa cikin sihiri. Magungunan zalunci suna tasiri kan rufe masu karɓar glutamate a cikin hanyar sakamako. Wasu binciken sun bayar da shawarar cewa suma zasu iya yin tasiri akan kirkirar wasu masu karba.
A haɗuwa, duk maganin da aka yi wa miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin ladaran sakamako wanda muka tattauna ya haifar da haɗin kai, dogara, sha'awar, sake dawowa da dabi'un rikitarwa waɗanda ke bi da jaraba.
Yawancin bayanai sun kasance abin ban mamaki, amma zamu iya faɗi wasu abubuwa tare da tabbaci. Yayin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi mai tsawo, kuma jim kaɗan bayan amfani ya ƙare, canje-canje a cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa na AMP na cyclic da aikin CREB a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hanyar lada sun fi yawa. Wadannan canje-canjen suna haifar da haƙuri da dogaro, rage ƙwarewa ga magungunan ƙwayoyi da kuma ba da mai shan tabar ta baƙin ciki da rashin dalili. Tare da karin tsaikowa, canje-canje a cikin ayyukan FosB na Delta da siginar alamar glutamate sun mamaye. Waɗannan ayyukan suna da alama sune waɗanda ke jawo mai shan magani don ƙarin – ta hanyar haɓaka ƙwarewa ga tasirin maganin idan aka sake amfani da shi bayan faɗuwa kuma ta hanyar ba da martani mai ƙarfi ga tunanin abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma abubuwan da ke kawo waɗannan tunanin.
Binciken da aka yi a CREB, Delta FosB da kuma alamar glutamate sune tsakiyar maganin buri, amma ba shakka ba duk labarin ba ne. Yayin da bincike ya ci gaba, masu bincike na kimiyya zasu gano wasu mahimman kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta da salon salula a cikin ladaran lada da kuma cikin wuraren kwakwalwar da za su iya haskaka ainihin jaraba.
A Cutar Kullum?
Bayan inganta fahimtar tushen ƙirar halittu na shan kwayoyi, gano waɗannan canje-canje na kwayoyin yana ba da maƙasudin sabon abu don maganin biochemical na wannan cuta. Kuma buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana da girma. Toari da lalacewar bayyananniyar jiki da halayyar mutum, yanayin shine babban abin da ke haifar da cutar rashin lafiya. Masu shaye-shaye suna da saurin cutar hanta, masu shan sigari suna da saukin kamuwa da cutar sankarar huhu, kuma masu shan tabar heroin suna yada HIV lokacin da suke raba allurai. An kiyasta yawan jaraba akan lafiyar da yawan aiki a cikin Amurka sama da dala biliyan 300 a shekara, yana mai sanya ta ɗaya daga cikin mahimman matsaloli da ke fuskantar al'umma. Idan ma'anar jaraba ta faɗaɗa don ta ƙunshi wasu nau'o'in halayen halayen cuta, irin su yawan cin abinci da caca, farashin ya fi girma. Magungunan kwantar da hankali waɗanda zasu iya gyara rashin daidaito, halayen jaraba don samun lada - ko cocaine ko cuku ko farin cikin cin nasara a blackjack – zai ba da babbar fa'ida ga al'umma.
Magungunan yau sun kasa warkar da mafi yawan addican kamu. Wasu magunguna suna hana miyagun ƙwayoyi zuwa maƙasudin sa. Wadannan matakan sun bar masu amfani da “kwakwalwar kwakwalwa” da tsananin sha'awar kwayoyi. Sauran maganganun likitanci suna kwaikwayon tasirin kwayoyi kuma hakan yana rage sha'awar dogon lokacin da mai shaye shaye ya lalata dabi'ar. Waɗannan maye gurbin sunadarai, koyaya, na iya kawai maye gurbin al'ada ɗaya da wani. Kuma kodayake marasa magani, maganin warkewa - kamar shahararrun shirye-shirye 12 - taimaka wa mutane da yawa suna fama da abubuwan maye, mahalarta har yanzu suna sake dawowa cikin ƙima.
Mai amfani da hankali game da ilimin halittar jaraba, masu bincike wata rana zasu iya tsara magungunan da ke magance ko rama sakamakon tasirin kwayoyi na cin zarafi na tsawon lokaci akan yankuna lada a cikin kwakwalwa. Magungunan da ke hulɗa musamman tare da masu karɓa waɗanda ke ɗaura zuwa glutamate ko dopamine a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ko kuma sinadarai da ke hana CREB ko delta FosB yin aiki akan ƙwayoyin halittar da suke niyya a wannan yankin, na iya yuwuwar sassauta rikon magungunan a kan mai shan magani.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, muna bukatar mu koyi sanin mutanen da suka fi dacewa da jaraba. Kodayake muhimmancin tunanin mutum, zamantakewa da muhalli suna da muhimmanci, nazari a cikin iyalai mai laushi suna nuna cewa a cikin mutane game da kashi 50 na haɗarin maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi shi ne kwayoyin halitta. Dukkanin kwayoyin da ke ciki sun riga ba a gano su ba, amma idan aka gane wadanda ake iya ganewa a farkon lokaci, za a iya aiwatar da ayyukan da za a iya amfani da ita ga wannan yawan mutanen.
Saboda abubuwan motsin rai da zamantakewar mutane suna aiki cikin jaraba, ba zamu iya tsammanin magunguna suyi cikakken maganin cututtukan jaraba ba. Amma za mu iya fatan cewa hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na gaba za su rage karfin tasirin ilimin halittu - dogaro, sha’awa – da ke haifar da jaraba kuma hakan zai sanya tsoma bakin na psychosocial tasiri sosai wajen taimakawa sake gina jiki da tunanin mai shan magani.
ERIC J. NESTLER da ROBERT C. MALENKA suna nazarin kwayoyin kwayoyin cutar shan magani. Nestler, farfesa a kuma shugaban kujerun likita a jami'ar Texas Southwestern Medical Center a Dallas, an zabe shi a Cibiyar Nazarin Medicine a 1998. Malenka, farfesa a fannin ilimin likita da kuma ilimin halayyar ilimin likita a Jami'ar Kimiyya na Jami'ar Stanford, ya shiga jami'ar a nan bayan ya zama darektan cibiyar Cibiyar Nazarin Yau da ke Jami'ar California, San Francisco. Tare da Steven E. Hyman, a yanzu a Jami'ar Harvard, Nestler da Malenka sun rubuta littafin litattafan kwayoyin Neuropharmacology (McGraw-Hill, 2001).
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