Harkokin Jima'i a Tsarin Na'urar Mata: Tsarin Gida da Sakamakon Ayyuka (2006)

Brain Res. 2006 Disamba 18; 1126(1): 56-65. An buga a kan layi na 2006 Satumba 15. doi:  10.1016 / j.brainres.2006.08.050

Arshen mawallafin shirya wannan labarin ana samunsa a Brain Res
Dubi wasu shaidu a PMC buga labarin da aka buga.

Abstract

Labaran kwayar jima'i na mata ya fi mayar da hankali ga tsarin aikin hormone a kan kwayoyin jaraba da kuma yadda waɗannan ma'anar suka fassara a cikin nuni na kwakwalwan motsi. Ganin muhimmancin abu, ko da yake ba a yi nazarin ba, wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da halayen jima'i, ciki har da abubuwa masu kyauta na hulɗar jima'i da kuma yadda yadda jima'i ke canzawa. Wannan bita ya taƙaita sakamakon ilimin jima'i a kan tsarin tafiyar da cin hanci da halayyar 'yan matan Siriya. Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin jiki na waɗannan halayen jima'i sun haɗa da sauye-sauye na cellular a cikin watsa kwayar cutar kwayoyin halitta da kuma hanyoyi na sakonni na postynaptic da ke da dangantaka da ladaran neuronal (misali, samfurin gyaran fure-gizon dendritic). A haɗuwa, waɗannan nazarin sun nuna cewa jima'i yana inganta haɓaka kayan halayen jima'i, wanda ya haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako na inganta ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a hanyar da za ta iya ƙara haifar da haifuwa.

keywords: Daidaitawa, fahimta, dopamine, ƙananan ƙwayoyi, sigina, filayen

1. Gabatarwa

"Me ya sa dabbobi dabba?" Wani tambaya ne mai sauki wanda yake cikin zuciyar kwayar cutar mace. Babu tambaya mai ladabi mai sauƙi, kamar yadda akwai kusanci da ƙananan haɗari da kuma sakamakon halayen da ke tayar da kansu tambayoyin kuma suna da amsoshin su na neurobiological. Wataƙila mafi yawan amsoshin wannan tambayar shine "Don samar da 'ya'ya". Wannan yana iya zama amsar a cikin mahallin tasirin tasiri, amma duk da haka, irin wannan amsa ba tabbas ba ne [2]. Agmo [2] cite bayanai daga Swedes nuna cewa kawai game da 0.1% na (mai yiwuwa) namiji copulations samar da yara. Koda a tsakanin jinsuna irin su berayen, inda yawancin matakan da zasu haifar da 'ya'ya, irin wannan dangantaka ba yana nufin cewa ciki bace sa ran sakamakon katsewa.

Amsa guda daya game da tambayar dalilin da ya sa dabbobin abokiyar hankali ne game da halin jima'i na mace kamar yadda ake mayar da martani game da tsarin jima'i na haihuwa wanda ya haɗu da samfurori daga namiji mai haifa. Irin wannan bincike game da kwayar halitta na halayyar mata ya kasance bisa ga lura cewa jerin jinsin ganyayyaki na ovarian ya haifar da yanayin likita don mata don amsa jima'i ga namiji mai hawa [70]. Ga rodents, yawancin kwanakin yaduwar isradiol sun biyo bayan haɗuwa da karuwa da yawa wanda ke tsara jigilar kwayoyin halitta da jima'i a cikin hawan keke na jiki [22]. Sakamakon da aka gano shi ne gano mahakan ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa wanda ke dauke da masu karɓa don estradiol da kuma progesterone zai samar da wuraren da za a iya bayarwa don bayyane hanyoyi masu hanyoyi da ke tsara tsarin halayyar mata [70]. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan waɗannan hormonal steroid akan kwayoyin jijiyoyi zasu ba da hankali ga tsarin salula da kuma kwayoyin mahimmanci wajen yin magana game da bayanin jima'i na jima'i [71]. Babu tabbacin cewa wannan matakan da ya dace don nazarin halin jima'i na mata ya ci gaba sosai, kuma cikakkun bayanai game da wannan neurobiology dangane da kewaye, da neurochemistry da kuma furcin kalma sun tabbata [misali, 6,71].

Duk da haka, akwai wani al'amari wanda yake tsara kwayar halitta ta hanyar jima'i da ke damuwa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a lokaci-lokaci da kuma dogon lokaci na hulɗar jima'i, watau, rinjayar motsa jiki da halayen jahilci akan ƙwayar filastik dake jikin wannan tsarin. An sake nazarin kwayar halitta akan namiji, da farko ratsan namiji [2]. Manufar wannan gabatarwa ita ce bincika irin canjin canjin na mata, mayar da hankali akan aikinmu tare da matan Siriya. Daga wannan aikin, ya bayyana cewa yayin da halayen halayen halayen jima'i na iya kasancewa ga haifuwa, ƙaddamarwa ta dace ita ce ta kunna tsarin ƙwarewa, wanda a hakika, ya motsa halin.

2. Hanyoyin kwarewa game da alamu na halayyar mata

Dabbobi biyu da ke ba da kyakkyawan bambanci game da yadda yanayin zamantakewar al'umma ya taimakawa wajen yin la'akari da dabi'un da ake yi a Norway da ragowar Siriya. Dukansu jinsunan suna rayuwa ne a tsarin tsarin burrow. A cikin wadannan burtsun, ratsi suna da tsarin zamantakewar zamantakewa wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin maza da mata na zamani [3], alhali kuwa tsofaffin dabbobi (maza da mata) suna rayuwa dabam a jikin mutums [26].

Tsarin zamantakewa na berayen yana jawo hankalin maza da mata masu yawa a lokaci guda [51]. Duk da wannan makircin makirci, ratsan mata zasu iya sarrafa yanayin jima'i tsakanin maza da namiji ciki har da yanke shawara wanda namiji zai taimakawa wajen kawowa a yayin wannan matsala na namiji [51]. Saboda haka, ratsan mata suna aiki ne a cikin mating kuma suna samar da hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don sarrafa irin yadda ake yin jima'i, ciki har da zaɓi na mata.

Harkokin tambayoyi game da halayyar jima'i na mata a cikin berayen suna bada shaida mafi kyau game da hanyar da mata za su iya sarrafa hulɗar jima'i tare da maza. Lokacin da ratsan namiji ke kusa da mace mai laushi, mace za ta amsa tare da matsala mai laushi mai tsauri wanda za ta fara a cikin wuri (watau hopping) ko kuma tayi kanta (watau zira) daga namiji [20,49]. Wadannan tambayoyin, tare da haɗuwa daga namiji, sun hana namiji daga hawa mace har sai ta tsayawa da kuma bada izinin sadarwar sakonni [49]. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa mata zasu ba da izinin maza su hau dutsen da sauri bayan bin dutse ba tare da tsomawa ba amma idan mace ta karbi raguwa [20,50]. Wannan ka'idojin halin da namiji ke nunawa ta hanyar 'yan mata mata ana kiransa' tafiya 'kuma yana da cikakkun abubuwan da zasu haifar da progesation da haihuwa [20,21]. Halin halayyar jima'i a cikin ratsan mata yana da tsinkaye ya kasance ƙarƙashin iko na kwayar tsinkar dopamine [4,28,29,32,33,58,84]. A gefe, ƙwayar mahimmanci ta haɓaka ta ratsan mata yana nuna halin da za'a iya canzawa ta hanyar kwarewa. Bayanin iyakanceccen data da ake samowa, duk da haka, yana ba da shawara [19] da mahimmancin ƙarshe [20] shine “… paces wani tsayayyen yanayi ne wanda aka haɗu da amsawar jima'i a cikin berayen mace (shafi 482).

Bisa ga wanzuwar wanzuwarsu, mata masu naman alade suna da matsala daban-daban, abin da aka samo asali ne daga nazarin ilimin kimiyya [misali, 46], maimakon daga abubuwan da aka gano. Mace (da namiji) hamsters saka occlusions a cikin babban rami kai cikin burrow tsarin [26]. Mai hamster mace tana aiki ne da maza zuwa burrow ta hanyar buɗe wannan hasashen da kuma shimfida hanzari mai zurfi wanda ke haifar da tashe-tashen hanzari na farawa na farawa da zubar da ita [46]. Ba'a sani ba ko akwai zaɓi na mata daga mata masu sintiri na mata ko kuma yadda za a iya zaɓar zaɓin mahaifa a cikin daji. Da zarar namiji ya ragu a cikin burrow, namiji da mace za su zauna tare har sai mace ta isa gagarumar yarinya da kuma jigilar mating [46]. Bayan jima'i an fitar da namiji daga burin mace [46].

Halin da aka samu na jima'i na jima'i na mace ya bambanta tare da yin aiki tare da maza yayin halayen jima'i a cikin ratsan mata. Mazawan da ke cikin gaggawa suna ɗaukan tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da lordosis, matsayi wanda za a iya kiyayewa har zuwa 95% na gwajin 10 min [15]. Duk da yake mace tana riƙe da wannan matsayi, namiji zai hau da / ko kuma ya hau tare da ɓoyewa a fili a kansa. Tabbatacciyar maƙasudin da aka gani daga waɗannan maganganun ita ce, mata masu hambarar, ba kamar 'yan mata ba, ba sa halayen jima'i na namiji.

Duk da bayyanar rashin daidaito, mata masu naman alade sun kasance masu haɗaka sosai a cikin hulɗar jima'i tare da maza [46]. Mai daraja [62] da farko ya lura cewa mahaifa suna yin motsi na perineal don mayar da martani ga tasiri mai amfani da perivaginal daga wani namiji na hamster, tare da mace tana motsa perineum a cikin jagorancin motsa jiki. Mace tana motsa farjinta a cikin ma'anar batun da aka tuntuɓa maɓallin namiji don taimakawa wajen shigar da intravaginal ta namiji [62]. A gaskiya ma, yin amfani da cututtuka na gaba ga ƙwayar perleum na hamster ya rage karfin ikon hawan namiji don cimma burin penile [63].

Haɗuwa, ratsan mata da hamsters sun bambanta a cikin hanyar da suke kallo don tsara kwafinsu. Bambanci tsakanin ratsan mata da hamsters yana da karfin ikon waɗannan dabbobi don tsara hawa ta namiji. Hatsaye mata zasu iya ƙayyade ko namiji zai hau. Ma'aikatan ƙwaƙwalwa ba su kula da mintuna na maza ba, amma zasu iya tasiri ko namiji zai samu nasarar shiga cikin ƙoƙari na musamman. Saboda haka, yin tafiya a cikin berayen za a iya lura da shi, alhali kuwa yana da matukar wuya a tantance halayen perineal a cikin mata a cikin mating. A matsayin mafita, mun dauki hanyar kai tsaye don aunawa ga aikin mata na hamster a matsayin mai tsara namiji. Mun yi tunani cewa idan yawan mazaunin hamster ya sami karfin namiji ne, amma halayen mace yana da iyakancewa ne kawai, to, yawan adadin da ya hada da intromission (a cikin wallafe-wallafen "farashin bugawa") shine ainihin wani ma'auni yana dogara da halin mace.

Don gwada wannan zancen, zamu bincika matan da suka kasance masu jima'i ko mata waɗanda suka karbi 6 a kowane mako, 10 jima'i tare da maza [8]. Daga nan sai muka bar kowane matar auren mace da namiji da namijin jima'i da kuma rubuta ladabi. Maza maza da suka hada da mata masu fama da jima'i suna da mafi girma da yawa (mafi yawan adadin da ke dauke da tsauraran matsi) fiye da mazan da aka jarraba su da 'Siffa 1). Bugu da ari, an gane bambancin da aka samu a cikin binciken ko an gwada mata a 1 ko 6 makonni bayan gwajin jima'i na karshe, yana ba da shawara ga karbar koya.

Figure 1    

An jarraba maciji maza don yin jima'i tare da namiji marar kyau ko kuma 1, 3 ko 6 makonni bayan gwajin gwaji na ƙarshe. Sakamakon da aka samu (kashi na filaye a cikin intromission) ...

Ƙarin ƙarin gwaji da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sakamakon ilimin jima'i na namiji a kan aikin da namijin ya yi [8]. An kashe kwayar cutar dopamine neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine, a cikin kwakwalwa na basal, ciki har da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, na mata masu naman alade kafin su samu jima'i. Mazan maza da aka jarraba su tare da waɗannan matan ba su nuna nauyin halayyar mating tare da gogaggen mata ba (Figure 2). Hanyoyin da kwayoyin dopamine neurotoxin akan hulɗar jima'i sun danganta ne ga haɓakawa a cikin hadarin da ake ciki da jima'i, saboda babu wani tasirin wadannan raunuka game da halayyar ma'aurata marasa dacewa.

Figure 2    

Jirgin kwayoyin kwayoyin dopamine neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a cikin yanki na mahaifa kafin halayen jima'i ya shafe tasirin sakamakon aikin jima'i na mace ...

3. Halin jima'i yana da sakamako mai lada a cikin mata

Maimaita hulɗar jima'i tare da maza yakan haifar da sakamakon halayya na tsawon lokaci ga mace cikin mahallin sakamako. Yanayi da aka zaɓa na musamman [14] ya kasance hanya mai amfani don ganowa da karfafa kayan halayen jima'i. A cikin wannan yanayin, maimaita jima'i tare da namiji yana hade da ɗayan ɗaki na ɗakin ɗaki mai yawa. A lokuta da suka dace da mace an sanya shi a cikin wani sashi mai kama da rarrabe. Kafin da bin waɗannan gwaji, an ba mace damar yin amfani da kayan (in ba namiji ba) don sanin lokacin da mace ke ciyarwa a cikin dakin da ke hade da haɓakawa. Yin rikitarwa tare da namiji an tsara shi a matsayin ƙarfafawa idan mace tana ciyar da lokaci mafi yawa a cikin dakin da ke haɗuwa da jima'i bayan jarabawar jima'i kafin gwajin.

Sakamakon bayyane (ko watakila watakila ba zai yiwu ba) sakamakon binciken a cikin ratsan mata [misali, 65,69] da kuma hamsters [56] shi ne cewa hulɗar jima'i yana ƙarfafawa. Abubuwan da take buƙatar wannan yanayin don faruwa ba su kasance ba a fili. Domin babu ratsi ko hamsters ne mai sauƙin nunawa na lordosis a lokacin gwajin jima'i da ya dace don tabbatar da yanayin sanya wuri. Kamar yadda aka gani, ratsan mata suna da jima'i na jima'i da halayen maza da ke da nasarorin da ke tattare da progestation da haihuwa. Bayar da ratsan mata don ci gaba a lokacin da suka fi so ya zama dole don sayen wani wuri na musamman, kamar yadda halayen jima'i da mace ba ta yi jinkiri bata samar da kwakwalwa ba [25,27,34,67,68]. Tsarin jiki a nan yana da mahimmanci, ko da yake ba dole ba ne a tafiyar da tafiya, a matsayin gyaran gyare-gyare ta hanyar cirewa da gabatar da namiji a lokacin da ya fi dacewa ta mace zai kuma haifar da matsin lamba [34].

Ma'aikata ba su da wani abu mai mahimmanci don jima'i [42], ko da yake sun kuma nuna matsayin da aka sanya a matsayin mataye [56]. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi da muhimmancin jituwa tsakanin maza da namiji don zabar da aka fi so a gwadawa a jarrabawar mata shine don kwatanta tasiri na hulɗar jima'i ta al'ada tare da hulɗar jima'i wanda aka hana namijin da ya hana shi ta ɓoye farjin mata [39]. A nan, sanya wuri mai dadi a fili ya kasance ba tare da la'akari da ko mace ta karbi rawar jiki ba yayin da ake yin jima'i. Wannan gwajin gwaji ya nuna cewa ya saba da lura cewa ɓoye na al'ada irin wannan ya hana tsayin daka a cikin kwayar dopamine a yayin ganawar jima'i tare da namiji [40]. Duk da haka, 'yan mata sun kasance masu jima'i a cikin wannan binciken na microdialysis. Zai bayyana cewa yawan abubuwan da ke tattare da halayen halayen da suka haɗu a lokacin cin zarafin jima'i, misali a lokacin gwajin gwagwarmaya na tsari na wuri [39], yana fadada abubuwan da ke tattare da labarun da ke haifar da ladabi ta hanyar cin zarafin mata daga matsanancin tasirin da ake yiwa mata a cikin mata masu jima'i [40].

An gudanar da bincike kadan game da tsarin da ke tattare da neurotransmitter game da matsin lamba don yin jima'i. A cikin nazarin daya, ƙalubalancin neurotransmission ta hanyar zaluntar ratsan mata tare da naloxone kafin yin hulɗar jima'i ya shafe wuri mai dadi na zabi [68]. Sabanin haka, yawancin binciken da aka yi amfani da abokiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar dopamine sun samar da sakamakon hade. Ƙarƙwarar 'yan ƙwararrun mata da mambobi masu karɓa na DODNUMX dopamine [57] ya hana sayen wani wuri mai dadi don yin hulɗar jima'i (Siffa 3). Irin wannan bincike a cikin berayen ba shi da wani sakamako [30].

Figure 3    

Maimaita sauye-nauye na jinsin tare da sashi na launin toka a cikin wani wuri da aka fi so (CPP) ya haifar da 'yan hamsters suna ciyar da karin lokaci a cikin wannan ɗakin a cikin inganci ...

4. Ƙwararren neurotransmitter da filastar salula ta hanyar jima'i a cikin mata

Akwai al'adar kirki mai zurfi na bincike akan hanyoyin da ake nunawa na dopamine kamar yadda suke da alaka da halayyar motsa jiki da miyagun ƙwayoyi (misali, 60). Bisa daga wannan wallafe-wallafen, mun bincika yiwuwar cewa jima'i zai iya shafar hanyar nema a cikin hanya na mesolimbic da kuma cewa nauyin lantarki a cikin wannan tsarin shine tushen dalili na labarun jima'i, misali, canje-canje a cikin dacewa da kuma lada. A cikin tsarin kwayoyin na mesolimbic akwai dukkanin shaida don kunnawa a yayin hulɗar jima'i na mata, da kuma dogon lokaci akan tasiri da ƙananan neurochemical. Sakamakon gwaje-gwaje na microdialysis ya nuna cewa matakan kwayoyin dopamine a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin mata sune da aka hawanta a lokacin mating [55,58]. Ga ratsan mata, lafazin dopamine yana da matukar damuwa don yin tafiya tare da maza [4,33,58], da kuma (aƙalla mata masu suturar mata da mace), haɓakar dabbar dopamine ta dogara ne akan rawar jiki da aka samu a yayin da ake yin jima'i [40]. A cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka biyo baya munyi wani tsari daban-daban, wannan lokacin yin la'akari da karin kwayoyin jini a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a yayin da ake yin jima'i a cikin mata masu yaduwa ko mata ko da mata da ke da jima'i kafin gwajin microdialysis [38]. Halin jima'i ya haifar da ƙara karuwa a cikin karin kwayoyin halittar da ke ci gaba da yin jima'i tare da namiji, idan aka kwatanta da matakan dopamine a cikin 'Figure 4). Zai yiwu karuwar amsawar dopamine a cikin mata masu fama da jima'i ya nuna matakan wadatar da matakan da ke tattare da juna ta hanyar jima'i wanda yarinyar mata suka zama mai karɓa saboda sakamakon wannan.

Figure 4    

An yi amfani da ƙwararruwan ƙwararru (Masana) ko mace marasa fahimta (Babu Expert) tare da binciken microdialysis a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma an saka mata tare da namiji ga 1 hr. An dauki samfurori ...

Girman da aka samu a cikin kwayar cutar dopamine a cikin ƙwararrun mata masu fama da gogaguwa yana tunawa da sakamakon sauyewar dabbobin da aka yi wa dabbobi zuwa magungunan zalunci [75]. A cikin wannan wallafe-wallafen, yawancin kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin kwayoyin kwayoyin kwayoyin kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta da ake kira "75]. Damag sensitization an haɗa tare da dama salon salula ra'ayi zaton don inganta synaptic inganci da kuma bayani ta gudãna ta hanyar hanyar mesolimbic [74].

Ɗaya daga cikin shigarwa a cikin tsarin ta hanyar abin da hali na hali zai iya canza ladaran neuronal shine a matakin synapses. An dauki hanyar da za a kai ga wannan tambaya ta hanyar auna sauye-sauye na gyare-gyare a cikin batutuwa (ciki har da ƙananan haɓaka) ƙananan hannu don amsawa ga gwamnatin miyagun ƙwayoyi ko kuma biye da kwarewa. Komawa da yawa na abubuwa iri iri da daban-daban na bayanan pharmacological zasu kara dendritic tsawon kuma / ko kashin jini a cikin ƙananan rassan tsaka-tsaka na matsakaici na ƙwayoyin cuta [13,23,44,45,64,76,77,78]. Akwai misalai kaɗan da yawa don kwarewa na hali wanda ya haifar da mummunar tasiri a kan dendrites, kodayake ƙaddamar da ciwon gishiri [79], halin jima'i na maza [24] da halayyar jima'i na mace [59] zai canza yanayin nazarin halittu na dendritic a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙafafun ƙwayoyin mahaifa.

Halin jima'i a cikin mata masu naman alade yana da tasiri daban-daban a kan dantritic spine density [59] dangane da yankin da aka bincika (Siffa 5). A cikin wannan gwaji, an bai wa mata alamu ka'idodin 6 makonni na jima'i ko kuma kasancewa ma'aurata na jima'i [38]. A 7th mako, duk mata an ba da izinin estradiol da tsarin kwayoyin halitta kuma sun yi hadaya game da 4 Hr bayan injerar cutar. An yi amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta domin Golgi da kuma 240 μm yanka. An kirkiro sutura daga ƙananan rassan ƙirar ƙwayoyin katako a cikin ƙananan kwakwalwa na tsakiya, ƙananan ƙwararren ƙwayoyin katako daga cikin ƙananan haɓaka (harsashi da kuma haɗin haɗuwa), ko ƙananan ƙwararren ƙwayoyin katako na dorsal caudate. A cikin tsaka-tsalle masu tsalle-tsalle na ƙananan rufin tsakiya, ƙananan ƙwararraji na dendritic (wanda aka sabawa zuwa 10 μm na tsawon dendritic) ya fi girma a cikin jima'i, fiye da jima'i na mata, mata. An gano labaran a cikin rubutun apical na Layer V wanda ke cikin kaya na farko. Babu bambance-bambance daban-daban a cikin tsabar tsabar tsararraki a cikin ƙananan ƙwararren ƙwararru. Muna fassara wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin tsabar tsabar tsabta kamar yadda yake nuna filayen haɗari a cikin neurotransmission mai karfin gaske a kan masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta [37].

Figure 5    

An auna tsaunin spine (wanda aka saba da shi ta 10 μm) a cikin ƙananan kwakwalwa na ƙananan hanyoyi (misalai na Golgi ne ake gabatarwa a cikin maɓallin dama) daga gwanon da ke gaba, ƙananan haɗari ...

Idan muka dauki nauyin lantarki a cikin kwakwalwan dendritic a matsayin alamaccen mai salula na duniyar jima'i, zamu iya jaddada rikici na abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin salon salula wanda aka haifar da haɗuwa da jima'i. A wasu kalmomi, ya kamata a mayar da hankali kan kashi biyu daga cikin jinsin martani wanda aka kwatanta ta hanyar maganin magungunan zalunci [36], watau, wani karin bayani game da halin jima'i da kuma canza sassan salon salula a cikin rashin jima'i. Ana nuna alamun bayyanar da aka gabatar Siffa 6. Wannan tsari ba labari ba ne kuma ba mai ban mamaki ba, kamar yadda ake iya kasancewa a cikin jigilar cututtuka kamar yadda kwayoyin steroid [54], magungunan zalunci [61], ko dogon lokaci mai yiwuwa [1] duk sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka kwatanta. Domin saboda wadannan hanyoyi suna da kyau a wakiltar su a cikin misalai daban-daban na filastik neural wanda yana da alama cewa yayin da gajerun suka cika a daidai wannan za su kasance da gaskiya game da halayen halayen jima'i a kan ƙwayar mahaifa.

Figure 6    

Hoto na zane na wasu hanyoyi na alama wanda zai iya magance canjin lokaci mai tsawo a cikin filayen salula a matsayin aikin jima'i. Ƙididdigar mu na microarray [7] ya nuna da dama a cikin wadannan ...

Binciken da aka gano, yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta [7], tare da gwaje-gwajen gwaji sun fara inganta aikin da aka canza ko bayanin furotin a wurare da yawa a cikin waɗannan hanyoyi sakamakon sakamakon jima'i. Hanyoyin sakonnin suna wakiltar wani tsari na kwayoyin halitta wanda zai iya tasiri da tsarin dendritic wanda zai haifar da filastik [5,17,52]. Dukkan nauyin C-Fos da FosB an bincika su a sakamakon amsa jima'i da kuma jima'i a cikin shinge na matan Siriya. Bayan yin hulɗar jima'i tare da namiji, zane-zane na C-Fos an daukaka shi a cikin mahimmancin tsakiya, amsa da aka ƙarfafa a cikin mata masu fama da jima'i (Siffa 7) [9]. Bacewar fosBane ba ta da dangantaka ta hanyar jima'i, ko da yake matakan wankewa sun fi girma a cikin magungunan ƙwayar da ke ciki a cikin ƙwayoyin mata da aka samu a cikin jima'i da aka kwatanta da mata naïve (Siffa 8). Babu wani hali ko jima'i ko CosB da ke cikin kwaskwarima ko ƙananan kwari a cikin waɗannan mata. A cikin gwaje gwaje-gwajenmu, canje-canje a cikin C-Fos da FosB na faruwa a layi daya, duka a yanki kuma a matsayin aiki na kwarewa, kodayake a cikin wasu nazarin binciken a cikin wadannan sunadarai ba a koyaushe ba ne [misali, 12].

Figure 7    

Jarabawar gwajin jima'i (Tambaya) yana ƙara ƙaddara c-Fos (ap <0.05 vs. Babu Gwaji) a cikin ginshiƙan ƙwayar mahaifa na mata, tasirin da aka haɓaka a cikin ilimin jima'i ...
Figure 8    

Ma'aikata masu karuwanci sun karbi nauyin hoto na 6 a mako-mako, 10 min gwajin jima'i ko gwagwarmaya ne, amma ba a gwada su ba. A 7th mako, wadannan rukuni sun rarraba, don haka rabin rabi sun kasance ...

Ana iya kunna sunadaran Fos ta hanyoyi da yawa, kamar MAase kinase [18]. ERK ne alamar kinase a cikin wannan hanya kuma mun bincika tsarin tsarin ERK bayan halayyar jima'i (Siffa 9). A cikin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, duk nauyin nau'in Hiki na XKUMX ba shi da tasiri game da halin jima'i ko jima'i. Da bambanci, an ɗaukaka 2 a cikin ƙwayar da ke ciki bayan halayyar jima'i, amma kawai a cikin mata da kwarewar jima'i.

Figure 9    

Matakan ERK1 / 2 an auna su ta hanyar Yammacin Tsarin daga ƙuƙwarar ƙwayar mahaifa da ƙananan ƙwayar mata. Gwanin mutum (2 mm diamita) daga ƙananan ƙwayar (maɓallin da harsashi) ...

Shigar da shiga hanya na kinin MAP na iya samuwa daga asali masu yawa, ciki har da kunnawa mai karɓa na glutamate [1], G-protein tare da masu karɓa (alal misali, masu karɓa na jini) [83], inositol triphosphate hanyoyi [66], kuma ta hanyar girma factor masu karɓar [16]. Harkokin jima'i a kan wadannan hanyoyi sunyi tasiri ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin cutar [7], amma ba a bincika kai tsaye ba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimmanci cewa a gaskiya an tsara ta ta hanyar jima'i shine mai karɓar maganin dopamine wanda ya hada da adenylate cyclase [10]. Homogenates daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun karu daga mummunan mata masu fama da jima'i. Wadannan homogenates an shafe su tare da dopamine da ƙungiyar CAMP da aka auna (Siffa 10). Dopamine ta haɓaka ƙungiyar CAMP a cikin dukkanin kungiyoyin masu jiyya, tare da karfafawa a cikin homogenates daga mata masu fama da jima'i. Wadannan ayyuka na dopamine sun ƙaddara su zama masu karɓar mai karɓa na D1. Ko da yake wani nau'i na filastikan bayan jima'i yana jin dadi (watau, ƙara yawan kwayoyi na dopamine lokacin hulɗar jima'i), yana da cikakkiyar bayani cewa akwai gyare-gyare na baya-bayan nan waɗanda ba kawai tunanin ɗaukar matakan synaptic dopamine ba.

Fig 10    

Homogenates daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin mata masu karuwanci wadanda ke karɓar jima'i ko jima'i an auna su ga ƙungiyar CAMP bayan shawarwar dopamine (bayanai ne% no-dopamine ...

5. Tsarin taƙaitawa da ƙarshe

Ɗaya daga cikin maganganun aikin da ake amfani da su na kwaya na mesolimbic shine cewa wannan hanya tana da hankali ga abubuwan da ke hade da al'amuran halin da ke faruwa a cikin hanyar da za ta inganta sakamakon sakamakon waɗannan dabi'un [80]. Daga wannan tsari zamu iya tunanin irin halayyar da mace take da shi a yayin da ake yin katsewa yana taimakawa dopamine neurotransmission. Ko da yake da farko wannan amsa ba shi da kariya [55], tare da ƙwararrun mata suna koyi don samar da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari waɗanda suka ƙara samun damar karɓan tasiri daga halayen namiji [8]. Hakanan, akwai ƙaramiyar kariyar dopamine, wanda ke ciyarwa gaba don kula da amsawar hali. Domin samun karfin motsa jiki ta hanyar motsi daga namiji mai hawa (namiji na gaba da namiji) ya zama dole domin haifar da haɗin gwiwa na haɗin gwiwa (sabili da haka ya sami nasara)42], wannan tsarin halayen zai sami tasiri mai mahimmanci na inganta ƙwaƙwalwa mai dacewa wanda zai haifar da nasarar haifuwa. Amsar tambaya ga "Me ya sa mace ta zama mace"? Wadannan abubuwan "masu jin dadi" wadanda ke cikin halayen jima'i suna da wanda ba a tsammani (daga ra'ayi na mata), kodayake dabi'a mai kyau, sakamakon sakamakon nasara da haihuwa da haihuwa.

Acknowledgments

Muna so in gode wa mutane da suka taimaka mahimmancin wannan bincike ciki har da Dr. Katherine Bradley, Alma Haas, Margaret Joppa, Dr. Jess Kohlert, Richard Rowe da Dr. Val Watts. Musamman godiya ga Bulus Mermelstein don shawararsa da kuma ci gaba da sha'awar aikinmu. Wannan bita ya dogara ne a kan wani jawabi da aka ba a 2006 Workshop a kan Steroid Hormones da kuma Brain Function, Breckenridge, Co. Muna gode wa National Science Foundation (IBN-9412543 da BBN-9723876) da Cibiyoyin Lafiya ta kasar (DA13680) don su goyon bayan wannan bincike.

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