Androgens Kunna wani muhimmin aikin a riƙe da Penile Dabba Tsarin gine-gine da kuma Erection: A Review (2009)

Androgens Kunna wani muhimmin aiki a Tsayawa da Penile Dabba Tsarin gine-gine da kuma Erection: A Review

ABDULMAGED M. TRAISH

Daga Makarantun Biochemistry da Kimiyya, Jami'ar Kimiyya na Jami'ar Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.

Adireshin: Dr Abdulmaged M. Traish, Farfesa na Biochemistry da Urology, Darakta, Laboratories for Medicine Medicine, Cibiyar Nazarin Jima'i, Jami'ar Kimiyya na Jami'ar Boston, Cibiyar Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Halitta, 700 Albany St, W607, Boston, MA 02118 ( e-mail: [email kariya]).

An karɓa don bita Yuni 13, 2008; yarda don bugawa Satumba 17, 2008.

Abstract

Androgens suna da muhimmanci ga ci gaba, girma, da kuma kiyaye tsarin penile, da kuma tsara tsarin ilimin lissafi ta hanyar abubuwa masu yawa. A nan za mu samar da taƙaitacciyar bayyane na binciken bincike na ainihi game da tsarin gyaran da ake amfani da su da kuma asrogen na erectiletissue gine da physiology. Wani muhimmin bangare na nuna shaida wanda ke nuna babban tasiri na androgens a cikin erectilephysiology. Nazarin ilimin dabba sun ba da ilimin gado game da rawar da ke tattare da inganci a cikin tsarin gyaran kayan jiki da tsarin salon salula, kwayoyin, da kuma tsarin ilimin lissafi. Bayanin tushen bayanai daga ɗakunanmu da wadanda aka ruwaito wasu, sun tabbatar da cewa androgens suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rike haɓaka da kuma aiki na cibiyar sadarwa ta furotin na penile, tsarin haɓakaccen tsari na cavernosa, da tunicaalbuginea, da kuma endothelium na sararin samaniya. Bugu da ari, androgens suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita tsarin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin ƙwayar tsohuwar ƙwayar halitta. A cikin wannan bita, za mu mayar da hankali akan tattaunawa game da binciken da ya shafi daro na androgens a gyaran penile jiki architecturalelements a cikin gyaran aikin penile. Wannan ilimin yana da tasirin gaske game da yiwuwar amfani da androgens a cikin asibiti don magance marasa lafiya da rashin ciwo.

     Maganganun kalmomin: Andropause, cin hanci da dysfonction, hormone, azzakari, adipogenesis, androgen rashi, corpus cavernosum, jima'i dysfunction, m tsoka

 

Duba hanyar da yafi girma (24K): [a wannan taga] [a cikin sabon taga]      Hoto 1. Inji na penile erection. A cikin yanayin flaccid, vasoconstriction na cavernosal maganin da kuma helicine arterioles ƙetare jinin inflow (siffar baƙin ciki mai duhu). Rashin kwanciyar hankali na ƙwayar tsohuwar ƙwayar ƙwayar jiki ta hanyar norepinephrine da sauran magungunan vasoconstrictor na gida kamar su endothelin ba zai bada izinin samar da jini a cikin lacunar ba. Bugu da kari, jinin jini ya kasance ba tare da hanzari ba saboda ƙaddarar ƙwayar tsohuwar ƙwayoyin tsohuwar ƙwayar ba zai bada izinin matsawa ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba a kan ma'anar albuginea (haske mai haske). Bayan tayar da jima'i, marasa tausayi-marasa jijiyoyin kwayoyin halitta suna motsa da sakin nitric oxide (NO), wanda ke rushe cavernosal artery da kuma helicine arterioles kuma ya danganta tsohuwar ƙwayar ƙwayar halitta. Wannan tsari na neurovascular ya haifar da ƙarar jini mai zurfin jini (nauyin damshin duhu) da kuma matsin lamba na oxygen (PO2) ya tashi daga kamar 25-40 mm Hg zuwa 90-100 mm Hg. Wannan tsari na ilimin lissafi ya cigaba da karar da nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) don haɗawa da NO, wanda zai haifar da karin shakatawa a cikin tsoka mai ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Wannan yana haifar da fadada gawar jiki a kan karamin albuginea, ta haka yana shimfiɗawa da kuma ɓoye ƙwayoyin tsawa da kuma rage zubar da jini (siffar haske mai launin shuɗi). Yayinda ake fitar da hauka mai kwakwalwa ta jiki, kwakwalwa na jiki ya taso kuma ya kai wani tudu, don haka ya sace azzakari. Nau'in launi samuwa a kan layi a www.andrologyjournal.org.

 

Jigilar jiki ta hanyar jiki ta jiki yana da mahimmanci dalili mai lalacewa kuma yana nuna bukatar ƙara yawan ƙwayar ruwa don kiyayewa a yayin da ake ginawa ta hanyar jigilar saline na intanet (Hatzichristouet al, 1995, 1999; Nehra et al, 1996, 1998; Udelson et al, 1998; Mulhall et al, 2004). Abun ciki mai kama da jiki na jiki ko haɗuwa tare da cututtuka na asibiti shine ƙananan hemodynamicabnormality wanda ya haifar da rashin amsawa ga magungunan magani na intracavernous (Rajfer et al, 1988; Mulhall et al, 1997; Aversa et al, 2003;Wespes et al, 2005; Hwang et al, 2006). Rashin kasancewar rashin lafiya da rashin tausayi da ƙwayar sinus yana haifar da ƙwaƙwalwar lalacewa sau da yawa mawuyacin ganewa da kuma bi da su.

Nehra et al (1996, 1998) sun binciki aikin da ake ciki na aikin zane-zane (ya kwarara don kulawa da tsararraki, juriya mai tsawaitawa, da kuma rikitarwa ta hanyar amfani da magungunan pharmacocavernosometry) da kuma haɓaka waɗannan sigogi tare da yin amfani da launi na masana'antun kayan tarihi na jiki (kashi na tsohuwar ƙwayar tsohuwar ƙwayar cuta ta jiki don jimillar launi ). Mawallafa sun yanke shawarar cewa ilimin cututtuka na dasfunctional-occlusive dysfunction shi ne, a wani ɓangare, wanda ya haifar da ƙwayar kayan aiki da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙwayar tsoka.

Kodayake yawancin kamfanoni sunyi ƙoƙari su fahimci muhimmancin androgens a cikin tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta na aikin aiki kuma an yi wasu raguwa, yawancin raguwa sun kasance. Wadannan sun hada da androgens a cikin tsari da kuma ingantaccen aiki na cavernosal da jijiyoyi na dorsal, da ci gaba da kuma aiki na tsoka tsoka, da kuma aiki na endothelium da kuma kasancewa na connective nama metabolism da kuma attenuation na fibrosis. A nan za mu gabatar da samfurin aiki na androgen actionin erectile aiki (Figure 2). Yin amfani da wannan tsarin, kwaminisanci tasirin androgens a kan ginshiƙan penile da ciki har da 1) jijiyoyi na gefe, 2) tsoka tsohuwar ƙwayar cuta, 3) bambancin jinsin kwayoyin halitta da suka hada da 4), da 5) da kuma albuginea nama. 

 

Duba hanyar da yafi girma (43K): [a wannan taga] [a cikin sabon taga]      Hoto 2. Tsarin da aka tsara don aikin da androgens a cikin aikin erectile. An ƙaddamar da Testosterone zuwa 5-dihydrotestosterone (5-DHT), wanda ke da dangantaka mafi girma ga mai karɓar mai karɓar asrogen (AR). 5-DHT da testosterone suna ɗaure ga AR kuma suna gabatar da wata magungunan maganin biochemical zuwa manyan maganganun lissafi. Wadannan sun hada da 1) ƙara yawan maganganun ƙwayoyin ƙananan da kuma endothelial nitric oxide synthases (nNOS da eNOS), 2) sun kara yawan nau'in 5 (PDE 5) na phosphodiesterase da 3) -1 masu karɓa da ƙaddarar Rho A kinase. Bugu da ƙari, androgens suna kula da haɓaka tsarin tsarin penile na ciwon fiber na fiber da kuma cike da ƙwayar tsoka. Tabbatar da daidaitattun tsarin jiki da fasaha na biochemical yana da mahimmanci ga aikin zane-zane da penile erection. Nau'in launi samuwa a kan layi a www.andrologyjournal.or

Androgens Kula da Penile Cavernosal da Dorsal Nerve Structure da Function

Androgens tsara tsarin da aikin pelvic ganglia (Meusburger da Keast, 2001; Keast et al, 2002). Giuliano et al (2004) ya nuna cewa yin amfani da magungunan torogens yana iya aiki ta hanyar yin aiki a kan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Armaganet al (2007) ya nuna cewa cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar togowa ta hanyar ƙaddamar da tsarin jijiya na dorsal. Wannan mai lura da wannan ya kasance daidai da abinda Baba et al (2000a,b) a cikin abin da shagulgulan ya rage ragewar NADPH a cikin cavernosal da dorsalnerves da kuma maganin testosterone mayar da waɗannan ƙwayoyin fibersto iko. Rogers et al (2003) kuma ya nuna cewa gyaran gyare-gyare ya canza tsarin sashin jiki na dorsal kuma ya haifar da lakabi mai lalacewa. Sanarwar Testosterone nan da nan bayan simintin gyare-gyare ya hana kullun daji kuma ya sake mayar da hankali ga dabi'un kama da wadanda ke cikin dabbobi. Abin sha'awa, lura da dabbobi da aka yi wa dabbobi tare da ciwon ƙwayoyin cuta na asibiti (VEGF) sun sake gina tsarin jijiya da aikin zinare.Domin an nuna masu amfani da torogens don tsara bayanin VEGF (Haggestrom et al, 1999), yana yiwuwa VEGF synthesin da corpus cavernosum an ƙaddara shi ne a cikin kwayoyin da aka yiwa dabbobi da kuma testosterone ya haifar da kira VEGF, ta haka ne magungunan sakamako na cututtukan androgen-depend on corpus cavernosum.

Orchiectomy ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin kwakwalwar da aka samar ta hanyar wutar lantarki ta tasiri na pelvicnerve. Wannan ya canzawa ta hanyar maye gurbin testosterone, ya nuna cewa testosterone tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyar sadarwa mai suna penile erection (Simpson da Marshal, 1908; Müller et al, 1988; Heaton da Varrin, 1994; Mills et al, 1994; Bivalacqua et al, 1998; Traish et al, 1999; Ƙara da al, 2003; Suzuki et al, 2007). Bugu da ari, Suzuki et al (2007) ya nuna cewa, da bambanci da martani mai tsafta wanda aka samo ta hanyar wutar lantarki na cavernosal, wanda aka rage ba a kawar da shi ba a cikin dabbobin da aka jefa, tsararrakin da aka samu ta hanyar motsi na lantarki wanda aka cire daga tsakiya wanda ya shafe bayan gyaran gyare-gyare kuma an sake mayar da gurbin testosterone.

Androgens Kula da Penile Trabecular Muscle Structure da Ayyuka

Shaidu masu yawa suna nuna cewa ƙwayar cututtukan penile trabecularsmooth na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin gyaran tsari (Saenz de Tejada, 2002). Yanayin ainihin yanayin gyaran kwayoyin halitta da gyare-gyaren da ke faruwa a cikin sassauki mai kama da ingancin, kuma ba a sani ba.

Lalaci ta hanyar cututtuka a cikin samfurin dabba, ta hanyar ƙwayar cutar ko ta hanyar likita, ta haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin abun ciki na sassaucin zuciya, da kuma ƙara ƙaddamar da matrix na haɗin kai (Traish et al, 1999). Wannan canji a tissuearchitecture yana hade da raguwa a cikin matsin intracavernosal a cikin mayar da martani ga pelvic jiji ƙarfin hali (Simpson da Marshal, 1908; Müller et al, 1988; Takahashi et al, 1991; Heaton da Varrin, 1994; Mills et al, 1994; Bivalacqua et al, 1998; Traish et al,1999, 2003; Ƙara da al, 2003; Suzuki et al, 2007). Bugu da ƙari kuma, nazarin abubuwa na yau da kullum daga cikin dabbobi da aka yi wa dabbobi da aka zubar da su sun bayyana cewa sunadarai mai sassaucin jiki sun fara bayyana, tare da manyan lambobin cytoplasmic vacuoles da kuma rage adadin cytoplasmic myofilaments (Persson et al, 1989; Traish da Kim, 2005;Traish da Guay, 2006; Traish et al, 2007). Rashin asarar da ke haifar da rashawa na asrogen yana nufin kara yawan kwayar halitta, mutuwar kwayoyin haɗin kai, da kuma bambancin adipocyte daga jikin kwayoyin halitta (Shabsigh et al, 1998; Traish et al, 2005). Wasu gyare-gyare masu ban mamaki a cikin siffofin suturar ƙira na penile sun bayar da rahoton ga marasa lafiya da tsararrakin ƙwayar ƙwayar tsohuwar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar jiki da kuma tarawar extracellularmatrix, wanda ya ƙunshi farko daga fibrils na collagen.

Sakamakon muscle mai laushi na jikin cavernosa dangane da kayan haɗi, da aka tantance tarihi tare da ƙayyadewa, an bayyana shi azaman tsoka mai sassauci ga kayan aiki. Rashin ragewa a cikin ƙwayoyin tsofaffin ƙwayoyin tsofaffin ƙwayoyin halitta yana da tsammanin ana haifar da fibrosis na nama da kuma kyakkyawar dysfunction da ƙananan cuta.Gararin bayyanar cututtuka da kuma binciken binciken asibiti a cikin maza da kayan aikin da aka gina da aka rage tare da rage abun ciki na tsohuwar ƙwayoyin corporalsmooth (Nehra et al, 1996, 1998; Wespes et al, 1997, 1998). A cikin jiki daga mutane tare da ED, ƙwayar ƙazanta mai tsinkewa da kwayoyin halittu da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin glycogen da ƙananan mitochondria wanda aka tara a cikin sel. Nuni ya nuna siffar nauyin nauyin kwayar halitta da maɓallin cell-cell wanda ya rage ko ya shafe. Wadannan nazarin sun nuna cewa abun ciki na collagen (misali, kayan haɗi) ba tare da haɗuwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cututtuka na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cututtuka na penile fibroelastic, rage rashin amincewa, da kuma sakamakon rage rage jini, wanda ya haifar da dysfunction kafactile (Persson et al, 1989; Mersdorf et al, 1991).

Androgens Yi Daidaita bambanci na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Kwayoyin Into Into Trabecular Muscle Muscle

Rashin ciwon haɗari a cikin samfurin dabba ya haifar da haɗuwa da adipocytes a cikin takalmin penile, musamman a cikin subtitleregion (Traish et al, 2005). Testosterone sauyawa backnormal cavernosal tarihin bayyanar. Wadanda aka lura da su sun danganta da raguwar ƙwayar intracavernosal pelvic jijiyar jiki. Mu da wasu sun lura cewa tarawar adipocytes a cikin jikin penile na masu ciwon sukari (Traish da Kim 2005; Kovanecz et al, 2006). Saboda ciwon sukari yana haɗuwa da rage yawan hawan da ake amfani da su, kuma yana iya cewa haɗarin adipocytes yana haifar da asarar magungunan yin amfani da magungunan hawan ma'adinan. Hakazalika, kula da dabbobin maza da bisphenol A, wanda shine sananne yana da aikin estrogenic, kuma ya haifar da tara adipocytes a cikin jikin cavernosa (Moon et al, 2001, 2004) .Wannan ya nuna cewa estrogens na iya ƙila da kuma yin amfani da sinadarin inrogene na corpus cavernosum kuma ya haifar da bambancin jinsin kwayoyin halitta zuwa adipocytes. Goyal et al (2005a,b; 2007a,b) sun nuna cewa maganin dabbobin 2 da dabbobin estrogens sun haifar da rage matakan plasma testosterone da kuma tarawa na adipocytes a cikin jikin mutum mai girma. Bhasin et al (2003) ya nuna cewa androgens na rarrabe bambancin kwayoyin halitta masu jigilar jini a cikin ƙwayar tsohuwar tsoka da kuma hana bambancin cikin adipocytes. Wannan jaddadawa ya kara goyan baya bayan binciken da Singh et al (2003, 2006), wanda ya nuna cewa bambanci na pluripotentcells cikin tsoka tsoka da hanawa adipogenesis areandrogen-dependent. Mun tsara wannan rukuni na adipocytesin da ke dubawa a tsakanin tunica albuginea da kuma jikin cavernosal na iya taimakawa wajen rashin cin hanci.

Androgens Ka ci gaba da Tsarin Endothelial Tsakanin da Yanayi

An tabbatar da cewa tsohuwar endothelium modulatescorpus cavernosum m sakon tsohuwar jiki ta hanyar samar da nau'o'in NOparaprin, irin su prostaglandins, endothelin, platelet-derivedgrowth factor, da kuma canza factor factor β1 [TGF-β1] (Moreland, 2000; Bivalacqua et al, 2003, 2005; Solomon et al, 2003; Guay 2005, 2007; Musicki da Burnett, 2007; Watts et al, 2007) .Ya zagi tsofaffin cututtuka (watau ischemia, hypoxia, da arteriosclerosis) na iya haifar da ƙãra ko ƙananan abubuwa na paracrin, wanda ya canza aikin kuma yayi girma da ƙwayoyin tsoka mai tsoka (Moreland, 2000). Wani bincike na baya-bayan daLu et al (2007) ya nuna cewa rashawa na asrogene ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa 5Rashin maganin magungunan -reductase ya haifar da lalacewa ga endotheliumructure, kamar yadda ƙananan microscopy ya ƙaddara. Duka endothelumfrom cikin dabbobi mara kyau suna nuna sassaukaka tare da fasali na al'ada. Endothelium daga dabbobin da aka yi wa dabbobi suna da mahimmanci kuma sun nuna cewa sun kasance ba daidai ba ne. Sunayen lambobin salula sun canza kuma sun yarda da jinin jini zuwa surface of endothelium. Gudanar da testosterone a cikin dabbobin da aka jefa a cikin sashi sun sake tabbatar da mutuncin endothelialstructural, tare da ƙananan raunuka da suka kasance masu lura. Bayanan da aka samu daga wannan binciken sun nuna cewa cututtukan asrogene na lalacewa da kuma cututtuka na asibiti. Akishitaet al (2007) ya ruwaito cewa, a cikin 187 a jere namiji wanda ke kula da ƙwayoyin cutar ta hanyar amfani da ultrasonography, duka da freetestosterone an hade da haɓaka da kashi FM. Wannan daidaituwa ya kasance mai zaman kanta na tsufa, labarun jiki, hauhawar jini, hyperlipidemia, ciwon sukari, da kuma shan taba, bada shawara na kare lafiyar testosterone a kan endothelium.

Sabuntawa ko gyaggyarawar rauni na endothelial ya dogara, a wani ɓangare, a kan wani tafkin wadanda ba a ba da haihuwa ba (Kwamfutar PC) da kuma girma da ke rarraba kwayoyin halitta na endothelial (EPCs) .Foresta et al (2006, 2008) bincika sakamakon farfadowa mai tsawo tsawon lokaci a cikin maza da hypogonadotropic hypogonadismon PCs da EPCs. Mawallafa sun ba da shawarar cewa marasa lafiya na hypogonadal sun rage matakan PC da EPCs da kuma cewa testosterone farfadowa ne a cikin karuwa mai yawa a cikin wadannan kwayoyin halitta. Mawallafin sun ƙin cewa hypogonadism yana hade da ƙananan lambobi masu rarraba PC da EPCs. Ƙara yawan haɓakawa, ƙaura, da kuma aiki na cibiyoyin mallaka na EPC da aka samo asali ta hanyar androgens shine hanya ta hanyar AR (Foresta et al, 2008).

Muna ba da shawara cewa cututtuka na toendothelial rauni da cututtukan cututtukan inrogene suna cike da gabar jiki na azzakari da ƙaddamar da TGF-β1, endothelin, da kuma kwangila, amma yana rage NO. Sakamakon irin wannan ilimin halitta zuwa ga endothelium zai haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsoffin muscle phenotype, wanda ke haifar da ƙara yawan ƙararryularmatrix (fibrosis), tantanin kwayoyin halitta, da kuma tantance kwayoyin halitta (hypoplasia). Fibrosis, sabili da haka, na iya bayar da gudunmawar kwangila da kuma rage biyan kuɗi (kamar yadda aka ƙaddara), wanda zai haifar dasfunctional vasculogenic.

Androgens Maintain Tunica Albuginea Tsarin Ɗaukaka da Haɗaka Tashi Matrix Fibroelastic Properties

Shen et al (2003) ya nuna, a cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe, wani abu mai muhimmanci a cikin kauri na maida albuginea lokacin da aka kwatanta da dabbobi mara kyau. A cikin dabbobin da ba su da kullun, tunisia yana da nau'ikan kwalliya mai laushi, da kuma gine-gine na irin waɗannan nau'o'in alamu na yau da kullum. Ya bambanta, dabbobin da aka yi wa dabbobi da aka yi wa albuginafrom sun nuna rageccen nauyin ƙwayoyin filasta da kuma maye gurbin waɗannan zarutun da collagen. Mawallafa sunce cewa androgens ba wajibi ne don tabbatarwa na al'ada na penile tunica albuginea.

Ablation ta hanyar cututtuka ta hanyar simintin gyare-gyare a cikin dabbobin dabba ya haifar da haɓaka a cikin matakan haɓaka, tare da haɗuwa a cikin ƙwayar ƙarancin jiki ta hanyar jigilar nama ta hanyar 2-fold (foldX-fold)Takahashi et al, 1991; Traish et al, 1999, 2003) .Wannan raguwa a cikin nama fibroelastic Properties compromisespenile nama yarda da kuma attenuates penile hemodynamics, sakamakon shi nectile dysfunction (Wespes et al, 1990, 1991; Jevtich, 1991; Nehra et al, 1996). Yawancin nazarin sun nuna cewa androgens suna tsara matakan karin bayani ta hanyar furta abubuwan haɓaka (Natoli et al, 2005). Wannan, duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a cikin jikin penile. Ragewa a cikin ƙananan filasta da kuma canje-canje a cikin siffofin microscopic na iya samar da gudunmawa ta hanyar ɓarna ta hanyar ɓarna aikin da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙwayar albaginea (Gentile et al, 1996; Akkus et al, 1997) .Barin binciken binciken da ya faru ya haifar da sake sabuntawa a cikin mazajen da ke da lahani wanda aka danganta ga cin zarafi bayan maganin magunguna (Yassin et al, 2006; Kurbatov et al, 2008a,b). Wadannan bayanan sun nuna cewa androgensplay wani rawar da zai taka wajen kiyaye gine-ginen kayan gini.

Summary da Karshe

Akwai wata hujja mai mahimmancin shaida, yana nuna cewa tsarin da ke aiki da cututtukan penile, vascularendothelium, muscle mai laushi, mai jigilar kayan aiki, da kuma albuginea tunisia. Bugu da ƙari, androgens na rarraba kwayoyin halitta daban-daban zuwa cikin tsoka da ƙananan tsofaffin ƙwayoyin jiki da kuma hana haɗin kai cikin adipocytes. A cikin 'yan adam, insocin haɓalin inrogene kanta a cikin asibiti na asibiti, kamar 1) rashin asarar ci gaba da azabar azzakari da 2) na masu aiki marasa lafiya wanda ke da ciwo mai karuwanci ko kuma karuwanci mai karfin jini tare da likita ko ƙwarewa ko antiandrogentherapy. Amfani da inganci a cikin marasa lafiya na hypogonadal. Wadannan maganin asibiti, tare da cikakkun bayanai, sun bayar da shawarar cewa testosterone mayar da jiki tsarin abubuwa da inganta penile hemodynamics.

 

Duba hanyar da yafi girma (18K): [a wannan taga] [a cikin sabon taga]      Hoto 3. Hanyoyin da ake yi tsakanin aikin hawan daji da kuma tsarin, hormonal, neural, da kuma aiki na rayuwa na penile. Wannan tsarin ya nuna cewa aiki marar aiki shine tsari mai hadari wanda ke buƙatar daidaitattun dabi'u, tsarin, da kuma ƙwayar hanyoyi masu maƙasudin. Nau'in launi samuwa a kan layi a www.andrologyjournal.org.

 

A takaice dai, androgens suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye gine-gine na erectiletissue (Figure 3), da kuma tsarin ilimin lissafi ta hanyar gyare-gyaren penile da kuma tsarin tsarin gaskiyar tsoka, endothelium, da kuma jigilar kayan aiki, da kuma hanyoyi masu sa ido da kuma hanyoyi.

Acknowledgments

Wannan ma'aikatar ta goyi bayan ma'aikatar ilimin kimiyya da ilmin kimiyya, Jami'ar Ma'aikatar Medicine na Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.

Ƙarin bayani

Wannan takarda ta dogara ne akan gabatarwa a Taron Musamman na Afrilu 12, 2008, "Dabarun Magunguna don Kiwon Lafiyar Jima'i na Jima'i," wanda ke hade da American Societyof Andrology Annual Meeting, wanda marubucin mai gabatarwa ya karɓi kyautar girmamawa.

Dr Traish yana da shawara da / ko kudi tare da Bayer AG.

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