Ƙananan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun D2 masu haɗin kai an haɗa su da haɗin gwiwar gabas na gaba a Obese Abubuwan da suka shafi: Matsaloli masu gudummawa (2008)

CIKIN SAUKI: Doarancin Dopamine Striatal D2 Masu karɓa Suna Haɗaka Tare da Tsarin Harkokin Tsarin Harkokin Kiɗa a cikin Abubuwan Obese: Matsaloli Masu Ba da Gudummawa

Neuroimage. 2008 Oktoba 1; 42 (4): 1537 – 1543.
An buga layi akan layi 2008 Yuni 13. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2008.06.002.

Nora D. Volkow, ab * Gene-Jack Wang, c Frank Telang, b Joanna S. Fowler, c Panayotis K. Thanos, Jean Logan, c David Alexoff, c Yu-Shin Ding, d Christopher Wong, c Yeming Ma, b da Kith Pradhanc
wata Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna ta Kasa, Bethesda MD 20892, Amurka
b Cibiyar National on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda MD 20892, Amurka
c Sashen Kula da Lafiya na Jami'ar Brookhaven na Kasa, Upton NY 11973, Amurka
d Sashen Ciwon Rediyon Cutar Bincike, Makarantar Jami'ar Yale ta Sabuntawar Haven, CT 06520-8042, Amurka
* Marubuci mai ba da amsa. Cibiyar Nazari ta Kasa game da Zagin Magunguna, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892, Amurka. Fax: + 1 301 443 9127. Adireshin e-mail: Imel: [email kariya] , Imel: [email kariya] (ND Volkow).

Abstract

Matsayin Dopamine a cikin hana mai hanawa sananne ne kuma rikicewar sa na iya taimakawa ga rikicewar halayyar rashin kulawa kamar kiba. Koyaya, ma'anar hanyar da nakasa kwayar cutar neurotransmission ta katsewa tare da hana sarrafawa ba a fahimta da kyau. Mun riga mun yi rubuce rubuce akan raguwar masu karban dopamine D2 a cikin batutuwa masu kiba. Don tantancewa idan raguwa a cikin masu karɓa na Dopamine D2 suna da alaƙa da aiki a cikin yankuna kwakwalwa na farko waɗanda ke cikin sarrafawar hanawa mun tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin samuwar mai karɓar dopamine D2 a cikin mahaifa tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (alama ce ta aikin kwakwalwa) a cikin batutuwa masu kiba iri goma (BMI> 40 kg / m2) kuma idan aka kwatanta shi da hakan a cikin sarrafawar mara kiba goma sha biyu. An yi amfani da PET tare da [11C] raclopride don tantance masu karɓar D2 kuma tare da [18F] FDG don tantance ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar yanki. A cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci masu karɓar mai karɓar D2 sun kasance ƙasa da iko kuma an haɗa su da kyau tare da haɓakawa a gaban gaba, medial orbitofrontal, gyrus cingulate gyrus da somatosensory cortices. A cikin haɗin sarrafawa tare da haɓakar haɓaka na farko ba shi da mahimmanci amma kwatancen waɗanda ke cikin batutuwa masu kiba ba su da mahimmanci, wanda ba ya ba da izinin sanya ƙungiyoyi a matsayin na musamman ga kiba. Associationsungiyoyi tsakanin masu karɓar D2 masu rauni da haɓakawa na farko a cikin batutuwa masu kiba sun nuna cewa raguwa a cikin masu karɓa na D2 na iya ba da gudummawa ga cin abinci fiye da kima ta hanyar sauya hanyoyin hanyoyin gaba na gaba, waɗanda ke shiga cikin ikon hanawa da haɓaka jin daɗi. Haɗin kai tsakanin masu karɓa na D2 mai rauni da kuma motsa jiki a cikin cortices na somatosensory (yankuna da ke aiwatar da haɓaka) na iya ƙaddamar da ɗayan hanyoyin ta hanyar da dopamine ke tsara abubuwan ƙarfafa abinci.

Keywords: Orbitofrontal cortex, Cingulate gyrus, Dorsolateral prefrontal, masu safarar Dopamine, Raclopride, PET

Thearuwar ƙwayar kiba da cututtukan haɗi na jiki da aka gani a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata sun tayar da damuwa cewa idan ba a sarrafa wannan ba na iya zama lambar farko da za'a iya hana barazanar lafiyar jama'a ga karni na 21st (Sturm, 2002). Kodayake dalilai da yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan haɓakar kiba da karuwa a cikin bambancin da damar abinci mai ban sha'awa ba za a iya yin ƙima ba (Wardle, 2007). Tun da wadatar abinci da iri-iri suna kara saurin hana abinci (duba Wardle, 2007) saukin sauƙin abinci mai jan hankali yana buƙatar buƙata akai-akai don hana sha'awar cin shi (Berthoud, 2007). Matsayin da mutane suka bambanta da ikon hana waɗannan martani da sarrafa yawan abin da suke ci yana iya canza haɗarin su don wuce gona da iri a cikin yanayin abinci na yanzu (Berthoud, 2007).

Mun nuna cewa a cikin mutane masu koshin lafiya D2 mai karɓar rashi a cikin yanayin yanayin daidaita yanayin cin abinci (Volkow et al., 2003). Musamman halayyar da za a ci lokacin da aka nuna shi ga motsin zuciyar mara kyau an haɗa shi da rashi mai karɓar D2 mai karɓa (ƙananan masu karɓar D2 mafi girma da alama da mutum zai ci idan an matsa masa a rai). Bugu da kari, a wani bincike na daban, mun nuna cewa batutuwa masu kiba mara nauyi (BMI> 40) suna da kasa da ingancin karɓar D2 na al'ada kuma waɗannan ragi sun kasance daidai da BMI ɗin su (Wang et al., 2001). Wadannan binciken sun haifar mana da haɓaka cewa ƙarancin karɓar D2 mai karɓa na iya sanya mutum cikin haɗari don wuce gona da iri. A zahiri wannan ya yi daidai da binciken da ya nuna cewa toshe masu karɓar D2 (magungunan antipsychotic) yana ƙara yawan abincin kuma yana haɓaka haɗarin kiba (Allison et al., 1999). Koyaya hanyoyin da karancin masu karɓar D2 suke ƙaruwa da haɗarin wuce gona da iri ba su da fahimta.

Kwanan nan an nuna cewa a cikin kyawawan sarrafa polymorphisms a cikin kwayar mai karɓar D2 an haɗu da matakan halayyar hana sarrafawa (Klein et al., 2007). Musamman, mutanen da ke da bambancin kwayar halitta wanda ke haɗuwa da ƙananan maganganun D2 ba su da ikon hanawa fiye da mutane tare da bambancin kwayar halittar da ke haɗuwa da haɓakar mai karɓar D2 mafi girma kuma waɗannan halayen halayyar suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance a cikin kunnawa na cingulate gyrus (CG) da kuma gaban goshi na gaba cortex (DLPFC), waxanda suke yankuna masu kwakwalwa wadanda suke da alaƙa da abubuwa da yawa na sarrafawar hanawa (Dalley et al., 2004). Wannan ya sa mu sake tunani game da yiwuwar cewa mafi girman haɗarin cin abinci fiye da kima a cikin batutuwa tare da ƙarancin mai karɓar mai karɓar D2 na iya kasancewa ta hanyar ƙa'idodin DA na DLPFC da yankuna na gaba na tsakiya, waɗanda aka nuna don shiga cikin hana hana halayen halayen rashin dacewa (Mesulam) , 1985; Le Doux, 1987; Goldstein da Volkow, 2002). Don haka muka gudanar da bincike na biyu kan bayanai daga batutuwan da aka ɗauka a baya a matsayin wani ɓangare na karatu don kimanta canje-canje a cikin masu karɓar D2 (Wang et al., 2001) da kuma ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin kiba (Wang et al., 2002) da bayanai daga tsufa yayi daidai da sarrafawa. Tunaninmu na aiki shine cewa samun mai karɓar D2 a cikin batutuwa masu kiba zai haɗu da rikicewar aiki a yankuna na gaba.

Don wannan binciken an tantance batutuwa masu ƙyalƙyali da abubuwan da ba su da kiba tare da Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tare da haɗin gwiwar [11C] raclopride don auna masu karɓar DA D2 (Volkow et al., 1993a) kuma tare da [18F] FDG don auna kwakwalwa metabolism na glucose (Wang et al., 1992). Muna hypothesized cewa masu karɓar DA D2 za a danganta su da metabolism a cikin yankuna prefrontal (DLPFC, CG da orbitofrontal cortex).

Hanyar

batutuwa
Batutuwa masu kiba goma (5 mata da maza 5, yana nufin shekaru 35.9 ± 10) tare da matsakaicin jiki (BMI: nauyi a cikin kilogram wanda aka raba shi da murabba'in tsayinsa a mita) na 51 ± 5 kg / m2 an zaɓi daga wurin wanka na batutuwa masu kiba waɗanda suka amsa talla. Batutuwa goma sha biyu (mata 6 da maza 6, suna nufin shekaru 33.2 ± 8) tare da BMI mai mahimmanci na 25 ± 3 kg / m2 an zaɓi don kwatancen. An bincika mahalarta a hankali tare da cikakken tarihin likita, gwajin jiki da na jijiyoyin jiki, EKG, gwajin jini na yau da kullun, da toxicology na fitsari don magungunan psychotropic don tabbatar da sun cika ƙa'idodin haɗuwa da cirewa. Abubuwan haɓakawa sun kasance: 1) ikon fahimta da bayar da sanarwar izini; 2) BMI> 40 kg / m2 don batutuwa masu kiba da BMI <30 kg / m2 don kwatancen kwatancen da 3) 20-55 shekarunsu. Ka'idodin keɓewa sune: (1) na yanzu ko na baya da tabin hankali da / ko cutar jijiyoyi, (2) rauni na kai tare da ɓoyewar hankali sama da 30 min, (3) hauhawar jini, ciwon sukari da kuma yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda zai iya canza aikin kwakwalwa, (4) amfani na magungunan maye ko hanyoyin tiyata don asarar nauyi a cikin watanni 6 da suka gabata, (5) shan magani (s) a cikin makonni 4 da suka gabata, (6) tarihin barasa ko shan miyagun ƙwayoyi na baya ko na yanzu (gami da shan sigari). An umurci batutuwa da su dakatar da duk wani magani na kan-kan-kan ko karin kayan abinci mai gina jiki mako 1 kafin binciken. An yi gwajin gwajin fitsari kafin a tabbatar da rashin amfani da kwayoyi masu sa kuzari. An samo sahihan bayanan da aka sanya hannu daga batutuwan kafin shiga kamar yadda Kwamitin Nazarin Ma’aikata ya amince da shi a Brookhaven National Laboratory. PET hotuna
An yi binciken PET tare da CTI-931 (Kayan Komfuta na Komputa, Incorporated, Knoxville, Tenn.) Tomograph (ƙuduri 6 × 6 × 6.5 mm FWHM, yanka 15) tare da [11C] raclopride da [18F] FDG. Cikakkun bayanai game da hanyoyin sanyawa, sautsi da katsewa a cikin gida, bayyanar siginar rediyo da watsawa da watsiwar iska saboda [11C] raclopride (Volkow et al., 1993a), kuma don [18F] FDG (Wang et al., 1992) . A takaice don [11C] raclopride, an fara gwajin tsauraran kai tsaye bayan iv allurar 4 – 10 mCi (takamaiman aiki> 0.25 Ci / μmol a lokacin allura) na jimillar 60 min. Don [18F] FDG, an dauki hoton ɓoye ɓoye (20 min) 35 min bayan an yi allurar iv na 4 – 6 mCi na [18F] FDG. An yi gyaran fuska a wannan rana. an yi binciken [11C] raclopride scan da farko kuma an bi shi da [18F] FDG, wanda aka allurar 2 h bayan [11C] raclopride don ba da izinin lalata 11C (rabin-rayuwar 20 min). A yayin nazarin abubuwan an ci gaba da kwance a cikin kyamarar PET tare da idanunsu a buɗe; an cika dakin da wuta kuma ana kiyaye amo a ƙarancin yanayi. Wani ma'aikacin jinya ya kasance tare da batutuwa a duk lokacin aikin don tabbatar da cewa batun bai yi barci ba yayin binciken.

Hoto da nazarin bayanai
Yankunan sha'awa (ROI) a cikin hotunan [11C] raclopride an samo su ne don striatum (caudate da putamen) da kuma na cerebellum. An zaɓi ROI da farko a kan madaidaicin gwaji (aiki daga 10 – 60 min don [11C] raclopride), sannan kuma an ƙaddara shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya (Volkow et al., 1993a). An yi amfani da lokutan ayyuka na [11C] raclopride a striatum, da cerebellum da kuma lokutan ayyukan masu canzawa a cikin plasma don yin lissafin ƙididdigar rarraba (DV) ta amfani da dabarun bincike na hoto don tsarin da za'a iya juyawa (Shirye-shiryen Logan) (Logan et al ., 1990). Bimax Bmax / Kd, wanda aka samu a matsayin rabo na DV a cikin mahaɗa ga wancan a cikin cerebellum (DVstriatum / DVcerebellum) ramin 1, an yi amfani dashi azaman misallan samfurin DA D2 mai karɓa na samu. Wannan sigar ba ta da damuwa ga canje-canje a cikin gudanawar ƙwayar cerebral (Logan et al., 1994).

Don tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin samuwar mai karɓar D2 da haɓakar glucose na kwakwalwa mun ƙididdige alaƙar ta amfani da Taswirar Parametric (SPM) (Friston et al., 1995). Sakamakon SPM kuma an tabbatar da shi tare da yankuna masu sha'awa (ROI); wato, yankunan da aka samo ta amfani da samfuri waɗanda ba su jagoranci ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar da aka samu daga SPM ba. Don nazarin SPM hotunan matakan rayuwa an daidaita su ta hanyar amfani da samfurin da aka bayar a cikin kunshin SPM 99 kuma daga baya an daidaita su tare da 16mm isotropic kernel Gaussian. An saita mahimmanci ga haɗin kai a P<0.005 (ba a gyara ba, 100 voxels) kuma an rufe taswirar ƙididdiga akan hoton tsarin MRI. Don nazarin ROI mun fitar da yankuna ta amfani da samfuri, wanda muka buga a baya (Wang et al., 1992). Daga cikin wannan samfurin mun zaɓi ROIs don medial da na gefe orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), gyrus cingulate gyrus (CG) da kuma dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) wanda muka ɗauka "a priori" ƙungiya tare da masu karɓar DA D2, ROIs don caudate da putamen, waɗanda sune ma'auni ROIs2, kuma stria sun kasance masu karɓa na ROIs2. (somatosensory cortex da angular gyrus), na wucin gadi (mafi girma da na baya na gyri da hippocampus), da kuma cortices na occipital, thalamus da cerebellum, waɗanda aka zaɓa azaman tsaka tsaki ROIs. An gudanar da nazarin daidaiton samfuran Pearson tsakanin kasancewar mai karɓar D2 a cikin striatum da matakan rayuwa na yanki. Matsayi mai mahimmanci don haɗin kai tsakanin masu karɓar D0.01 da metabolism na yanki daga ROI an saita shi a P <0.05 kuma ana ba da rahoton ƙimar P<0.05 azaman abubuwan da ke faruwa. An gwada bambance-bambance a cikin alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ta amfani da gwajin gabaɗaya na daidaituwa don sake dawowa kuma an saita mahimmanci a P<XNUMX.

results

Ma'aunin wadataccen mai karɓar D2 mai karɓa (Bmax / Kd) ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa sosai a cikin batutuwa masu kiba fiye da waɗanda ba a sarrafa su ba (2.72 ± 0.5 da 3.14 ± 0.40, Student t gwaji = 2.2, P <0.05). Binciken SPM da aka yi akan batutuwa masu kiba don tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin samuwar mai karɓar D2 da haɓakar glucose na kwakwalwar yanki ya nuna yana da mahimmanci a cikin gungu na 4 waɗanda ke tsakiya a cikin (1) hagu da dama prefrontal (BA 9), CG (BA 32) da hagu na orbitofrontal cortices (BA 45): (2) hagu da dama prefrontal); (BA 10). (3) gyrus cingulate ventral (BA 25) da medial orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11); da (4) dama na somatosensory cortex (BA 1, 2 da 3) (Fig. 1, Table 1). Hoto na 1 Taswirar kwakwalwa da aka samu tare da SPM suna nuna wuraren da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kasancewar mai karɓar mai karɓa na D2 mai mahimmanci da metabolism na glucose na kwakwalwa yana da mahimmanci. Muhimmanci yayi daidai da P<0.005, ba a gyara ba, girman gungu>100 voxels.

Table 1
Yankunan kwakwalwa inda SPM ya bayyana mahimmanci (P <0.005) alaƙa tsakanin striatal D2 samuwar mai karɓa da glucose metabolism Wani bincike mai zaman kansa don alaƙa tsakanin samuwar mai karɓar DA D2 a cikin striatum da matakan rayuwa da aka samo ta amfani da ROI ya tabbatar da binciken SPM. Wannan bincike ya nuna cewa alaƙar sun kasance masu mahimmanci a cikin hagu da dama DLPFC (daidai da BA 9 da 10), CG na baya (daidai da BA 32 da 25) da kuma cortex na orbitofrontal na tsakiya (medial BA 11). Har ila yau, ya tabbatar da mahimmancin haɗin gwiwa tare da madaidaicin somatosensory cortex (bayan tsakiya na parietal cortex) (Table 2, Fig. 2). Tebur 2 Daidaita daidaituwa (ƙimar r) da matakan mahimmanci (ƙimar P) don daidaitawa tsakanin matakan striatal DA D2 samuwar mai karɓar mai karɓa (Bmax / Kd) da metabolism na kwakwalwar yanki a cikin batutuwa masu kiba kuma a cikin sarrafa hoto. yankuna da kuma a cikin cortex na somatosensory. Ana nuna dabi'u don waɗannan haɗin gwiwar a cikin Table 2. Bugu da ƙari, bincike ta amfani da ROI kuma ya nuna mahimmancin dangantaka tare da hagu na somatosensory cortex kuma ya nuna wani yanayi a cikin gyrus angular dama da caudate dama (Table 2, Fig. 100). Haɗin kai tare da sauran cortical (occipital, na wucin gadi da na gefe orbitofrontal cortex), subcortical (thalamus, striatum) da yankunan cerebellar ba su da mahimmanci. Sabanin haka, a cikin sarrafawar binciken binciken ROI ya nuna cewa kawai muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin kasancewar mai karɓar D2 da metabolism yana cikin gyrus na tsakiya na hagu. Akwai yanayi don daidaitawa a cikin kogin orbitofrontal na gefen dama da kuma cikin gyrus na kusurwar dama.

tattaunawa

Anan mun nuna cewa a cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwaƙwalwar DA DA D2 mai karɓa yana da alaƙa da aiki na rayuwa a cikin yankuna prefrontal (DLPFC, cortex medial orbitofrontal da gaban CG). Duk waɗannan yankuna suna da tasiri a cikin sarrafa amfani da abinci da kuma a cikin hyperphagia na mutane masu kiba (Tataranni et al., 1999, Tataranni da DelParigi, 2003). Hakanan muna nuna muhimmiyar hulɗa tare da metabolism a cikin somatosensory cortex (cortices postaryral cortices) wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci duka a cikin kiba da kuma a cikin sarrafawar rashin kiba (yankuna na hagu). Ganin cewa munyi nazarin lamuran da yankuna na gaba shine haɗuwa tare da haɗin gwiwar somatosensory wani bincike ne wanda ba'a zata ba.

Ungiyar tsakanin masu karɓar D2 da metabolism metabolism

Babban haɗin tsakanin masu karɓar masu karɓar D2 da metabolism a cikin yankuna prefrontal ya yi daidai da bincikenmu na baya a cikin batutuwa masu shan kwayoyi (cocaine, methamphetamine da barasa) a cikin wanda muka nuna cewa raguwa a cikin masu karɓar D2 an danganta su da rage yawan metabolism a cikin yankuna na prertalal cortical ( Volkow et al., 1993b; Volkow et al., 2001; Volkow et al., 2007). Hakazalika a cikin daidaikun mutane a cikin haɗarin iyali don haɗari na barasa mun tattara haɗin tsakanin kasancewawar mai karɓar D2 da metabolism metabolism (Volkow et al., 2006). Dukansu kiba da jaraba suna da alaƙa da rashin iya kamewa duk da sanin illolin sa. Tunda yankuna na farko suna da hannu a cikin abubuwa daban-daban na sarrafawa mai hanawa (Dalley et al., 2004) muna sanarwa cewa ƙananan mai karɓar mai karɓar D2 a cikin batutuwan masu kiba (Wang et al., 2001) kuma a cikin ƙananan nau'ikan kiba (Hamdi et al., 1992; Huang et al., 2006; Thanos et al., 2008) na iya ba da gudummawa ga kiba ta wani ɓangare ta hanyar sauya yanayin DA na yankuna na gaba waɗanda ke shiga cikin ikon hanawa.

Abubuwan da aka samo sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa dopaminergic na ka'idojin yankuna na prefrontal kamar yadda ya danganta da haɗarin kiba yana iya yin tunani a cikin masu karɓar D2. Wannan ya yi daidai da nazarin kwayoyin, wanda ya danganta musamman tsarin karɓa mai karɓar D2 (TAQ-IA polymorphism), a matsayin ɗayan da ke da rauni ga kiba (Fang et al., 2005; Pohjalainen et al., 1998; Bowirrat da Oscar- Berman, 2005). Bugu da ƙari, polymorphism na TAQ-IA, wanda ya bayyana yana haifar da ƙananan matakan karɓar D2 a cikin kwakwalwa (striatum) (Ritchie da Noble, 2003; Pohjalainen et al., 1998; Jonsson et al., 1999) an gano kwanan nan suna da alaƙa da rage ikon hana halayyar da ke haifar da sakamako mara kyau kuma tare da raunin aiki na yankuna yankuna na farko (Klein et al., 2007). Hakanan nazarin da aka yi daidai ya nuna cewa dabbobin da ke da ƙananan matakan D2 masu karɓar ratsa jiki sun fi tasiri fiye da takwarorinsu na gado tare da manyan matakan karɓar D2 (Dalley et al., 2007). Don haka binciken daga bincikenmu ya ba da ƙarin tabbaci cewa ƙungiyar masu karɓar D2 tare da kula da inhibitory tare da motsawa ana shiga tsakani a sashi ta hanyar daidaita yanayin yankuna na farkon. A cikin wannan girmamawa yana da kyau a lura cewa nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ya ba da rahoton rage yawan ƙananan launin toka a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin tsufa idan aka kwatanta da daidaikun mutane (Pannacciulli et al., 2006).

Associationungiyar tsakanin masu karɓar D2 da DLPFC tana da ban sha'awa sosai tun da yake wannan yanki kwanan nan yana da hannu cikin hana ayyukan niyya (Brass da Haggard, 2007). Shaidar cewa aikin neuronal ya kasance kafin sanin mutum game da niyya ta 200-500 ms (Libet et al., 1983), ya sa wasu yin tambaya game da batun “'yancin zabi" a bayan ayyukan ganganci da kuma gabatar da cewa ikon yana nuna ikon hana ayyukan da ba mu so. Tabbas, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan ikon na veto ko “kyauta ba” zai iya kasancewa hanyar da muke bi ne don neman ‘yancin zabi (Mirabella, 2007). Dangane da kiba mutum na iya yin posting cewa bayyanar da abinci ko alamomin abinci zai haifar da ba da son rai ba na tsarin jijiyoyin jiki waɗanda ke cikin saye da cin abincin kuma ikon sarrafawa yana nuna ikon hana waɗannan ayyukan niyya don son ci abincin. Mutum na iya yin tunanin yadda rashin aikin DLPFC yake, wanda ke hana ayyukan da ke haifar da sakamako mara kyau, kamar cin abinci lokacin da ba mu jin daɗi saboda ba mu son yin nauyi, zai iya haifar da wuce gona da iri. Binciken binciken yana nuna raguwa sosai a cikin kunnawa na DLPFC bayan cin abinci a cikin abubuwan da suka fi ƙoshin lafiya fiye da na jingina da ke tallafawa wannan hasashe (Le et al., 2006).

Associationungiyar tsakanin wadatar mai karɓa na D2 da kuma cortex na medial orbitofrontal (OFC) da na gaban CG sun yi daidai da shigarsu cikin ƙa'idar ci abinci (Pliquett et al., 2006). Akwai hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda mutum zai ba da shawara wanda ya lalata aikin dopaminergic na OFC kuma CG na iya ƙara haɗarin haɗarin haɗari.

Tsarin tsakiya na OFC ya ƙunshi halayen salience ciki har da ƙimar abinci (Rolls da McCabe, 2007; Grabenhorst et al., 2007; Tremblay da Schultz, 1999) kuma don haka yunƙurinsa na sakandare zuwa yunƙurin abinci na DA zai iya haifar da mummunan motsawa don cinye abinci tare da rashin daidaituwa don hana shi. Haka kuma, saboda rushewa a cikin ayyukan OfC yana haifar da nakasa a cikin koma baya na ƙungiyoyi da aka koya lokacin da aka rage mai ƙarfafa ƙarfi (Gallagher et al., 1999) wannan na iya haifar da ci gaba yayin da darajar abinci ta ragu da ƙima kuma yana iya bayani me yasa lalacewar OFC yana da alaƙa da halayen tilastawa ciki har da yawan damuwa (Butter et al., 1963, Johnson, 1971). Hakanan OFC ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu karfafawa na karfafawa da kwaskwarima (Schoenbaum et al., 1998, Hugdahl et al., 1995) kuma saboda haka suna iya shiga cikin yanayin da aka samo asali (Weingarten, 1983). Wannan ya dace saboda martanin da ake haifar da yanayin abinci da ƙila tabbas zai taimaka ga yawan damuwa ba tare da la'akari da alamun jin yunwa ba (Ogden da Wardle, 1990).

Dorsal CG (BA 32) yana haifar da ikon sarrafawa cikin yanayi wanda ke buƙatar saka idanu akan ayyukan kuma don haka lalacewarsa tare da na DLPFC wanda yake hulɗa da shi (Gehring da Knight 2000) yana iya kara ɓarna ƙarfin ikon mutum mai kiba to hana halayyar wuce gona da iri. CG na ventral CG (BA 25) yana cikin matsakaici don daidaitawa da motsin motsin zuciyarmu game da motsawar motsa jiki (sakamako mai ban sha'awa da kuma juya baya) (Elliott et al., 2000) da kuma nazarin bincike sun nuna cewa BA 25 tana kunnawa ta hanyar ladan halitta da magunguna (Breiter et al., 1997, Francis et al., 1999; Berns et al., 2001). Don haka ƙungiyar mara kyau tsakanin masu karɓar D2 da kuma halin da za su ci lokacin da aka fallasa su ga motsin rai mara kyau da muka bayar da rahoton a cikin sarrafawar lafiya (Volkow et al., 2003) za a iya sulhunta shi ta hanyar sauyawar BA 25.

Haɗin tsakanin aiki na rayuwa a cikin yankuna na farkon da masu karɓar D2 na iya yin tunani game da tsinkaye zuwa ga prefrontal cortex daga ventral da dorsal striatum (Ray da Farashi, 1993), waɗanda yankuna ne ke tasiri a cikin ƙarfafawa da tasirin abinci (Koob da Bloom, 1988) da / ko daga yankin yanki ventral tegmental (VTA) da substantia nigra (SN), waɗanda sune manyan maganganun DA don tsinkaye (Oades da Halliday, 1987). Koyaya, cortex na prefrontal kuma yana aika tsinkaye zuwa ga mahaɗa don ƙungiyar ta iya yin daidai da ƙa'idar prefrontal na aikin DA striatal (Murase et al., 1993).

A cikin rashin daidaituwa na sarrafawa tsakanin daidaitawar mai karɓar D2 da metabolism metabolism ba su da mahimmanci. A cikin binciken da muka gabata mun nuna muhimmiyar hulɗa tsakanin mai karɓar D2 da metabolism na metabolism a cikin abubuwan da aka kara tare da ƙarancin karɓar D2 amma ba cikin sarrafawa ba (Volkow et al., 2007)Koyaya, kwatanta daidaituwa tsakanin ƙwayar obese da masu sarrafawa ba ta da mahimmanci, wanda ke nuna cewa ba shi yiwuwa ƙungiyar tsakanin masu karɓar D2 da metabolism metabolism ya bambanta da kiba (ko kuma ƙari kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin Volkow et al., 2007). Zai iya yiwuwa cewa madaidaiciyar ƙa'idoji da aka gani a cikin mutanen da ke cikin kiba suna nuna mafi girman kewayon matakan karɓar D2 a cikin obese (Bmax / Kd range 2.1 – 3.7) fiye da cikin abubuwan sarrafawa (Bmax / Kd range 2.7 – 3.8).

A fassarar waɗannan binciken yana da mahimmanci kuma a la'akari da cewa [11C] raclopride rediyo ne mai ɗaukar hoto wanda ɗaurin ɗaurinsa ga masu karɓar D2 yana da hankali ga endogenous DA (Volkow et al., 1994) kuma don haka raguwar samuwar masu karɓar D2 a cikin abubuwan da suka manyanta na iya nuna ƙarancin matakan mai karɓa ko ƙaruwa a cikin saki na DA. Karatuttukan farko a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu kiba sun tattara raguwa a cikin tattarawar masu karɓar D2 (Thanos et al., 2008), wanda ke ba da shawara cewa raguwar abubuwan batutuwa masu girma suna nuna raguwa a cikin matakan karɓar D2.

Sakamakon aiki tsakanin D2R da somatosensory cortex

Ba mu da “a priori” ba da alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tsakanin masu karɓa na D2 da maye gurbinsu a cikin ƙwayar cuta ta somatosensory. Idan aka kwatanta da na gaba ko na yankuna na ɗan lokaci akwai ƙaramin abu kaɗan wanda aka sani game da tasirin DA a cikin kwarjin ɗin parietal. A cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam natsuwa na masu karɓar D2 da D2 mRNA a cikin kwarjin ɓarke ​​yayin da yake ƙasa da na ƙananan yankuna daidai yake da wanda aka ruwaito a gaban kwastan (Suhara et al., 1999; Mukherjee et al., 2002; Hurd et al., 2001). Kodayake akwai iyakantattun wallafe-wallafe game da rawar da somatosensory cortex ke cikin cin abinci da kiba. Nazarin hoto ya ba da rahoton kunnawa na somatosensory cortex a cikin batutuwa masu nauyi na yau da kullun tare da ɗaukar hotuna zuwa hotunan gani na ƙananan abinci mai ƙarancin abinci (Killgore et al., 2003) kuma tare da ƙoshin lafiya (Tataranni et al., 1999), kuma mun nuna mafi girma fiye da yadda ake yin amfani da abinci na yau da kullun. a cikin somatosensory cortex a cikin batutuwa masu kiba (Wang et al., 2002). Har ila yau wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin mutane masu kiba da ke fama da karancin leptin na leptin sun daidaita nauyin jikinsu da kuma rage karfin kwakwalwa a cikin kwarjinin ciki yayin kallon abubuwan da suka shafi abinci (Baicy et al., 2007). Haɗin haɗin aiki tsakanin striatum da somatosensory cortex an kwanan nan an tabbatar da shi ga kwakwalwar ɗan adam ta hanyar nazarin kwatankwacin bincike akan nazarin hoto na 126, wanda ya yi rubutun haɗin gwiwa na somatosensory cortex tare da na dorsal striatum (Postuma da Dagher, 2006 ). Koyaya, daga daidaito cikin karatunmu ba zamu iya tabbatar da alkiblar ƙungiyar ba; don haka ba zamu iya tantancewa idan haɗuwa tare da masu karɓar D2 yana nuna yanayin DA na gyaran kota somatosensory da / ko kuma tasirin tasirin ɓarke ​​a kan samuwar mai karɓa na D2. Lallai akwai wadatattun shaidu cewa larurar somatosensory tana tasiri kwakwalwa DA aiki gami da bugawa DA saki (Huttunen et al., 2003; Rossini et al., 1995; Chen et al., 2007). Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa DA tana daidaita yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam (Kuo et al., 2007). Tunda DA motsa jiki yana nuna sahili kuma yana sauƙaƙa yanayin daidaitawa (Zink et al., 2003, Kelley, 2004), yanayin DA na gyaran maganin somatosensory cortex game da abinci mai yiwuwa ya taka rawa a cikin samuwar haɗin yanayin tsakanin abinci da muhalli mai alaƙa da abinci. alamomi kuma a cikin haɓakar darajar abincin da ke faruwa a cikin kiba (Epstein et al., 2007).

Ƙimar nazarin

Iyakance ga wannan binciken shine cewa bamu sami matakan neuropsychological ba kuma saboda haka ba za mu iya tantancewa idan ayyukan da ke cikin yankuna na farkon suna da alaƙa da matakan halayen kula da ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin waɗannan batutuwa masu girma. Kodayake karatun neuropsychological game da kiba yana iyakance kuma binciken binciken yana da rikitarwa game da matsalolin kiba (watau ciwon sukari da hauhawar jini), akwai wata shaidar cewa a cikin abubuwanda ke haifar da kuzarin sarrafawa. Musamman, idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun daidaikun mutane, batutuwa masu kiba suna yin ƙasa da zaɓin fa'idodi, wanda shine sikelin da yake daidai da kulawar inhibitory mai rauni kuma tare da lalatawar yanayin gaba (Pignatti et al., 2006). Bugu da ƙari ƙimar kula da raunin rashin ƙarfi na hyperactivity cuta (ADHD), wanda ya shafi rikicewa a cikin sha'awa, ana ɗaukaka su cikin manyan mutane (Altfas, 2002). Hakanan an danganta sha'awar abu tare da BMI mai girma a cikin wasu alƙaluma (Fassino et al., 2003) kuma a cikin sarrafawar lafiya BMI ya kasance yana da alaƙa da aiwatarwa a cikin ayyukan ayyukan zartarwa wanda ke yin sulhuntawa da ƙarfi (Gunstad et al., 2007).

Hakanan yayin da muke cikin wannan takarda za mu mayar da hankali kan rawar da prertalal cortex ke da shi na sarrafa inhibitory da iya motsawa mun gane cewa prertalal cortex yana da alaƙa da ayyuka na wayewa da yawa waɗanda ba a rushe su a cikin abubuwan da suka kiba (Kuo et al., 2006, Wolf et al., 2007). Zai yiwu ayyukan cortex na prefrontal wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kiba su ne waɗanda ke da hankali ga ƙirar DA ta hanyar hanyoyi masu lalacewa (Robbins, 2007; Zgaljardic et al., 2006).