Labari game da binciken - http://time.com/5514539/screen-time-children-brain/
Bincike na asali
Janairu 28, 2019
Sheri Madigan, PhD 1,2 ; Dillon Browne, PhD 3 ; Nicole Racine, PhD 1,2 ; da Camille Mori, BA 1,2 ; Suzanne Tough, PhD 2
Bayanin Labarin Alaƙan Marubuci
JAMA Pediatr. Aka buga a cikin labaran Janairu 28, 2019. Doi: 10.1001 / jamapediatrics.2018.5056
Makullin Maɓalli
Tambaya Shin ƙaruwar lokacin allo yana da alaƙa da rashin aikin yi a gwaje-gwajen tantance ci gaban yara?
Bincike A cikin wannan binciken da aka yi kan ci gaban yara a cikin iyaye mata da yara 2441, an danganta yawan lokacin allo a cikin yara 'yan watanni 24 da 36 da rashin aiki mai kyau a kan ma'aunin tantancewa wanda ke tantance nasarar yara na ci gaba a watanni 36 da 60, bi da bi. Ba a lura da alaƙar da ke tsakanin (watau, rashin aikin ci gaba da ƙaruwar lokacin allo) ba.
Ma'ana Yawan lokacin allo yana iya shafar ikon yara na girma yadda ya kamata; ana ba da shawarar likitocin yara da masu kula da lafiya su jagoranci iyaye kan adadin fallasa allo da ya dace kuma su tattauna illolin da ka iya tasowa sakamakon amfani da allo fiye da kima.
Abstract
Muhimmanci Yawan lokacin allo yana da alaƙa da jinkiri a ci gaba; duk da haka, ba a san ko ƙarin lokacin allo yana annabta ƙananan sakamako a gwaje-gwajen tantance ci gaba ba ko kuma idan yaran da ke da ƙarancin aikin ci gaba suna samun ƙarin lokacin allo a matsayin hanyar daidaita ɗabi'u masu ƙalubale.
Manufa Don tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin lokacin allo da ci gaban yara a cikin al'umman uwaye da yara.
Zane, Saiti, da Mahalarta Wannan binciken ƙungiyar masu tsayi ya yi amfani da samfurin kwamitin tattaunawa mai tsawon zango mai tsawon zango uku a cikin uwaye da yara 2441 a Calgary, Alberta, Kanada, wanda aka ɗauko daga binciken Duk Iyalanmu. An samu bayanai lokacin da yara suka kai watanni 24, 36, da 60. An tattara bayanai tsakanin 20 ga Oktoba, 2011, da 6 ga Oktoba, 2016. An gudanar da nazarin ƙididdiga daga 31 ga Yuli zuwa 15 ga Nuwamba, 2018.
Kafofin Watsa Labarai Masu Faɗaɗawa.
Manyan Sakamako da Ma'auni A lokacin da yara suka kai watanni 24, 36, da 60, an tantance halayen lokacin allo na yara (jimillar sa'o'i a kowane mako) da kuma sakamakon ci gaban su (Tambayoyi game da Shekaru da Matakai, Bugu na Uku) ta hanyar rahoton uwa.
Sakamako Daga cikin yara 2441 da aka haɗa a cikin binciken, 1169 (47.9%) maza ne. Wani samfurin kwamitin da aka yi ta hanyar katsewa bazuwar, wanda aka yi ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ya nuna cewa matakan lokacin allo mafi girma a watanni 24 da 36 suna da alaƙa da rashin aiki mai kyau a gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na ci gaba a watanni 36 (β, −0.08; 95% CI, −0.13 zuwa −0.02) da watanni 60 (β, −0.06; 95% CI, −0.13 zuwa −0.02), bi da bi. Waɗannan haɗin kai na mutum-mutumi (wanda ke bambanta lokaci) ana sarrafa su ta hanyar kididdiga don bambance-bambance tsakanin mutum-mutumin (mai karko).
Kammalawa da Muhimmanci Sakamakon wannan binciken ya goyi bayan alaƙar da ke tsakanin lokacin allo da ci gaban yara. Shawarwarin sun haɗa da ƙarfafa tsare-tsaren kafofin watsa labarai na iyali, da kuma kula da lokacin allo, don rage tasirin da zai iya haifarwa sakamakon yawan amfani da shi.
Gabatarwa
Ta hanyar shiga makaranta, yara 1 cikin 4 suna nuna gibin da jinkiri a sakamakon ci gaba kamar harshe, sadarwa, ƙwarewar motsa jiki, da/ko lafiyar motsin rai ta zamantakewa. 1 , 2 Saboda haka, yara da yawa suna fara makaranta ba tare da shiri sosai don koyo da nasarar ilimi ba. Gibin ci gaba yana ƙaruwa ko raguwa akan lokaci ba tare da shiga tsakani ba, 3 yana haifar da nauyi ga tsarin ilimi da lafiya ta hanyar ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na jama'a don gyarawa da ilimi na musamman. 4 , 5 Saboda haka, an yi ƙoƙari don gano abubuwan da suka haɗa da lokacin allo na yara, 6 waɗanda za su iya haifar ko ƙara ta'azzara rashin daidaito a cikin ci gaban yara da wuri.
Kafofin watsa labarai na zamani da allon kwamfuta a yanzu suna ko'ina a rayuwar yara. Kimanin kashi 98% na yaran Amurka 'yan shekara 0 zuwa 8 suna zaune a gida mai na'urar da ke da intanet kuma, a matsakaici, suna ɓatar da sama da sa'o'i 2 a rana a kan allo. 7 Wannan adadin ya wuce shawarar da aka ba da shawarar ga yara cewa yara ba sa ɓatar da fiye da awa 1 a kowace rana suna kallon shirye-shirye masu inganci. 8 , 9 Duk da cewa an gano wasu fa'idodin lokacin allo mai inganci da hulɗa, an danganta lokacin allo mai yawa da sakamako mai illa na jiki, hali, da fahimta. 14 - 21 Duk da cewa yana yiwuwa lokacin allo ya tsoma baki ga damar koyo da girma, yana kuma yiwuwa yaran da ke da jinkiri su sami ƙarin lokacin allo don taimakawa wajen daidaita halaye masu ƙalubale. Misali, an nuna cewa yara ƙanana waɗanda ke fama da ƙa'idojin kansu suna karɓar ƙarin lokacin allo fiye da waɗanda ba su da matsala. 22 Duk da haka, yawancin bincike sun yi amfani da hanyoyin giciye, suna iyakance yanke shawara game da alkiblar haɗin gwiwa.
Ƙari mafi girma a kan jagorancin ƙungiyoyi na iya zama abin ƙwarewa ga 'yan jariri da sauran masu aikin kiwon lafiya da ke neman jagorantar iyaye a kan yadda za a iya nuna hotuna ta fuskar haɓaka da kuma yiwuwar sakamako mai zurfi. Amfani da 3-wave, ƙididdigar-sakonni, tsarin gurbin giciye wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan 2441 ya biyo bayan shekarun 24, 36, da kuma 60 na shekara, mun bincika ko lokacin girman allo yana rinjayar aikin akan gwajin gwaje-gwaje na cigaba ko kuma yara da ƙananan scores a kan waɗanda gwaje-gwaje sun sami ƙarin lokacin allo.
Hanyar
Tsarin Nazarin da Yawan Jama'a
Mahalarta taron sun haɗa da iyaye mata da yara daga binciken All Our Families, wani babban rukunin masu juna biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi iyaye mata da yara 3388 daga Calgary, Alberta, Kanada. 23 , 24 A cikin wannan rukunin, an ɗauki mata masu juna biyu tsakanin 13 ga Mayu, 2008, da 13 ga Disamba, 2010, ta hanyar ofisoshin kula da lafiya na farko na gida, tallan al'umma, da kuma ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje na jini na gida. Sharuɗɗan shiga cikin binciken sune (1) shekaru 18 ko sama da haka, (2) iya magana da Turanci, (3) shekarun ciki ƙasa da makonni 24, da kuma (4) samun kulawar haihuwa ta gida. An bi diddigin iyaye mata a lokacin da suke da juna biyu na makonni 34 zuwa 36 da kuma lokacin da ɗansu yake da shekaru 4, 12, 24, 36, da 60. An yi amfani da maki na watanni 24, 36, da 60 a cikin wannan binciken lokacin da aka tattara canje-canjen lokacin allo. Ana iya samun bayanai game da yanayin mutane da halayen bincike a cikin Tebur 1 , tare da ƙarin bayani a wani wuri. 23 , 24 Hukumar Da'a ta Binciken Lafiya ta Jami'ar Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Kanada, ta amince da dukkan hanyoyin. Iyaye mata sun bayar da izini a rubuce; babu wani diyya na kuɗi.
Matakan
Shirye-shirye na bunkasa
Lokacin da yaran suka kai watanni 24, 36, da 60, uwaye sun kammala Tambayoyin Shekaru da Matakai, Bugu na Uku (ASQ-3). 25 ASQ-3 wani ma'auni ne da iyaye ke amfani da shi sosai, wanda aka ruwaito daga iyaye. 26 , 27 ASQ-3 yana gano ci gaban ci gaba a fannoni 5: sadarwa, babban motsi, ƙarancin motsi, warware matsaloli, da kuma zamantakewa ta mutum-mutum. Tambayoyin sun haɗa da abubuwa 30 da aka sanya a matsayin eh, wani lokacin, ko kuma ba a yi ba tukuna akan tambayoyin da ake yi game da ikon yaro na yin aiki.
Daidai da binciken da aka yi a baya, an yi amfani da jimillar maki ASQ-3 a duk fannoni (maki mafi girma yana nuna ci gaba mafi kyau). An nuna ingancin ASQ-3 a lokaci guda tare da gwajin ci gaba (Bayley Scales of Infant Development 29 ) da ƙwarewar hankali (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test–Bugu na 4 na 30 ). 31 An ba da shawarar ASQ-3 don gwajin yara kuma yana da kyawawan halaye na psychometric. 32 ASQ-3 yana da matsakaicin zuwa babban jin daɗi (0.70-0.90) da takamaiman aiki (0.76-0.91). Ingancin sake gwajin gwaji yana da girma (0.94-0.95) kamar yadda aminci tsakanin iyaye da ƙwararru ke da yawa (0.94-0.95). 31 , 33 , 34
Lokacin allo
Iyaye sun nuna tsawon lokacin da yaron ya ciyar ta amfani da magungunan lantarki na musamman a kwanakin mako da kuma karshen mako. Iyaye sun ruwaito akan wadannan na'urori da / ko matsakaici: kallo shirye-shiryen telebijin; duba fina-finai, bidiyo, ko labaru a kan VCR ko na'urar DVD; amfani da kwamfuta, tsarin wasanni, ko wasu na'urorin da aka kunna allo. An ƙayyade tsawon mako-mako na mako-mako da kuma ƙarshen allon karshen mako a tsakanin matsakaici don samar da lokacin yin amfani da allo lokacin hours / mako.
Ƙungiyoyin
An rubuta jima'i ga yara a matsayin mace (1) ko namiji (0), kuma an rubuta shekarun uwa da yaro a cikin shekaru da watanni, bi da bi. Lokacin da yaron ya kai watanni 12, uwaye sun nuna ko suna "duba ko karanta littattafan yara ga ɗana," wanda aka rubuta a matsayin ba sau da yawa ba (1), wani lokacin (2), ko kuma sau da yawa (3). Lokacin da yaron ya kai watanni 24, uwaye sun nuna adadin lokacin da yaron ya yi aikin motsa jiki a ranakun mako, tun daga babu (1) zuwa awanni 7 ko fiye (7), kuma sun kammala Sikelin Ciwon Damuwa na Cibiyar Cututtuka. 35 Lokacin da yaron ya kai watanni 36, an tattara matakin ilimin uwa ta hanyar amfani da ma'auni na 1 (wasu makarantar firamare ko sakandare) zuwa 6 (makarantar digiri ta kammala), an bayar da rahoton samun kudin shiga a cikin ƙarin $10,000 CAD (1, ≤10,000 CAD$; 11, ≥$100,000 CAD$), an tantance hulɗa mai kyau tsakanin uwa da jariri ta amfani da Binciken Tsawon Lokaci na Ƙasa na Ma'aunin Iyaye na Yara da Matasa, 36 kuma an rubuta adadin sa'o'in barcin da yaron ke samu a cikin tsawon awanni 24. A cikin watanni 60, uwaye sun amsa "Shin ɗanku ya kasance yana kula da yara ko kula da yara akai-akai kafin wannan shekarar?" a matsayin ko dai a'a (0) ko eh (1).
ilimin kididdiga Analysis
An binciki alaƙar da ke tsakanin lokutan allo na yara da sakamakon ci gaba ta amfani da tsarin kwamitin da aka yi amfani da shi bazuwar (RI-CLPM), kamar yadda Hamaker da abokan aikinsa suka bayyana ( Hoto 37 ). Idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun CLPMs, RI-CLPM yana magance matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da rikicewar saura ta hanyar ware bambancin a cikin ma'aunin sakamako mai maimaitawa wanda yake da kwanciyar hankali (watau, tsakanin mutum da rashin daidaituwar lokaci) vs mai ƙarfi (watau, cikin mutum da bambancin lokaci). Nazarin kwaikwayo ya nuna cewa wannan hanyar tana rage son zuciya a cikin kimantawar alaƙar alkibla kuma tana kusantar da hasashen dalili. 38
An gudanar da bincike a matakai 2. Da farko, an kiyasta daidaitaccen RI-CLPM; sannan, an binciki gudummawar covariates. A cikin RI-CLPM, an cire abubuwan da ke tsakanin mutum (masu karko) daga ma'aunin lokacin allo da ASQ-3 da aka maimaita, kuma an ba da damar waɗannan abubuwan su yi aiki. Bambancin da ke tsakanin abubuwan da ke tsakanin mutum yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin lokacin allo da ci gaba wanda yake dawwama (ba mai motsi ba) akan lokaci. Bambancin kuma yana ware gudummawar duk wani rikice-rikice tsakanin mutum da/ko lokaci wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin allo da ASQ-3 (misali, jima'i na yara, rayuwa a cikin ƙaramin matsayi na zamantakewa a duk raƙuman binciken) daga ɓangaren cikin mutum na samfurin, wanda ake la'akari da alkiblar haɗin gwiwa. Bangaren cikin mutum ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kimantawa guda 3: (1) autoregressions (watau, lags) kama kwanciyar hankali na cikin mutum, matsayi a cikin gine-gine akan lokaci; (2) bambance-bambancen cikin lokaci suna kama ƙarfi da alkiblar alaƙa tsakanin lokacin allo da ASQ-3 a cikin mutane a lokaci 1; kuma (3) bambance-bambancen suna kama alaƙar tsayi da alkibla tsakanin lokacin allo da ASQ-3 a cikin mutane ( Hoto ). Bayan daidaita daidaitattun RI-CLPM, an ɗauki covariates (wanda aka auna a matakin tsakanin mutum da mutum) a matsayin masu hasashen abubuwan kwanciyar hankali a cikin samfurin tsakanin mutum da mutum kawai.
Bayanin bace
An kammala tambayoyin da aka yi amfani da su a wannan binciken (n = 2441) na akalla maki 1 a watanni 24, 36, ko 60. An bayar da ƙimar raguwar bayanai da kwatanta halayen alƙaluma ga iyalai da suka rage idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka soke su daga binciken a cikin eTable a cikin Ƙarin Bayani . Don kimanta tasirin bayanan da suka ɓace, an gudanar da samfuran tare da cikakken kimanta yiwuwar bayanai. An gudanar da bincike 39 tare da mahalarta tare da cikakken bayanai a watanni 36, da mahalarta tare da cikakken bayanai a watanni 60. Sakamakon ya yi kama sosai a cikin waɗannan maimaitawar samfurin. An ɗauki binciken a matsayin mai mahimmanci a matakin P < .05, mai wutsiya 2. An gudanar da duk nazarin a cikin Mplus, sigar 7.0. 40 An gudanar da nazarin ƙididdiga daga 31 ga Yuli zuwa 15 ga Nuwamba, 2018.
results
Ƙididdiga masu fasali
An gabatar da ƙididdiga masu bayani a cikin Jadawali na 1. Yara suna kallon allo, matsakaicin (SD) na awanni 17.09 (11.99) (matsakaici, 15) a mako a watanni 24, awanni 24.99 (12.97) (matsakaici, 23) a mako a watanni 36, da kuma awanni 10.85 (5.33) (matsakaici, 10.5) a mako a watanni 60.
Hanyoyin da ke cikin Random, Tsarin Samun Giciye
An kiyasta daidaitaccen RI-CLPM ( Hoto ), kuma fitattun bayanai sun nuna cewa samfurin ya dace da bayanan da aka lura (χ 2 1 = 0.60; P = .44; kuskuren tushen matsakaicin murabba'i na kimantawa [RMSEA] = 0.00; 95% CI, 0.00-0.05; Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = 1.00; matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin saura murabba'i na tushen [SRMR] = 0.003). A cikin ɓangaren tsakanin mutum da mutum na samfurin, akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci na ƙididdiga (watau, tsangwama bazuwar) don duka rashin aikin da aka yi akan na'urar tantance ci gaba (σ 2 = 14.57; 95% CI, 0.87-18.28) da lokacin allo (σ 2 = 17.15; 95% CI, 11.58-22.70), yana bayyana mahimman bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin hanyoyin matakin mutum na sakamakon biyu. Wato, wasu yara suna da matakan lokacin allo da sakamakon ci gaban yara mafi girma, a matsakaici, fiye da sauran yara. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙididdiga mai mahimmanci da mara kyau tsakanin abubuwan da ke tsakanin mutum da mutum yana nuna cewa yaran da ke da matakan lokacin allo mafi girma suna nuna rashin aiki mai kyau a gwaje-gwajen tantance ci gaba, a matsakaici, da kuma a duk faɗin raƙuman bincike.
A cikin ɓangaren canjin lokaci na samfurin, daidaitattun daidaito na atomatik ga kowane jinkiri da aka kiyasta yana nuna babban kwanciyar hankali a cikin mutum a cikin gine-gine akan lokaci. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Hoto , bayan yin la'akari da wannan kwanciyar hankali na cikin mutum, akwai manyan jinkiri da rashin daidaituwa waɗanda ke haɗa fallasa lokacin allo a watanni 24 tare da ƙananan maki akan gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na ci gaba a watanni 36 (β, −0.08; 95% CI, −0.13 zuwa −0.02), da kuma fallasa lokacin allo a watanni 36 da ke da alaƙa da ƙananan maki akan gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na ci gaba a watanni 60 (β, −0.06; 95% CI, −0.13 zuwa −0.02). Ba a lura da alkiblar da ke fuskantar ƙananan maki akan gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na ci gaba da ke da alaƙa da manyan matakan lokacin allo na baya ba. Hakanan, bambance-bambancen cikin lokaci ba su da mahimmanci. Idan aka haɗa waɗannan binciken, waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa matakan fallasa allo idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin matakin lokacin allo na yaro suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin aiki a gwaje-gwajen tantance ci gaba a lokacin bincike na gaba idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin matakin ci gaban yaro amma ba akasin haka ba.
Tsakanin tsakanin mutane-wadanda suka yi la'akari da lokacin girman allo da ci gaba
An yi la'akari da Covariates a matsayin masu hasashen yanayi a cikin koma-baya mai yawa, inda aka mayar da abubuwan tsakanin mutane zuwa ga dukkan masu canji a lokaci guda. Shigar da duk waɗannan covariates da aka tilasta ya haifar da ƙarancin dacewa da samfurin, kodayake izinin matrix covariance tsakanin dukkan covariates ya haifar da samfurin da ya dace da matsakaicin daidaito a cikin fihirisa, ban da TLI (χ 2 53 = 521.04; P < .001; RMSEA = 0.06; 95% CI, 0.05-0.06; TLI = 0.78; SRMR = 0.067). Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Tebur 2 , an lura da ma'auni mafi girma na mutum akan ASQ-3 ga 'yan mata kuma lokacin da iyaye mata suka ba da rahoton ƙarancin baƙin ciki na uwa da ƙarin kuɗin shiga na gida, kyakkyawan yanayin uwa, matakan motsa jiki na yara, fallasa yara ga karatu, da sa'o'in barci a kowace rana. Waɗannan masu hasashen sun kai kashi 15% na bambancin. An lura da ƙarancin lokacin allo a matakin mutum ga 'yan mata kuma lokacin da iyaye mata suka ba da rahoton ƙarancin baƙin ciki na uwa da ƙarin matakan samun kuɗi, ilimi, fallasa yara ga karatu, da sa'o'in barci a kowace dare. Waɗannan masu hasashen sun kai kashi 12% na bambancin. Lokacin da aka haɗa waɗannan masu canji, daidaiton daidaito (alaƙa) na abubuwan da ke daidaita tsakanin mutum da mutum shine σ = −0.13 (95% CI, −0.19 zuwa −0.08), yana nuna wanzuwar dangantaka mai karko tsakanin lokacin allo da ASQ-3 wanda waɗannan masu hasashen ba su yi la'akari da shi ba.
tattaunawa
Lokacin allo abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a rayuwar iyalai na zamani. Bugu da ƙari, yana ƙaruwa yayin da fasaha ke ƙara haɗuwa a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa. Sakamakon lokacin allo mai yawa ya jawo hankali sosai a bincike, lafiya, da muhawarar jama'a a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. 7 , 41 , 42 Amma me ya fara zuwa: jinkiri a ci gaba ko kallon lokacin allo mai yawa? Ɗaya daga cikin sabbin abubuwan da aka gano a wannan lokacin na dogon lokaci, mai tsawon zango uku shine cewa zai iya magance wannan tambayar ta amfani da ma'auni akai-akai. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin allo wataƙila shine abin da ya fi muhimmanci: mafi girman lokacin allo a watanni 24 yana da alaƙa da rashin aiki mai kyau akan gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na ci gaba a watanni 36, kuma haka nan, mafi girman lokacin allo a watanni 36 yana da alaƙa da ƙananan maki akan gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na ci gaba a watanni 60. Ba a lura da alaƙar da ke tsakanin gefen ba.
A matsakaici, yara 'yan shekara 24, 36, da 60 a cikin bincikenmu sun kalli kimanin awanni 17, 25, da 11 na talabijin a mako, wanda ya kai kimanin awanni 2.4, 3.6, da 1.6 na lokacin allo a kowace rana, bi da bi. Adadin lokacin allo a cikin wannan samfurin ya yi daidai da wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan na 7 wanda ya nuna cewa yara a duk faɗin Amurka suna kallon, a matsakaici, awanni 2 da mintuna 19 na shirye-shirye a kowace rana. Kodayake raguwar lokacin allo a watanni 60 ba zai shafi nazarin jinkiri ba saboda sun shafi daidaiton matsayi idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin canji, wannan raguwar abin lura ne. Yana iya zama nuni ga yaran da ke cikin ƙungiyarmu da ke fara makarantar firamare, da kuma kulawar kafin da bayan makaranta, wanda ke farawa tun suna shekara 5, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin lokaci a gida da raguwar lokacin allo a zahiri.
Ci gaban yara yana bunƙasa cikin sauri a cikin shekaru 5 na farko na rayuwa. Wannan binciken ya binciki sakamakon ci gaban yara a lokacin da ake cikin mawuyacin lokaci na girma da balaga, yana nuna cewa lokacin allo na iya shafar ikon yara na ci gaba da kyau. Lokacin da yara ƙanana ke kallon allo, suna iya rasa muhimman damammaki na yin atisaye da kuma ƙwarewar hulɗa da mutane, motsa jiki, da sadarwa. Misali, lokacin da yara ke kallon allo ba tare da wani abu mai hulɗa ko na jiki ba, suna zama marasa zama kuma, saboda haka, ba sa yin aikin ƙwarewar motsi, kamar tafiya da gudu, wanda hakan na iya jinkirta ci gaba a wannan fanni. Screens kuma na iya kawo cikas ga hulɗa da masu kulawa 43-45 ta hanyar iyakance damar yin musayar ra'ayi ta baki da ta baki, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don haɓaka ci gaba da ci gaba mai kyau. 46
Daidai da samfuran ka'idoji da ke bayyana tasirin da yawa kan ci gaba a cikin tsarin muhalli mai matakai da yawa, 47 mun lura cewa duka lokacin allo da aikin gwaje-gwajen tantance ci gaba suna da alaƙa da abubuwa daban-daban na matakin mutum da mahallin, gami da kuɗin shiga na iyali, ɓacin rai na uwa, barcin yara, ana karanta wa yaron akai-akai, da kuma kasancewarsa mace. Idan aka haɗa waɗannan binciken, waɗannan abubuwan sun nuna cewa abubuwa da yawa na iya shafar yadda yaro ke yin lokaci mai yawa a allon. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa ba duk yara ne ke da tasiri iri ɗaya da kuma a zahiri ta hanyar lokacin allo ba. Akwai abubuwan da ke iya hana mummunan tasirin lokacin allo akan ci gaban yara. Binciken dogon lokaci na gaba wanda ke bincika bambancin yuwuwar kamuwa da lokacin allo 48 na yara ga fallasa lokacin allo, da kuma abubuwan haɗari da kariya, 49 zai zama dole don gano lokacin da kuma ga wanda lokacin allo yake da matsala musamman ga ci gaban yara.
Akwai dalilai da shawarwari da dama da suka fito daga wannan binciken. Da farko, ya kamata masu aikin su jaddada cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da lokacin allo a matsakaici kuma ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri don haɓaka ci gaban yara shine ta hanyar hulɗa mai kyau tsakanin mai kulawa da yara ba tare da shagala daga allo ba. 44 Na biyu, ana ƙarfafa likitocin yara da ƙwararrun kula da lafiya su ƙirƙiri tsare-tsaren kafofin watsa labarai na musamman tare da iyalai ko kuma su jagoranci iyalai zuwa albarkatu don haɓaka tsare-tsaren kafofin watsa labarai 50 don tabbatar da cewa lokacin allo bai wuce gona da iri ba ko kuma ya tsangwama ga hulɗa ta fuska da fuska ko lokacin iyali. Ana iya keɓance tsare-tsaren kafofin watsa labarai don taimakawa wajen biyan buƙatun kowane iyali. Shirye-shiryen suna ba da jagora kan kafa da aiwatar da dokoki da iyakoki game da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai dangane da shekarun yara, yadda ake ƙirƙiro yankunan da ba su da allo da kuma dokar hana fita ta na'urori a gida, da kuma yadda za a daidaita da ware lokaci don ayyukan kan layi da na waje don tabbatar da cewa an ba da fifiko ga ayyukan motsa jiki da hulɗar iyali.
gazawar
Tsarin bincike na tsawon lokaci ya zama dole don zana ƙarshe game da alkibla da tsarin haɗin gwiwa a tsawon lokaci da kuma a duk faɗin ci gaba. Duk da haka, ɗaya daga cikin manyan cikas a cikin binciken dogon lokaci da ya shafi allon nuni shine cewa ci gaban fasaha yana ci gaba da sauri kuma yana wuce bincike. 51 A cikin babban ƙungiyarmu mai sa ido kan yara tsakanin watanni 24 zuwa 60, an tattara bayanai tsakanin 20 ga Oktoba, 2011, da 6 ga Oktoba, 2016. Yana yiwuwa halayen lokacin allo sun canza a wannan lokacin saboda ci gaban fasaha. Wani iyakancewar yuwuwar ita ce kimantawa ta farko na masu canjin karatu shine a watanni 24. Yana iya zama da amfani a cikin binciken nan gaba a haɗa da ƙarin jinkiri na bayanai a watanni 12 ko 18 don ƙara ƙarin tallafi ga tsarin sakamakon da aka lura a nan. Ƙara jinkirin bayanai na baya-bayan nan na iya zama da mahimmanci musamman idan aka yi la'akari da rahotannin baya-bayan nan da ke nuna cewa lokacin allo a lokacin jariri yana ƙaruwa. 7 , 17
Iyaka ta uku ita ce mayar da hankali kan lokacin allo ba tare da wani bambanci ba. Binciken da za a yi nan gaba ya kamata ya raba tasirin ingancin abubuwan da ke cikin kafofin watsa labarai (misali, yaɗa bidiyo ta yanar gizo da manhajojin ilimi) kan ci gaban yara. Wani ƙarin iyakancewa shi ne cewa an ɗauki kimanta lokacin allo da ci gaban yara daga rahotannin uwa. Fa'idar tattara rahotannin uwa ta hanyar ma'aunin tambayoyi a cikin manyan samfuran mahalarta shine cewa yana rage nauyin bincike akan sauran 'yan uwa kuma, saboda haka, yana iya rage raguwar su. Duk da haka, hanyoyin da ke cikin masu ba da labari suna gabatar da yuwuwar nuna bambancin hanya ɗaya. Amincin masu lura tsakanin iyaye da ƙwararru akan ASQ-3 yana da yawa. 31 Don haka, ASQ-3 wataƙila hanya ce mai tasiri ta kimantawa don tantance jinkirin ci gaba. A cikin bincike na gaba, tattara kimantawa na uwa da uba na sakamakon yara na farko na iya rage yuwuwar nuna son kai ga masu rahoto. Don tabbatar da binciken da ake yi yanzu ta amfani da hanyar ba da labari da yawa, bincike na gaba kuma zai iya amfani da manhajojin bin diddigin bayanai akan na'urori don sa ido kan halayen lokacin allo da gaske.
karshe
Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yara ba su shirya don ci gaba ba don shiga makaranta. 1 , 2 Duk da cewa manhajoji da shirye-shiryen ilimi sun ci gaba da ci gaba, ba a ga wani ci gaba a cikin aikin ɗaliban a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba, 52 wanda ya yi daidai da lokacin da amfani da fasaha da lokacin allo suka ƙaru da sauri. 53 , 54 Lokacin allo da ya wuce kima yana da alaƙa da sakamako mara kyau daban-daban, gami da jinkiri na fahimta da rashin aikin ilimi. 55 , 56 A fahimtarmu, wannan binciken shine na farko da ya ba da shaidar alaƙar alkibla tsakanin lokacin allo da rashin aikin yi akan gwaje-gwajen tantance ci gaba tsakanin ƙananan yara. Ganin cewa amfani da fasaha yana da tushe a rayuwar yau da kullun na mutane, fahimtar alaƙar alkibla tsakanin lokacin allo da alaƙarsa, da ɗaukar matakai bisa ga iyali don shiga fasaha ta hanyoyi masu kyau na iya zama ginshiƙi don tabbatar da nasarar ci gaban yara da ke girma a zamanin dijital.
Mataki na Mataki
An Karɓa don Bugawa: Nuwamba 25, 2018.
Marubuciya: Sheri Madigan, PhD, Sashen Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, Jami'ar Calgary, 2500 University Ave, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Kanada ( [email protected] ).
An Buga a Intanet: Janairu 28, 2019. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056
Gudummawar Marubuci: Drs Madigan da Browne sun sami cikakken damar shiga dukkan bayanan da ke cikin binciken kuma sun ɗauki alhakin sahihancin bayanan da kuma sahihancin nazarin bayanan.
Ra'ayi da ƙira: Madigan, Browne, Racine, Tough.
Samuwa, nazari, ko fassarar bayanai: Duk marubuta.
Tsarin rubutun: Madigan, Browne.
Gyara mai mahimmanci na rubutun don mahimman abubuwan ilimi: Browne, Racine, Mori, Tough.
Nazarin ƙididdiga: Madigan, Browne, Racine.
An sami kuɗi: Mai wahala.
Tallafin gudanarwa, fasaha, ko kayan aiki: Browne, Tough.
Kulawa: Mai wahala.
Bayyana Matsalolin da ke Cikin Gida: Dr Tough ya ba da rahoton tallafi daga Gidauniyar Asibitin Yara ta Alberta, Alberta Innovates Health Solutions, Gidauniyar MaxBell, CanFASD, da Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Kanada yayin gudanar da binciken. Babu wani bayani da aka bayar.
Tallafi/Tallafi: An tallafa wa binciken All Our Families ta hanyar tallafin Alberta Innovates Health Solutions Interdisciplinary Team 200700595.
Babban masanin binciken Nazarin Iyali na Dukkanmu shine Dr Tough. Binciken Nazarin yara na Alberta da Cibiyar Nazarin Kanada na Canada (Dokta Madigan) ne aka bayar.
Matsayin Mai Tallafawa/Mai Tallafawa: Tushen tallafin ba shi da wani tasiri a cikin tsara da gudanar da binciken; tattarawa, gudanarwa, bincike, da fassarar bayanan; shiri, bita, ko amincewa da rubutun; da kuma shawarar gabatar da rubutun don bugawa.
Ƙarin Gudummawa: Marubutan sun yaba da gudummawar ƙungiyar bincike ta All Our Families kuma suna gode wa mahalarta da suka shiga cikin binciken.
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