Biomed Res Int. 2015; 2015: 378675. Epub 2015 Maris 24.
Zhu Y 1 , Zhang H 1 , Tian M 1.
2015 2015 (378675), ID na 9, XNUMX Shafuka
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/378675
Yunhu Zhu, 1,2,3,4 Hong Zhang, 1,2,3,4 da Mei Tian1,2,3,4
1Department of Medicine Nuclear, Cibiyar Na Biyu na Zhejiang Jami'ar Makarantar Magunguna, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
2Zhejiang Jami'ar Kimiyya ta PET, Hangzhou 310009, China
3Institute of Magungunan Nukiliya da Harkokin Ma'adinai, Jami'ar Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310009, Sinanci
Kwalejin 4Key na Kwayoyin Lafiya na Magunguna na lardin Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310009, Sinanci
An karɓa 18 Yuli 2014; An karɓa 8 Oktoba 2014
Editan Ilimi: Ali Cahid Civelek
Copyright © 2015 Yunqi Zhu et al. Wannan wani labari ne mai budewa wanda aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin Lasisin Haɓaka na Creative Commons, wanda ya ba da izinin amfani mara kyau, rarraba, da kuma haifuwa a kowane matsakaici, idan aka ba da aikin asali.
Abstract
Amfani da lalata ta hanyar amfani da yanar-gizon intanet na Intanet (IA), wanda ke da alaƙa da sakamakon da ya saba. An yi amfani da ƙwayoyi masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta da kuma fasahar aikin aiki domin nazarin canji na neurobiological da gyaran ƙwayoyin ne a cikin AI. Wannan bita ya taƙaita nazarin kwayoyin halitta da kuma aikin binciken fasaha akan tsarin kwayoyin halitta na IA, da mayar da hankalin hotunan samfurin magudi (MRI) da kuma yanayin fasaha na makamashin nukiliya ciki har da daɗaɗɗen shigarwa na PIT (PET) da kuma ƙwayar photon guda ɗaya. Cibiyar ta MRI ta nuna cewa canje-canje na tsarin gyare-gyare na gaba suna hade da halayen aikin aiki a cikin shafukan yanar gizo. Neman binciken hoto na nukiliya ya nuna cewa ana haɗin AI tare da rashin aiki na kwakwalwar kwamfuta. Tsarin tsari na dopamine na ƙwayar cuta na farko (PFC) zai iya haifar da darajar motsa jiki da kuma rashin haɓakawa akan labarun Intanet a cikin batutuwa masu ban sha'awa. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don ƙayyade ƙananan canje-canjen a cikin kwakwalwar yanar gizo na intanet, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi halaye da cognition.
1. Gabatarwa
Addiction ga abubuwa ko ayyuka zasu iya tasiri sosai ga lafiyar mutane kuma wani lokaci sukan haifar da matsalolin zamantakewar al'umma [1-3]. Alal misali, yin amfani da labaran yanar gizo na iya haifar da cigaba da jima'i, wanda zai haifar da rashin ciwo mai mahimmanci ko kwakwalwa [4]. Kwanan nan, bincike game da cin zarafi na intanet (IA), musamman ma'anar labarun Intanet (IGD), ya ƙãra duka a yawanci da ingancin [5, 6]. Yayi yawancin nau'i nau'i a matsayin rashin yiwuwar mutane don sarrafawa da yin amfani da Intanet, wanda ya haifar da ƙananan matsaloli, zamantakewa, da / ko matsalolin aiki [7]. IA tana da alaka da wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa, irin su sadaukar da ayyukan rayuwa, rashin kulawa, zalunci da rashin jituwa, damuwa, rashin jituwa, rashin nasara na ilimin kimiyya, rashin lafiya, da kuma girman kai [5].
Yayin da IA ya karu da hankali daga duniya kimiyya, yanzu babu wani ma'auni na bincike. Da dama an tsara matakan bincike don ƙayyade IA. Sakamakon bincike da aka fi sani da ita shine Matsalar Tambaya ta Young [8-10]. Dangane da Magani da Tsarin Lantarki na Mutuwar Mental (DSM-IV), Matasan farko sun kirkiro wani ɗan gajeren tambayoyi takwas wanda yayi nazari IA [8]. A cikin yin amfani da waɗannan ka'idoji, masu halartar biyar ko fiye daga cikin ka'idodi guda takwas da aka gabatar a cikin watanni 6 da suka gabata sun kasance suna da wahala daga IA. Matasa kuma ya kirkiro tambaya na 20-item, wanda ake kira jarrabawar Intanet na Intanet [10]. A cikin tambaya na 20-item, kowanne abu ya dogara ne a kan ma'auni na 5-Likert na kimantawa da ƙimar matsalolin da aka lalacewa ta amfani da Intanet. Sakamako a kan 50 yana nuna wani lokaci ko matsalolin yanar gizo da yawa da suka shafi yanar gizo da yawa a kan 80 ya nuna muhimmancin matsalolin rayuwa na AI (10). An gwada Gwajiyar Intanit na Intanet ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci da za a iya amfani dashi wajen rarraba AI [11]. Sauran ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin da kuma kayan ƙididdigewa an kuma kirkiro su kuma sunyi amfani da su don tantance AI [12-16].
A matsayin muhimmin mahimmanci na IA, IGD ya karu da hankali daga dukan duniya. An hada IGD a cikin shafuka na DSM-V, tare da burin ƙarfafa ƙarin nazarin [4]. DSM-V ta bayyana IGD a matsayin "amfani da ci gaba da kuma amfani da yanar-gizon don shiga cikin wasanni, sau da yawa tare da wasu 'yan wasa, da ke haifar da rashin matsala ko rashin wahala kamar yadda aka nuna ta biyar ko fiye (ma'auni) a cikin wani watanni 12" [ 5].
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka wuce, an yi amfani da fasahar hotunan kwayoyin da kuma aikin aiki don nazarin tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Bayanan kwayoyin halitta shine filin ci gaba da sauri don samar da kwayoyin kwayoyin cutar ta hanyar binciken nazarin ilimin kimiyya [17]. Kalmar nazarin kwayoyin halitta za a iya bayyana shi sosai kamar yadda ake tsarawa a cikin vivo da kuma lura da tsarin tafiyar da kwayoyin halitta a tsarin salula da kwayoyin [18]. Don hanawa da kuma bi da NI, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci hanyoyin da ya dace. Harkokin fasaha sun haifar da amfani sosai akan kwakwalwa da kwakwalwar aikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar kwatanta yanayin, alal misali, hoton jigilar magudi (MRI), kwaikwayon watsi da kwayoyin halitta (PET), da kuma simintin ƙwayar photon da aka kirkira a ciki (SPECT), don taimakawa tare da ganewar asali na daban cututtuka na asibiti da nazarin IA. A nan zamu sake nazarin nazarin binciken kwayoyin halitta da kuma aikin binciken da suka samar da basira mai zurfi game da abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta na IA, musamman akan kulawar MRI da PET.
2. Binciken MRI
MRI yana da nauyin halayen hotunan da ke amfani da magnet da kuma makamashi na rediyo don ganin yadda tsarin jiki yake da jiki da kuma siffar jikin jiki [19]. Amfani na farko na MRI a matsayin tsarin siffar kwayoyin halitta shine ƙuduri na sararin samaniya (micrometers), wanda ya bada damar samun bayanai na physiological da anatom a lokaci ɗaya. MRI mai aiki (fMRI) wani fasaha ne wanda ba za a iya amfani dasu don saka idanu da canje-canje a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa [20]. An tabbatar da cewa haɓakawa a cikin aikin kwakwalwa a cikin wani ɓangaren kwakwalwa yana haifar da karuwa mai yawa a yawan adadin jini a cikin yankin na musamman [21]. Tun da haɓakar haemoglobin da aka zazzage shi ne paramagnetic, kuma hemoglobin oxygenated ne diamagnetic, jinin jini-oxygen-dependent (BOLD) ya bambanta da nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa ta aiki a fadin abubuwan da ake bukata da kuma bukatun da ake bukata.
2.1. Canje-canjen Tsarin Gida
Ta amfani da MRI, wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa sauye-gyaren tsarin kwakwalwa suna dangantaka da IA. Yin amfani da jarrabawar launi mai launi (22), wanda aka yi amfani dashi domin tantance ikon sarrafawa, wani binciken ya ruwaito cewa matasa da IGD sun nuna rashin karfin ikon sarrafawa [23]. Sakamakon hoton da aka nuna ya nuna cewa yankuna masu kwakwalwa da ke aiki tare da aikin gudanarwa, alal misali, gurguntacciyar magunguna na asibiti (OFC), haɗari mai laushi, da kuma gurguwar motsa jiki, ya nuna raguwa a cikin matakan IGD idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa (Figure 1). Bugu da ƙari, mawallafa ma sun ruwaito cewa raguwa mai zurfi na layin na OFC na hagu yana haɓaka tare da ƙwarewar kulawa da ƙwarewar yara na IGD. Dangane da wannan, wani binciken kuma ya ruwaito rashin kauri a cikin OFC na yanar-gizo masu tsufa [24]. Bisa ga ra'ayin cewa OFC yana da alamun maganin maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi da halayyar mutum (25, 26), marubuta sun ba da shawarar cewa IKE yayi irin wannan tsarin neurobiological tare da wasu ƙari. Baya ga raguwa mai zurfi, an kara yawan haske a cikin hagu na ƙananan hagu, prefaius, na tsakiya na tsakiya, da na baya-bayan jiki na jiki da na tsakiya [23] (Figure 1). Shafin gaba yana hade da zane-zane na gani, da hankali, da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa [27]. An nuna jigilar cutar ta jiki da tsaka-tsakin tsakiya na tsakiya don nuna sha'awar motsa jiki ta hanyar magunguna [28, 29]. Sabili da haka, waɗannan sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙananan yankunan cortical a cikin IGD na iya haɗuwa da sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo.
Hoto na 1: Bambancin kauri na cortical a cikin matasa masu IGD idan aka kwatanta da masu kula da lafiya. An lura da ƙaruwar kauri na cortical a yankuna da dama a cikin matasa masu IGD idan aka kwatanta da masu kula da lafiya, wato, cortex na precentral na hagu, precuneus, cortex na gaba na tsakiya, da cortex na temporal na ƙasa da na tsakiya. An gano raguwar kauri na cortical a cikin OFC na gefen hagu, cortex na insula, da gyrus na lingual, tare da gyrus na postcentral na dama, cortex na entorhinal, da cortex na parietal na ƙasa a cikin matasa masu IGD [23].
Hanyoyin siffofi na Voxel shine ƙwarewar banbanci don faɗar ƙarar murya na yanki da kuma bambancin jinsin halitta a siffofin hotunan magnetic jiki [30, 31]. Hanyoyin siffofi na Voxel na da amfani a gano magungunan ƙwayar cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin cututtuka da dama. Hanyoyin binciken samfurin na Voxel sun nuna cewa masu yarinya na IGD suna da ƙananan ƙwayoyin launin toka a cikin hagu na hagu na baya (ACC), ƙwayoyin cingulation mai kwakwalwa (PCC), hagu na hagu, da XYUMX. Amfani da wannan hanyar, rage yawan ƙararrawar launin toka an samo a cikin PFC mai girma, karin motar mota, OFC, cerebellum, da kuma hagu na ACC a wani ɓangare na masu sauraro na yanar gizo [32]. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin binciken morphometry ta uku na uku na Voxel ya ruwaito kwayar cutar ƙwayar cuta a hannun dama na OFC, ƙarancin kasa, da kuma karin matakan mota na IGD [33]. Sakamakon binciken kwayar launin fata a cikin waɗannan binciken bai kasance daidai ba, wanda zai iya zama saboda hanyoyin sarrafa bayanai daban-daban. PFC ya shiga cikin tsara tsarin halayyar fahimta, bayanin mutum, da yanke shawara, wanda ya ƙunshi PFC, ACC, da OFC [34]. Ɗaukaka nazari da yawa sun ba da haske ga aikin PFC a cikin buri [35]. Yanzu ana gane cewa OFC tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa motsa jiki da yanke shawara [36, 26]. Kwararren aikin kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa ya nuna cewa PFC da rostral ACC sun kasance suna cikin kwakwalwa mai kwakwalwa [37, 38]. Rage ƙarar abu mai launin toka a cikin PFC zai iya hade da halayyar mara kyau a cikin yanar gizo na Addicts, wanda zai iya bayyana ainihin bayyanar cututtuka na IA. An gabatar da insula don a taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shan taba [39]. Hanyoyin nazarin hoto na aiki sun bada shaidar cewa insula wajibi ne don ƙaddamar da hankali don yin amfani da kwayoyi, kuma wannan aikin na kowa ne tsakanin magunguna miyagun ƙwayoyi [40, 41]. Sabili da haka, waɗannan sakamakon sunyi yarjejeniya da binciken da suka gabata kuma sun tabbatar da muhimmancin aikin PFC da insula don tsangwama.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) ne mai samuwa samuwa don yin waƙa da kwakwalwa farar fata fibers noninvasively. Ana samo watsi da kwayoyin ruwa a cikin sauri fiye da nauyin kwayoyin launin fata fiye da su. Bambanci tsakanin waɗannan motsi biyu shine tushen DTI [43, 44]. DTI tana samar da tsarin don saye, bincike, da kuma ƙayyade kayan haɓakaccen abu na fari. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ba su da ƙwayar launin toka, abubuwan da ke faruwa a farar fata an nuna su a cikin IGD. Amfani da DTI, binciken ya tantance daidaitattun lamurra a cikin mutane tare da IGD [45]. Anisotropy mafi girman halayen ya ruwaito a cikin thalamus da PCC bar a IGD dangane da kula da lafiya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, anisotropy mai raguwa mafi girma a cikin thalamus an hade shi da tsananin girma na IGD. Har ila yau, wasu abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin wasu kwakwalwa sun kasance a cikin wasu ƙananan binciken. Alal misali, an bayar da rahoton anisotropy na haɓaka da rage yawancin anisotropy a cikin binciken, tare da anisotropy mai raguwa a cikin hagu na hagu na hagu na ciki kuma ya rage anisotropy na hagu a madaidaiciyar gyrusampal [33]. A wani binciken kuma, an ba da labarin anisotropy mai raguwa a cikin intanet na kwakwalwar yanar gizo, ciki har da PFC da ACC [46]. Duk da haka, babu wuraren da anisotropy mai raunin sama ya samo. Sakamakon haka ma an ruwaito shi a wani rukuni na matasan tare da IGD [34]. Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa rashin lafiya na IA ya nuna mummunan nau'in kwayar cutar, wadda za a iya danganta shi da wasu lalacewar hali. Ya kamata a lura cewa gyaran anisotropy mai raguwa a wurare masu kwakwalwa ba daidai ba ne a cikin waɗannan nazarin, kuma rashin daidaito a cikin waɗannan nazarin ya buƙaci ƙarin bincike.
2.2. Abnormalities aiki
Ta yin amfani da furotin-lakabi na lakabi na fMRI, Feng et al. bincika tasirin IGD a kan jinin jinin jinin jinin jiki a cikin matasa [47]. Idan aka kwatanta da batutuwa masu iko, matasa da IGD sun nuna alamun jini na jini a cikin hagu na hagu na lobe / fusiform gyrus, gyrus / amygdala na gefen hagu, hagu na gaba / ACC, insula na hagu, mai tsabta na tsakiya, tsakiya na tsakiya, dama gyrus na farko, hagu na bangaren mota, gyrus cingulate na hagu, da kuma lobe na kwakwalwa na gaskiya. Yawancin waɗannan wurare sun hada da samfurin Volkow et al. wanda jaraba ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa a sarrafawar bayanai da haɗuwa tsakanin bangarori daban-daban da kuma ayyuka [48]. Daga cikin wadannan sassan kwakwalwa, amygdala da hippocampus suna cikin ɓangaren da ke kewaye da ilmantarwa da ƙwaƙwalwar da aka haɗa da sha'awar amsa tambayoyin magungunan miyagun kwayoyi [49]. Dukkanin mai insula da PFC an san su suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a jaraba [36, 40]. An rage yawan jinin jini a cikin hagu na tsakiya na hagu, hagu na tsakiya na tsakiya, da gyrus na tsakiya a cikin matasa na IGD. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa IGD ya canza rarraba jinin jini a cikin kwakwalwa na matasa. Duk da haka, babu tabbacin cewa waɗannan cututtukan jini na jini suna nuna ma'anar cutar kututtuka ko juyo na biyu don sauya irin wannan lalacewa.
Hakanan ana iya lura da rashin daidaituwa na aiki tare da mutane tare da IA. Wani binciken da aka yi a baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa batutuwa da IGD sun nuna karuwar haɗin aiki a cikin lakabi na tsakiya na tsakiya da na tsakiya kamar yadda aka kwatanta da kungiyar [50]. Labaran ƙwayar daɗaɗɗen kwakwalwan daji da kwakwalwa na ƙananan baya sun nuna rage haɗuwa. Wani binciken kuma ya ruwaito cewa matasa da ke nunawa na nuna rashin aikin haɗuwa da suka hada da abubuwan da suka shafi kwakwalwa ta hanyar cortico-subcortical, kuma sasantawa na biyu shi ne mafi yawancin yankuna masu kwakwalwa na duniya [51]. Wadannan sakamakon suna nuna cewa ana dangantaka da haɗakarwa da kuma raguwar haɗin aiki wanda ke nuna cibiyar sadarwa mai rarraba.
An bayar da rahoton cewa impulsions yana da dangantaka da IA [52]. Ana iya bincika ikon yin amfani da matakan da aka tsara don amfani da alamar dakatarwa ko tafi / ba-tafi a cikin shafukan [53]. Binciken da aka yi a kwanan nan yayi nazarin maganin mayar da martani da sarrafawa a cikin batutuwa da IGD [54]. Duk batutuwa sunyi abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka shafi faruwa / ba-tafi aiki a karkashin fMRI kuma sun kammala tambayoyi game da IA da kuma impulsivity. Ƙungiyar ta IGD ta sami nasara mafi girma domin impulsivity kuma ta nuna yawancin kwakwalwa a yayin da ake sarrafa maɓallin mayar da martani a hannun hagu na OFC da ƙananan ƙananan mahadate fiye da sarrafawa. Ana amfani da OFC tare da maɓallin amsawa [37, 55]. Sabili da haka, waɗannan sakamakon sun goyi bayan gaskiyar cewa cibiyar sadarwa na gaba-gaba tana da haɓaka amsa. Nazarin irin wannan yayi nazarin maganganun da ke tsakanin maza da AI tare da yin amfani da wani nau'i mai launi mai launi na FMRI da ake kira XML. Kungiyar ta ƙungiyar ta nuna cewa sun fi girma "sakamako mai lalacewa" -a takaice a cikin ACC da PCC idan aka kwatanta da kulawar lafiya. An nuna ACC a cikin ɓangaren kula da rikici da kuma kula da hankali [56, 57]. Babban haɗin ACC a yayin aiki mai launi na Stroop zai iya ƙira ya rage "ƙwarewar haɓaka" a cikin kungiyar IA. Kwamfutar PCC wani ɓangaren ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwar da aka riga ta wuce kuma an shigar da shi a cikin hanyoyi masu mahimmanci [58]. Ƙarar aiki mafi girma a cikin PCC na iya nuna ƙaddamar da ƙarancin hanyar sadarwa na tsoho wanda ya haifar da gazawar inganta ɗakunan albarkatun da ke da alaka da ƙungiyar IA. Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke tare da IA suna nuna rashin daidaituwa da matakai na hana amsawa.
Haɗin yanki na yanki shi ne hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin nazarin FMRI wanda ya dace da daidaitawar aiki tare da maƙwabta mafi kusa, kuma za'a iya amfani dasu don kimanta ayyukan kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa na tushen kwakwalwa cewa kalmomin da ke kusa da su suna da irin wannan yanayin [ 60]. Abubuwan IGD sun nuna babbar karuwa a homogeneity na yankuna a cikin lobe na loiet, da na baya-bayan da aka bari, kuma sun bar gyrus na tsakiya na tsakiya da kuma rage haɓakar yankuna a cikin kwakwalwa, matsakaici, da kwakwalwar kwakwalwan kwakwalwa da aka kwatanta da magungunan lafiya [61]. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa wasan kwaikwayon lokaci na yau da kullum yana kunna haɓaka aiki tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin sassan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma rage yawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a jihohi da ƙwararrun asibiti.
Yawancin bincike sunyi bincike game da wuraren kwakwalwa da ke da alaka da labaran wasan kwaikwayon [62-65]. An gabatar da mahalarta tare da hotunan wasan kwaikwayo yayin da suke shiga fMRI. Wadannan nazarin sun nuna yawan karfin siginar a cikin yankunan kwakwalwa (misali, PFC mai kwakwalwa, lobeal loietal, ACC, Giraffar apolpampal, OFC, da PCC) a cikin rukuni idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. Ƙungiyoyin kwakwalwa da aka kunna an haɗu da alaƙa tare da matsalolin wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye. Abubuwa masu yawa a cikin wadannan kwakwalwa sun kasance cikin damuwa da yawa nazarin kuma ana iya haɗuwa da dysfunctions a cikin kulawa da hankali, sha'awar zuciya, tsarin gudanarwa, da kuma ƙwaƙwalwar aiki a cikin batutun IGD [66].
Binciken mai ban sha'awa idan aka kwatanta da batutuwa na IGD da batutuwa a cikin gyare-gyare daga IGD da kuma sarrafawa a cikin sha'awar da aka yi don kunna wasanni na yanar gizo [67]. Kwararrun PFC da ke tsakiya, prefaius, gyrus na lantarki, na PCC, da kuma ACC sun kasance suna aiki don amsa tambayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kungiyar IGD idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. Wadannan sassan kwakwalwar da aka kunna suna wakiltar kwakwalwa daidai da ma'anar jarabawar abu (38, 39, 59). Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙungiyar gyare-gyare ta nuna rage yawan aiki a kan PFC mafi girma kuma ya bar gyrus na lantarki fiye da kungiyar IGD. Saboda haka, marubuta sun ba da shawara cewa yankunan biyu za su zama alamomi na dan takara don cin zarafi na yau da kullum akan wasan kwaikwayon kan layi.
An kuma amfani da MRI don tantance sakamakon ilimin likitanci na likita a kan IA. Bupropion ne mai norepinephrine / dopamine reuptake inhibitor, wanda aka yi amfani da magani na marasa lafiya da wani abu abuse. Wani binciken ya binciki yiwuwar tasiri, tantance aikin kwakwalwa don amsa tambayoyin wasan ta amfani da fMRI [68]. IGD ya nuna aiki mafi girma a lobe na hagu na hagu, hagu na PFC mafi girma, kuma ya bar gyrus na lantarki fiye da sarrafawa. Bayan makonni na 6 na maganin tsauraran zuciya, sha'awar da yawan lokacin da aka yi amfani da caca sun kasance ƙasa. An kuma rage yawan kwakwalwar kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ta hanyar kwakwalwa ta PFC, wanda ya nuna cewa bupropion yana da tasiri. Kamar yadda aka ambata, mutanen IGD a gyarawa sun nuna raguwa da dama a kan PFC mafi girma kuma ya bar gyrus na lantarki [67]. Saboda haka, ilimin kwayoyin halitta yana da damar taimakawa likitoci su ƙayyade mafi dacewa ga lafiyar marasa lafiya da kuma lura da ci gaban su zuwa farfadowa.
3. Sakamakon Hidimar Nuclear
Hanyoyin fasahar nukiliya, waɗanda suka hada da KASHI da PET, suna da amfani da ƙwarewar jiki mai zurfi, zurfin zurfin zurfin shiga, da kuma zangon magunguna masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta [70]. KASHI da PET suna ba da hankali ga makamashi da ake amfani da shi a cikin rayuwa ta hanyar yin amfani da glucose amfani, cizon sauro, da kuma amfani da oxygen. A binciken bincike neuro, wannan ya ba da damar nazarin ayyukan neural, da magungunan cutar, bisa ga tsarin kwakwalwa da aikin [71]. PET yana da ƙarin amfaninta na samar da mafi girman matsayi na sararin samaniya fiye da SPECT. Bugu da ƙari ga ma'aunin gyaran fuska, PET da SPECT sun ba da damar ƙaddamar da ƙayyadadden ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin ɗaukar ma'aunin neurotransmitter ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan raƙuman radiyo (72).
3.1. PET Hanyoyin Saurin Canji na Brain Metabolic
Amfani da 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) Hoton PET, binciken ya binciki bambance-bambance na cinikayya na glucose a yanayin kwanciyar hankali tsakanin matasa tare da IGD da wadanda suke da amfani ta al'ada [73]. Sakamakon hotunan ya nuna cewa IGD ya kara yawan glucose metabolism a tsakiyar tsakiyar OFC, hagu na tsakiya na caudate, da iskar gas mai kyau da kuma rage metabolism a cikin gyrus posters, hagu na tsakiya, da kuma yankuna na asibiti na biyu idan aka kwatanta da masu amfani na al'ada. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa IGD na iya haɗuwa da ƙananan kwayoyin halitta a cikin yankunan OFC, striatum, da kuma hanyoyin da ke da ma'ana, waɗanda suke da alaka da sarrafa motsa jiki, sarrafawa na sakamako, da kuma wakilcin abubuwan da suka faru a baya.
3.2. Maganin Nuclear na Neuroreceptor Abnormalities
Shaidun da ke fitowa sun nuna cewa tsarin kwayoyin halitta yana da hannu a shan maganin miyagun kwayoyi [74, 75]. Kwalejin gwajin da Koepp et al. An yi amfani da raclopride mai suna 11C da kuma PET don bincika zubar da cututtukan dopamine a cikin dan Adam yayin wasan bidiyo [76]. Rage na 11C-raclopride radioligand zuwa masu karɓa na dopamine D2 yana da matukar damuwa ga matakin dopamine na ƙarshe, wanda za'a iya gano a matsayin canje-canje a cikin haɗin radioligand. Mawallafa sun ruwaito cewa daurin 11C-raclopride ga masu karɓa na dopamine a cikin striatum an rage sosai a lokacin wasan bidiyo idan aka kwatanta da matakan da suka dace, wanda ya nuna ƙãra saki da ɗaurin dopamine zuwa ga masu karɓa. Bugu da ƙari, sun nuna cewa akwai muhimmiyar haɓaka tsakanin matakin aiki a lokacin aikin kuma rage 11C-raclopride mai ɗaukar nauyi a cikin striatum. An gano irin wannan sakamako a cikin mutane tare da IA [77]. Kowane mutum tare da IA ya rage rage yawan mai karɓar DodNUMX a cikin striatum idan aka kwatanta da controls. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kuskuren rashin daidaituwa da kasancewa mai karɓa na receptor dopamine tare da rashin ƙarfi na IA. Wadannan binciken suna goyon bayan Han et al. wanda ya bincika kwayoyin polymorphisms na tsarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin rukuni na 'yan wasan' yan wasan Intanet masu yawa (2). Sun bayar da rahoton cewa mutane da yawa sun hada da kwayoyin polymorphisms a cikin kwayoyin da ke tsarawa ga mai karɓar DodNUMX dopamine da kuma lalata numfashi na lalata dopamine sun fi sauƙi ga yin amfani da yanar-gizon wuce gona da iri idan aka kwatanta da kula da shekaru.
Rigarin kwayar halitta shine ƙwayar membrane na plasma wanda ke motsa jiki yana motsawa daga dopin daga sararin samfurori a cikin ƙananan magunguna na [79]. An kashe gurbin dopamine a cikin shinge bayan bin bisani na kayan tarihi mai tsawo [80, 81]. Ta yin amfani da na'urar tare da radiotracer 99mTc-TRODAT-1, ƙungiyarmu ta bincika tasirin sarrafa kwayoyin katakon kwayoyin cuta a cikin abubuwan da ake gudanarwa a IA don gano magungunan ƙwayar cuta mai mahimmanci [82]. Mun nuna cewa an rage ragowar matakin maganin dopamine da karfin, nauyi, da kuma 99mTc-TRODAT-1 na kamfanonin corpus striatum da aka rage ƙwarai a cikin mutane tare da IA idan aka kwatanta da controls. A haɗuwa, waɗannan sakamakon suna nuna cewa ana haɗin AI tare da ɓarna na kwakwalwar kwamfuta.
A cikin zurfin nazari mai zurfi, ƙungiyarmu ta bincika tantance mai karɓa na D2 dopamine da glucose metabolism a cikin mutanen da suke amfani da PET tare da 11C-N-methylspiperone (11C-NMSP) da kuma 18F-FDG, a cikin jihohi biyu na ayyukan wasan kwaikwayon da kuma yanar gizo [ 69]. An samu karuwar gwargwadon ƙwayar glucose a cikin tsari na farko, ta jiki, da kuma limbic a cikin batutuwa na IGD. A cikin yanayin hutu, ƙananan nau'in 11C-NMSP da aka samo a cikin hakikanin ƙananan gyrus a cikin batutuwa na IGD idan aka kwatanta da iko na al'ada (Figure 2 (a)). Bayan aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Intanit, 11C-NMSP mai ɗaukar moriya a cikin harsashi yana da muhimmanci ƙwarai a cikin batutuwa na IGD idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa, yana nuna ƙananan raƙuman mai karɓa na D2 dopamine (Figure 2 (b)). Dysregulation na dopamine D2 receptor aka haɗu da shekaru shekaru na Intanit (Figure 2 (d)). Mafi mahimmanci, a cikin batutuwa na IGD, ƙananan adabin dopodin D2 a cikin striatum an hade shi tare da rage yawan glucose metabolism a cikin OFC. Wadannan sakamakon sun bada shawarar cewa dardregulation na DPTNUMX na DPTNUMX zai iya haifar da wani tsari na asarar iko da karfin hali a cikin batutuwa na IGD.
Hoto na 2: 11C-NMSP PET hoton samuwar masu karɓar dopamine D2 a cikin waɗanda IGD ya shafa. (a) A cikin yanayin hutawa, an sami ƙaramin matakin ɗaure 11C-NMSP a cikin gyrus na ɗan lokaci na dama a cikin waɗanda IGD ya shafa idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa (launin rawaya) (ba a gyara ba,). (b) A cikin yanayin aikin wasan, ɗaure 11C-NMSP a cikin putamen ya yi ƙasa sosai a cikin ƙungiyar IGD fiye da ƙungiyar sarrafawa, musamman a gefen dama (launin rawaya) (ba a gyara ba,). (c) Dama (,) da hagu putamen 11C-NMSP yuwuwar ɗaurewa (, ) sun yi daidai da maki Matasa a cikin waɗanda IGD ya shafa. (d) Hagu na OFC zuwa rabon cerebellum na ɗaure 11C-NMSP ya yi daidai da tsawon lokacin amfani da intanet fiye da kima (,) [69].
Daga waɗannan sakamakon, yana nuna cewa IA tana raba irin wadannan hanyoyin neurobiological tare da maganin likita. Duk da haka, akwai shaidu da ke nuna cewa akwai bambanci masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin kwayoyin halitta na magungunan miyagun kwayoyi [83]. A cikin hangen zaman gaba labarin, Badiani et al. ya ba da tabbacin cewa cin zarafi da maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta sune hali ne da kuma bambancin neurobiologically, kuma waɗannan bambance-bambance na iya amfani da su zuwa wasu magunguna [83]. Sabili da haka, fahimtar hanyoyin da ke tattare da neurobiological da ke da muhimmiyar AI yana da mahimmanci don ci gaban ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin magance magani.
4. Ƙarshe da Hasashen Lura
Shaidu na fitowa sun nuna cewa canje-canje a tsarin tsarin kwakwalwa da ayyukan da ke da dangantaka da IA suna da dacewa da yankuna masu kwakwalwa da ke cikin lada, dalili, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kazalika da kula da hankali. An ƙara amfani da fasahar hotunan kwayoyin halitta da kuma fasahar aikin aiki zuwa binciken NI, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga fahimtar mu game da tsarin neurobiological. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata sun yi nazarin IA ne kawai a ƙarƙashin mulkin ƙaura, tabbatar da tsarin da abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin OFC, PFC, ACC, da kuma PCC. Wa] annan yankuna na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da halayen salience, kula da inganci, da yanke shawara. A halin yanzu, kawai binciken PET tare da 11C-NMSP da 18F-FDG an gudanar da su a ƙarƙashin ma'anonin wasan kwaikwayo na yanar gizo da na Intanet a cikin mutane guda daya (ko dai tare da IGD ko a'a) kuma sun gano cewa DVNUMX mai karɓar raƙataccen mai karɓa na OFC zai iya haifar da inji ga asarar iko da halayyar tilasta a cikin batutuwa na IGD.
Kamar yadda AI ya zama babbar matsala a dukan duniya, buƙatar samun magani mai mahimmanci yana ƙara gaggawa. Dukkanin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na tunanin mutum da kuma maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin magani sun kasance sunyi amfani da su. Yawancin magungunan sun nuna alamar alkawari a zalunta IA, irin su antidepressants, antipsychotics, da kuma masu kwantar da hankalin mai karɓa na opioid [84]. An yi amfani da farfadowa da halayyar halayen maganin maganin maganin abubuwa [85]. Tun lokacin da Nayi ya bayyana irin wannan nau'in da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar zalunci, an tabbatar da farfadowa da halayen halayen maganganu don yin tasirin maganin IA [86]. Ƙarin binciken da ake amfani da wasu magunguna daban-daban don ƙaddamar da wasu hanyoyin da ke dauke da kwayoyin cutar da ke dauke da AI za su samar da cikakkiyar hoto game da tsarin neurobiological wanda ke dauke da AI. Bugu da ƙari, ƙila za a iya amfani da ƙwayoyin radiyo don tantance sakamakon maganin magani na musamman, misali, ta yin amfani da 11C-carfentanil don nazarin samfurori na masu samfurin mai-opioid kuma hangen nesan sakamakon sakamakon maganin masu bincike na mai karɓar opioid kuma zasu taimaka magungunan likita su ƙayyade mafi dacewa ga lafiyar marasa lafiya .
Rikici na Bukatun
Mawallafa sun furta cewa babu rikice-rikice akan bukatun game da buga wannan takarda.
Acknowledgments
Wannan aikin ya tallafa wa hannu daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta kasa na Sin (2013CB329506), cibiyar kimiyya ta kasa ta kasar Sin (NSFC) (81271601), da Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da fasaha na Sin (2011CB504400).
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