Ana nazarin maganganun hanyoyi masu zuwa ga manufofin mutum da aka sanyawa da abubuwa don gano hanyoyin tafiyar da jima'i da suka wuce kwatankwacin (2019)

Jeroen Vaes, Giulia Cristoforetti, Daniela Ruzzante, Carlotta Cogoni & Veronica Mazza

Rahoton Kimiyya juz'i na 9, Lambar Mataki: 6699 (2019)

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42928-x

Abstract

Ƙaddamarwa - rage mutum zuwa wani abu - yana wakiltar hanyar da za ta iya ɓatawa ta hanyar da za mu iya gani da kuma bi da wasu. Mata suna sau da yawa wadanda ke fama da matakai na abin da ke faruwa a duk lokacin da mace ta rage jikinta ko wasu sassan jiki. Abin da ya kasance bai san shi ba ne yadda mace ta zama abu lokacin da aka sanya shi. Yin amfani da tsari na oddball a cikin gwaje-gwaje guda uku, an haɓaka aikin haɗin gwiwar mahalarta yayin da suke nazarin sauye-sauye na namiji da na mace da aka gabatar akai-akai kuma ba tare da bata lokaci ba gabatar da abubuwa masu kama da juna. Ana saran abubuwan da aka yi amfani da nau'i-nau'i masu yawa su jawo martani ga sakamako mai ba da labari (P300) kamar yadda aka gane su da bambanci daga maimaitawa, yanayin mutum (watau sakamakon oddball). A cikin gwajin 1, sakamako mai ban sha'awa ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ga matan da aka haɓaka idan aka kwatanta da mazaunin da aka haramta. Sakamako na gwajin 2 ya tabbatar da cewa wannan tasiri ya kasance a cikin ƙaddarar mata. A cikin gwajin 3, ba a ba da bayanin halayen ɗan adam game da batun ɗan adam ba, amma matan da aka amince da su sun kasance sun fi kama da ainihin abubuwa. A haɗuwa, waɗannan sakamakon su ne na farko da ya nuna cewa fahimtar mata, lokacin da aka haɓaka, canza ainihin abinda ya fi kwatanta.

Gabatarwa

Abokan hulɗarmu a tsakanin mutane shine yawanci ya ƙaddara ta hanyar da muke so mu san tunanin sauran mutane, dabi'u, sha'awa da kuma niyyar. Abokan hulɗarmu tare da abubuwa, a maimakon haka, yawanci suna jagorantar da amfani da bayyanar su. Wadannan alamu na hulɗar al'ada suna nunawa a fili a matsayin yankuna masu kwakwalwa daban daban suna kare bayanan dan Adam vs1. Duk da haka, akwai lokutta lokacin da ragowar mutum-mutum ya ɓace. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutane suka ƙi wasu mutane. Kayan aiki yana faruwa a duk lokacin da wani ya zama wani abu. A game da batun jima'i, wannan mutumin shine yawanci mace wanda jikinsa ko jikin jikinsa ya kasance kamar kayan kida, ya bambanta daga mutuntakarta da mutumtaka, ana ɗaukar suna iya wakiltarta2,3. Saboda haka, kamar abubuwan da aka fi mayar da su don bayyanar su ko amfani, idan an yi musu izini, mata sun fi dacewa da kyau don ƙarancin su da kayan aiki. Abin da ya kasance ba shi da tabbacin cewa ko matan da aka haramta sun zama ainihin kama da abubuwa ko kuma abin da ake kira abu ne kawai.

Harkokin jima'i yana cike da yawa a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Yammacin duniya kuma yawancin ya shafi matasa. A cikin binciken Nazarin Australia a kwanan nan4, 'yan mata sun ruwaito cewa zasu dauki wani abu mai mahimmanci (misali, saka idanu da ba'a so ba) da sauran lokuta kuma suna shaida abin da aka yi wa wasu, ta hanyar kafofin watsa labaru da kuma yadda za a yi hulɗa da juna, kusan fiye da sau ɗaya a kowace rana. Maganar mata a cikin kafofin watsa labaru yana da ƙyatarwa kuma ba a biya su ba tare da karin haske a yawancin kasashen yammacin duniya5,6. Irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka haɓaka a kai tsaye da kai tsaye suna da nasarorin da ke tasiri ga ra'ayin mata4,7,8 kuma a cikin dogon lokaci mai yiwuwa yiwuwar sace lafiyar su9,10,11,12. Bugu da ƙari, fahimtar mace a maganganu masu ƙaryarwa yana ƙara haɗari da jima'i13,14,15. Sabili da haka, samun fahimtar fahimtar matakan da ke jawo hankalin jima'i yana da muhimmancin gaske.

Hanya ta musamman akan mace fiye da jikin namiji a binciken bincike da aka haɓaka ya damu da ka'idar juyin halitta da al'adu. Daga tsarin hangen nesa, mace mace tana janyo hankali idan aka kwatanta da jikin namiji saboda yana da nau'i na bayanai wanda ke bada bayani game da haihuwa da haihuwa16,17. Dangane da al'adun zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon haka, sun jaddada tasirin tasirin zamantakewa18 da kuma matsayi na iyayengiji kamar yadda yake sa ci gaba da ƙwarewar mata yafi dacewa da bayyanar su2,19. Dukansu ra'ayoyinsu suna iya bayyana dalilin da yasa mata sukan fi dacewa da wadanda ke fama da abin da aka hana su rage su zuwa jikin su ko wasu sassan jiki. A sakamakon haka, jikin mace yafi darajarta don bayyanarsa da amfani, kamar abu mai yawa.

An canza canjin daga wani zuwa wani abu a binciken akan lalata da kuma anthropomorphism; an nuna cewa ƙungiyoyi masu tayar da hankali da kuma abubuwa masu banƙyama sun haifar da alamu irin ta kwakwalwa20,21, yayinda abubuwa masu mahimmanci suka jawo hankulan su kamar maganganu na jiki idan aka kwatanta da yanayin mutum22,23,24,25. A cikin yanci na jinginar jima'i an gudanar da bincike na irin wannan bincike amma babu wanda ya yarda mana muyi daidai da kama tsakanin matan da aka haifa da abubuwa masu gaskiya.

Ayyukan aiki akan haɓakawa26,27,28,29 ya nuna ƙungiyoyi, fassarori, ko kuma dabi'un da mutane suke yi lokacin da aka fuskanci maza da mata wanda aka nuna a cikin tufafi ko tufafi (watau, da aka sanya) ko kuma cikakkiyar sutura (watau, wanda ba a yarda) ba. An kwatanta mata da aka ƙaddara a matsayin marasa lafiya, masu tunani, da kuma abokantaka ko kuma sun haɗa su da sauƙi da nau'in dabba (misali, yanayi, ƙwaƙwalwa) idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da tufafin maza da mata masu sutura. Duk da yake waɗannan sakamakon ya ba mu ra'ayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda mutane suke yi a yayin da suke fuskanta da matan da aka yarda da su, ba su ƙyale mu mu nuna cewa waɗannan mata za su zama kama da abubuwa a matakin ƙira ba.

A cikin irin wannan yanayin, sakamakon neuroimaging30 ya bayyana cewa mutanen da ke da halayyar jima'i game da mata sun nuna raguwa da waɗannan yankunan ƙwaƙwalwar da ke da alaƙa da ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa a yayin da suke kallon matan da aka haramta idan aka kwatanta da sauran burin zamantakewa. Sauran bincike sun nuna cewa an kaddamar da samfurin mata da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar yin amfani da matakan da aka saba amfani dashi a cikin hulɗarmu da abubuwa. Duk da yake abubuwa suna ganewa ta hanyar amfani da bincike, ganewa ga mutane kuma musamman mabanin mutum yana samun ta hanyar sarrafawa. Ganin cewa tsarin na ƙarshe yana nuna cewa fahimtar nasara ya dogara ne da fahimtar dangantakar tsakanin sassan da ke cikin ƙananan motsa jiki, da sanin mutane suna yawan hanawa lokacin da aka karkatar da jikin su ko fuska, yayin da aka gane abubuwan da ba a taɓa shi ba (misali31,32). Yin amfani da tasirin canzawa ga tsarin zinare na jima'i, Bernard et al.33 gano cewa ba kamar sauran manufofin mutum ba, babu bambanci a cikin ganewar jikin jariran da aka haifa idan an nuna su a tsaye ko a juya su. A wasu kalmomi, jikin jariran da aka haɓaka sun kasance sun rabu kuma an gane su a matsayin abin tunawa da sassan jikin jiki, wani tsari wanda aka lura da shi a yayin da aka gane abubuwa. Nuna cewa wasu yankunan kwakwalwa30 ko tsarin bincike33 suna da alaƙa kamar haka yayin da aka shimfiɗa dukan abubuwa da kuma matan da aka haramta, duk da haka, ba ya tabbatar da cewa su ainihin abu ɗaya ko ma ya kasance kama. Don daya saboda a karkashin wasu sharuɗɗa abubuwa sun nuna su haifar da haɓakar inversion31,34,35 ma'anar cewa babu cikakkiyar farfadowa tsakanin tsarin tsari (nazarin da vs. configura) da kuma manufa (abu vs. ɗan adam). Bugu da ƙari, matsalolin da suke da bambanci, kamar kayan abinci mai dadi da magungunan ƙwayoyi, an san su don kunna sassan kwakwalwa ɗaya (watau tsarin sakamako36).

Don ƙididdige ainihin kamance tsakanin matan da aka haifa da abubuwa na ainihi, ya kamata (1) yayi kwatanta ta dace tare da abubuwa da (2) amfani da hanyar da za ta bincikar daidaitattun daidaituwa tsakanin abu da ƙaddarar mutum, maimakon ƙaddamar da nau'i irin aiki . An yi ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin gwada batun farko kwanan nan. Idan aka mayar da hankali ga N170, wani abu mai yiwuwa da ya shafi abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗin gwiwar, bincike ya gano cewa ba'a sanya jikin mutum ba kawai (watau, cikakkiyar sutura) jikin mutum ba tare da an haɗa shi ba (watau, wanda bai dace ba) jikin mutum da abubuwa (watau, takalma) a lokacin da aka samu rikici37 ko inverted38. Hakazalika, a wani binciken kuma an lura da mummunan tasiri ga matan da ba a yarda da su ba, amma ba domin matan da aka sanyawa su da abubuwa kamar gidaje ba34. Duk da yake waɗannan nazarin sunyi kokarin gwada irin wannan tsarin aiki yayin da aka fahimci hotuna na matan da aka haramta da abubuwa na ainihi, babu wata ƙoƙarin da aka yi don gwadawa daidai da kamanni a cikin hangen nesa da matan da aka haɓaka da abubuwa na ainihi. Saboda haka, bincike na baya ba ya ƙyale mu mu faɗi cewa tafiyar matakan da suka wuce ya wuce bayanan da ke nuna cewa matan da aka haɓaka suka zama ainihin dabi'a. Binciken na yanzu ya gabatar da wani labari wanda yake kwatanta ayyukan haɗin gwiwar mahalarta a yayin da suke fuskantar hotuna na maza da mata da kuma abubuwan da aka kwatanta da su kuma ba mu damar auna ainihin kamance tsakanin mutum da kuma magance matsalolin.

Binciken Bincike

Don gwada tsammanin cewa matan da aka haifa suna ganin sun fi kama da abubuwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran manufofin mutum, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje uku. A cikin dukkan gwaje-gwajen, an samo alamar da ake kira oddball na misali (eg39,40), wanda a cikin sautin abin da ya faru na sau da yawa ya saba da shi ta hanyar wani abu mai ban sha'awa, watau, oddball. Abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru (ERP) an rubuta su a yanayin da ke aiki kuma an mayar da martani zuwa ga oddball kuma an sake nazarin abubuwan da suka faru. Binciken da aka yi amfani da wannan tsari ya nuna cewa P300 - wani taron ya shafi abin da ke faruwa a kan 250-600 ms bayan da ya fara motsa jiki - yana jawowa ta hanyar cigaba da ƙaruwa da ƙarfin ƙarfinsa har zuwa cewa tsinkayyar oddball yana tsinkaya kamar bambanta daga maimaitawa samfurori41,42. A cikin gwajin 1, an yi maimaita abubuwan da aka sake maimaitawa (watau, ba'a da ado) maza da mata, yayin da ba a yarda da su ba (watau, cikakke sutura) mata da maza da aka ci gaba da gabatarwa a gwaji 2. A cikin gwaje-gwaje guda biyu, sauye-sauye da yawa sun kasance abubuwa masu mahimmanci kamar su avatars wanda aka tsara musamman don dalilan waɗannan binciken. Bisa ga ra'ayinmu, P300 ya kamata ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta lokacin da yarinyar mata mai siffar mata ta bayyana a tsakanin ɗayan hotunan mata wadanda aka haifa idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da aka gabatar da wani namiji mai nau'i mai nau'i mai nau'i a cikin jerin jerin hotuna maza da aka amince da su. Ya bambanta, ba mu yi tsammanin irin wannan bambanci zai faru a gwajin 2 ba, ya ba da cewa duk samfurori sun nuna alamun da ba a sanya su ba. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya ba mu damar nuna cewa ba mata ba ne, amma kawai matan da aka yarda da su sun fi kama da abubuwa. A ƙarshe, a cikin gwaji 3, an gabatar da makirci da aka sanyawa, amma ba kamar gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata ba, aikin ƙayyadewa ba shi da alaƙa da rarrabawar mutum-abu. Rage dukkanin maganganun da aka yi wa mutane ko abubuwan da aka ƙyale mu mu kara ɗaukar zaton cewa mace ba abu ba ne kawai ba amma yana nuna alamani daidai da ainihin abubuwa.

Halitta Halitta da Jaraba-gwaji

An adana hotuna 82 daga shafukan intanit. Mun bi ra'ayi ɗaya kamar yadda muka yi a bincike na baya (misali27,28) goyon baya ga maza da mata waɗanda suke bayyana a cikin ruwa ko tufafi suna jawo hankali ga jiki kuma sabili da haka ana iya ƙin yarda. Hotuna suna wakiltar mata 21 da 20 maza da ke cikin tufafi ko tufafi a cikin gwajin 1 da 3, yayin da irin wannan nau'ikan suka ɗora su a cikin gwaji 2 (duba misalin samfurori a cikin Figures 1, 2 da kuma 3). Duk samfurin da aka nuna daga gwiwoyi suna kallo a cikin kyamara. An kauce nau'i-nau'i da kwakwalwar jima'i ko tsinkayen fatar jiki. Duk hotuna sun canza zuwa matsakaici don daidaita daidaitarsu yadda ya kamata. Ga kowane hoton, an samo wani avatar mai nau'i-nau'i ta hanyar samar da wata murmushi a tsakanin fuska ta asali na samfurin (30%) da kuma doll-face (70%) da kuma yin amfani da farfajiyar jiki a jikin jikin kowane jiki (duba misali samfurori a cikin Figures 1, 2 da kuma 3). An gabatar dasu ta hanyar tambayoyin kan layi wanda 22 mahalarta (12 mace) ke rarraba kowane hoton azaman abu ko mutum. Dukkanin hotuna na mutum da kuma avatars masu daraja kamar yadda mutum ne ko wani abu (98% amsar daidai a lokuta biyu). Abu mai mahimmanci, ƙwarewar gaskiyar hotunan ba ta canja ba a matsayin yadda ake yin tufafi, jinsi na makasudin, ko kuma mahalarta jinsi. A cikin wannan tambayoyin, kuma don hotunan dan Adam kawai, mun tambayi mahalarta su nuna a kan sikelin 7-Likert a kan yadda girman hoto ya nuna mutum ko mace da aka yarda. Bisa ga bincike na baya27,28,30, an yanke hukunci ga mazan jinsi da mata idan aka gabatar da su a cikin ruwa ko tufafi (M = 3.05, SD = 0.37) idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da suke sanye da tufafi cikakke (M = 2.25, SD = 0.26), F(1, 20) = 13.27, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.40. Abu mai mahimmanci, wannan tasirin ba mai daidaita shi ta hanyar manufa ko jinsi mahalarta ba (duba Tallafawar Bayanin kan layi don cikakken bincike).

Figure 1

Dama da kuma sakamakon binciken electrophysiological na gwajin 1. Hagu na hagu: misali na samfurori da ke nuna mutum namiji da aka yarda da shi, namiji da aka yarda da shi da kuma avatars din su. Ba a yi amfani da irin abubuwan da aka nuna a wannan adadi ba a gwaji na yanzu, amma suna kama da asali. Saboda haɓakar haƙƙin mallaka ba za mu iya buga kwararrun gwaji na asali ba. Za a iya samun samfurori gwaji a kan bukatar tuntuɓar marubucin da ya dace. Ƙungiya na tsakiya: Kaddamar da sifa na aikin ERP a cikin matakan P300. Dama na daidaitattun: Ƙididdigar matsakaicin matsakaici don matakan maza da mata da aka kaddamar da su da kuma avatars din su. Dama dama: Bayani na kwatanta tsakanin matsakaitan matsakaicin matsakaicin tsakanin dukkanin manufa a cikin matakan P300.

Girman hoto

Figure 2

Dama da kuma sakamakon binciken electrophysiological na gwajin 2. Hagu na hagu: Misalin magungunan da ke nuna mutumin da ba a yarda da shi ba, namiji wanda ba a yarda da shi ba, da kuma avatars. Ba a yi amfani da irin abubuwan da aka nuna a wannan adadi ba a gwaji na yanzu, amma suna kama da asali. Saboda haɓakar haƙƙin mallaka ba za mu iya buga kwararrun gwaji na asali ba. Za a iya samun samfurori gwaji a kan bukatar tuntuɓar marubucin da ya dace. Ƙungiya na tsakiya: Kaddamar da sifa na aikin ERP a cikin matakan P300. Dama mai kyau: Tsarin ƙididdigar matsakaici ga wadanda ba a yarda da su ba, da kuma matatars din su. Dama dama: Bayani na kwatanta tsakanin matsakaitan matsakaicin matsakaicin tsakanin dukkanin manufa a cikin matakan P300.

Girman hoto

Figure 3

Dama da kuma sakamakon binciken electrophysiological na gwajin 3. Hagu na hagu: misali na samfurori da ke nuna mutum namiji da aka yarda da shi, namiji da aka yarda da shi da kuma avatars din su. An yi amfani da layin jaho ko launi na kore a gefen dama ko hagu na kowane abu mai mahimmanci. Ba a yi amfani da irin abubuwan da aka nuna a wannan adadi ba a gwaji na yanzu, amma suna kama da asali. Saboda haɓakar haƙƙin mallaka ba za mu iya buga kwararrun gwaji na asali ba. Za a iya samun samfurori gwaji a kan bukatar tuntuɓar marubucin da ya dace. Ƙungiya na tsakiya: Kaddamar da sifa na aikin ERP a cikin matakan P300. Dama na daidaitattun: Ƙididdigar matsakaicin matsakaici don matakan maza da mata da aka kaddamar da su da kuma avatars din su. Dama dama: Bayani na kwatanta tsakanin matsakaitan matsakaicin matsakaicin tsakanin dukkanin manufa a cikin matakan P300.

Girman hoto

Experiment 1

A cikin gwajin 1, yanayin da ake ciki ya ƙunshi mace da aka haifa da maza da aka yi niyya; Abatars masu tsauraran hanyoyi suna nuna alamun matsalolin da suka faru a cikin wani tasiri na jigilar mutane. Masu shiga dole ne su nuna, daidai da sauri, ko kowace manufa ta nuna mutum ko wani abu mai kama da abu kamar ta latsa maɓalli.

results

Sakamakon Abubuwa

Gaskiya. Yin nazarin yadda yawancin martani ya nuna ya nuna cewa al'amuran yau da kullum sun fi dacewa da bambancin maza maimakon mata masu ci gaba (F(1, 17) = 9.939, p <0.01, η2p = 0.369) da kuma mutum da aka ƙaddara maimakon avatars kamar doll (F(1, 17) = 62.438, p <0.001, η2p = 0.786). Kamar yadda ake tsammani, cibiyoyin jinsi da ɗan adam masu ma'amala sosai, (F(1, 17) = 7.774, p <0.05, η2p = 0.314). Mahalarta sun kasance mafi daidaito don gane namiji mai kama da doll (M = 84.77, SD = 9.351) idan aka kwatanta da mata masu kama da doli (M = 79.22, SD = 9.890) (t (17) = -3.104, p <0.01), yayin babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci da ya fito tsakanin mace da aka ƙaddara da ƙaddarar maza (t (17) = -1.045, p = 0.311) (duba Fig. SI1 a cikin Ƙarin Bayanan Intanet). Wannan yana nufin cewa haɗin gwiwar mahalarta ya ɓace sosai lokacin da yarinyar mata da aka haifa a cikin wata siffar hotunan 'yan mata da aka haɓaka idan aka kwatanta da wani namiji mai kama da namiji wanda aka kwatanta a tsakanin hotunan namiji da aka amince.

Lokacin amsawa. Lokacin da aka buƙata don bada cikakken bayani ya sami rinjaye daga nau'in jinsi na gaba (F(1, 17) = 23.796, p <0.001, η2p = 0.583) da mutuntaka (F(1, 17) = 11.248, p <0.01, η2p = 0.398), amma hulɗar tsakanin masu canji biyu ba ta rinjayi shi ba. Gabaɗaya, amsoshi sun kasance da sauri don rarrabuwa ga namiji (M = 0.694 s, SD = 0.14) maimakon maƙasudin mata (M = 0.789 s, SD = 0.20) da kuma mutanen da aka ƙaddara (M = 0.771 s, SD = 0.17) maimakon kwatankwacin avatars (M = 0.772 s, SD = 0.17) (duba Siffa SI2 a cikin Ƙarin Bayanan Intanet). Yana da kyau a lura cewa amsawar da mahalarta suka yi game da rashin kuskure maimakon matsaloli masu yawa, amma dai, ba kamar daidaito ba ne na amsawarsu, sun kasance da hankali cikin amsawa ga mace (duka mutum da avatar) idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin namiji. Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna cewa hotunan mata suna janyo hankalin karin hankali kuma suna kallon tsawon lokaci idan aka kwatanta da hotuna na maza43. Wannan na iya jinkirta mahalarta a cikin halayen su ga mata ba bisa ga namiji ba. Wannan sakamakon, duk da haka, yana bukatar a fassara shi tare da kulawa kamar yadda ba mu sake yin wannan sakamako ba a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje.

Sakamakon ilimin electrophysiological

Maganin abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru (P300) sun rinjayi karfi da jinsi da bil'adama a kowane bangare uku na sha'awa (parietal, occipital da kuma shafukan yanar gizo). Kamar yadda ake tsammani, gabatar da yarinyar mata-kamar avatar tsakanin 'yan adam da aka yarda da ita ya haifar da kariya daga P300 wanda ya fi dacewa idan aka kwatanta da gabatar da yarinyar namiji kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hotuna maza da aka yarda. Babu wani bambanci da ya bambanta a tsakanin hotuna da ke nuna namiji da aka yarda da shi da kuma sanya mata manufa (duba Hotuna 1). A duk yankuna, hulɗar tsakanin jinsin jinsi da bil'adama ya haifar da muhimmanci (F(1, 17) = 21.786, p <0.001, η2p = 0.562; F(1, 17) = 17.791, p = 0.001, η2p = 0.511; F(1, 17) = 16.573, p = 0.001, η2p = 0.494, don occipital, parietal da kuma tsakiyar shafukan bi da bi; duba Tallafawa Bayanin kan layi don cikakken bincike).

Sakamakon yana tallafawa tsammanin cewa P300 yana da ƙananan ƙananan lokacin da yarinyar mata na haɓaka ya bayyana a cikin saitin hotunan mata na zane idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da aka gabatar da wani ɗan gajeren mataccen nau'i a cikin jerin jerin hotuna maza da aka yarda da su. Girman P300 a cikin tsari na oddball ya dogara ne akan dalilai guda biyu: ƙwanƙiri na motsawa na oddball da kuma yadda yawancin matsalolin da ke faruwa ba su da bambanci daga masu yawa. Idan an ba da wannan mahimman abu na farko a kan hotuna maza da mata, wadannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa an samar da matakan dan Adam wanda aka haɓaka a cikin abubuwan da suka dace daidai da takwarorinsu maza. Har yanzu yana yiwuwa, duk da haka, waɗannan bambance-bambance suna nuna wani nau'in jinsi na jinsi wanda ba shi da dangantaka da matakan da aka samu daga mata. Don ware wannan yiwuwar, mun gudanar da gwajin gwaji ta biyu tare da hotunan maza da mata wanda ba a yarda da shi ba.

Experiment 2

Hanyar gwajin 2 ya kasance kama da wanda aka yi amfani da ita a gwajin farko. A nan, matsalolin da aka nuna ba wanda ba a yarda da su ba (watau cikakkiyar sutura) namiji da namiji sun hada da su da avatars.

results

Sakamakon Abubuwa

Gaskiya. Tabbataccen haɓakar 'yan ƙungiya ne kawai ya rinjayi mutumtaka (F(1, 17) = 35.679, p <0.001, η2p = 0.677) yana nuna cewa mutane marasa imani (M = 95.58, SD = 9.95) an kasafta su sosai fiye da avatars masu kama da doll (M = 83.19, SD = 9.63). Kamar yadda ake tsammani kuma ya bambanta da Gwaji na 1, babu wata ma'amala tsakanin jinsi da ɗan adam na abubuwan da aka sa gaba da suka fito daga bincike (duba Siffa. SI3 a cikin Ƙarin Bayanan Intanet).

Lokacin amsawa. Babu wani bambanci da yawa a lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kwatanta abubuwan da suka faru (duba Fig. SI4 a cikin Ƙarin Bayanan Intanet).

Sakamakon ilimin electrophysiological

A lokaci guda windows da aka zaba a gwaji na farko an karɓa don cire karfin amplitude a kowane yanki na sha'awa. Sakamakon ya nuna babu dangantaka tsakanin jinsi da dan Adam na manufa a kowane yanki na sha'awa (duk Fs <1). Mahimmanci tasirin oddball ya fito a cikin kowane ROI tare da mara amfani da tsalle-tsalle kamar avatars wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan motsi idan aka kwatanta da yawancin abubuwan da ba a san su ba (ps <0.001). Kamar yadda ake tsammani, wannan tasirin bai cancanci jinsi na maƙasudin ba, kodayake ƙarfin P300 ya kasance gabaɗaya ya fi girma ga mace idan aka kwatanta da maƙasudin maza (ps <0.05; duba Hoto 2; gani Taimako bayanan Intanit don cikakken bincike).

Sakamako na gwaji 2 ya nuna tasiri mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci don hotunan namiji da na mace wanda ke goyan baya ga fasalinmu cewa P300 ba ya bambanta a yayin da yarinyar mata mai kama da juna ta bayyana a tsakanin saitunan 'yan mata wadanda ba a nuna su ba idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da namiji An gabatar da wasiƙa kamar yarinya tsakanin jerin jerin hotuna maza da ba'a amince da su ba. A wasu sharuddan, lokacin da hotunan mata suka cika tufafi kuma basu jawo hankali akan jikinsu ba basu da izini ba kuma suna ganin bambanta da wani abu na ainihi kamar takwarorinsu na maza.

Don kwatanta abin da aka sanya tare da wadanda aka ba da izini ga maza da mata, an ƙara nazarin ƙarin kwatanta sakamakon gwaje-gwaje kai tsaye. Wannan bincike ya haifar da muhimmiyar hulɗa tsakanin 'yan adam, dangi da kuma matakan da suka dace (F(1, 34) = 9.125, p = 0.005, η2p = 0.21; F(1, 34) = 11.252, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.249; F(1, 34) = 11.526, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.253, don occipital, parietal da kuma tsakiyar shafukan bi da bi) yana nuna cewa kawai an yi niyya ga mata da aka sa gaba an yi cikakken bayani daidai da abubuwa na ainihi kamar yadda aka kwatanta da duk sauran abubuwan da mutum yake so. Saboda haka, ba mata ba gaba ɗaya, amma matan da aka ƙaddara ne kawai ake ganin sun fi kama da abubuwa.

Experiment 3

A cikin gwaji 1 da 2 aikin haɗin kai ko da yaushe yana da dangantaka da mutum - abu bambanci. Saboda wannan dalili, gwaji na uku ya zama dole don nuna cewa matan da aka haɓaka suna da karin bayani game da abubuwa, koda lokacin da girman mutum - ba aikin aiki bane. Kashe duk wani mahimmancin tunani wanda ya ba mu damar nuna cewa "matar abu" ba kawai ba ne kawai ba amma tana ganin mafi kama da abu mai dacewa. A cikin gwajin 3, an umurci mahalarta su tsara hotunan akan layi mai launi wanda ya bayyana a dama ko gefen hagu na makasudin (duba Figure 3). An ƙetare launi mai launi tare da jinsi na manufa wanda ya haifar da tubalan hudu. A cikin kowane shinge, idan launi marar launi na yau da kullum ya kasance kore, ƙananan rawaya ne ko mataimakin-versa. An samo abubuwan da suka faru na gwajin 1 sun hada da ƙara kwakwalwa kuma, ba tare da wasu gwaje-gwaje ba (duba Hanyoyin sashi don cikakkun bayanai) ana haɗu da halayen avatars masu yawa kamar launi marar lahani yayin da yanayin mutum ya kasance daidai da launi. Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa babu wani daga cikin mahalarta da ya lura cewa avatars kamar kwayoyin halitta sun bayyana a cikin abubuwan da mutum ya haifar da cewa sakamakon da ya faru ya faru a waje da fahimtar mahalarta.

results

Sakamakon abubuwa

Dukansu daidaito da amsa lokacin bayanai ba su rinjayi mutum ko jinsi na masu hari (duba Figs SI5 da kuma SI6 a cikin Ƙarin Bayanan Intanet).

Sakamakon ilimin electrophysiological

Maganin P300 ya rinjayi nau'ikan jinsi da bil'adama, kawai a cikin yanki da kuma cikin wani lokaci na baya. Kamar yadda aka yi tsammani, gabatar da yarinyar mata kamar yadda aka samu a tsakanin 'yan adam da aka yarda da ita ya haifar da kariya daga P300 wanda ya fi dacewa idan aka kwatanta da gabatar da ɗabalan da namijin da aka yi a tsakanin hotuna maza da aka yarda (F(1, 19) = 10.25, p = 0.005, η2p = 0.35). Wannan sakamakon ya tabbatar da cewa avatars mai kama da 'yar tsana ta haifar da wani aiki mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da mace mai kama da' yar tsana, t(19) = 3.56, p = 0.002, d = 1.63, yayin da babu wani bambance-bambance mai mahimmanci da ya faru tsakanin ɗan adam da aka ƙaddara namiji da mace, t(19) = 0.080, p = 0.94, d = 0.04. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar da aka ƙaddara, haɓakar namiji ta mutum, ɗigo mai kama da avatar ya haifar da babban canji mai kyau, t(19) = -3.63, p = 0.002, d = -1.67, yayin da babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin hotunan mata da aka zana da kuma avatars masu kama da doll, t(19) = -0.380, p = 0.708, d = -0.17 (duba Hoto 3; gani Taimako bayanan Intanit don cikakken bincike).

tattaunawa

Yaya har "ta" ta kasance "ita" a lokacin da aka kayyade shi? Shin hangen nesa ga mata ba abu ne kawai ba ne ko ma'anar mata ba daidai ba ne da ainihin abubuwa? Don amsa wannan tambayar, binciken da ake ciki a kai yanzu yana nazarin halaye na halayen mahalarta a yayin da aka shimfiɗa mata da aka haifa da ainihin abubuwa. Sakamako ya nuna cewa matan da aka haɓaka suna ganin sun fi kama da abubuwan da suka dace. Gwaji 1 ya nuna wannan sakamakon ya kwatanta mace da aka haifa tare da ƙirar maza da aka amince da su, yayin da sakamakon gwaji 2 ya tabbatar da cewa wannan tasiri yana tsare ne kawai ga abin da aka nuna game da mata. Mace da ba a yarda da ita ba, da kuma mazajen mutum maza sun kasance daidai kuma an rarrabe su da bambanci daga abubuwa masu kama da juna. Wadannan sakamakon sunyi kama da wannan a cikin halayen halayen halayen da ke nuna cewa abubuwa masu nau'i-nau'i masu nau'i-nau'i sun kasance sun kasa ganewa yayin da suka bayyana a tsakanin saitunan hotunan mata da aka haɓaka idan aka kwatanta da namiji wanda aka yiwa wanda aka ƙi da kuma wanda ba a yarda da shi ba. abubuwa da suka bayyana a cikin takaddunansu. Sakamako na gwaji 3 ya ƙyale mu mu fahimci cewa koda lokacin da ba a ba da ma'ana game da batun ɗan adam ba, an yarda da cewa matan da aka haɓaka suna ganin sun fi kama da abubuwa. A gaskiya, a cikin wannan batu babu wani sakamako mai tsauri da aka lura da cewa mutane ba su yayyana mace da namiji da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban a kowace hanya ba. Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa wannan sakamako ne kawai aka samo a cikin wani yanki mafi girma kuma a cikin wani lokacin da ya fi ƙarfin lokaci bayan lokaci idan aka kwatanta da tsohon gwaje-gwaje. An san shi da yawa cewa ƙwanƙwasawa da bukatun aiki canza yanayin lalata na P30041 da kuma aikin gwajin 3 ya nuna ya zama dan wuya (Mdaidaito = 82%) idan aka kwatanta da na farko (Mdaidaito = 89.6% da 89.3% don Gwaji 1 da 2 bi da bi). Bugu da ƙari, ɓangaren P300 yana kula da dacewar aiki. Sabili da haka, katse dokokin aikin yanzu dangane da launi daga zato babu makawa ya rage ƙarfin tasirin hulɗa zuwa ROI ɗaya. Gaskiya ne, har yanzu ba a san dalilin da ya sa wannan tasirin ya zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin yanki ba.

A cikin nazarinmu munyi amfani da samfurori wanda zai iya hade da bambancin cikin sigogi na asali (kamar siffan, luminance ko bambanci). Binciken baya (misali44) ya nuna cewa irin wannan bambancin yana da tasirin kai tsaye a kan martani na farko na ERP (watau, a cikin 200 ms lokacin da aka fara gabatarwa, kamar P1 da N1). Duk da haka, sakamakon yanzu bai nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin halin da ake ciki a farkon lokaci-taga ba. Wannan yana haifar da cewa wadannan matakai na kasa da kasa ba su taka rawar gani a cikin bincikenmu ba. Wannan sakamakon ya kasance tare da sakamakon gwajinmu na farko wanda aka yi amfani da avatars masu amfani da nau'i-nau'in da aka yi amfani da shi a dukkan gwaje-gwaje kamar yadda ake yi daidai da su, ko da kuwa jinsi ko yadda suke da tufafi, kuma ana kiyaye su kamar yadda kamar yadda zai yiwu ga 'yan Adam. Bugu da ƙari, gano hulɗar da aka yi tsammani a cikin wani lokaci na baya-bayanan zai ba mu damar ƙaddamar cewa matakan da ke cikin ƙasa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin karatunmu. A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci mu nuna cewa duk wani sakamako na gaba ɗaya ya kasance da karfi ga mahalarta maza da mata wadanda suka nuna cewa mahalarta duka biyu sun fahimci matan da aka halatta sun fi kama da abubuwa na gaskiya fiye da maza da aka sanya su da su. Tattaunawar waɗannan bayanan sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa lokacin da aka yarda da mace, saboda tufafinta na nunawa ko tsinkaye45, za a gane shi kama da ainihin abu.

Wadannan sakamakon yana da muhimman abubuwan. Na farko, fahimtar mata a matsayin abubuwa na iya tabbatar da maganin da ake yawan gani a cikin hulɗarmu da abubuwa, kamar mallaki da kuma hakkin46. Abu na biyu shine, gano cewa matan da ba su da yawa kamar yadda avatars ba su da bambanci daga ainihin mata na iya nuna cewa yin jima'i tsakanin mata a kafofin yada labarai ko wasan bidiyo6 iya samun karfi da illa a hakikanin rai idan aka kwatanta da hyper-namiji kama-da-wane wakilci. Duk da yake babu binciken da ya gwada wannan ra'ayin kai tsaye, an ba da hujjoji na nuna kai tsaye cewa maza da aka nuna su a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na bidiyo, idan aka kwatanta da maza da mata masu kwarewa, sun ƙara haɓaka ga hakikanin ainihin halin jima'i47 kuma ya kara haɓakawa da su don cin zarafin mata a lokacin da suke wasa da bidiyo na bidiyo48. Na uku, za a iya amfani da tsari na yanzu don ƙaddamar da matakan da aka tsara da kuma aiwatarwa a cikin wasu abubuwan da suka hada da su (watau kayan aikin likita ko kabilanci-ko ƙasashen da suke da ita). Tare da yin amfani kawai da tsarin aiki, haɗin gwiwar ko ma'aunin ƙira, ya kasance da wuya a faɗi cewa makasudin da aka sanyawa ko makasudin saɓo ya canza cikin ainihin maimakon ƙaddamar da shi kawai kamar yadda ƙasa ta ƙasaita ko ƙasa ta samo asali49. Yin amfani da tsari na yanzu da ke daidaitawa daidai yadda 'yan adam da dan Adam ba su da bambanci ba zasu iya ba da shaida game da matakan da suka dace ba a bayan maganganun.

Hanyar

Experiment 1

Wanda su ka Halarta

An ƙaddamar da girman samfurin bisa la'akari da bayanan sarrafawa. Girman sakamako (ηp2 wanda ya fito daga 0.504 zuwa 0.709) wanda aka ruwaito a aikin da ya gabata40 abin da ya faru tare da zane-zane a cikin irin wannan zane-zane ya zama babban. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci don tsammanin rabin girman girman da suka ruwaito don binciken yanzu. Wani bincike na ikon (PANGEA50) ya nuna cewa samfurin mahalarta na 16 zai isa ya iya gane tasiri tare da ikon 0.825. Saboda haka, mun yanke shawarar tattarawa a cikin mahalarta 20-25 a kowace binciken. A cikin gwajin 1, yawan masu sa kai na sabo ashirin da uku sun shiga cikin gwaji. Duk mahalarta suna da al'ada ko gyara su ga hangen nesa al'ada kuma basu ruwaito labarin tarihin rashin lahani ba. Sai kawai mahalarta da suka nuna cewa namiji ne aka riƙe a cikin samfurin, sakamakon shi da kaucewa uku 'yan luwadi mahalarta. An cire wasu mahalarta guda biyu daga nazarin saboda mummunan fasalin siginar ƙararrawa da aka lalacewa ta hanyar yawan nauyin kayan EEG (wucewa 25%). An gudanar da nazarin duk bayanan masu halartar 18 (8 mace; Mshekaru = 20.66, SD = 1.29). Hanyoyin dukkan karatun an gudanar dasu ne bisa laakari da yarjejeniyar gwaji (2016-004) wacce ta samu karbuwa ta hanyar "Comitato Etico per la sperimentazione con l'essere umano". An sami sanarwar izini daga duk mahalarta a farkon gwajin.

inji

Gwaji ya faru daban-daban a cikin muryar sauti, haske mai haske da rumfa mai kariya ta lantarki. An zauna mahalarta a nesa na 80 cm daga 23.6 inch mai saka launi (1920 × 1080, 120 Hz) wanda aka sanya a gaban ɗan takara. MATLAB Psychotoolbox ne ya kirkiro abubuwan motsa jiki.

Sakamakon da kuma hanya

Akwai 82, 42 da ke wakiltar mata (21 da aka haifa mata da 21 kamar siffofin mata masu kama da nau'i-nau'i) kamar yadda mazaunin 40 (20 da namiji da 21 suka haɗu da su kamar siffofin namiji kamar nau'in avatar; 1). Girman dukan hotuna shine 5.35 ° × 7.64 °. An gabatar da maganin 2.67 ° a tsakiyar cibiyar saka idanu kuma a kan karamin launin toka a tsakiya na allon. Gicciyar haɗin ginin yana da 1.91 ° sama da tsakiyar allon.

Mun yi amfani da tsari mai ban dariya wanda ya hada da kasancewar wani abu mai mahimmanci (doll-like avatar) a cikin jerin sauye-sauyen yanayi (ƙaddarar ɗan adam)41. Ana buƙatar masu shiga su yi aiki tare, wanda ya kamata su nuna daidai da sauri kamar yadda kowane hotunan ya nuna ko dai wani tasiri mai kamala ko ɗan adam, ta hanyar latsa maɓalli. An rarraba gwaji a cikin nau'i hudu tare da tsari na bazuwar tsakanin batutuwa: guda biyu sun ƙunshi nau'ikan mutum da mata masu kama da nau'i-nau'i, yayin da sauran ɓangarori guda biyu sun ƙunshi nau'ikan namiji da masu kama da juna. Kowace akwati sun haɗa da ciwon 250 (80% matsaloli da kuma 20% matsaloli). A wannan hanyar, gabatarwar jerin jerin abubuwan da aka yi wa mutum wanda aka sanyawa haɓaka ba su da katsewa ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Kowace gwaji ya fara ne tare da nuni na 1500 da aka ba da izinin gabatarwa (+) 1.91 ° sama da tsakiyar allon. Daga bisani, abin damuwa ya kasance a kan allon har mahalarta suyi hukunci.

Experiment 2

Wanda su ka Halarta

Sakamakon masu aikin lafiya na shararru ashirin da biyu sun shiga cikin gwaji 2. Duk mahalarta suna da al'ada ko gyara su ga hangen nesa al'ada kuma basu ruwaito labarin tarihin rashin lahani ba. Bayanai daga wani mai shiga, wanda ya nuna cewa ya zama bisexual, an jefar da shi daga ƙarin nazarin. Bugu da ƙari, an cire masu halartar biyu saboda alamun EEG sun gurɓata ta abubuwa da dama (fiye da 25%). A sakamakon haka, mahalarta 18 (8 mace, Mshekaru = 22.97, SD = 2.24) an riƙe su don ƙarin bincike.

Sakamakon da kuma hanya

Jirgin ya kasance daidai da wanda aka yi amfani dashi a gwaji 1. Harkokin 82 yanzu suna wakiltar maza da mata wadanda ba su da izini (watau cikakkun sutura) da kuma irin mazajensu na maza da mata. A cikin abubuwan da ba a yarda da shi ba sun fi ganin fata, saboda haka sa aikin ya fi wuya a kan gwajin 1. A saboda wannan dalili, an yi aiki da wuya ga gwaji 1 na ƙaruwa girman girman (8.02 ° × 11.46 ° daga cibiyar mai kara kuzari). Tsakanin dukkan hotunan an samo 4 ° a ƙarƙashin tsakiyar allon, yayin da gungumen kafa ya bayyana 2.29 ° a saman cibiyar. Hanyar ta kasance daidai da abin da muka kasance a cikin gwajin 1.

Experiment 3

Wanda su ka Halarta

Ma'aikatan nan ashirin da tara sun shiga cikin ko dai don suna biyan kuɗi ko sun biya 10 € don su shiga. Duk mahalarta sunyi hangen nesa ko gyara kuma babu tarihin cutar cutar. Bayanai daga masu halartar 9 sun jefar da su daga ƙarin nazari (mahalarta 5 sun nuna cewa ba namiji ne ba, namiji na 3 ya yi fiye da 25% kurakurai, kuma mai shiga 1 ya riga ya saba da hotunan hotuna na gwaji). Kashe na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi mahalarta 20 (10 namiji; Mshekaru = 21.2, SD = 2.08).

Sakamakon da kuma hanya

Hotunan kamar waɗanda ke cikin gwajin 1 an daidaita su da ƙara rawaya (227-40-30 RGB) ko maɓallin koreta (112-235-44 RGB) a gefen dama ko a gefen hagu na jiki. Girman kwakwalwar ita ce 0,3 mm, kuma hasken launuka biyu ya daidaita. Labarin launi na kowanne hoton daidai yake da allon, ta wannan hanya hotunan ya bayyana ba tare da wata alama ba. A nan, yawancin abubuwan da suka faru ba su da bambanci akan launi na kwantena na hotunan kuma an rarraba su ta hanyar mabuɗin latsawa. A mafi yawancin lokuta, launi maras kyau ya haɗa tare da avatars mai yatsa, yayin da ake amfani da launi daban-daban ga manufofin ɗan adam. An tsara nau'in gwaje-gwaje huɗu da suka bambanta dangane da jinsi na manufa da launin launi (rawaya ko kore). Kowane akwati ya ƙunshi nauyin 250 na yau da kullum (80% manufa mai mahimmanci da 20% ƙananan manufa) kuma 25 kama gwaji. An samo gwajin gwaje-gwajen don kauce wa sakamako na ilmantarwa da kuma yiwuwar kirkiro abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar amfani da ka'idodi guda biyu. A cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, yawan launi ya kasance daidai da avatars kamar kwayoyin (a cikin gwaje-gwaje 20), yayin da ba a taɓa yin launi tare da manufar ɗan adam (a cikin gwajin 5) ba. An yi watsi da gwaji daga dukkanin nazarin.

EEG saye

A cikin dukkan gwaje-gwaje, an rubuta EEG daga ɓaɓɓugar murya tare da magunguna na 25 da na'urar lantarki na hagu, tare da maɓallin kalma na dama (tace tazarar: 0.01-200 Hz; A / D: 1000 Hz). An yi watsi da ƙarancin lantarki a karkashin 5 KΩ.

An gudanar da nazarin bayanan ta hanyar amfani da EEGLAB51 da kuma kayan aiki na ERPLAB52. An raka bayanan samfuri tare da tacewar tazara na 0.1-40 Hz. Bayanan EEG an sake yin amfani da su a kusa da ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka na dama da hagu. An rubuta nau'ikan kalma mai kwakwalwa (HEOG) daga filayen guda biyu da aka sanya a kan ƙananan canthi na duka idanu. An rarraba sigina a cikin tsoffin lokuta na 900ms wanda ya fara 100 ms kafin a fara gwajin. An yi amfani da gyare-gyare na asali ta hanyar yin amfani da ƙirar aiki a yayin da ake amfani da matakan 100 ms pre-stimulus. Gwaje-gwaje tare da hanyoyi masu ido na ido (GASKIYA ± 30 μV) ko wasu kayan tarihi (duk wani tashar da ya wuce ± 70 μV) an ƙi. Mafi yawan adadin gwagwarmaya na kowane mai halarta shine 85%. An ƙayyade adadin ERP don gyara daidai don kowane yanayin. An jarraba ERPs a bayanan bayan bayanan bayanan da aka samu a fadin tashoshi a yankuna uku masu rabuwa (ROI): tsakiya (Cz, C3, C4); parietal (Pz-elects, P3, P4) da kuma occipital (Oz, O1 da O2 electro).

data analysis

An gudanar da nazarin duk ta amfani da software na SPSS. An yi la'akari da martani na kwaskwarima ga kowane ɗan takara ta hanyar ƙididdige lokutan lokuta masu dacewa don gwaji daidai da ma'ana yawan adadin amsawa. Hanyar mai shiga guda biyu ANOVA ta gwada tasiri na jinsin jinsi (namiji da mace) da bil'adama (dan Adam da avatars) da aka gudanar daban domin lokutan amsawa da daidaito. Bai wa mahalarta nau'in jinsi ba ya nuna duk wani tasiri ko haɓakawa tare da wasu maɓuɓɓuka masu ban sha'awa, an cire muni daga nazarin. Saboda haka, dukkanin sakamakon da aka ruwaito ya samu ga dukkan maza da mata.

Don tantance lokacin lokaci na P3 na kowanne ROI mun yi amfani da tsarin da aka kaddamar da bayanai. Na farko, mun gudanar da 2 2 (Nau'in Target: namiji da mace) × 20 (Humanity: ɗan adam da avatars mai ƙyama) a cikin mai shiga ANOVAs a kan 5 ms lokutan windows farawa daga farawar motsa jiki kuma aka zaba lokacin windows don abin da yake hulɗa tsakanin jinsin jinsi da dan Adam ya kasance da muhimmanci a ko'ina 100 a jere windows (watau XNUMX ms) (duba53 don amfani da irin wannan tsarin). Dangane da waɗannan sakamakon, an gudanar da manyan ANOVAs daban don kowane ROI a cikin windows masu zuwa: tsakiyar 400-580 ms, parietal 360-600 ms da occipital yankin 360-600 ms. Duk wadatar bayanan ana samunsu a cikin ma'ajiyar jama'a (https://osf.io/ejhmf/?view_only=734f9ae8f6884802b13cf461a535f60d).

ƙarin bayani

Rubutun Editan: Halittar Halitta ya kasance tsaka tsaki game da ƙididdigar shari'a a taswirar da aka buga da kuma ƙungiyoyi.

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Sauke nassoshi

Bayanin marubucin

Ƙulla dangantaka

  1. Department of Psychology and Sciences Sciences, Jami'ar Trento, Trento, Italiya
    • Jeroen Vaes
    • , Daniela Ruzzante
    •  & Carlotta Cogoni
  2. Cibiyar Cibiyar Kimiyya / Ƙwararriyar Kimiyya, Jami'ar Trento, Trento, Italiya
    • Giulia Cristoforetti
    •  & Veronica Mazza
  3. Department of Experimental Psychology, Jami'ar Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
    • Giulia Cristoforetti

gudunmawar

JV da VM sunyi ciki kuma sun tsara bincike. GC da DR sun tattara kuma sun bincikar bayanan gwaje-gwajen 1 da 2. DR da CC sun tattara kuma sun tantance bayanan gwajin 3. JV, GC, DR da CC sun rubuta takarda. Duk masu marubuta sun sake nazari kuma sun amince da ƙarshen takarda.

Gudanar da Bukatun

Mawallafa ba su da wata matsala.

Daidaita marubucin

Adalci ga Jeroen Vaes.

Ƙarin bayani

  1. Ƙarin Bayanan Intanit