Hanyoyin Hotuna na Hotuna a kan Rubutun Ƙarƙashin Hotuna: Ƙarƙwarar Al'adu na Ƙasa (2016)

. 2016; 11 (7): e0158690.

An buga a kan layi ta 2016 Jul 1. doi:  10.1371 / journal.pone.0158690

PMCID: PMC4930184

Andreas B Eder, Edita

Abstract

Binciken da ya gabata ya gano wani abu na ainihin abubuwan da ke tasiri hukunci masu adalci. Binciken na yanzu yana magana game da rikici tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un da dalilai guda hudu: (a) abubuwan da ke faruwa a halin yanzu, (b) al'amuran zamantakewa, (c) nau'i na matsala, da (d) jima'i. Mun tambayi mahalarta a kasashe daban-daban (Colombia da Spain) su yi hukunci game da karɓar ayyukan da za su iya mayar da martani ga al'amuran halin kirki da halin mutum. Kafin kowane matsala an fara gabatar da filayen firamare (siffofi, mai dadi ko tsaka tsaki). Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa: a) dangantaka da tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin, ƙwararriyar ra'ayi ya karu karɓar lalacewa don mafi kyau (watau ƙarin hukunci), b) game da Colombians, mahalarta Mutanen Espanya sun ƙaddara lalacewa kamar ƙananan yarda, c) dangantaka da mawuyacin matsalolin, matsalolin na sirri ya rage karɓar cutar, kuma d) dangane da maza, mata ba su iya la'akari da cutar ba. Sakamakonmu ya dace tare da binciken da ke nuna cewa jima'i muhimmiyar mahimmanci ne a cikin halin kirki, kuma suna ba da bincike na baya ta hanyar nuna hulɗar tsakanin al'ada da abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin yin hukunci.

Gabatarwa

Rikici na ladabi sun zama babban bincike kan batun cognition. Ilimin kimiyya na ilimin halin kirki ya nuna cewa mafi yawancin shari'ar kirki ne sakamakon tsarin tafiyar da atomatik [- ]. Alal misali, an yi jayayya cewa shari'un dabi'un yawanci sukan kullu ta hanyar intuitions masu rinjaye: a gaban wani abu na dabi'a, muna samun kwarewa ta yanzu ko yardawa []. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar da suka wuce, yawancin nazarin da aka mayar da hankali akan yadda za a iya yanke hukunci ga dabi'un mutum da kuma al'amuran yanayi, irin su jinsi [,], yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewa [, ], irin matsalar [] da kuma matakan da suka shafi tasiri [, ].

Na farko, bincike game da ta atomatik na zaman lafiya na yau da kullum ya samo sababbin hanyoyi ta hanyar nazarin irin yadda tasiri ya shafi rinjaye na dabi'a. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga Landy da Goodwin [], rinjayar abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwa masu kyau a kan hukunci mafi kyau sun fi kyau a gwada su yayin da aka haifar da haɓakawa ba tare da alaƙa da halin kirki ba. A gaskiya ma, haɓaka jijiyar ƙyama, ta hanyar yin amfani da hypnosis [], wari mai banƙyama [] ko mai dandano mai dadi [], yana ƙara fahimtar rashin kuskuren cin zarafin halin kirki ba tare da fahimtar dabarun gwajin gwaji ba. Kwanan nan, binciken da ba a buga ba daga dakin gwaje-gwajenmu ya nuna cewa shafukan da aka fizgewa ta hanyar hotunan hotuna (nuna nuna bambancin mutuntaka) sun rage yawan kyawawan sharuɗɗa a cikin samfurin Mutanen Espanya, amma bai rinjayi hukunci mai kyau na samfurin Colombia ba, wakiltar al'ummar da ya fi yawan ci gaba da tashin hankali. Bambancin bambanci tsakanin mahimmancin sakamako na farko da aka samo a cikin wannan bincike da bincike na baya sun kasance batun batun bambance-bambance tsakanin tsarin gwaji (duba ma []).

Na biyu, game da muhimmancin bambancin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un, yawancin bincike daga ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafi da al'adun al'adu sun nuna cewa ba za'a fahimci halin kirki ba tare da la'akari da dalilai na zamantakewa na zamantakewa. A cikin wannan yanayin, binciken al'adu na al'adu a kan al'amuran dabi'un ya nuna cewa ko da yake wasu matsalolin dabi'un sun kasance kusan duniya (misali "ba daidai ba ne don samar da lahani ba tare da wata hujja ba"), halin kirki ya bambanta tsakanin al'adu da hanyoyi da dama, irin su halin kirki damuwa, al'ada, ayyuka ko dabi'u []. Alal misali, al'adu da yawa sunyi la'akari da ka'idodin jima'i a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na kariya ta tsarki na halin kirki []. Koda a al'adun Yammacin zamani, jima'i amma ayyuka marar lahani sunyi hukunci daban-daban dangane da matsayi na zamantakewar jama'a ko siyasa ta haɗin gwiwa [, ]. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an nuna cewa shari'ar kirki suna shafar kundin zamantakewa, tare da masu halartar babban ɗalibai suna iya zabar zaɓin aikin amfani a dilemmas na dabi'a [], wani alamu na amsawa wanda ke haɗuwa da matakan ƙananan kulawa ga jin dadin sauran mutane [].

Na uku, ƙwarewar nazarin ilimin lissafin jiki ya nuna cewa gudummawar gudummawa na matakan da suka shafi tunani da fahimta suna faruwa ne a cikin yin hukunci na adalci. Bisa ga tsarin bin tafarki biyu na dabi'un dabi'a [], rawar da tausayi da kwarewa a cikin hukunci mai kyau ya bambanta dangane da wasu dalilai na musamman a cikin tsarin matsalar. Game da wannan batu, matsalolin da wakili ke aiwatar da aikin da kansa ke daukar 'yancin' 'sirri' ''. Hakanan, ƙirar dabi'un da ba'a yi ba daidai ba ta hanyar wakili, an lasafta shi ne "wanda ba shi da rai" [, ]. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an nuna cewa ƙaddarar ɗan sirri na yarda da matsayi na mahimmanci (wanda ke nuna cewa kuskuren wani aiki shine mai zaman kanta) kuma rashin ƙaddamarwa ta hanyar ƙwarewa (rashin kuskuren aikin ne aka yanke hukunci saboda sakamakonsa). Ko da yake an tabbatar da hujja bayyananniya na bambancin sirri na sirri [], da yawa nazarin sun sami goyon bayan wannan tsari [-].

Na hudu, nauyin jinsi na jima'i a cikin hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un wata mahimmanci ne a binciken bincike na halin kirki. Shekaru da dama, mahimmanci game da wannan batu ya bayyana maza da kyakkyawan tsari na yanke shawara mai kyau da mata tare da wani tunanin mutum []. Bugu da ƙari, an bayyana cewa hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un mata suna da damuwa game da damuwa game da kulawa da tsarkaka, yayin da mutane sun fi damuwa da al'amurran da suka danganci adalci []. Kodayake yanayin fasahar yanzu yana haɗe [], binciken da aka yi a baya-bayan nan ya gano cewa mata sun nuna karfi da halin kirki da karfin sha'awar dabi'a fiye da maza, wanda ya nuna cewa bambancin jima'i a cikin hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un yana daidaitawa ta hanyar bambance-bambance a cikin maganganun da zai shafi cutar [, ].

Dangane da binciken da ke sama, binciken da ake ciki yanzu yana ƙoƙari ya ci gaba da gwada gwagwarmayar da aka gabatar ta hanyar amfani da shafi ta hanyar amfani da hotuna masu ban sha'awa a kan hukunce-hukuncen dabi'u. Harkokin motsa jiki sune daya daga cikin nau'i mai kyau a cikin matsalolin da ke da nasaba da gaske, a kan cewa an nuna su ne a matsayin mai kyau kuma mai dadi sosai daga maza da mata [], kuma sun kasance daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da hankali game da matsalolin [], kazalika da kulawa da al'amura irin su mahallin da jinsi [; ]. An ba da shawara cewa, lokacin da tsinkayyarwa ga rikice-rikice na rikice-rikicen abu ne mai mahimmanci maimakon supraliminal, zai iya ƙarfafa tunanin tunanin mutum na bayanin jima'i [, ]. A wani ɓangare, binciken da aka samu a baya ya nuna cewa samuwa mai zurfi a cikin rikice-rikice na rikice-rikicen ya shafi cigaba da aiki na irin waɗannan matsaloli (misali, ƙayyadadden tsarin ƙididdiga) wanda ke haifar da amsa ko rikicewa []. Babu shakka, akwai alamun da ke nuna cewa ƙaddarar hanzari na haifar da halayen mahalarta don kunna tafiyar matakai, haifar da tasiri mai karfi akan cognition fiye da lokacin da tasirin ya sama da kofa na sani [].

Abin sha'awa shine, matsalolin haɗari na iya kunna tsarin gwaji, yana mai da hankali ga mahalarta su fahimci 'yanci da alhakin yadda aka haɗu da juna []. Wannan kunnawa kuwa alama ce, amma, za a iyakance ga maza []. Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidu da ke nuna cewa ƙuƙwalwar jima'i na iya ƙuntata muhimmancin dalili, ƙirƙirar irin "iyakar ya tabbatar da ma'anar" tsari na yanke shawara [].

Sabili da haka, yana da sha'awar ƙara nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da rikice-rikicen yanayi zuwa ga halin kirki. Tare da wannan mahimmanci, binciken da ke cikin yanzu yana magana akan haɗuwa tsakanin nau'o'in abubuwa guda hudu wadanda suke da muhimmanci sosai wajen yin hukunci na dabi'un: jima'i, yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewa, nau'i na matsala da kuma matsalolin da ke faruwa. Musamman, saboda gaskiyar cewa wadannan nau'o'in nau'o'in abubuwa sune suna da tasiri don shawo kan shari'un dabi'un, muna sa ran samun babbar tasiri ga kowane ɗayan su akan karɓar ayyukan halayen. Bugu da ƙari, an ba da yanayin al'adu na binciken da ake ciki yanzu, wata muhimmiyar damuwa ta shafi damuwa da al'adun da za su iya yin tasiri a kan yiwuwar yin hukunci akan ayyukan cutarwa kamar yadda ya dace. Bayan binciken da suka gabata a kan al'ada da dabi'a [, ] muna sa ran samun bambance-bambance a cikin hukunce-hukuncen dabi'a tsakanin kasashen biyu. Bugu da ƙari, a layi tare da binciken da ba a buga ba a baya da ya nuna cewa sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin al'ada, sun shafi abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu, mun ɗauka cewa sakamakon ci gaba da cin hanci da rashawa a kan yiwuwar samun lahani ga mafi kyau (watau hukunci mai amfani ) za a daidaita su ta hanyar halaye na samfurin (jima'i, al'ada) da kuma manufa (irin matsalar). Na farko, bin binciken kan bambance-bambance a cikin jima'i a cikin aiki na maganganu na ruhaniya [, ], muna tsammanin mutane za su fi damuwa da rashawa fiye da mata. Na biyu, a layi tare da binciken da ba a buga ba daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na baya-bayan nan, mun yi tsammanin cewa Colombians ba su da hankali ga yanayin da ya fi dacewa da 'yan wasan na Spaniards. Abu na uku, muna sa ran cewa wajan da ke cikin kwakwalwa (abin da aka sani ya kama wasu abubuwan da ke cikin kwakwalwa) zai zama mafi mahimmanci ga abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da su fiye da matsalolin da ba su dace ba.

Hanyar

Wanda su ka Halarta

Duk mahalarta sun kasance daliban jami'a (N = 224) waɗanda aka gayyata ta hanyar wasiku ta ciki don shiga gwajin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙididdiginsu. Duk mahalarta sun ba da izinin sanarwa. Kwalejin Bioethics na Jami'ar Balearic Island (Spain), Jami'ar Valencia (Spain) da kuma FUNLAM (Colombia) sun amince da binciken. Duk mahalarta suna da hangen nesa ko al'ada ta al'ada kuma suna tsakanin 18 da 22 shekaru (112 maza, shekaru M = 21.32 shekaru, SD = 1.85). Domin yin kwatankwacin al'adu na al'adu mun zaɓi samfurori daga kasashe daban-daban: Spain da Colombia (n = 112 da kuma n = 112, bi da bi).

Abubuwan da abubuwan da suka faru

Mun nuna abubuwan da suka faru a kan allo na 20-inch (60Hz refresh rate) PC ke gudana OpenSesame v. 2.9.1 [] a kan Microsoft Windows 8. Mun yi amfani da hotuna goma sha huɗu (hotuna masu ban sha'awa) daga IAPS [] (saba da Mutanen Espanya [, ] da kuma mutanen Colombia []) azaman batutuwa. Domin kula da bambance-bambance game da abubuwan da suka shafi mahaukaci game da abubuwan da ke cikin jinsin, mun zaɓi waɗannan hotunan da maza da mata suka shiga cikin jima'i. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa bambancin bambancin tsakanin jima'i ya kasance a cikin mahimmancin hotuna na IAPS a cikin girman nau'i na biyu (p <.001) da motsa sha'awa (p <.001). A matsayin lokuta masu kyau, munyi amfani da hotuna 14 da aka zaba daga IAPS (1024 x 768 pixels) biyo bayan ma'aunin da suka gabatar da ƙimomi masu girma a cikin girman kai da kuma matsakaiciyar dabi'a a cikin sha'awa. Mun zabi azaman hotuna tsaka-tsakin hotuna goma sha huɗu daga IAPS, suna bin ƙa'idodin da suka gabatar da ƙimar tsakiya a cikin girman kai da sha'awa (bayanai a cikin S1 Text). A matsayin makasudin mu, mun zaɓa abubuwan da ake kira 42 na halin kirki, wanda ya hada da ƙananan ka'idojin na 21 da na al'ada na 21 da ba su da mahimmanci dilemmas (daga []; dilemmas a S2 Text). Dukkanin zane-zane sun kasance tare da samfurin 7-Likert na jigilar daga 1 (kuskuren gaba) zuwa 7 (daidai OK).

hanya

Masu halartar sune jerin sassan 42 a cikin 2 (Jima'i: maza vs. mata) x 2 (Kasar: Colombia vs. Spain) x 3 (Nau'in Firayim: tsaka tsaki vs. m vs. Maganar) x 2 (Nau'in Nau'in: baƙon abu vs. na sirri) haɗin gwiwar, tare da mahalarta jima'i da kuma ƙasa a tsakanin abubuwan da ke tsakanin abubuwa, tare da nau'i na nau'i da nau'i na ƙalubalanci kamar abubuwan da ke ciki, da kuma hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un kamar yadda ya dogara. Kafin kowace zaman, mun tambayi duk mahalarta su shiga saƙo takardar shaidar. Daga baya, mun tafi tare da umarnin gwaji. Mun jaddada cewa muna tambayar mahalarta don halayen su na farko da kuma cewa yana da muhimmanci mu amsa da sauri.

Shirin gwaji ya ƙunshi gwaje-gwajen 46. Kafin batirin matsalolin, mun gabatar da jigogi hudu tare da umarnin, kuma wasu wasu kalmomi guda huɗu tare da dilemmas (biyu daga cikinsu "na sirri" da biyu daga gare su "marasa dacewa"), don su fahimci mahalarta tare da ƙarfin gwajin. Ba mu yi la'akari da irin waɗannan ƙayyadaddun waɗannan sharuɗɗa hudu ba a cikin nazarin. Shirin gwaji shine aikin da aka yi, wanda aka tsara don haka ba a gabatar da wata matsala ta gaba ba har sai batun ya mayar da martani ga baya. Haɗakar da ƙananan matsala ga nau'in firayi ya bazu. Kowace gwajin farawa tare da gabatar da gicciye hadewa a tsakiyar allon don 500ms. Bayan jinkirin jinkiri (ISI = 100ms), an gabatar da makasudin (duka sirri na sirri). Mun umurci mahalarta su danna maɓallin maɓallin-latsawa (sararin samaniya) a kan keyboard idan sun gama karatun kowane matsala. Sa'an nan kuma, mun gabatar da firaministan don 16ms, nan da nan kuma an rufe maskurin baya-baya (250 ms). Girman nau'in maskurin shi ne 1920 x 1080 pixels. An samo nau'in 7-ma'auni wanda aka zana daga 1 (kuskuren) zuwa 7 (daidai Yayi) nan da nan a ƙaddamar da mashin baya. Saboda haka, ƙimar da aka fi dacewa ya fi dacewa da yarda da lalacewa ga mafi kyau (ƙarin sharuɗɗan amfani) a cikin kimantawa na rubutun. Kodayake lokuttan gabatarwa don kwarewar da aka yi amfani da shi sun fi guntu fiye da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken da suka gabata wanda ya nuna cewa mahalarta ba su iya gano kima ba tare da bayanan gabatarwa ba [, ], mun tambayi mahalarta don amsa tambayoyin kai rahoto ("Shin kun ga wani hoton da yake fitowa akan allon?") bayan sun kammala aikin. Babu wanda ya ruwaito bayan ya ga wani abu.

results

Mun bincika bayanai ta amfani da nau'ikan lambobi na R [] da SPSS 20.0.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, Amurka). Mun kafa matakin haruffan a .05, sai dai lokacin da ake gudanar da kwatancen juna, wanda aka yi amfani da gyaran Bonferroni. An yi amfani da mintuna guda don kwatanta bambanci a sakamakon girman.

Ganin gaskiyar cewa saurin lokaci da jinkirin jinkirta lokutan amsawa zai iya tasiri sosai akan nazarin lissafi kuma kara fassarar bayanan, mun fara nazari akan martani a kan shari'ar gwaji, tare da la'akari da lokutan amsawa daidai. Bugu da ƙari musamman, saboda an mayar da martani akan ra'ayoyin mahalarta, duk bayanan da lokutan amsawa fiye da ma'anar biyu da SD an cire su daga nazarin ƙarshe (4.32% na duk martani). Bugu da ƙari, don kauce wa amsawar da aka yi tsammani, mun yi watsi da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen tare da lokacin amsawa fiye da 300ms (2.12% na dukkan martani). A karshe, mun sake gyara bayanan da aka rage (93.55% na amsawa) a cikin tsari mai girma, saita ma'anar Likert scores ga kowane haɗin da ke cikis dalilai (Nau'in Firayim da Nau'in Dilemma) a matsayin tsayayyar dogara. Tun daga wannan lokaci, mun samo asali game da bayanan da aka raba.

Mun bincika tunanin daidaito da daidaituwa tsakanin bambancin ta hanyar gwajin Shapiro-Wilks da Levene, bi da bi. An kuma gudanar da gwajin Mauchly na sphericity. Kowane zato ya hadu daidai. Sabili da haka mun gudanar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin-da-cikin-batutuwa 2x2x3x2 ANOVA don tantance tasirin abubuwan da ke tsakanin batutuwa (Kasa: Colombia vs. Spain; Jima'i: maza vs. mata) a kan mahalarta ma'anar ƙididdigewa a cikin dukkanin batutuwa masu ciki (Rubutun Firayim: tsaka tsaki vs. m vs. lalata; Nau'in Maɗaukaki: ba shi da wani abu vs. na sirri).

Mun sami babban tasiri na Jima'i, F(1,220) = 11.163, p = .001, η2 = 0.051, 95% CI [0.008, 0.113]. Magana tsakanin maza da mata ya nuna bambanci ma'ana (MD) na 0.518 (95% CI [0.212, 0.824]), tare da maza (M = 4.42, SD = 1.18) yana nuna mafi girma Likert scores (watau, tabbatar da ƙarin yarda da cutar / hukunci na adalci) fiye da mata (M = 3.902, SD = 1.116).

Har ila yau, akwai babban tasirin {asar, F(1, 220) = 5.909, p = .016, η2 = 0.027, 95% CI [0.001, 0.080], yana nuna cewa mahimmanci ga mutanen Colombian (M = 4.35, SD = 1.184) ya fi girma (watau, karɓuwa da alhakin lalacewa / kariya ta amfani) fiye da Mutanen Espanya (M = 3.97, SD = 1.188), tare da muhimmiyar mahimmanci MD na 0.377, 95% CI [0.071, 0.683].

Hakazalika, Nau'in Dilemma ya nuna tasiri mai muhimmanci, F(1,220) = 68.764, p <.001, η2 = 0.238 95% CI [0.147, 0.327], yana nuna cewa mahalarta ba su iya karɓar cutar (hukunci mai amfani ba) a lokacin da suke yanke hukunci kan sirri (M = 4.04, SD = 1.244) fiye da dilemmas marar amfani (M = 4.281, SD = 1.194). Musamman mahimmanci, muhimmancin mahimmanci MD 0.241, 95% CI [0.183, 0.3]

Mun kuma sami sakamako mai mahimmanci na Firayim din a kan hukunce-hukuncen dabi'a, F(2,440) = 3.627, p <.027, η2 = 0.027, 95% CI [0.000, 0.063]. Musamman ma, mun gano cewa mahalarta zasu iya karbar cutar (hukunci mai amfani) idan matakan halayen dabi'un sun riga sun kasance sun fara yin baƙi (M = 4.205, SD = 1.24) fiye da tsaka-tsaki na tsaka-tsaki (M = 4.095, SD = 1.21). Muhimman bayanai MD 0.11, 95% CI [0.004, 0.217]. Sabanin haka, sakamakon ya nuna cewa babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin yanayin jin dadi (M = 4.182, SD = 1.27) da yanayin tsinkar tsaka tsaki (M = 4,095, SD = 1.23) (MD = 0.087, 95% CI [0, 0.187]), kuma ba tsakanin yanayin farawa da kuma yanayin jin dadi ba (MD = 0.023, 95% CI [0, 0.128]).

Bugu da ƙari kuma, mun sami wata hulɗa mai mahimmanci tsakanin Ƙasar da Nau'in Dilemma F(1, 220) = 8.669, p = .004, η2 = .038, 95% CI [0.004, 0.098]. Kwararrun kamfanoni biyu sun bayyana cewa, a yayin da suke daidaita ka'idodin halin kirki, masu halartar Colombia (M = 4.271, SD = 1.218) sun fi dacewa su yarda da cutar fiye da batutuwa Mutanen Espanya (M = 3.809, SD = 1.232), F(1,220) = 8.309, p = .004, η2 = .038, 95% CI [0.004, 0.096], tare da muhimmiyar mahimmanci MD = 0.463, 95% CI [0.146, 0.779]. Babu wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin yanayin da ba'a iya ba. A gefe guda kuma, duka Colombia, F(1,111) = 12.815, p = .001, η2 = .004, 95% CI [0.000, 0.015], da mahalarta Mutanen Espanya, F(1,111) = 69.024 shafi na .001, η2 = .018, 95% CI [0.000, 0.047] sun kasa yarda su yarda da lahani yayin yin hukunci akan sirri ba tare da dalili ba. Ya kamata a lura, duk da haka, cewa wannan hanyar hulɗar hanya guda biyu ta cancanci ta hanyar hulɗar hanya guda uku da aka bayyana a kasa.

Lalle ne, jima'i x Country x Dilemma sau uku haɗari ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci, F(1,220) = 4.397, p = .037, η2 = 0.02, 95% CI [0.000, 0.069]. Ƙididdigar juna kamar yadda aka yi amfani da alpha-alpha-alpha-alphabet ya nuna cewa mutanen Colomban (M = 4.651, SD = 1.217) sun fi yarda da cutar fiye da mata Colombia (M = 4.205, SD = 1.139) a lokacin da yake yanke hukunci game da matsalolin dangi, tare da MD na 0.447, [0.015, 0.879], F(1,220) = 4.163, p = .043, η2 = 0.090, 95% CI [0, 0.067]. Duk da haka, wannan ba shine batun matsaloli na sirri ba, F(1,220) = 1.384, p = .241, η2 = 0.006, 90% CI [0, 0.042]. Bugu da ƙari kuma, 'yan Colombiya sune kawai ƙungiyar Rukunin Ƙasa ta Yanki ta kasa da ba ta nuna bambancin mahimmanci ba a yayin da suke kwatanta hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un galibi na dabi'un mutum da na mutunci, F(1,55) = 0.882, p = .352. A bambanta, mazaunin Colombian (F(1,55) = 4.460, p <.02, η2 = .001, 95% CI [0.000, 0.021]), matan Spain (F(1,55) = 49.746, p <.001 η2 = .02, 95% CI [0.000, 0.041]), da Mutanen Espanya (F(1,55) = 24.013, p <.001, η2 = .016, 95% CI [0.007, 0.053]), ya kiyaye nau'in haɗari biyu da aka bayyana a sama (duba Fig 1).

Fig 1 

Ma'anar amsoshin galibi na dabi'a ta jima'i da kasa.

Kamar yadda yake a cikin mutanen Kolumbia, Mutanen Espanya sun nuna cewa sun fi yarda da lalacewar (hukunci masu amfani da ita) fiye da mata, duk da cewa ba su da rai, F (1,220) = 8.714, p = .004, η2 = 0.040, 95% CI [0.004, 0.099], da kuma abubuwan sirri na sirri, F (1,220) = 9.811, p = .002, η2 = 0.045, 95% CI [0.006, 0.105]. A cikin tsohon hali, lokacin da gwada Mutanen Espanya maza (M = 4.459, SD = 1.12) da matan Spain (M = 3.8121, SD = 1.16) MD shine 0.647 (95% CI [0.215, 1.079]). Lokacin da aka yanke hukunci game da matsalolin mutum, bambancin bambanci tsakanin mazaunan Mutanen Spain da matan Spain sun fi girma (MD = 0.771, 95% CI [0.264, 1.158]). Yi la'akari da cewa duk nau'i-nau'i daban-daban suna da girma fiye da waɗanda aka samu a Colombia.

A ƙarshe, idan muka kwatanta maza da mata a tsakanin kasashe don kowane nau'i na matsala, mun sami cewa, a lokacin da ke hukunta matsalolin sirri, 'yan Colomban (M = 4.1378, SD = 1.199) sun fi yarda da cutar fiye da matan Spain (M = 3.4532, SD = 1.15), F(1,220) = 9.097, p = .003, η2 = 0.04, 95% CI [0.002, 0.131], yana nuna wani MD na 0.685 (95% CI [0.237, 1.132]). Babu wata bambance-bambance mai mahimmanci tsakanin mata daga ko dai daga cikin kasashen biyu a lokacin da suke yanke hukunci game da matsalolin da ba su dace ba, F(1,220) = 3.184, p = .076, kuma ba a tsakanin maza da aka kwatanta ko dai ba, F(1,220) = 0.762, p = .384, ko matsaloli na sirri, F(1,220) = 1.124, p = .29. Babu wani tasiri mai mahimmanci da ya kai ga mahimmanci na mahimmanci a matakan haruffa na al'ada (duba Table 1).

Table 1 

Likert Means, Daidaita daidaituwa da kuma ƙaddarar 95% Amincewar Intervals don kowane haɗin matakan matakan.

tattaunawa

Babban manufar binciken yanzu shi ne bincika sakamakon abubuwan da ke faruwa a halin yanzu, yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewa, irin matsalar da mahalarta jima'i akan hukunce-hukuncen dabi'a. Dangane da nazarin wallafe-wallafe, wanda ya nuna muhimmancin abubuwan da aka ambata a sama a cikin halin kirki na dabi'a, mun yi annabta cewa duk wani abu mai la'akari zaiyi hukunci a kowane hali. Bugu da ƙari, an annabta cewa sakamakon rinjayar da aka yi a kan ka'idodi na dabi'un zai bambanta dangane da hulɗar da keɓaɓɓun bayanan mahalarta (dangane da jima'i da zamantakewar zamantakewa) da halaye na manufa (nau'i na damuwa).

Sakamakonmu ya goyan bayan ra'ayin mu. Mun gano cewa: a) dangantaka da tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin, ƙaddamarwa na yaudara ya karu da karɓar cutar don wani mafi kyau (watau, mafi amfani da shari'ar); b) dangane da Colombians, Mutanen Espanya sun yi la'akari da cutar da ba ta yarda ba; c) dangantaka da ƙananan matsala, matsalolin sirri ya rage karɓar abubuwa masu cutarwa; da kuma d) dangane da maza, mata ba su iya la'akari da cutar ba.

Na farko, kodayake tasirin murnar farawa akan hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un ba'a damu da wasu dalilai ba, mun sami babban tasiri na farko na shafewa akan hukunce-hukuncen dabi'a. Musamman ma, mun gano cewa kwarewa (amma ba mai dadi ba ko tsaka tsaki) primes ya karu da karbar cutar. Da farko kallo, zamu fassara fassararmu ta hanyar binciken da aka nuna cewa a halin da ake ciki ya haifar da tasiri mai kyau (kamar murmushi) ya rage abubuwan da za a zabi don ka'idodin dabi'un dabi'a [], wanda ake danganta shi har zuwa irin wannan yanayin da ya dace ya haifar da halayen tasirin mummunar haɗari ga cutar. A gefe guda, bin binciken baya da ba'a danganta da tsarin dabi'a ba [, ], ana iya ganin cewa an mayar da martani mai dadi na jima'i zuwa rikice-rikice masu tsatsauran ra'ayi (sau da yawa ba tare da bata lokaci ba) zuwa shari'un dabi'a.

Duk da haka, sakamakonmu ba zai yiwu ba a bayyana shi kawai dangane da tasiri mai ban dariya. Alal misali, binciken farko [] nuna cewa haɓakar halayyar kirkira (wani sakamako mai ma'ana mai kyau) ya karu ka'idodin ka'idojin da aka yi la'akari da inganci na tasiri mai tasiri akan halayyar dabi'a. Abu mafi mahimmanci, gaskiyar cewa sakamako na farko yana iyakance ga yanayin nakasa (amma ba yanayi mai dadi ba) zai iya zama saboda lalacewa mai mahimmanci wanda ya fi girma a cikin girman ƙanshin. Har ila yau za'a iya bayyana shi a cikin binciken bincike game da ladabi, wanda ya nuna cewa tasirin da ake gabatar da shi a cikin ka'idoji a cikin cognition sune mahimmanci [, , ].

Game da ƙaddarar ƙyamar, maganganun ba da shawara sun nuna cewa yaduwar launin jini ga rikice-rikice na ruɓuɓɓuka yana ƙaruwa aiki a yankuna na kwakwalwa da ke haɗuwa da jima'i []. Abin sha'awa, akwai shaidun cewa tayin jima'i yana tsangwama tare da tsari na yanke shawara a matsayin rikici [] kuma sun yi amfani da irin yadda ake mayar da martani []. Sakamakon haka, ana iya jaddada cewa gaskiyar abin da ake ciki na taimakawa wajen yarda da ayyukan lalacewa shi ne saboda kwarewa ta haɗakarwa a cikin mahalarta, wanda, bisa layi da sakamakon da ya gabata [] zai sauƙaƙe wani tsari mai amfani na hukunce-hukuncen dabi'a. Ganin gaskiyar cewa ba mu hada da kowane nau'i na tsokanar jima'i ba, wannan zancen ya kamata a magance shi ta hanyar ci gaba da bincike.

Lalle ne, yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa, lokacin da ke nuna alamomi na banza, dabi'u na al'ada na banza da kuma ƙanshin hotuna na IAPS ya bambanta tsakanin maza da mata. Musamman ma, hotunan hotuna sune aka fi dacewa kuma sun fi dacewa da maza fiye da mata (S1 Text, duba kuma [-]). Duk da haka, an ba da cewa ba mu sami mahalarta jima'i ba, sunyi tasiri game da sakamakon da ake yi a kan ka'idodin dabi'un, sakamakonmu yana nuna cewa abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da la'akari da bambancin jima'i ba a cikin basira da kuma ƙyamar abubuwan da ke damuwa. Za a iya gano wannan binciken a cikin binciken binciken da aka yi a baya game da abubuwan da ke damuwa, wanda ya nuna cewa alamu tsakanin halayen irin wadannan hotuna da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi ba daidai ba ne [, ]. Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa babu bambanci tsakanin jinsin mawuyacin hali da dadi (waɗanda suke da dabi'u mai kama da wannan ga wadanda ba su da tsinkaya), suna nuna cewa ba'awa ko tsinkaye da kansu zasu iya cikakken bayanin sakamakon da aka samu

Wata mahimmanci shi ne cewa cin hanci da rashawa ya shafi rinjaye na dabi'un da suka danganci tunanin hankali. Akwai hujjoji da ke nuna cewa rikice-rikice masu rikicewa ya rage ra'ayi na hukumar (kuma, a sakamakon haka, halayen halayyar mai aiki) amma kuma ya kara fahimtar kwarewa (wanda ya ƙãra ƙarin tunanin da cutar ta sha wahala)]. Bisa ga waɗannan binciken, sakamakonmu zai ba da shawarar cewa an yi la'akari da irin abubuwan da ake da shi a kan tunanin da aka yi a cikin tunani. Musamman, sakamakonmu yana nuna cewa raguwa a cikin abin da wakili ya lura da alhakin halin kirki zai haɓaka karɓar halin kirki daga ayyukan kirki.

Bayanan madadin ya fito ne daga tsarin kwaskwarima, wanda ya nuna cewa ƙarfin halayen ilmantarwa da haɗin kai a cikin mutane za a iya ƙaddara da kansu []. Sabili da haka, gaskiyar cewa cin hanci da rashawa na ƙara karɓuwa da cutar zai iya haifar da karuwa ko ragewa a aikace-aikacen kayan aiki ko ƙazantattun dabi'u, kamar haka. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, sakamakon Ariely da Loewenstein [] ya ba da shawara cewa jima'i yana motsa rai zuwa wata manufa ta manufa, wanda zai iya ƙara haɓaka kayan aiki. A madadin haka, ya kamata mu yi la'akari da yiwuwar cewa rikice-rikicen ƙullussu ya rage dukkan abubuwan da ke tattare da maganganu na al'ada da na amfani; kara karɓar ayyukan da ke cikin lalacewar dabi'u na dabi'un (abin da ke tattare da ƙazantattun abubuwan da ake amfani da ita) kamar waɗanda aka yi amfani da wannan binciken [].

Abu na biyu, an tsara wannan bincike domin magance muhimmancin bambancin al'adu a hukunce-hukunce. Sakamakonmu ya tabbatar da cewa martani ga halin da ake ciki a cikin halin kirki ya kasance mai saukin kamuwa da matakan "Country", yana nuna cewa bambancin al'adu ya kasance kamar yadda za a mayar da martani ga halin kirki. Musamman ma, mun gano cewa ko da yake babu wata banbanci tsakanin kasashe a cikin hukunce-hukuncen halaye na mutunci, 'yan matan Colombiya sun fi karbar cutar da mata fiye da mata Mutanen Espanya a cikin halin da ake ciki na halin kirki. Hakika, hukuncen dabi'un mata na Colombiya sun kasance daidai ne a game da matsalolin dan Adam da na rashin mutunci, suna nuna bambancin dabi'un ka'idojin kirki fiye da samfurin Mutanen Espanya, wanda ya nuna bambanci tsakanin nau'i-nau'i na halin kirki.

Abu na uku, mun gano cewa irin dabi'un dabi'un (zane-zane vs. agaji) ya shawo kan irin matsalar, tare da mahalarta ba su da wataƙila za su yarda da lahani a cikin yanayin matsalolin sirri fiye da a cikin yanayin matsalolin da ba su dace ba. Wannan binciken yana da haɗin kai tare da bincike na baya akan sirrin / bambancin mutum. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an ɗauka cewa zumunta ne ga matsalolin da ba su da mawuyacin hali, hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un matsaloli na sirri suna nuna babban haɗin kaiwa na motsin rai, wanda yakan haifar da hukunci mafi kyau na dabi'u na al'ada ([, ].

A ƙarshe, mahimmanci na manufofin binciken yanzu shine jarraba ko bambancin jinsi da aka haɗa tare da wasu dalilai kamar su na farko da kuma al'adu (kasa) a cikin aikata hukunce-hukuncen dabi'a. Mun gano cewa jima'i yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un, har ma cewa, a duk yanayin, mata ba su iya yarda da cutar fiye da maza ba. Sakamakonmu yana tallafawa ra'ayi mafi girma a bincike akan bambance-bambancen jinsi a cikin hukunce-hukuncen dabi'un, wanda ya ce, dangane da maza, mata suna da damuwa game da lalacewar halin kirki game da lahani da kuma shaida wata ka'ida ta dabi'a na ka'idojin dabi'a [, ]. Game da wannan da'awar, yana da muhimmanci a san cewa, kodayake bambance-bambance na jima'i a cikin kulawa da alama yana da matukar damuwa da ka'idodin tsarin [], da yawa nazarin sun gano cewa mata sau da yawa yi mafi alhẽri a kan gwaje-gwaje na empathy, jin dadin rayuwa, da kuma tausayi fitarwa fiye da maza [-]. Bugu da ƙari, binciken neuroimaging ya ba da shawara cewa mata suna tattara wuraren da ke dauke da nau'i-nau'i a madauri fiye da maza, suna nuna cewa matakan da ke dauke da hanzari suna bambanta ta hanyar jima'i [].

Binciken na yanzu yana da wasu ƙuntatawa, kuma yin la'akari da waɗannan ya taimaka wajen tsaftace bincike na gaba. Alal misali, ba mu haɗa kowane nau'i na halin zamantakewa, wanda aka sani ya taka rawar a cikin hukunce-hukuncen dabi'u []. Bugu da ƙari, yana da daraja a ambata cewa, kodayake dabi'u na al'ada na IAPS daidai ne tsakanin Colombia da Spain, an nuna bambancin ra'ayi a cikin girman ƙanshin []. Duk da haka, yana da muhimmanci mu kasance da hankali game da bambancin bambancin irin wannan, saboda gaskiyar cewa hotunan hotuna da suka dace a Spain da Colombia sune karami ne kawai kuma sun kasance daban.

A ƙarshe, sakamakonmu na goyan bayan da'awar cewa jima'i, al'adu da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a kan lamarin sune abubuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin halayyar kirki, da kuma hanyoyin da waɗannan abubuwa suke hulɗar da su ta hanyar zartar da hukunci. Bisa ga waɗannan sakamakon, karin nazarin ya kamata ya binciki sakamakon irin waɗannan abubuwa a wuraren da ba na ka'ida ba, irin su shari'ar zamantakewar jama'a ko hukunce-hukuncen da suka dace. Har ila yau, mun lura cewa binciken nan gaba wanda ya haɗu da ƙananan jama'a na iya inganta fahimtarmu game da rawar da bambancin mutum yake da kuma hanyoyin da suke hulɗar da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi a cikin tsarin yin hukunci.

 

Goyan bayan Bayanan

S1 Table

Bayanan mutum-matakin:

(XLSX)

S1 Text

S1 Karin Bayani: Jirgin da ya dace.

(DOC)

S2 Text

S2 Karin Bayani: Yanayin halin kirki na mutum da na mutunci.

(DOCX)

Acknowledgments

Wannan binciken ya goyan bayan aikin bincike na FFI2013-44007-P wanda Minista na Economía da Competitividad na Gwamnatin Spain suka bayar da tallafi (http://www.mineco.gob.es). Muna kuma son in amince da Astrid Restrepo, Juliana Medina, Laura Betancur, Luisa Barrientos, Luis Felipe Sarmiento da Arnau Centelles don taimakon a cikin gwaji. Muna kuma gode wa Gordon Ingram da Marcos Nadal don maganganun da suka dace.

Bayanin Kudin Kuɗi

Wannan bincike ya taimaka ta hanyar bincike na FFI2013-44007-P (Gwamnatin Spain: Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Gaskiya). Masu ba da tallafin ba su da wani tasiri a cikin zane-zane, tattara bayanai da bincike, yanke shawarar buga, ko shirye-shiryen rubutun.

Bayanan Bayanai

Dukkan bayanai masu dacewa suna cikin takarda da kuma Fayilolin Bayanin Taimako.

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