Babban binciken:
"Yayin da batsa ke amfani da shi ga maza ya karu, sadaukarwar su, gamsuwa da saka jari a cikin dangantakar soyayyar su ta ragu, yayin da hangen nesansu game da wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da ke wajen alakar su ke karuwa."
A ƙarshe:
Bincike kan batsa ya zama mahimmanci tun lokacin da batsa ke shafar rayuwar mutane a hanyoyi da dama. A bayyane yake yana da babban tasiri akan dangantaka tsakanin mutane. An gudanar da bincike daban-daban a kan batsa daga al'ummomi daban-daban, kasashe, al'adu da ma kabilai daban-daban. Wannan bincike na yanzu ya nuna cewa amfani da batsa yana da mummunar tasiri a kan dangantaka mai kyau. Matsayinsa a cikin kafirci, tashin hankali na abokin tarayya, fyade, rashin daidaitaccen jinsi, saki, da sauran matsalolin zamantakewa ya kamata a bincikar da su sosai.
Sharhi: Sakamakon ban mamaki saboda binciken yayi amfani da PCES mara kyau - tambayoyin wanda ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin batsa da kuke amfani da shi, da yawa kuna tsammanin gaskiya ne, & da zarar kun yi al'aura da shi, mafi kyawun rayuwarku za ta kasance. Bincike akan ƙananan PCES. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar ƙirar ƙabilar batutuwa na iya zama dalilin da ya sa sakamakon su ya saba da abin da kowa ya samu tare da PCES. Ko wataƙila saboda abubuwa sun lalace sosai har ma da mawuyacin yanayin PCES yana bayyana tasirin batsa. An tattara ainihin bayanan PCES a cikin 2006, kuma ya shafi maza da mata. Wannan binciken duka maza ne (a cikin shekaru ashirin) kuma shekaru 10 daga baya.
BEKAROO, VEEDIASHA, SMITA RAMPAT, da NAUSHAD MAMODE KHAN.
Jaridar Nazarin Zamani da Manufofin 8, a'a. 1 (2017).
ISSN: 2067-2640 (buga), 2068-9861 (lantarki)
Abstract:
Anyi amfani da tasirin batsa akan matakan maza da mata na saka hannun jari a cikin ƙawancen soyayya a wannan binciken. Maza 180 masu shekaru 18 - 29 shekaru sun amsa ga batsa amfani da sikelin, batsa amfani da sikelin sikelin sikelin (PCES), kuma Siffar Model Scale. Nazarin daidaitawa ya nuna cewa yawan amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da matsala ta amfani da batsa (r = .59, p <.01), da kuma fahimtar mummunan tasirin tasirin batsa (r = .22, p <.01), amma mummunar haɗuwa da tasirin kai tsaye na tasirin tasirin batsa (r = -.31, p <.01). Arididdigar layin linzamin linzami ya nuna cewa yawan batsa yana amfani da saukar da matakan gamsarwa (R2 = .052, F (1, 178) = 10.73, β = -.238, p <.01), girman saka hannun jari (R2 = .039, F (1) , 178) = 8.245, β = -.210, p <.01) da matakan sadaukarwa (R2 = .032, F (1, 178) = 6.926, β = -.194, p <.05), amma ya kara girman ingancin zabi (R2 = .130, F (1, 178) = 27.832, β = .368, p <.01) na maza a cikin alaƙar soyayya.
keywords: Batsa; M dangantaka
Magana 1A: Ana amfani da yadda ake amfani da batsa ta hanyar batsa tare da cikakkiyar amfani da tasirin batsa.
Daga Table 3 da ke ƙasa, sakamakon yana nuna matsakaiciyar alaƙa tsakanin tasirin batsa da tsinkayen kai tsaye da tasirin tasirin batsa (r = -.31, p <.01). Wannan yana nufin cewa yawancin mahalarta maza suna amfani da batsa, da ƙarancin fahimtar hotunan batsa kamar suna da tasiri mai tasiri a rayuwarsu.
Ma'anar 1b: Yin amfani da batsa na yau da kullum zai kasance daidai da haɗin kai da kwarewar tasirin batsa.
Sakamako ya nuna cewa yawan batsa yana da alaƙa da yanayin tasirin tasirin batsa (r = .22, p <.01). Da yawan hotunan batsa da maza ke cinyewa, yayin da suke ƙara fahimtar tasirinsa mara kyau a rayuwarsu.
1 Maganac: Yin amfani da batsa ta hanyar amfani da batsa za a haɓaka da kyau tare da yin amfani da batutuwan batsa.
Daga tebur 3 da ke ƙasa, ana ganin cewa akwai kyakkyawar dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin yawan amfani da batsa da kuma amfani da matsala ta batsa (r = .59, p <.01). Wannan yana nufin cewa yawancin maza suna amfani da batsa, da ƙari sun ƙididdige cewa amfani da batsa matsala ce ga kansu ko ga wasu a rayuwarsu.
Magana 2A: Hanyoyin amfani da batsa za su yi la'akari da saukar da matakan gamsuwa.
An samo maimaita amfani da batsa don rage ƙarancin gamsarwa, R2 = .052, F (1, 178) = 10.73, β = -.238, p <.01. A takaice dai, an sami karuwar amfani da batsa don hasashen raguwar gamsuwa ta maza da alaƙar soyayya.
Ma'anar 2b: Yin amfani da batsa na yaudara za su hango asalin ƙananan matakan zuba jari.
An nuna saurin amfani da batsa don hango hasashen raguwar saka hannun jari, R2 = .039, F (1, 178) = 8.245, β = -.210, p <.01. Mafi yawan hotunan batsa da maza ke amfani da shi, ƙarancin kuɗin da suke ji a cikin alaƙar su.
Ma'anar 2c: Hanyoyin batsa na yau da kullum za su hango hasashen ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa.
Mitar batsa ta amfani da annabta raguwar sadaukarwa, R2 = .032, F (1, 178) = 6.926, β = -.194, p <.05, zuwa ƙarami. Kamar yadda maza suka yi amfani da ƙarin batsa, abin da suka yi wa abokin tarayya ya shafa.
Magana 2d: Yin amfani da batsa na yaudara zai hango hangen nesa da haɓaka.
Yanayin batsa masu amfani da tsaka-tsakin annabta a cikin ingancin madadin, R2 = .130, F (1, 178) = 27.832, β = .368, p <.01. Kamar yadda yawan batsa ke amfani da shi a cikin maza ya karu, haka kuma ingancin madadin su.
Tattaunawa & Kammalawa
Wannan sashe zai bayyana sakamakon kuma zai kwatanta kuma ya bambanta waɗannan zuwa binciken da suka wuce. Dalilin da zai yiwu na binciken za a bincika. Zai kuma ba da wasu ƙuntatawar wannan binciken, kuma zai ƙare akan aikace-aikace na binciken.
Makasudin manufar binciken shine don sanin yadda yawancin amfani da batsa ya shafi tasirin mutane game da tasirin batsa a rayuwarsu, da kuma ko yana tsammanin zuba jarurruka, gamsuwa, sadaukar da kai da kuma ingancin canje-canjen a tsakanin mutane.
Nazarinmu ya nuna cewa yawancin batsa da maza ke amfani da shi, yawancin matsalolin da ya haifar a rayuwarsu. Hakazalika, fahimtar maza game da mummunan tasirin batsa ya karu kuma fahimtarsu game da tasirin tasirin batsa ya ragu tare da ƙara amfani da batsa. Abubuwan da aka gano sun kasa tallafawa binciken Hald & Malamuth (2008) wanda ya nuna cewa mahalarta sun ba da rahoton ƙananan tasirin tasirin kai tsaye na amfani da batsa na "hardcore", yayin bayar da rahoton sakamako mai kyau na matsakaici, tare da maza suna ba da rahoton mafi tasiri fiye da mata. Wannan na iya faruwa ne saboda gaskiyar cewa mahalarta Hald & Malamuth (2008), waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Yammacin Turai, na iya kasancewa suna da halaye masu kyau game da batsa. Mahalarta a cikin bincikenmu galibi asalinsu ne na Asiya kuma tunda ana daukar hotunan batsa azaman ƙazanta ne a cikin Mauritius, mai yiwuwa ne maza su ga yadda suke kallon hotunan batsa ba daidai ba saboda imanin addininsu (Stack, Wasserman & Kern, 2004). Bugu da ƙari, ana iya bayanin sakamakonmu ta hanyar binciken Check's (1992) da na Russell (1993) cewa maza suna ganin tasirin batsa ta mummunar hanya saboda batsa tana tasiri rayuwar su, da kuma dangantakar soyayya (Bridges, Bergner & Hesson-McInnis, 2003). Ana iya ci gaba da jayayya cewa mahalarta a cikin bincikenmu sun fahimci tasirin batsa ba daidai ba saboda suna iya jin haɗarin haɗari ga asarar aiki (Goldberg, 1998) ko rikicewar aiki saboda amfani da batsa.
Bugu da ƙari, dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin yawan amfani da batsa da batsa masu rikitarwa suna amfani da goyan baya ga binciken da maza ke hango tasirin batsa ba daidai ba. Misali, maza suna ba da rahoton jin laifi da kunya yayin kallon hotunan batsa (von Feilitzen & Carlsson, 2000) tunda hakan ya sa su da sha'awar jima'i (Morgan, 2011). Hakanan, batsa sau da yawa yakan haifar da al'adar aure (Stack, Wasserman & Kern, 2004), halayen haɗari na jima'i, yin jima'i tare da abokan tarayya da yawa (Braun-Courville & Rojas, 2009; Brown & L'Engle, 2009) da kuma shiga cikin jiki tilasta jima'i tare da abokin soyayya (Crossman, 1995). Wadannan halayen zasu iya bayyana dalilin da yasa maza a cikin bincikenmu suka ji mummunan ra'ayi game da batsa duk da kasancewa masu yawan amfani da ita.
Abubuwan da muka gano kuma sun nuna cewa yawan batsa yana amfani da ƙananan matakan gamsuwa, girman saka hannun jari, matakan sadaukarwa yayin hango ingantaccen ingancin zaɓi. Zillmann & Bryant's (1988) sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ƙaddamar da matakan ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa cewa masu kallon batsa maza suna da rinjaye halaye game da abokin soyayyarsu. Sabili da haka, lokacin da waɗannan mutane suka zama marasa dogaro da alaƙar su, matakan sadaukarwar su na iya raguwa (Rusbult, Drigotas & Verette, 1994), musamman idan mai amfani ya dogara da kayan batsa maimakon abokin aikin su. Bugu da ƙari, mai amfani da batsa na batsa sau da yawa baya sadaukar da kwatancensa na batsa don jin daɗin dangantakarsa (Powell & Van Vugt, 2003). Wannan raguwar amsawa da goyan baya ga abokin tarayya don haka ya rage matakin sadaukarwa a cikin dangantakarsa ta soyayya (Murray et al., 2001). Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda Guerrero, Anderson & Afifi (2011) suka ambata, sadaukar da dangantaka tana haɓaka yayin da ma'aurata suka fahimci alaƙar su ta kasance daidai. A yanayin da abokin hulɗar mai amfani da hotunan batsa ya fahimci rashin daidaito a cikin dogaro, to akwai yiwuwar a rage matakan sadaukarwa daga abokin.
Resch & Alderson (2014) ya nuna cewa lokacin da mutum ya kasance mai gaskiya game da batsa da ya yi amfani da ita ga abokin soyayya, matakin gamsuwa a cikin ma'auratan ya ƙaru. Duk da haka lokacin da namiji bai bayyana hotunan batsa ba ga abokin soyayyarsa, matakin gamsuwa ya ƙi a cikin dangantakar, kuma suna iya fuskantar matsin lamba mafi girma a cikin dangantakar soyayyar su. Tunda mahalarta sun kasance daga Mauritius wanda ke ƙasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, da wuya duk maza su bayyana hotunan batsa ga abokin soyayyarsu. Don haka waɗannan masu amfani za su iya jin matakan damuwa mafi girma, don haka haifar da saukar da gamsuwa. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike sun rubuta cewa abokan haɗin gwiwa suna samun gamsuwa yayin da duka suna cikin ƙoshin lafiya da tunani (Simpson & Tran, 2006). Amma lokacin da abokin tarayya, musamman ma mutumin, ya cinye hotunan batsa yayin da yake cikin dangantaka ta soyayya, zai iya fuskantar matsi mafi girma na baƙin ciki (Shapira et al, 2003; Young, 2005). Don haka, lafiyar sa da ta shafa na iya haifar da raguwar gamsuwa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa matakan gamsuwa suna raguwa yayin da abokin zama ya ji kishi a cikin dangantakar soyayya (Guerrero & Eloy, 1992; Pfeiffer & Wong, 1989). Tunda mai amfani da batsa na batsa yakan fahimci jikin abokin nasa ba daidai ba, idan ya gwada su da 'yan matan batsa, don haka ya rage girman kai na abokin tarayya (Albright, 2008), abokin tarayya na iya jin kishi kuma matakin gamsuwa a cikin dangantakar soyayya zai iya sauka duka abokan aiki.
Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa yawan amfani da batsa yana haifar da raguwa a girman girman saka hannun jari. Girman saka hannun jari, wanda zai iya zama tabbatacce (misali musayar kyaututtuka) ko mara iyaka (misali ɓata lokaci tare da abokin soyayya) (Goodfriend & Agnew, 2008) na iya haɓaka da ƙarfafa dangantakar soyayya yayin da ma'aurata ke musayar kyaututtuka da juna (Ruth, Otnes & Brunel , 1999). Hakanan, Belk (1996) ya ambata cewa musayar kyauta yana faranta ran mutum, yana ba shi mamaki da kuma faranta ran mai karba. A cikin yanayin da maza ke cin batsa zai ɗauki lokaci mai yawa don bincika bidiyon batsa akan intanet kuma saboda haka ba da ɗan lokaci tare da abokin tarayya (King, 2003). Don haka matakan saka hannun jari na iya wahala saboda wannan rashin sadaukarwar lokaci ga abokin zama, wanda zai iya shafar ingancin sadarwa (Sacher & Fine, 1996).
Carroll et al. (2008) ya nuna cewa hotunan batsa na maza yana amfani da sakamako a cikin mafi yawan abokan rayuwar jima'i da karɓar karɓar jima'i. Dalili mai yiwuwa na wannan aikin shi ne cewa masu amfani da batsa suna iya zama marasa aminci ga abokin tarayya (Zillmann & Bryant, 1988) tunda cin batsa yana ƙara sha'awar maza don bambancin jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, kallon batsa yana sa maza su ga jikin abokan su ba daidai ba yayin da suke kallon 'yan matan batsa don su zama masu daɗin jiki (Betzold, 1990). Don haka, wannan rashin gamsuwa na iya kwadaitar da su gwada sabbin hanyoyin canzawa zuwa ga abokan zamansu.
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