Matsalar Matsalar Matsalar Batsa a Japan: Nazarin Nazari tsakanin Daliban Jami'a (2021)

Amfani da batsa halin ɗabi'a ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a duniya. Kodayake yawancin masu amfani sun ba da rahoton sakamako mai kyau na amfani da batsa (Hald da Malamuth, 2008), wasu sun ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako saboda yawan amfani (Gola da Potenza, 2016). Dangane da bita na baya-bayan nan, yawancin karatu suna bayyana yawan amfani da batsa yayin da suke da mummunan tasiri azaman yiwuwar halayyar halayya, kamar su jarabar intanetde Alarcón et al., 2019). Daga cikin masu bincike, ana kiransa azaman amfani da batsa ()Fernandez da Griffiths, 2019), kuma yana tattare da matsalolin sarrafawa, yawan amfani, kaucewa mummunan motsin rai, da ci gaba da amfani duk da mummunan sakamako (Kor et al., 2014). Bugu da ƙari, ana iya fassara amfani da batsa ta batsa a cikin tsarin jarabar ɗabi'a, wanda ya haɗa da mahimman abubuwa shida na jaraba (Griffiths, 2005): salience (lokacin da aiki ya zama mafi mahimmanci a rayuwar mutum), canjin yanayi (ta amfani da halayya don canza yanayin yanayin mutum), janyewa (wani yanayi na rashin daɗi da ke fuskantar lokacin da aka dakatar da halayyar), haƙuri (yana buƙatar haɓaka a cikin halayyar ɗabi'a don cimma irin wannan tasirin), sake dawowa (komawa ga halayen halayyar baya bayan ƙaura), da rikici (sakamakon cutarwa na halin jaraba) (Fernandez da Griffiths, 2019; Chen da Jiang, 2020). Har ila yau, amfani da batsa na matsala yana da alaƙa da wasu halayen haɗari, wato, luwadi, caca, intanet, da wasa (Kor et al., 2014; Stockdale da Coyne, 2018). Kodayake sanannun amfani da batsa yana da sakamako mara kyau kamar yadda yake tare da sauran halayen haɗari, ba a bincika shi ba a cikin yanayin Japan inda matakin batsa ke amfani da yawa. Wannan binciken ya fadada kan wallafe-wallafen da ke akwai wanda ke mai da hankali kan amfani da batsa ta batsa a matsayin ci gaba mai girma a duniya ta hanyar ba da rahoton halaye masu amfani da batsa tsakanin ɗaliban Japan. Musamman, mun bincika alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa na yau da kullun, tilasta jima'i, ɓacin rai, damuwa, da sarrafa ƙoƙari.

Ganin cewa amfani da batsa mai rikitarwa an ɗauke shi wani ɓangare na rikicewar halayyar jima'i ta cikin rikicewar rikicewar rikicewa a cikin Classasashen Duniya na Cututtuka na 11th Revision (Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, 2018; Brand et al., 2019a), bincike mai alaƙa ya sami kulawa sosai a cikin yearsan shekarun nan (misali, Kraus et al., 2020). Kodayake ba a bayyana a bayyane a cikin ganewar asali ba, wasu halayen halayen jima'i waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin halayyar halayyar tilastawa na iya haɗawa da al'aura, yin waya, jima'i ta hanyar yanar gizo, wasannin tsiri, da yin jima'i tare da manya masu yarda (Kafka, 2010; Gola et al., 2020). Wadannan dabi'un na jima'i ana iya kasu gida biyu: na mutum, wanda baya bukatar sa hannun abokin tarayya (misali, taba al'aura); da kuma haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda ke buƙatar sa hannun abokin tarayya (misali, maimaita amana) (Efrati da Mikulincer, 2018). Matsalar batsa ta rikice-rikice ana amfani dashi azaman ɗabi'ar jima'i ta mutum (Efrati da Mikulincer, 2018). Bugu da kari, matsalar batsa ta amfani da ita ita ce dabi'ar da ta zama ruwan dare gama gari wanda mutane ke neman magani don luwadi (Reid et al., 2012a, b). A cikin binciken da ya gabata, ɗayan cikin bakwai masu amfani da batsa waɗanda suka halarci binciken sun nuna sha'awar neman magani don amfani da batsa (Kraus et al., 2016a). Koyaya, yawancin karatun a fagen an gudanar dasu a ƙasashen yamma (misali, Grubbs et al., 2019a). A zahiri, an gudanar da kashi 47.2% na binciken da aka gabata ta amfani da samfuran Amurka, yayin da kashi 7.9% kawai aka gudanar a ƙasashe a cikin Global South (misali, Brazil, China). Don haka, akwai ƙarancin bincike tsakanin ƙasashen da ba na yamma ba (Grubbs et al., 2020). Ana buƙatar nazarin al'adu na al'ada don tantance jarabar jima'i ta yanar gizo, gami da amfani da batsa ta matsala, yayin da bambance-bambance a cikin al'adun zamantakewar al'umma na iya shafar halayen jima'i (Griffiths, 2012). Bugu da ƙari, bayanai daga shahararrun gidan yanar gizon batsa a duk duniya¹ ya bayyana cewa Japan ita ce ta biyu a jerin cinikayyar yau da kullun, sai bayan Amurka a cikin shekarar 2019. Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo yana da alaƙa da ƙimar jarabar intanet a cikin samfurin daga yawan jama'ar masu amfani da intanet a Japan (Yong et al., 2017). Don haka, wasu mutane na iya ba da rahoton mummunan tasirin tasirin batsa saboda rashin kulawa sakamakon sakamakon jarabar intanet a Japan. Koyaya, babu bincike kan ko dai haɗarin jarabar batsa a cikin Japan ko halayen masu amfani da batsa na Japan. Bugu da ƙari, kodayake ba a tabbatar da wannan ra'ayi sosai ba, ana iya ɗaukar sha'awar jima'i da batsa a matsayin batun mahimmanci a cikin al'adun Jafananci (Hirayama, 2019). A Japan, ba a koyar da ilimin ilimin jima'i gaba daya, don haka akwai 'yan damar da za a sami ilimin asali game da jima'i (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Tattaunawar jama'a game da sha'awar jima'i da batsa na iya haifar da kunya, kuma jima'i ya kasance batun magana a Japan (Domin, 2010; Hirayama, 2019). Gabaɗaya, an lura cewa a cikin yanayin al'adun Jafananci, batutuwan jima'i sune maudu'i mai mahimmanci har ma a fagen ilimi (Hirayama, 2019). Koyaya, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, mutanen Japan suna amfani da batsa da yawa (duba rubutu na 1). Sabili da haka, koda kuwa mutum a cikin Japan yana fuskantar mummunar tasirin tasirin batsa, suna iya samun wahalar neman taimako kuma ƙwararrun likitoci ba zasu iya gane halayen su ba. Mun yi imanin cewa wajibi ne a gudanar da binciken da zai mai da hankali kan matsalar amfani da batsa a cikin Japan.

Karatuttukan da suka gabata sun kiyasta yawan amfani da batsa, duk da wahalar tantance daidaituwar matsalar batsa ta amfani da batsa a cikin yawan jama'a ta amfani da kayan aikin tantance abubuwa daban-daban. Misali, Rissel et al. (2017) gano cewa 4% na maza da 1% na mata sun ji cewa suna batsa batsa. A wani binciken, Biya et al. (2018) ya ruwaito cewa akwai kusan 4% masu amfani da batsa masu haɗari a cikin samfurin. Game da jarabar intanet na gaba ɗaya, idan ba hotunan batsa ba, yawan cin abincin da ke tsakanin manya na Jafan ya kai 6.1% ga maza kuma 1.8% ga mata (Lu et al., 2011). Bugu da kari, yawan amfani da intanet da yanayin yanayi mara kyau suna hango matsalar amfani da batsa ta yanar gizo ga samari kamar matasa (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Halin halayyar jima'i da ke tattare da raunin sarrafawa ya fi zama ruwan dare tsakanin maza idan aka kwatanta da mata (Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012b; Kraus et al., 2016b). Ba a bayyana ba ko masu amfani da batsa masu rikitarwa a cikin Japan, waɗanda ke yin amfani da batsa fiye da kima kuma suna fuskantar mummunan yanayi, sun fi yawa tsakanin maza maimakon mata mata.

Amfani da batsa na batsa yana da alaƙa da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa na yau da kullun (Brand et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). Hakanan yana haɗuwa da mummunan aiki na psychosocial, kamar ƙarancin gamsuwa da rayuwa da dangantaka, tsakanin ɗaliban jami'a (Harper da Hodgins, 2016). Musamman, mutanen da ke yin amfani da batsa masu saurin amfani da batsa suna ba da rahoton babban matakan luwadi da baƙin ciki (B & et et., 2020). Dalili don amfani da batsa ya dogara da ƙoƙari na tserewa daga mummunan ji da aka danganta da damuwa, kadaici, motsin rai, da baƙin ciki (Reid et al., 2011; Baltieri et al., 2015). Bugu da kari, Hadin gwiwar Mutum-wanda ya Shafa-Kashe-Kashe (I-PACE) don aiwatarwar da ke haifar da ci gaba da kiyaye halayyar ɗabi'a sun haɗa da ikon hanawa da aiwatar da zartarwa azaman manyan abubuwa (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b). Idan aka ba da matakin babban iko na hana zartarwa, matsakaici na waje ko abubuwan da ke haifar da halayen haɗari, kuma yanke shawara don shiga yana da iyaka (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b), Masu amfani da batsa masu matsala na iya samun ƙananan matakan hanawa. A cikin dangantakar bincike game da yanayi da halayyar jima'i, ikon sarrafawa, wanda shine girman yanayi kuma yayi kama da aikin zartarwa, yana da alaƙa da halayyar halayyar haɗuwa mafi girma (Afrilu, 2018). A zahiri, samari waɗanda suka nuna halayen halayen jima'i na asibiti ba suyi amfani da iko ba (Efrati da Dannon, 2018). Bugu da ƙari kuma, sanannen sarrafawa an san shi da ayyukan banbanci uku (Rothbart et al., 2000. Koyaya, ba a bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin ayyuka uku da amfani da batsa ba.

Binciken na yanzu yana nufin gano halaye na amfani da batsa da kuma na mutanen da ke fuskantar matsala ta amfani da batsa tsakanin ɗaliban Japan. Da farko, mun bincika yawan ɗaliban jami'o'in Japan waɗanda suka kalli batsa, yawan amfani a cikin watan da ya gabata, da tsawon lokacin amfani. Karatuttukan da suka gabata sun nuna cewa 4% na samfuran binciken sun kasance masu amfani da batsa masu saurin haɗari kuma 16.8% sun kasance masu amfani da ƙananan haɗari (B & et et., 2018). Don haka, mun ɗauka cewa kusan 4% na mahalarta a cikin binciken na yanzu zasu nuna matsaloli a cikin rayuwarsu saboda yawan amfani da batsa, kuma yawan amfanin waɗanda ke fama da lalata zai zama kusan 16% tare da raunin sarrafa batsa. Mun kuma ɗauka cewa yawan masu amfani da batsa na batsa tare da raunin kulawa zai ninka sau huɗu fiye da na mata, gwargwadon binciken da ya gabata (Rissel et al., 2017).

Abu na biyu, mun bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin mutane tare da kulawa mara kyau kuma ba tare da lalata ikon amfani da batsa ba, yana mai da hankali kan ɓacin rai, damuwa, tilasta yin jima'i, da kuma lura da zartarwa. Mun yi tsammani cewa masu amfani da batsa tare da raunin sarrafawa zai nuna manyan matakan alamun cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa kamar baƙin ciki da damuwa, daidai da wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata (B & et et., 2020). Bugu da ƙari, da aka ba wa masu amfani da batsa masu matsala suna nuna rashin sha'awar jima'i da ƙananan aiki (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b), Muna sa ran lura da wannan liwadi, da ƙananan matakan zartarwa idan aka kwatanta da batsa waɗanda ba sa amfani da masu amfani da batsa ba tare da taƙaitaccen iko ba.

Kaya da matakai

Masu shiga da kuma hanyoyin

An gudanar da binciken ne ta amfani da hanyoyi biyu na saukaka samfurin tsakanin daliban kwaleji a wata jami'a a tsakiyar Japan. A hanyar farko, marubucin na farko ya ziyarci aji kuma ya rarraba wasiƙun ɗaukar ma'aikata, waɗanda suka haɗa da umarni don samun damar haɗin yanar gizo zuwa tambayoyin ga ɗalibai 216. A hanya ta biyu, mun aika hanyar haɗi zuwa tambayoyin tambayoyin kan layi ga ɗalibai 70 ta hanyar LINE, aikace-aikacen manzo. Kafin amsa tambayoyin, duk mahalarta sun sami bayanai game da la'akari da da'a, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci, da haƙƙin janyewa. Mahalarta sun ba da izinin su shiga ta hanyar haɗin yanar gizo ta amfani da fom ɗin Google. Kafin mahalarta amsa tambayoyin kan batsa, an bayar da ma'anar aiki na batsa: Batsa (1) tana haifar ko haifar da tunanin jima'i, ji, ko halaye, kuma (2) ya ƙunshi bayyanannun hotuna ko kwatancin ayyukan jima'i da suka shafi al'aura (misali, saduwa ta farji ko dubura, saduwa da baki, ko al'aura) (Hald da Malamuth, 2008; Reid et al., 2011). Matsayin amsa ya kasance 55.2% (n = 158). Dukkanin ayyukan binciken sun sami karbuwa daga hukumar nazari ta (makantar da bita).

Daga cikin masu amsa 158, an cire wasu mahalarta don suna kasa da shekaru 19 (n = 3) ko gabatar da tambayoyin da basu cika ba (n = 5). Samfurin ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ɗaliban Jafananci 150 a wata jami'a a tsakiyar Japan (maza 86; 57.3%, mata 64; 42.7%) masu shekaru 20-26 - (yana nufin shekaru = 21.48, SD = 1.21).

Matakan

Amfani da Batsa

Don tantance yawan amfani da batsa (yawan kwanaki a wata), mun tambaya "Kwanaki nawa kuka yi amfani da batsa a cikin watan da ya gabata?" Don kimanta tsawon lokacin amfani a kowace rana (a cikin minti), mun tambaya "Menene matsakaicin lokacin da kuke amfani da hotunan batsa kowace rana lokacin da kuke amfani da shi?"

Rashin Kula da Amfani da Batsa

Don kimanta amfani da batsa ta amfani da batsa, mun yi amfani da tambayoyi uku a / a'a: "Shin kun taɓa iya ikon shawo kan yawan batsa?"; "Shin kun taɓa yin amfani da batsa ta hanyar da ba za a iya sarrafawa ba fiye da watanni 6?"; da "Shin kun fuskanci matsaloli na rayuwar yau da kullun saboda wahala wajen sarrafa tasirin batsa?" Waɗannan taƙaitattun tambayoyin waɗanda marubutan binciken suka gabatar yanzu waɗanda suka ambaci waɗannan ƙa'idodin binciken ƙa'idodi don rikicewar halayen halayen jima'i: gazawar sarrafa ƙarfin sha'awar jima'i ko ƙarfafawa, maimaita halayen jima'i da ke faruwa a tsawon lokaci, da mawuyacin lahani a rayuwar mutum. (Kraus et al., 2018; Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, 2018). Musamman, rashin lahani a cikin rayuwar mutum da rashin kulawar amfani da batsa sune mahimman sharuɗɗa daga hangen nesa na asibiti (Harda, 2019).

Yin jima'i

Siffar ularfafa Jima'i (SCS) tana da abubuwa 10 (misali, “Myaunar jima'i na samu hanyar alaƙar da ke tsakani na”) da aka ƙididdige a ma'auni mai maki huɗu (1 = ba kamar ni ba zuwa 4 = sosai kamar ni) tare da yuwuwar sakamako daga 10 zuwa 40 (Kalichman da Rompa, 1995). High SCS maki suna nuna halayen haɗari masu haɗari (Kalichman da Rompa, 1995). A cikin wannan binciken, fasalin Jafananci na SCS (Inoue et al., 2017) aka yi amfani dashi, wanda ya tabbatar da amincin ciki (α = 0.90) kuma ya inganta inganci a Japan (Inoue et al., 2017). A cikin samfurin yanzu, amintaccen coefficient ya nuna babban daidaito na ciki (α = 0.89).

mawuyacin

Tambayar Kiwon Lafiya (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al., 2001), kayan aikin bincike don tsananin damuwa, yana da abubuwa tara (misali, "interestaramar sha'awa ko jin daɗin yin abubuwa") wanda aka ƙaddara a ma'auni mai maki huɗu (0 = ba komai ba zuwa 3 = kusan kowace rana) tare da maki mai yuwuwa tsakanin 0 zuwa 27. A cikin wannan binciken, fasalin Jafananci na PHQ-9 (Muramatsu et al., 2007) aka yi amfani da shi, wanda ya tabbatar da tabbaci da inganci. Reliimar amincin a cikin binciken da aka gabata ya nuna yana da girma (α = 0.86-0.92), kuma an gano PHQ-9 a matsayin mizanin ma'auni na rashin ciki a cikin yawan jama'a (Kroenke et al., 2010). A cikin samfurin yanzu, amintaccen coefficient ya nuna babban daidaito na ciki (α = 0.81).

juyayi

Abubuwa bakwai Sikelin Cutar xiacin Ciki gaba ɗaya (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., 2006) an yi amfani dashi don kimanta alamun bayyanar tashin hankali, kuma abubuwan (misali, "Jin juyayi, damuwa ko gefen") ana auna su a ma'auni huɗu (0 = ba komai ba zuwa 3 = kusan kowace rana) tare da yuwuwar sakamako daga 0 zuwa 21. A cikin wannan binciken, fasalin Jafananci na GAD-7 (Muramatsu et al., 2010) aka yi amfani dashi, wanda ya nuna kyawawan halayen kwakwalwa. Reliarfin amincin (α = 0.92) da amincin sake gwadawa (r = 0.83) sun kasance a cikin karatun da suka gabata, kuma an gano sikelin a matsayin ma'auni mai inganci na damuwa gabaɗaya (Spitzer et al., 2006; Kroenke et al., 2010). A cikin samfurin yanzu, amintaccen coefficient ya nuna babban daidaito na ciki (α = 0.86).

Gudanar da Kokari

Gwargwadon ƙarfin sarrafawa (EC) na Tambayar Zafin Adult (Rothbart et al., 2000) an yi amfani dashi don auna aikin kulawa mai zartarwa. Matakan ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan matakai guda uku masu zuwa, tare da jimlar abubuwa 35 masu darajar kansu akan ma'auni mai maki huɗu (1 = karya gare ni zuwa 4 = gaskiya ne a gare ni): Kulawar hankali (misali, “Yana da matukar wahala a gare ni in mai da hankalina lokacin da nake cikin damuwa”) (abubuwa 12), ikon hanawa (misali, “Galibi ina samun matsala wajen tsayayya wa sha’awar abinci, abin sha, da sauransu” ) (Abubuwa 11), da kuma ikon kunnawa (misali, “Zan iya sanya kaina aiki a kan aiki mai wahala koda kuwa bana jin son gwadawa”) (abubuwa 12). Jimlar EC ta samo asali ne daga ƙididdigar ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa uku; babban maki ya nuna manyan matakan EC. A cikin wannan binciken, fasalin Jafananci na sikelin EC na Tambayar Zafin Adult (Yamagata et al., 2005) an yi amfani da su, wanda ya tabbatar da tabbaci da inganci. Nazarin da ya gabata wanda ya shafi samfuran Jafananci ya nuna cikakken daidaito na ciki (α = 0.74-0.90) da amincin sake gwadawa (r = 0.79-0.89) don sikelin, da ingancin alaƙa da alaƙar alaƙar da keɓaɓɓiyar yanayin girman mutum (Yamagata et al., 2005). A cikin samfurin yanzu, manyan α coefficients jere daga 0.72 zuwa 0.88 sun nuna babban amincin sikelin.

data Analysis

Dukkanin nazarin ilimin lissafi an yi su ta amfani da sigar IBM SPSS 22. Kafin yin nazari, an kasafta mahalarta cikin kungiyoyi uku (batsa da ba masu amfani da shi ba, masu amfani da batsa ba tare da kulawar da ta dace ba, da kuma masu amfani da batsa tare da rashin kulawa). Don bincika haɗin jima'i, mun yi amfani da Mann-Whitney U Gwaji da gwajin chi-square na Pearson. Bayan haka, an bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙungiyoyi uku ta amfani da canje-canjen da ba a saba rarrabawa ba (SCS, PHQ-9, da GAD-7 maki) tare da kwatancen biyun ta amfani da daidaiton Bonferroni, da kuma hanyar bincike ta banbanci (ANOVA) don ci gaba da rarrabawa kullum masu canji (EC kwatankwacin ci uku da ƙananan lambobi) tare da kwatancen biyu tare da amfani da Tukey da gaskiya mai mahimmancin canji.

results

Tsarin Amfani da Batsa

Mahalarta masu ba da rahoton baƙuwar kwanaki na batsa ta amfani da su a cikin watan da ya gabata sun zama marasa amfani da batsa (n = 44), wa) anda ke ba da rahoton yin amfani da batsa ba tare da "eh" ga tambayoyin kulawa mara kyau ba sun kasance masu amfani da batsa ba tare da kulawa ba (n = 81), da kuma waɗanda ke ba da rahoton yin amfani da batsa tare da amsa ɗaya ko fiye na "eh" ga tambayoyin kulawa mara kyau sun zama masu amfani da batsa tare da rashin ƙarfi (n = 25).

Yin la'akari da duk masu amfani da batsa (n = 106) wanda ya hada da wadanda ke da iko ba tare da nakasu ba, yawan amfani da su (a cikin kwanaki) a cikin watan da ya gabata ya kasance 12.11 (SD = 8.21, min = 1, max = 31, skewness = 0.75, kurtosis = -0.19), da tsawon lokacin amfani (a cikin mintina a kowace rana) ya kasance 44.60 (SD = 30.48, min = 1, max = 150, ƙwanƙwasa = 1.45, kurtosis = 1.78). Bugu da ƙari, masu amfani da batsa tare da raunin sarrafawa sun nuna yawan amfani fiye da waɗanda ba tare da kulawar illa ba (U = 505.5, p <0.001, r = 0.37); no an sami bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi dangane da tsawon lokacin amfani (U = 932.00, p = 0.541, r = 0.06). Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na masu amfani da batsa tare da raunin kulawa (n = 5) ya amsa da "eh" ga duk tambayoyin da suka shafi lalataccen iko (Table 1).

Bambancin Jima'i a Ka'idodin Amfani

Yawan maza (M = 13.19, SD = 7.68) da mata (M = 8.22, SD = 9.02) ya bambanta sosai dangane da yawan amfani (U = 519.00, r = 0.33, p <0.001), yayin da ba mu sami bambanci tsakanin maza ba (M = 43.35, SD = 28.19) da mata (M = 49.13, SD = 38.01) game da tsawon lokacin amfani (U = 934.00, r = 0.02, p = 0.872). Bugu da ƙari, an lura da manyan bambance-bambance a cikin adadin maza da mata a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku: rashin amfani da batsa, da yin amfani da batsa tare da kuma ba tare da lahani ba [χ² (2) = 64.99, p <0.001, Mahaukaci V = 0.66; Table 2].

Bambanci Tsakanin Masu Amfani Da Batsa

Sakamakon gwajin Kruskal-Wallis da hanya guda ANOVA don ci gaba da canje-canje sun nuna manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙungiyoyi game da tilasta jima'i (p <0.001), damuwa (p = 0.014), damuwa (p <0.001), EC (p = 0.013), da kuma kula da hankali (p = 0.008). Koyaya, babu bambancin rukuni don ikon hanawa (p = 0.096) da kuma ikon kunnawa (p = 0.100).

tattaunawa

Mun bincika halaye masu amfani da batsa kuma mun tantance bambance-bambance tsakanin batsa marasa amfani, masu amfani, da masu amfani da matsala a cikin samfurin daliban jami'a a Japan. Zuwa mafi kyawun iliminmu, a halin yanzu babu karatu kan matsala masu amfani da batsa a Japan, saboda haka, binciken da muke yi yanzu labari ne daga mahangar al'adu.

Abubuwan binciken binciken yanzu suna ba da shawarar yiwuwar amfani da batsa ta batsa tsakanin ɗaliban Japan. Data nuna cewa 5.7% (n = 6) na masu amfani sun ba da rahoton mahimman matsalolin rayuwar yau da kullun. Wannan binciken ya dace da binciken da aka gabatar wanda ya ba da rahoton ƙididdigar yawan amfani da batsa ()Ross et al., 2012; Rissel et al., 2017; B & et et., 2018). Bugu da ƙari, masu amfani da batsa tare da raunin sarrafawa sun kasance 23.5% (n = 25) na masu amfani. Bayanai sun nuna babban matakin luwadi tsakanin masu amfani da batsa tare da raunin sarrafawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kungiyoyi. Mafi yawan halayen da aka ruwaito tsakanin maza masu neman magani don luwadi shine cin batsa (Reid et al., 2012a, b). Sabili da haka, kodayake ganewar asali ba ya bayyana a fili cewa matsalar batsa ta amfani da ita ƙananan nau'i ne na rikicewar halayen halayen jima'i (Gola et al., 2020), a cikin layi daidai da binciken da ya gabata, amfani da batsa mai rikitarwa na iya zama ɗayan shahararrun halaye na halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar mutum (Brand et al., 2019a). Bugu da ƙari, yawancin masu amfani da raunin sarrafawa yana nuna yiwuwar cewa yawancin mutane suna da halayen da ke da alaƙa da amfani da batsa a cikin Japan. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike.

Maza sun bayar da rahoton mafi yawan amfani kuma ana iya gano su a matsayin masu amfani da matsala fiye da mata. Waɗannan binciken sun dace da yawancin binciken da suka gabata waɗanda suka ba da rahoton yin amfani da batsa mafi girma a tsakanin mahalarta maza, waɗanda ke fuskantar matsalar matsala (Harper da Hodgins, 2016). Ganin cewa yawancin batsa da aka ruwaito ta hanyar mahalarta maza, ana iya kammalawa cewa ɗaliban jami'a maza a Japan suna amfani da batsa sosai. Sabanin haka, mata sun nuna ƙarancin amfani da batsa. Tunda mata a Japan na iya amfani da kayan wasan kwaikwayo azaman kayan batsa (Mori, 2017), bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin batsa na iya taimakawa ga bambancin jinsi da aka lura da shi a sakamakon binciken da ake yi yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, wani bita da aka yi kwanan nan game da mata da halayen halayen jima'i ya nuna cewa halayyar halayyar halayyar halayya da yawa da kuma buƙatar yin amfani da batsa suna da ƙasa tsakanin mata fiye da maza (Kowalewska et al., 2020). Koyaya, akwai yiwuwar amfani da matsala tsakanin mata, kamar yadda wasu mata suka ba da rahoton yin amfani da batsa tare da rashin kulawa a cikin binciken yanzu. Ganin yawan binciken da ake yi game da amfani da batsa na mata (Kraus et al., 2016b; Kowalewska et al., 2020), akwai buƙatar ƙara mai da hankali kan wannan batun a cikin yanayin Jafananci, da kuma nau'ikan abubuwan da mata ke amfani da su musamman, da kuma tsarin mata na halayen jima'i.

Wannan binciken yana nuna takamaiman halaye na masu amfani da batsa tare da raunin sarrafawa. Yawan amfani da shi yana da alaƙa da amfani mai matsala, amma tsawon lokacin amfani ba. Duk da yake sauran halayen haɗari suna mai da hankali kan lokacin da aka ɓata a kan halayyar, yin amfani da batsa tare da al'aura zai iya rage ƙarfin jima'i ko da kuwa amfani da batsa ba shi da matsala (Fernandez da Griffiths, 2019). Sabili da haka, masu amfani da batsa masu matsala na iya ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa a ainihin amfani. Yayinda wasu mutane zasu iya iko ko tsara amfani da batsa ba tare da la'akari da yawan mita da tsawon lokacin amfani ba (Brand et al., 2011; Kor et al., 2014; Grubbs et al., 2015; B & et et., 2018), wasu na iya jin asarar iko a cikin yin amfani da batsa ba tare da la'akari da tsawon lokacin amfani ba.

Mahalarta tare da raunin sarrafawa sun nuna matakan baƙin ciki da damuwa. Wadannan binciken sunyi daidai da binciken da ya gabata inda masu amfani da batsa masu rikice-rikice suka nuna alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa (Brand et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). Cutar da ke cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin mutane da ke da halayyar halayyar halayyar mutum ta haifar da ƙimar matakan sha'awar jima'i da ɗabi'a (Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, 2018). A wasu mutane, damuwa na hankali na iya tashi saboda ganin rashin dacewar ɗabi'a wanda ya samo asali daga imanin addini da ya danganci batsa (Grubs et al., 2019b). Kamar yadda yawancin mutanen Japan ba su da addini (Mandai et al., 2019), damuwa na motsin rai da ke da alaƙa da amfani da batsa a Japan na iya zama ba sakamakon imanin addini bane. Koyaya, sha'awar jima'i haramun ne a cikin yanayin zamantakewar Jafananci (Domin, 2010); sabili da haka, yana yiwuwa rashin daidaituwa tsakanin wannan haramcin da halayyar gaske, kamar amfani da batsa, yana haifar da damuwa ta hankali.

Sakamakon binciken da aka gabatar yanzu ya nuna cewa yawancin maza suna amfani da batsa. A Japan, binciken kimiyya da tattaunawa game da jima'i haramun ne (Hirayama, 2019). Haramun ne ga mutanen da shekarunsu ba su kai 18 ba su yi amfani da batsa, amma wannan a karan kansa ba hujja ba ce ta kimiyya ko zamantakewa (Hirayama, 2019). A zahiri, ƙaramin ilimin jima'i ake bayarwa a Japan (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Koyaya, an nuna cewa yawancin Jafananci, gami da matasa, suna amfani da batsa (duba rubutu na 1; Japaneseungiyar Jafananci don Ilimin Jima'i, 2019). Wannan lamarin na iya nufin cewa yawancin mutanen Japan suna yin lalata ba tare da wani ilimin game da jima'i ba. Saboda haka, mutanen Japan na iya samun wahalar tantance wane irin halayen jima'i ne masu matsala kuma wanene ba haka ba, saboda mutanen Japan ba sa iya tattauna matsalolin jima'i, kuma ba su da masaniya game da jima'i (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Saboda haka, ana iya buƙatar binciken bincike na gaba game da jima'i da halayyar jima'i a cikin al'adun Jafananci.

Aƙarshe, ƙaramar ƙima da ke da alaƙa da iko mai ƙarfi da kulawa da hankali na iya kasancewa tare da matsala ta amfani da batsa. Wannan sakamakon ya biyo bayan binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ke nuna cewa ƙananan matakan iko mai ƙarfi suna haɗuwa da halayen jima'i na mutum (Afrilu, 2018; Efrati da Dannon, 2018). Kari kan hakan, karfin iko yana auna ingancin aikin zartarwa, wanda yayi kama da aikin zartarwa. Kamar yadda ƙananan ƙarfin iko ke haɗuwa da halayyar motsa jiki (Meehan et al., 2013), wannan binciken na iya zama kama da binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ya nuna ayyukan zartarwa, irin su hana hanawa da yanke shawara, na iya taimakawa ga ci gaba da ci gaba da nau'ikan nau'ikan halin jaraba (Brand et al., 2019b). Sakamako ya nuna cewa raunin masu amfani da batsa ya nuna ƙananan matakan kula da hankali game da ƙimar EC, yana mai ba da shawarar cewa kulawar da ba ta dace ba na iya haɓaka martani ga abubuwan da ke haifar da batsa. A cikin binciken da ya gabata, ikon hana tsarin EC ya danganta da halayyar jima'i cikin tsofaffin samari (Lafreniere et al., 2013). Don haka, daga cikin ayyuka ukun sarrafa iko, akwai bambanci a cikin cewa halayen jima'i na mutum yana haɗuwa da kulawar hankali, kuma halayen abokin tarayya yana da alaƙa da ikon hanawa. Don magance wannan tsarin, aikin zartarwa da sarrafa ƙoƙari suna buƙatar yin nazari dalla-dalla.

Duk da sabon abu da ƙarfi, wannan binciken yana da iyakancewa. Da farko, bayananmu sun kasance sashe ne, kuma ba za a iya tantance sanadin sakamakon ba. Na biyu, saboda mun yi amfani da samfurin sassauci tsakanin ɗaliban jami'a a wata jami'a a tsakiyar Japan, sakamakonmu ba zai iya zama gama gari ga yawan jama'ar Japan ba. Na uku, girman samfurin ya ɗan yi kaɗan, kuma mai yiwuwa ba zai ba da izinin wadatar da waɗannan binciken ga ɗaliban jami'o'in Japan ba. Bugu da ƙari, tambayoyin tambayoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken sun haɗa da batun mahimmanci wanda ke mai da hankali kan amfani da batsa, kuma marubucin na farko ya tuntuɓi mahalarta, wanda zai iya samun iyakance amsa ta hanyar rage rashin suna. A ƙarshe, an auna rashin kulawar amfani da batsa ta hanyar tambayoyin kai rahoton da aka tsara don wannan binciken. An sami ƙaruwa kwanan nan a cikin nazarin haɓaka kayan aikin inganci don amfani da batsa mai matsala (Fernandez da Griffiths, 2019). Don haka, ya kamata a gudanar da bincike na gaba tare da samfurin daban-daban ta amfani da ingantattun matakan amfani da batsa.

A mafi kyawun iliminmu, wannan shine bincike na farko game da matsala masu amfani da batsa a cikin Japan. Abubuwan binciken sun nuna yiwuwar haɗarin amfani da batsa ta batsa a cikin Japan. Maza sun nuna yawan amfani kuma sun fi saurin kamuwa da cuta fiye da mata. Mutanen da ke da lalataccen iko sun nuna yawan tilasta yin jima'i, damuwa, damuwa, da rashin ƙarfi iko. Researcharin bincike ya kamata bincika samfuran Jafananci daban-daban ta amfani da ingantattun matakan.