Jaraba da jima'i a cikin Turkiyya: Bincike mai girma tare da samfurin al'umma na ƙasa (2021)

Karatuttukan da suka gabata game da jarabar jima'i galibi sun dogara ne da ƙananan abubuwan haɗari tsakanin ƙananan samfuran samfuran daban-daban. Dalilin wannan binciken yanzu shine bincika alamomin halayyar mutum da ke da alaƙa da jarabar jima'i a cikin manyan samfuran samari na ƙasar Turkiyya. Jimillar mutane 24,380 sun kammala binciken da ya kunshi Tambaya mai Hadarin Hadarin Jima'i, Takaddun Bayanai na Batun Alamar Lafiya, Jadawalin Ingantaccen da Rashin Ingantawa, Tsarin Adult na Lafiyar Mutum, Da Siffar Toronto Alexithymia, da kuma Experiwarewar Dangantaka Mai Dangantaka-Revised (50 % maza; yana nufin shekaru = 31.79 shekaru; shekarun shekaru = 18 zuwa 81 shekaru). Yin amfani da nazarin rikice-rikicen tsarin mulki, jarabar jima'i yana haɗuwa da kasancewa namiji, ƙarami, samun ƙarancin ilimin ilimi, rashin aure, kasancewa mai amfani da giya da nicotine, damuwar tabin hankali, ƙarancin walwala na mutum, tabbatacce da mummunan tasiri, alexithymia, da haɗuwa da damuwa. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma da abubuwan da suka gabata wadanda ke haifar da mummunan halayyar halayyar halayyar halayyar jima'i tsakanin al'umar Turkawa. Koyaya, ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu don fahimtar abubuwan da ke tattare da jarabar jima'i a cikin Turkiyya.

Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (2018) ya haɗa da rikice-rikicen halayen jima'i a matsayin cuta mai rikitarwa a cikin bita na goma sha ɗaya na Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya (ICD-11), kuma ya bayyana shi azaman "Ci gaba da nuna gazawar shawo kan zafin rai, maimaita sha'awar jima'i ko kuma kwadaitar da ke haifar da maimaita halayen jima'i." Batun fahimtar wannan matsala mai rikitarwa ya sami muhawara mai yawa tsakanin masana kuma ya haifar da amfani da kalmomi daban-daban don bayyana rashin ikon mutane game da halayensu na jima'i ciki har da (a tsakanin wasu) dogaro da jima'i, rikicewar jima'i, jima'i da jima'i, da halayyar jima'i ( Kafka, 2013; Karila et al., 2014). Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya bayyana jarabar jima'i kamar “Kasancewa cikin zurfafawa tare da ayyukan jima'i (misali, rudu, al'aura, saduwa, batsa) ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban” (Andreassen et al., 2018; shafi na 2). Bugu da ƙari kuma, sha'awar jima'i da ba a iya lura da shi, shagaltarwa da jima'i, da kuma dagewa kan ayyukan jima'i duk da sakamakon rayuwa mara kyau suna cikin wasu alamun alamun da aka ruwaito game da jarabar jima'i (Andreassen et al., 2018). Duk da ci gaba da muhawara a lakafta matsalar halayyar jima'i a matsayin cuta mai rikitarwa, rikicewar rikice-rikice, ko jaraba (Karila et al., 2014), binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa jima'i yana da damar zama halin haɗari kuma jaraba da jima'i yana da sakamako daban-daban da suka haɗa da haɓaka halayyar ɗan adam da dangantaka (Griffiths, 2012; Reid et al., 2010; Spenhoff et al., 2013).

A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, bincike game da jarabar jima'i ya karu sosai. Koyaya, nazarin binciken yaduwa, abubuwan haɗari, da sakamakon jarabar jima'i sun dogara da kayan aikin auna abubuwa daban-daban don tantance jarabar jima'i gami da Gwajin Gwajin Gwajin Jima'i-Gyara (Carnes et al., 2010), Abubuwan Halayyar Halayyar Jima'i Mai Haɗakarwa (Coleman et al., 2001), Abubuwan Dogara na Jima'i-Gyara (Delmonico et al., 1998), da Siffar ptimar Cutar Jima'i (Raymond et al., 2007). Koyaya, yawancin matakan da aka haɓaka suna da mahimmancin ƙuntatawa ciki har da takamaiman ƙaramin samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ci gaba da inganta karatun, tantance takamaiman halaye na jima'i maimakon jaraba da jima'i, da abubuwa da yawa a sikeli, gami da abubuwan da basu dace ba dangane da fahimtar jima'i buri (Andreassen et al., 2018; Ookugiya et al., 2010). Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya inganta kuma ya inganta sikelin Bergen-Yale Jima'i Jima'i Jima'i (BYSAS) tare da manya 23,533 na Yaren mutanen Norway dangane da abubuwan da aka haɗa (watau jin daɗi, janyewa, canjin yanayi, rikici, haƙuri, sake dawowa) wanda aka zayyana a cikin tsarin biopsychosocial (Andreassen et al., 2018; Griffiths, 2012).

Kwanan nan kwanan nan, Bőthe et al. (2020) ya haɓaka sikelin Cutar Bearfafa Sexarfin ualarfi (CSBD-19) dangane da ƙididdigar binciken ICD-11 wanda ya ƙunshi mutane 9325 daga Amurka, Hungary, da Jamus. Misali biyar na CSBD-19 (watau kulawa, jin kai, sake komowa, rashin gamsuwa, sakamako mara kyau) ya nuna ƙungiyoyi masu kyau tare da halayyar maza da mata, yawan amfani da batsa, yawan abokan jima'i, yawan abokan zama na yau da kullun, yawan shekarun da suka gabata yin jima'i tare da abokin tarayya, yawan shekarun da suka gabata na yin jima'i tare da abokan tarayya, yawan shekarun da suka gabata na al'aura, da yawan kallon hotunan batsa da suka gabata (Bőthe et al., 2020).

Wasu kuma sun gwada kayan halayen kwakwalwa na Inventory Inventory Inventory (HBI) ta amfani da babban sikeli mara kyau wanda ya kunshi mutane 18,034 daga Hungary (Bőthe, Kovács, et al., 2019a). Misali uku na HBI (watau jurewa, sarrafawa, sakamako) yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka tare da adadin abokan jima'i, yawan abokan hulɗa na yau da kullun, yawan yin jima'i tare da abokin, yawan yin jima'i tare da abokan tarayya, yawan al'aura , yawan kallon hotunan batsa kowane lokaci, da kuma yawan kallon hotunan batsa.

Littattafan da suka shafi jima'i na jima'i suna nuna alamun rikicewa dangane da ƙayyadaddun ilimin zamantakewar al'umma. A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, maza sun fi dacewa da kasancewa da matakan girma na sha'awar jima'i, yawan al'aura, sauƙin sha'awar jima'i, da kuma yin jima'i idan aka kwatanta da mata, kodayake ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike da ke mai da hankali ga mata don kafa rawar jinsi a cikin ci gaba da jarabar jima'i (Bőthe et al., 2018, 2020). Koyaya, shaidun da ke akwai suna nuna ikon namiji a cikin halayyar jima'i (Kafka, 2010), Kodayake wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa mata na iya zama masu saukin kamuwa da halayen jima'i kuma wannan na iya haifar da ɗaga kai na kunya (Dhuffar & Griffiths, 2014, 2015). Dangane da shekaru, karatu ya nuna cewa samartaka da samartaka sune lokuta mafi haɗari don haɓaka da kiyaye jarabar jima'i (Kafka, 2010). A cikin babban binciken na Yaren mutanen Norway sama da mahalarta 23,500, samun digiri na biyu ya saukar da matsalar rashin jituwa ta jima'i yayin da samun digiri na biyu ya daukaka haɗarin yin jima'i (Andreassen et al., 2018). Sakamakon haka, kasancewa namiji, ƙaramin shekaru, rashin aure, matakin ilimin gaba da sakandare, shan giya, da shan taba suna da alaƙa da haɓaka maɗaukakiyar jima'i da jarabar jima'i (Andreassen et al., 2018; Campbell & Stein, 2015; Kafka, 2010; Sussman et al., 2011).

Baya ga abubuwan zamantakewar al'umma, karatun da suka gabata sun gano yawancin halayen halayyar jima'i. Wani binciken da aka yi tare da maza 418 masu yin jima'i da maza ya nuna cewa yawan baƙin ciki ya kasance mafi girma a tsakanin jarabar jima'i ta Amurka idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a (Weiss, 2004). Mutanen da ke da jarabar jima'i sun ɗaga damuwa da tabin hankali saboda fuskantar wahalar sarrafa tunanin jima'i, buƙatu, da ɗabi'a (Dickenson et al., 2018). Ya bayyana cewa waɗanda ke da ƙarin damuwa da matakan damuwa suna ƙoƙari su jimre da ƙasƙancin tunaninsu ta hanyar yin lalata da halayyar jima'i (Brewer & Tidy, 2019). Daga cikin manya 337 masu tasowa, jarabar jima'i yana haɗuwa da daidaita tasirin mummunan tasiri da sauƙaƙa matsalar damuwa (Cashwell et al., 2017). An kuma tabbatar da cewa yanayin yanayi mara kyau yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗin kai tsakanin manya (Dhuffar et al., 2015). Bugu da ƙari, wahalar gano abubuwan da ke ji yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jima'i na jima'i bayan sarrafawa don baƙin ciki da rauni ga damuwa (Reid et al., 2008), yana nuna cewa mutanen alexithymic suma suna cikin haɗarin jarabar jima'i. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an gano mutanen da ke yin lalata da jima'i suna da rashin tsaro (watau, damuwa, guje wa) hanyoyin haɗe-haɗe (Zapf et al., 2008). Koyaya, idan aka ba da cewa halayen jima'i masu saurin motsa jiki ne da tilastawa, ana iya tsammanin matsalolin halayyar halayyar mutum ya daidaita da jarabar jima'i (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, et al., 2019b). Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari ko kammala kashe kansu suna tattare da rikicewar yanayi, al'amuran rayuwa masu wahala, matsalolin mutane, talaucin zamantakewar jama'a, rayuwar kadaici, alexithymia, da jin rashin bege saboda halaye na ɗabi'a ko yanayin haɗe-haɗen lalata (Pompili et al., 2014). Mahimmanci, ƙirar tsarin aiki na azanci na musamman na mutanen da ke baƙin ciki an ba da rahoton su a matsayin mahimman abubuwa a cikin ƙayyadadden sakamako mara kyau (Serafini et al., 2017). Sakamakon haka, nazarin waɗannan gine-ginen da aka nuna sau da yawa don hango hangen nesa game da jarabar jima'i a cikin binciken da aka gabata an ɗauka cewa yana da amfani don fahimtar jarabar jima'i tsakanin mutanen Turkawa.

Duk da wadatattun wallafe-wallafen, ba a da cikakken sani game da jarabar jima'i a Turkiyya. Sabili da haka, binciken da aka gabatar yanzu ya yi amfani da babban samfurin Baturke don bincika takamaiman masu yanke hukunci game da jarabar jima'i waɗanda aka gano koyaushe a matsayin abubuwan haɗari don halayen jima'i da sauran addinan ɗabi'a a cikin littattafan da suka gabata ciki har da alamun tabin hankali, lafiyar mutum, jihohi masu tasiri, alexithymia, da abin da aka makala A cikin wannan mahallin, da farko, an bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu canjin yanayi kamar jinsi, shekaru, matakin ilimi, matsayin aure, shan sigari, shan giya da jarabar jima'i. Baya ga waɗannan, an yi niyya don ƙayyade ikon hangen nesa na cututtukan tabin hankali, ƙoshin lafiya na mutum, jihohi masu tasiri, alexithymia, da masu haɗuwa da haɗe-haɗe tare a kan jarabar jima'i. An karatu kaɗan ne kawai suka magance waɗannan batutuwan, kuma karatun da ake yi yanzu yana fama da ƙuntatawa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙananan samfuran da aka zaɓa da kansu, da kuma wakilai da ba mutane ba. Wadannan iyakokin sun rage aminci da tabbataccen sakamakon binciken da aka gabatar.

Binciken da aka gabatar yanzu ya inganta kuma yayi amfani da sabon sikelin da aka kirkira, Tambaya mai Hadarin Jima'i (SARQ). An kirkiro SARQ ne saboda binciken da muke yi yanzu shine babban binciken cututtukan annoba wanda ke nazarin yawancin halaye na jaraba wanda abubuwan suke kama amma an nemi mahalarta su amsa musu dangane da takamaiman halaye (misali, abinci, wasanni, da dai sauransu. ). Binciken na yanzu kawai yana ba da rahoton binciken ne dangane da jarabar jima'i. An yi tsammani cewa kasancewa namiji, ƙarami, matakin ilimi, shan sigari, shan giya, damuwa na tabin hankali, rashin lafiyar mutum, ƙasashe masu tasiri, alexithymia, da yanayin haɗin haɗi mara tsaro duk za a haɗu da jituwa ta jima'i.

Mahalarta da Shirin

Babban manufar samfuran shine ƙoƙari na wakiltar manya a cikin Turkiyya. Don yin wannan, an tabbatar da cewa an kirkiri tsarin nazarin samfurin kuma mahalarta daga wasu bangarori na musamman a cikin al'ummar Turkawa sun kasance cikin tsarin binciken. NUTS (jerin sunayen yankuna don ƙididdiga) rarrabuwa, wanda shine tsarin da aka yi amfani dashi don rarraba yankin tattalin arziƙin Tarayyar Turai, anyi amfani dashi don tsara samfuran. Tare da wannan tsarin rarrabuwa, ana ƙaruwar wakilcin yawan manya. Samfurin samfurin yana nufin binciko takamaiman adadin mahalarta daga kowane yanki da aka ayyana a cikin takamaiman yankuna yankuna da ke ɗauke da duk ƙasar Turkiyya. Dogaro da yawan biranen, an tattara bayanai tsakanin 200 zuwa 2000 daga kowane yanki don samfurin ya zama wakilci yadda ya kamata. Dukan ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na ɗari da tamanin da biyar ne suka gudanar da tambayoyin na takarda da fensir ga mutane daga garuruwa daban-daban 125 a yankuna 79 na Turkiyya a cikin 26. Theungiyar binciken ta tattara mahalarta daga al'ummomi daban-daban kuma sun tabbatar da cewa mahalarta sun kasance su kaɗai kuma suna jin daɗi yayin amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci ( watau, tambayoyi game da halayyar jima'i). Wadanda suka haura shekaru 2018, kuma ba su da tabin hankali da zai hana su kammala tambayoyin da aka dauka don binciken. Jimillar Turkawa 18 ne suka cika tambayoyin. Lokacin da aka bincika bayanan, an gano cewa wasu mahalarta ba su kammala dukkan tambayoyin ba, kuma wasu mahalarta ba su amsa wasu ma'aunin ba. Daga cikin waɗannan, mahalarta waɗanda suka ɓace bayanai da / ko waɗanda ba su amsa fiye da ɗaya sikelin ba ana lasafta su da suna da ɓatattun bayanai da yawa. Rashin bayanan da aka sani suna haifar da barazana ga nau'ikan amincin, inganci, da kuma cikakken sakamakon binciken. An cire waɗannan bayanan da suka ɓace daga nazarin don hana nuna bambanci. Koyaya, saboda girman girman samfurin, wannan bai rage ƙarfin ilimin lissafi na binciken ba, ko wakiltar samfurin ba. Samfurin ƙarshe ya ƙunshi mahalarta 24,494 (maza 24,380 da mata 12,249; M_shekaru = 31.79 shekaru, SD_shekaru = 10.86; kewayon = shekara 18 zuwa 81). An tattara bayanan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken binciken annoba mafi girma wanda ke nazarin halayen jaraba da yawa, wasu an buga su a wasu wurare (watau, Kircaburun et al., 2020; Anbolbol et al., 2020).

Matakan

Abubuwan Bambancin Mutane

Tsarin bayanan zamantakewar dan adam ya hada da jinsi, shekaru, matsayin ilimi, matsayin aure, shan sigari, da shan giya.

Tambaya mai Hadarin Jima'i (SARQ)

An gwada jaraba ta jima'i ta amfani da SARQ mara ƙarfi (duba shafi). Ma'aunin ya ƙunshi abubuwa shida waɗanda ke tantance ƙa'idodi shida na jaraba waɗanda aka tsara dangane da 'ƙirar abubuwan jaraba' (Griffiths, 2012). Mahalarta sun auna abubuwan SARQ ta amfani da ma'auni mai maki 11 wanda ya fito daga 0faufau) zuwa 10 (ko da yaushe). Cronbach's α a cikin binciken na yanzu ya kasance mai kyau (.93).

Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki (BSI)

An yi nazari game da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta amfani da nau'in Turkawa (Sahin & Durak, 1994) na 53-abu BSI (Derogatis & Spencer, 1993). Matakan yana da ƙananan matakai guda biyar waɗanda suka haɗa da ra'ayin kai tsaye, ɓacin rai, damuwa, tashin hankali, da ƙiyayya. Mahalarta suna kimanta abubuwan BSI ta amfani da ma'auni mai maki biyar jere daga 1 (kusan ba) zuwa 5 (kusan koyaushe). An yi amfani da sikelin don tantance matsalar tabin hankali ta hanyar amfani da sikelin azaman gini guda, Cronbach's α a cikin binciken da aka gabatar yanzu ya kasance mai kyau (.95).

Fom ɗin Kula da Lafiyar Kai na Kai (PWBI-AF)

An kimanta lafiyar duka mahalarta ta amfani da fom na Turkiya (Meral, 2014) na abubuwa takwas PWBI-AF (Wellungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, 2013). Mahalarta sun kimanta abubuwan PWBI-AF ta amfani da ma'auni na maki 11 wanda ya fito daga 0 (Babu gamsuwa kwata-kwata) zuwa 10 (An gamsu gaba ɗaya). Cronbach's α a cikin binciken na yanzu yana da kyau (.87).

Amincewa mai kyau da mummunan jigilar (PANAS)

An kimanta tasiri mai kyau da mara kyau a wani lokaci a lokaci ta amfani da fom din Turkanci (Gençöz, 2000) na abu 20-abu PANAS (Watson et al., 1988). Mahalarta sun kimanta abubuwan PANAS ta amfani da ma'auni mai maki biyar Likert wanda ya fito daga 1 (dan kadan) zuwa 5 (musamman). Matsayi mafi girma yana nuna samun tasiri mai tasiri (Cronbach's α = .85) da kuma mummunan tasiri (Cronbach's α = .83).

Toronto Alexithymia Sikeli (TAS-20)

Alexithymia da ƙananan yanayinta gami da wahalar gano yadda ake ji, wahalar bayanin yadda ake ji, da tunani mai dogaro da waje ta hanyar amfani da sigar Baturke (Güleç et al., 2009) na abu 20-abu TAS-20 (Bagby et al., 1994). Saboda muhawara ta kwanan nan kan ko tunani mai karkata zuwa waje (EOT) yana wakiltar alexithymia (Müller et al., 2003) An cire EOT daga nazarin. Mahalarta sun auna TAS-20 ta amfani da ma'auni mai maki biyar jere daga 1 (karfi da saba) zuwa 5 (karfi da yarda). Cronbach's α a cikin binciken na yanzu yana da kyau (.83).

Kwarewa a cikin Dangantakar Dangantaka-An Bita (ECR-R)

An tantance abin da ke cike da damuwa da kaucewa ta amfani da nau'in Turkiyya (Selçuk et al., 2005) na 36-abu ECR-R (Fraley et al., 2000). Mahalarta sun kimanta abubuwa ECR-R ta amfani da ma'auni mai maki bakwai jere 1karfi da saba) zuwa 7 (karfi da yarda). Matsayi mafi girma yana nuna ƙarin haɗarin damuwa (Cronbach's α = .83) da haɗin haɗewa (Cronbach's α = .85).

ilimin kididdiga Analysis

Dabarar dabarun-bayanan ta magance matakan da ke tafe: (i) ingantaccen tunanin kwakwalwa na SARQ; da (ii) bincike game da yanayin zamantakewar al'umma da halayyar halayyar jima'i. Da farko dai, an kimanta kaddarorin kwakwalwa na SARQ ta amfani da ka'idar gwajin gargajiya (CTT), binciken abubuwan bincike (EFA), da kuma tabbatar da mahimmin abu (CFA). A cikin CFA, tushen yana nufin ragowar murabba'i (RMSEA), daidaitaccen tushe yana nufin ragowar murabba'i (SRMR), ƙididdigar ƙididdigar daidaitawa (CFI), da ƙimar dacewa (GFI) don bincika ƙimar dacewa. RMSEA da SRMR ƙasa da .05 suna nuna dacewa mai kyau kuma RMSEA da SRMR ƙasa da .08 suna ba da isasshen dacewa; CFI da GFI sama da .95 suna da kyau kuma CFI da GFI sama da .90 karɓaɓɓu ne (Hu & Bentler, 1999).

A mataki na ƙarshe, an yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen haɗin gwiwar Pearson don bincika haɓakar haɗin kai tsakanin masu canjin karatu da kuma nazarin rikice-rikicen tsarin mulki don amfani da hangen nesa game da jarabar jima'i dangane da abubuwan zamantakewar al'umma da kuma masu canjin halin tunani. Kafin nazarin daidaito, bayanai sun haɗu da zato na ƙa'ida bisa la'akari da ƙima da ƙimar dabi'un kurtosis. A cikin nazarin rikice-rikicen, an tabbatar da cewa babu wani layi da yawa ta hanyar bincika matsalar hauhawar farashin abubuwa (VIF) da ƙimar haƙuri. An gudanar da nazarin ilimin lissafi ta amfani da SPSS 23.0 da software na AMOS 23.0.

Jimlar samfurin ya kasu kashi biyu cikin samfuran don aiwatar da EFA da CFA ta amfani da samfuran biyu. An gudanar da EFA tare da samfurin farko (N = 12,096). EFA ta nuna cewa SARQ yana da tsarin yanayin unidimensional. Gwajin Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin da gwajin ƙarancin Barlett (.89; p <.001) a cikin EFA ya ba da shawarar mafita guda ɗaya. Componentididdigar mahimmin abu ya nuna duk abubuwa suna da ɗimbin nauyi (al'ummomin da ke tsakanin .62 da .81), suna bayanin 73.32% na jimlar bambancin. Mahimmin bayani guda ɗaya ya ta'allaka ne akan ƙirar ƙirar inda aka fitar da abubuwan da ke da Eigenvalue sama da 1. Anyi CFA bayan bin EFA ta amfani da samfurin na biyu (N = 12,284). An yi amfani da hanyar kimanta rashin daidaituwa mafi girma a cikin CFA. Indicatorididdigar masu nuna alama da aka lura (watau abubuwa na sikelin) na masu canjin cancanci an ayyana su azaman alamun ci gaba. Kyakkyawan alamun fihirisa (χ² = 2497.97, df = 6, p <.001, RMSEA = .13 CI 90% [.13, .13], SRMR = .03, CFI = .98, GFI = .97) sun nuna mafi dacewa sosai ga bayanan (Kline, 2011), mai tabbatar da dacewar daidaitaccen bayani. Dangane da daidaitattun abubuwan ɗaukar kaya (jere tsakanin .72 da .90), duk abubuwa suna da mahimmiyar rawa a sikelin.

Table 1 yana nuna ƙimar ma'ana, daidaitattun karkacewa, da daidaitattun ƙwararrun masu binciken. Jaraba da jima'i ya dace da alaƙa da damuwa na hauka (r = .17, p <.001), cutar sanyi (r = .13, p <.001), tabbatacce tasiri (r = .06, p <.001), mummunan tasiri (r = .14, p <.001), da kuma haɗuwa da damuwa (r = .10, p <.001). Bugu da ƙari, jarabar jima'i an danganta ta da lafiyar mutum (r = -.10, p <.001) alhali kuwa bai daidaita da abin da aka makala ba (r = .00, p > .05). Idan aka ba da ƙananan alaƙa (r <.10), daidaito na tasiri mai tasiri (r = .06, p <.001) tare da jarabar jima'i mafi yuwuwa sun sami mahimmancin ilimin lissafi saboda girman samfurin samfurin.

Table 2 yana nuna sakamakon nazarin sakewa na tsarin mulki. Jaraba da jima'i yana da alaƙa da kasancewa namiji (β = −.31, p <.001), kasancewa ɗaya (β = −.03, p <.001), shan sigari (β = −.04, p <.01), amfani da barasa (β = −.16, p <.01), matsalar tabin hankali (β = .13, p <.05), tabbatacce tasiri (β = .06, p <.001), mummunan tasiri (β = .03, p <.01), cutar sanyi (β = .02, p <.001), da kuma haɗarin damuwa (β = .04, p <.001). Jaraba da jima'i ya haɗu da mummunan shekaru (β = −.04, p <.001), ilimi (β = −.02, p <.001), zaman lafiyar mutum (β = −.02, p <.01), da kuma haɗewar haɗewa (β = −.02, p <.01). Koyaya, ya kamata a sani cewa tasirin hangen nesa na shekaru, ilimi, halin aure, shan sigari, lafiyar mutum, mummunan tasiri, da yanayin haɗe-haɗe duk ƙananan ne. Bugu da ƙari kuma, waɗannan tasirin na iya zama mahimmanci na lissafi saboda girman samfurin. Samfurin sake dawowa yayi annabci 18% na bambancin jaraba da jima'i (F._13,24,161 = 418.62, p <.001).

Abubuwan binciken da aka gabatar yanzu sun nuna cewa kasancewa namiji, saurayi, ƙaramin matakin ilimi, rashin aure, shan sigari, shan giya, damuwa na tabin hankali, sakamako mai kyau da mara kyau, alexithymia, haɗuwa da damuwa, ƙarancin zaman lafiyar mutum, da ƙasa gujewa haɗe-haɗe duk suna da alaƙa da alaƙar jima'i. Sabili da haka, dukkanin maganganun suna tallafawa. Kamar yadda aka zata, damuwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana da alaƙa da jarabar jima'i. Wannan ya dace da binciken da ya gabata wanda ya nuna cewa alamun tabin hankali da suka hada da baƙin ciki, damuwa, da damuwa na iya haifar da haɓaka haɓaka cikin halayen jima'i (Brewer & Tidy, 2019; Weiss, 2004). Yana iya zama cewa waɗannan abubuwan da aka ambata a baya masu lahani na rashin hankali suna haifar da raguwar sarrafa halayya tsakanin irin waɗannan mutane (Dickenson et al., 2018). Kowane mutum yana ƙoƙari ya kawar da hankalinsa ta hanyar yin amfani da jima'i don cika ɓacin rai wanda ke haifar da mummunan motsin rai kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, da damuwa (Matasa, 2008).

Dukkan tasirin mai kyau da mara kyau suna da alaƙa da jarabar jima'i. Wannan yana cikin layi tare da karatun da ake gabatarwa wanda ke nuna cewa jarabar jima'i yana haɗuwa da ƙasashe masu tabin hankali (Cashwell et al., 2017). Explanationaya daga cikin bayani mai yiwuwa shine waɗanda suke gwagwarmaya da rikice-rikice masu rikice-rikice masu rikice-rikice da rikicewar motsin rai suna amfani da damuwa da halayyar jima'i azaman tsarin gyaran yanayi wanda suke da jin daɗin jin daɗi wanda zai taimaka musu kauce wa mummunan ra'ayi (Woehler et al., 2018). Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanayin tunanin mutum mai tasiri ya kasance mai mahimmanci ko da bayan sarrafawa don damuwar ƙwaƙwalwa, yana mai jaddada mahimmancin tasirin mummunan tasiri. Koyaya, ya kamata kuma a sani cewa tasiri mai tasiri shima yana da alaƙa da jarabar jima'i. Wannan wani abu ne wanda ba zato ba tsammani, idan aka ba da tabbatacciyar shaidar da ke nuna cewa yanayi mai kyau shine abin kariya a rage rage halayyar hali (Cardi et al., 2019). Koyaya, sakamakon yana cikin layi tare da ra'ayin cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da tasiri na iya bambanta da halayen jaraba (Messer et al., 2018) da kuma motsin rai mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya haifar da haɓaka haɓaka cikin halayen jima'i.

Binciken ya kuma gano cewa mafi girma alexithymia (misali, wahalar ganowa da bayyana jin daɗi) ya dace da jaraba da jima'i. Waɗanda suka sami matsala wajen ganowa da bayyana abubuwan da suke ji sun kasance cikin haɗarin haɗuwa da yin lalata da jima'i. Wannan ya dace da ƙaramin adabin da ke nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan masu canji biyu (Reid et al., 2008). Oneaya daga cikin studiesan karatun da ke nazarin dangantakar ya gano cewa haɓaka alexithymia ya kasance gama gari tsakanin maza masu fama da rikicewar luwadi (Engel et al., 2019). An yi jayayya cewa ƙwarewar ƙa'idodin ƙawancin mutum tare da haɓaka alexithymia na iya zama babbar matsalar da ke haifar da waɗannan mutane zuwa ƙwarewar jima'i.

Sakamako kuma ya nuna cewa haɗuwa da damuwa yana da alaƙa da jarabar jima'i. Wannan yana cikin layi tare da karatun da ya gabata wanda ke nuna cewa haɗin haɗi mara tsaro yana da alaƙa da jarabar jima'i (Zapf et al., 2008). Waɗanda ke fuskantar matsaloli wajen ƙirƙirar amintaccen haɗin kai tare da wasu suna da saukin samun matsala a cikin dangantaka ta kusa (Schwartz & Kudancin, 1999). Mutanen da ke cikin haɗari na iya amfani da matsanancin ƙarfi, tilastawa, da ƙyamar baƙon jima'i a matsayin diyya don rashin ƙawancensu da ma'amala ta motsin rai (Leedes, 2001). Sakamakon haka, mutanen da ke cikin haɗari na iya yin jima'i ba tare da sadaukar da kai ba don sauƙaƙa tsoron rabuwa da watsi da su (Weinstein et al., 2015). Associationungiyar tsakanin haɗuwa da haɗuwa da jima'i jima'i ba ta da mahimmanci a cikin nazarin alaƙa amma yana da mahimmancin tasiri a cikin koma baya. Sakamakon haka, yana iya kasancewa mai sauya maye (misali, damuwar tabin hankali) ya shafi wannan ƙungiyar.

Kamar yadda ake tsammani, abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma sun bayyana taka rawa a cikin jarabar jima'i a cikin binciken da ake yi yanzu. Musamman musamman, kasancewa namiji, saurayi, ƙaramin matakin ilimi, rashin aure, shan sigari, da shan giya suna da alaƙa da jarabar jima'i. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da aka ambata a baya sun dace da binciken da aka yi a baya a ƙasashe daban-daban (Andreassen et al., 2018; Campbell & Stein, 2015; Kafka, 2010; Sussman et al., 2011). Abubuwan da aka gano sun nuna cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da siffofin zamantakewar al'umma yayin haɓaka dabarun tsoma baki don hana jarabar jima'i.

gazawar

Abubuwan binciken binciken yanzu yakamata a fassara su yayin ɗaukar wasu iyakoki cikin la'akari. Na farko, duk da cewa samfurin na da girma sosai kuma an tattara bayanai don samun ƙungiya mai haɗuwa, wannan binciken ba ya wakiltar al'ummar Turkawa a ƙasa. Abubuwan binciken yanzu ya kamata a sake yin amfani dasu ta hanyar amfani da samfuran wakilai daga Turkiya da / ko wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa inda ba a bincika jarabar jima'i ba. Abu na biyu, duk wani abin da ke haifar da haɗuwa akan ƙungiyoyin da aka bincika a tsakanin masu canjin binciken ba za a iya ƙayyade su ba saboda ƙirar ɓangaren wannan binciken. Yakamata a yi amfani da hanyoyi masu tsayi da ƙwarewa don samun ƙarin zurfin karatu don ci gaba da nazarin abubuwan da aka gano yanzu. Na uku, ana ba da rahoton tambayoyin kai tsaye tare da sanannun son zuciya game da hanya (misali, tuna ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kuma sha'awar zamantakewar jama'a) don tattara bayanan. Na huɗu, wanda aka ba da bayanan da aka ba da rahoton kansu kuma aka tattara su a wani lokaci, alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu canjin binciken na iya zama mai kumbura.

Kammalawa

Duk da iyakokin da aka ambata a baya, wannan ita ce ta farko da aka fara yin bincike game da halayyar halayyar jima'i tsakanin samfurin jama'ar Turkawa. Abubuwan da ke cikin kwakwalwa na sabon sikelin da aka kirkiro don tantance jarabar jima'i (watau, Tambayar Hadarin Hadarin Jima'i) an gwada ta hada CTT, EFA, da CFA. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an bincika yanayin zamantakewar al'umma da halayyar mutum game da jarabar jima'i. Babban mahimmin ƙarshe da za a iya ɗauka daga wannan binciken shi ne cewa alamun cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa, rashin lafiyar mutum, jihohi masu tasiri, alexithymia, da haɗuwa da damuwa sun kasance manyan alaƙa na halayyar halayyar jima'i yayin sarrafawa don abubuwan zamantakewar al'umma. Sakamakon yanzu yana nuna cewa don samun cikakken fahimta game da jarabar jima'i, yana da mahimmanci tattara bayanai akan yawancin masu canji. Zai zama da amfani a binciki sasantawa da daidaita yanayin sauye-sauye na ɗari-ɗari a cikin karatun nan gaba don ƙarin bayani game da hanyoyin yau da kullun na jima'i. Sakamakon daidaitaccen yanayin sauyin yanayin zamantakewar al'umma kamar jinsi, matakin ilimi, shan giya, da shan sigari, waɗanda aka gano suna da alaƙa da jarabar jima'i a cikin binciken yanzu, ana iya ƙara ƙaddara su. Samfurori masu sasantawa tsakanin masu canzawa da aka tattauna a cikin binciken ko sabbin masu canji (misali, matsalolin tabin hankali, tunani na tunani, matsalolin da suka shafi psychotrauma, abubuwan banbancin mutum) da jarabar jima'i. Ta wannan hanyar kawai zai yiwu a san tasirin kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye a kan jarabar jima'i, yana ba da ƙarin haske game da hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da jarabar jima'i. Kodayake wannan binciken yana ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci, ƙarin karatun ana da garantin don haɓaka ingantaccen rigakafi da dabarun shiga tsakani don jarabar jima'i.