Tilastawar Jima'i ta Mata: Tasirin Hotunan Batsa da Nagari da Tsarin Halayen Jima'i na Tarihi (2019)

COMMENTS: Ba wai kawai mutanen da tasirin batsa ya shafa ba. Wani sabon bincike kan mata ya daidaita amfani da batsa & jarabar batsa tare da tilasta jima'i, kamar ƙoƙarin sa abokin tarayya maye ko yin amfani da wani mutum mai maye, sumbatar juna da taɓawa, Yin amfani da motsin rai / yaudara don yin jima'i, da dai sauransu.

Lura: kalmar "yunƙurin tsunduma" tana nuna jarabar batsa.

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Arch Jima'i Behav. 2019 Oct 7. Doi: 10.1007 / s10508-019-01538-4.

Hughes A1, Brewer G2, Khanna A.3.

Abstract

Ba a kula da shi sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen, wannan binciken ya bincika abubuwan da ke tasiri ga amfani da mata na tilasta tilasta yin jima'i. Musamman, yin amfani da batsa da halayen halayen mutum wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ƙarfi, ƙa'idodin motsin rai, da mahimmancin sha'awar yin jima'i. Mata (N = 142) shekarun 16-53 (M = 24.23, SD = 7.06) an tattara su daga al'ummomin gari da ɗalibai. Mahalarta sun kammala bayanan Narcissistic da Tarihi na Takaddun Tambaya na Mutum-4, ban da Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory don bincika tasirin tasirin batsa (sha'awa, ƙoƙari don yin batsa, da tilastawa) akan amfani da tilasta jima'i . An auna wannan ta amfani da ƙananan matakai huɗu na Siffar Persarfafawar Jima'i na Postrefusal: tashin hankali ba da jimawa ba, yaudarar zuciya da yaudara, amfani da maye, da amfani da ƙarfin jiki ko barazanar. Nazarin rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice da yawa sun bayyana cewa amfani da batsa, halaye masu narkewa, da kuma halayen tarihi sun annabta amfani da mummunar cutar jima'i, ma'anar hankali da yaudara, da amfani da abubuwan maye. Oƙarin yin aiki da batsa wani babban mutum ne mai tsinkayen rashin son tashin hankali da kuma motsin rai da yaudara, yayin da halayen tarihi suka kasance mahimman hasashen mutane game da amfani da abubuwan maye. An tattauna abubuwan da suka danganci abubuwan da suka shafi halin tilasta yin jima'i da kuma bincike na gaba.

KEYWORDS: Cin zarafin mace; Halayen halayen tarihi; Dabarar halayen Narcissistic; Jima'i bayyananne kayan

PMID: 31591667

DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01538-4

Gabatarwa

Binciken tashin hankali na jima'i ya ta'allaka ne kan cin zarafin maza da cin zarafin mata. Wannan hanyar da alama kusan yana nunawa duniya ta yawan rikice-rikice na maza da tsinkaye mata a matsayin masu jima'i (Denov, ; Krahé & Berger, ). Koyaya, mace ma tana yin lalata da abokan zama da ba su so (Erulkar, ; Hines, ) da masu bincike sun kara yarda da nuances ta yadda za a iya bayyana hakan (misali, ta hanyar musgunawa, cin zarafi, da tilastawa) (Grayston & De Luca, ; Ménard, Hall, Phung, Ghebrial, & Martin, ). Duk da wannan, da kuma mummunan sakamako na zahiri da na ɗabi'a da maza ke fuskanta (Visser, Smith, Rissel, Richters, & Grulich, ), babban mahimmancin hangen nesa ya haifar da karancin bayanai game da abubuwan da zasu iya bayyana tashin hankalin mata (Campbell & Kohut, ; Denov, ). Wannan yanki ya cancanci bincike kamar yadda hanyoyi don tashin hankali ya bambanta ga maza da mata (Krahé & Berger, ), da abubuwanda zasu danganta da tilasta wa mace fyade ta maza ba za su zama masu jituwa ga masu cin zarafin mata ba. Tabbas, Schatzel-Murphy, Harris, Knight, da Milburn () gano cewa yayin da dabi'ar tilasta wa jima'i na maza da mata na iya zama iri ɗaya, abubuwan da ke nuna alama na yin amfani da su za su iya bambanta, tare da tilasta yin jima'i (watau wahalar shawo kan sha'awar jima'i) da ke nuna tasiri ne ga mata. Nazarin mu, saboda haka, ya yi nufin bincika abubuwan da suka danganci haɗarin jima'i a cikin mata waɗanda zasu iya yin bayani game da amfani da halin tilasta wajan jima'i. A takaice, tasirin abubuwa guda uku na amfani da batsa (sha'awa, ƙoƙarin yin ma'amala da batsa, da kuma haɗakarwa) da alamomin halaye da tarihin dabi'a saboda ƙungiyoyi a cikin wallafe-wallafen tare da tursasawa hanyoyin lalata.

Tilasta jima'i ya ta'allaka ne akan ci gaba da cin zarafin jima'i kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "aikin amfani da matsi, barasa ko kwayoyi, ko tilasta yin jima'i da wani ba tare da yardarsa ba" (Struckman-Johnson, Struckman-Johnson, & Anderson, , p.76). Yin tilastawa na jima'i na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan halayen da za a iya raba su zuwa rukuni huɗu na karuwar amfani: (1) tashin hankali na jima'i (misali, sumbata da taɓawa), (2) magudi na tunanin mutum (misali, baƙar magana, ba da tambayoyi, ko amfani da iko), (3) barasa da shan maye (misali, da gangan neman mutum ya bugu ko ya sami dama yayin shan giya), da kuma (4) karfi na jiki ko barazanar (misali, amfani da cutarwa ta zahiri). Kamar yadda wani babban bincike na bincike ya tabbatar da cewa maza sun fi mace yawan cin zarafin jima'i (duba Krahé et al., ), wannan ya rufe shaidu cewa yawancin mata suna bayar da rahoto ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan halayen tilasta mata (misali, Hoffmann & Verona, ; Krahé, Waizenhöfer, & Möller, ; Ménard et al., ; Muñoz, Khan, & Cordwell, ; Russell & Oswald, , ; Gagarin-Johnson et al., ). Yayinda karatun guda ɗaya ya sami ƙaddarar cin zarafin mata har zuwa 26% (idan aka kwatanta da 43% ga maza) (duba Struckman-Johnson et al., ), a cikin dalla-dalla kan wallafe-wallafen, Hines () ƙididdigar yawan kuɗi tsakanin 10 da 20% don tilastawa na jima'i, da 1 da 3% don yin jima'i tilastawa.

Sakamakon yawaitar cin amanar maza, watakila ba mamaki bane karancin karatu ya mai da hankali kan halayen dabi'ar tilasta wa mata. Nazarin sun ba da rahoton cewa abubuwan da suka haifar da tasiri ga mata sun hada da matsin lamba na yara don yin jima'i (misali, Krahé et al., ), tilasta yin jima'i (Schatzel-Murphy et al., ), halayen nuna ƙiyayya ga dangantakar jima'i (misali, Anderson, ; Christopher, Madura, & Weaver, ; Yost & Zurbriggen, ), da gogewar cutarwa (misali, Anderson, ; Krahé et al., ; Russell & Oswald, ). Studiesarin karatu da aka yi tasirin rubuce-rubuce na tasirin mutum mai ƙiyayya tare da manyan al'adun mutane (Ménard et al., ) dabarun magudi, wasan caca don kulla zumunci (Russell & Oswald, , ), da amfani da batsa (misali, Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ) ta haka ne samar da dalilai na wannan binciken.

Amfani da Hotunan Batsa

Hotunan batsa suna nufin abubuwan batsa wanda aka kirkira kuma aka cinye don motsa sha'awar jima'i, ana samunsa ta hanyoyi daban-daban (misali, hotuna da bidiyo) kuma galibi ana shiga ta yanar gizo (Campbell & Kohut, ). Bincike ya mayar da hankali ga tarihi bisa yadda tasirin batsa ya shafi halaye da halayen maza. Alal misali, ana jayayya cewa yin amfani da batsa ta batsa yana da alaƙa da ƙyamar jima'i na abokan tarayya (Tylka, & Kroon Van Diest, ) da halayyar tilastawa na jima'i (Stanley et al., ). Cinye kayan batsa, musamman, na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da halayen lalata na maza (Gonsalves, Hodges, & Scalora, ). Bincike ya nuna cewa mata ma suna yin batsa, duk da cewa sun fi maza ƙima (Ashton, McDonald, & Kirkman, ; Rissel, Richters, de Visser, McKee, Yeung, & Caruana, ). Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin hanya, kimantawa na amfani da batsa na mata ya bambanta da yawa a cikin karatu, daga 1 zuwa 88% dangane da samfurin da ma'anar aikin batsa (Campbell & Kohut, ). A cikin nazarin ƙididdigar su na shekara-shekara, Pornhub, babban gidan yanar gizo mai lalata batsa, ya ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na baƙi mata ne kuma manyan abubuwan da suke faruwa1 bincika cikin 2017 ya kasance "batsa ga mata," wanda ke wakiltar haɓaka 1400% (Pornhub Insights, ). Yayinda wasu karatuttukan suka bayar da rahoton cewa mata sun fi yin amfani da batsa tare da abokin tarayya (misali, Ševčíková & Daneback, ), wasu nazarin sun gano cewa yin amfani da batsa ya fi sauƙi kuma ya fi yawa idan ba tare da abokin tarayya ba (Fisher, Kohut, & Campbell, ).

Ya dace da karatu game da amfani da batsa na maza, bincike ya gano amfani da batsa na mata don haɗuwa da halaye game da jima'i, halayyar jima'i, da ayyukan jima'i (misali, yawan abokan jima'i) (Wright, Bae, & Funk, ). Wannan yana tallafawa ta gaba ta hanyar bincike-bincike na baya-bayan nan wanda ya gano, kama da maza, amfani da batsa na mata yana haɗuwa da tashin hankali na jima'i, da baki (watau, “magana da karfi amma ba barazanar barazanar jiki don samun jima'i, da cin zarafin jima'i”) da kuma jiki (ma'ana, "amfani ko barazanar ƙarfi don samun jima'i") (Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, , shafi na 191). Numberananan karatun da ke cikin wannan yankin yana nufin yadda amfani da mata ke amfani da batsa yana tasiri tasirin halayyar jima'i har yanzu ba a sani ba. A cikin ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan binciken, an gano cewa batsa ta amfani da annabce-annabcen duk nau'ikan fasikancin mata (watau ɓarna, yaudara, tilas, da kuma motsin rai) ban da tashin hankali da tsoratarwa (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ). Dearancin wallafe-wallafen da ke akwai suna nuna akwai iyakokin bincika wannan, saboda haka muna yin la’akari da abubuwa uku na amfani da batsa na mata, wannan shine (1) sha'awar batsa, (2) ƙoƙarin yin aiki tare da batsa, ƙari ga (3) tara nauyin batsa , wanda aka fi watsi dashi duk da haɗinsa da cin zarafin jima'i na maza (misali, Gonsalves et al., ).

Narcissistic da Tarihin Rashin Tsarin alitywararru na Tarihi

Halayyar halayen mutum na iya yin tasiri cikin yanayin tashin hankali na jima'i a cikin mata (Krahé et al., ; Russell, Doan, da Sarki, ). Halaye na rikice-rikicen halin Cluster B mai ban mamaki, na motsin rai, da rikicewar rikice-rikice na mutum (wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin iko, ƙa'idodin motsin rai, da fushi) na iya zama mai tasiri musamman akan ta'addancin jima'i (Mouilso & Calhoun, ). Misali, rashin lafiyar narcissistic cuta (NPD), wanda aka samo a cikin duka maza (7.7%) da mata (4.8%) kuma gaba ɗaya cikin 6.2% na yawan jama'a (Stinson et al., ), ana halinsa da azanci na girman kai, cancanta, da rashin tausayi ga wasu (Emmons, ). A cikin maza, halayen halayen narcissistic suna da alaƙa da imani na tallafi na fyade kuma suna da alaƙa da tausayawa ga waɗanda aka yi wa fyaɗe (Bushman, Bonacci, van Dijk, & Baumeister, ), yayin da NPD ke da alaƙa da ci gaba da ta'addancin lalata (Mouilso & Calhoun, ). Matan da ke da matsayi mafi girma na narcissism suna nuna sadarwa mara kyau (Lamkin, Lavner, & Shaffer, ) kuma mafi kusantar tsunduma cikin lalata (Zeigler-Hill, Besser, Morag, & Campbell, ). A takaice, narcissism yana da alaƙa da cin zarafin mata na tilasta mata (Kjellgren, Priebe, Svedin, Mossige, & Långström, ; Logan, ), tare da yanayin dacewa / amfani da aka gano ya zama mafi tasiri (Blinkhorn, Lyons, & Almond, ; Ryan, Weikel, & Sprechini, ). Bugu da ƙari, matan da suka yi fice cikin narcissism an same su daidai da takwarorinsu maza don amsa tare da dagewa da dabarun tilasta yin jima'i bayan an hana su yayin ci gaban jima'i (Blinkhorn et al., ). A wani bangare, wannan hali yana iya nuna sha'awar masu narcissistic mutane suyi jima'i don biyan bukatunsu na tabbatar da kansu (Gewirtz-Meydan, ).

An samo shi a 1 – 3% na yawan jama'a (Torgersen et al., ) kuma sun ruwaito sau biyu a cikin mata fiye da na maza (Torgersen, Kringlen, & Cramer, ), halayen da suka danganta da yanayin ɗabi'ar tarihin (HPD) ba a bincika su sama da NPD dangane da tilastawa jima'i. Wannan abin mamaki ne kamar yadda ayyana halayen HPD suka haɗa da yawan wuce gona da iri, da motsa sha'awa, da neman halaye, da rashin dacewa ko kuma yin gasa (APA, ; Dorfman, ; Dutse, ). Motsa rai da rashin haƙuri na jinkirin gamsuwa (Bornstein & Malka, ; Dutse, ), mata masu dauke da cutar ta HPD suna bukatar tabbatarwa da kuma kulawa daga abokan hulda (AlaviHejazi, Fatehizade, Bahrami, & Etemadi, ). Wani binciken da ya kwatanta mata da HPD zuwa ƙungiyar kula da daidaituwa ba tare da rikicewar halin mutum ba ya gano cewa sun fi yuwuwar yin rashin aminci ta hanyar jima'i da kuma bayar da rahoton mafi yawan damuwa na jima'i da rashin nishaɗi tare da ƙananan matakan ƙarfin jituwa da haɗin kai (Apt & Hurlbert, ). Bugu da ƙari, Apt da Hurlbert sunyi la'akari da cewa halayen halayen HPD alama ce ta labarun jima'i, yayin da Widiger da Trull () ya lura cewa halayen HPD da NPD na iya kasancewa tare. Mafi rinjaye, lalata, da halayen halayen halayen jima'i waɗanda aka samo a cikin waɗannan karatun mata tare da NPD da HPD suna da mahimmanci yayin da suke daidaitawa tare da ɗimbin binciken da ke bayar da rahoton abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban mata na tilasta mata (misali, Russell & Oswald, , ; Schatzel-Murphy et al., ) da amfani da batsa (misali, Wright et al., , ). Don haka, ƙarin bincike ya zama dole don bincika tasirin halayen HPD da NPD da amfani da batsa a kan amfani da mata na azabtar da jima'i.

Manufar Bincike

Wannan binciken ya binciki tasirin tasirin batsa da halayen mutumtaka da na tarihi a kan nau'ikan tilasta mata guda huɗu. A layi tare da bincike na baya, munyi hasashen cewa batsa tana amfani da (misali, Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ; Wright et al., ) da halaye na narcissistic da na tarihi (misali, Apt & Hurlbert, ; Blinkhorn et al., ; Kjellgren et al., ; Logan, ; Ryan et al., ) zai kasance yana da alaƙa da abin da ya faru da nau'ikan nau'ikan tilastawa guda uku (watau, tashin hankali mara amfani da hankali, yaudarar tunanin mutum da yaudara, da kuma amfani da abubuwan maye). Mun kuma annabta cewa amfani da batsa da halayen mutum ba za a danganta su da yin amfani da nau'in tilastawa na huɗu ba (watau karfi na zahiri ko barazanar) kamar yadda ba a ba da rahoton wannan ba a binciken da ya gabata.

Hanyar

Mahalarta da Shirin

Adadin mata 142, shekarunsu 16-53 (M = 24.23, SD = 7.06), ya shiga cikin wannan binciken. Mata yawanci suna cikin dangantaka na dogon lokaci, na aƙalla tsawon watanni 6 (n = 53.5%). Sauran mahalarta sun kasance marasa aure ko waɗanda aka saki (n = 24.7%), a cikin ɗan gajeren dangantaka (n = 11.3%), ko aure (n = 10.6%). Yawancin mahalarta sun kasance maza da mata (n = 85.2%), tare da ƙarami adadin bisexual (n = 11.3%) da ɗan luwaɗi (n = 3.5%) mata aka dauka. Kasa da rabin (n = 43%) daga cikin waɗannan matan sun ba da rahoton cewa a halin yanzu suna amfani da batsa. Babu sauran bayanan alƙaluma da aka tattara. Anyi amfani da hanyoyi biyu na samfuran dama don tattara bayanai daga nau'ikan samfuran mata waɗanda shekarunsu suka wuce 16, a ɗalibi da yawan alumma, ba tare da wani sanannen tarihin laifi ba. Mahalarta sun ba da kansu don kammala ko dai takarda ko tambayoyin kan layi, wanda aka kiyasta zai ɗauki minti 15. Ba a ba da lada don shiga cikin wannan binciken ba.

Aka ɗauki mahalarta karatu ta hanyar karatun digiri na biyu da na gaba da ƙari da wuraren nishaɗi a cikin babbar jami'a a Ingila, har ma da na gida, cibiyoyin siyayya (cikin cibiyoyin kasuwanci) (n = 37). Marubucin na farko ya rarraba littattafan tambayoyi ga mahalarta masu dama waɗanda aka sanya a cikin ambulaf ɗin da aka yi magana da kai, don tabbatar da sirri da dawowa ba a san su ba. Don samun sanarwar da aka ba da izini, an sanar da waɗanda ke cikin mahalarta ta hanyar magana ta hanyar rashin sani da yanayin son rai na tambayoyin, wanda aka sake maimaitawa a kan takaddar bayanin da ke haɗe da tambayoyin. Wannan takaddar bayanin ya kuma bayyana a fili cewa yakamata a kammala tambayoyin kadai kuma dawo da tambayoyin ya nuna yarda ga amfani da bayanai. A harabar makarantar, an gaya wa mahalarta cewa za su iya sanya tambayoyin da aka kammala a cikin ambulan don dawowa ko dai ga mai binciken da hannu ko kuma a ajiye akwatin ajiya a ɗakunan ɗaliban ɗalibai. Hakanan an tattara mahalarta ta hanyoyin dusar ƙanƙara ta amfani da bayanan kafofin watsa labarun akan Facebook da Twitter (n = 108). Wadannan sakonnin sunyi cikakken bayani game da manufar binciken kuma sun gayyaci mata su shiga ta hanyar latsa wani adireshin yanar gizo wanda ya juyar da su don duba tambayoyin kan layi, don haka za'a iya kammala shi cikin aminci da nesa.

Matakan

Tilastawar Jima'i: Sake yin Jima'i na Bayan Jima'i (PSP Scale, Struckman-Johnson et al., )

PSC Scale shine ma'auni-abu na 19 na dagewar jima'i bayan aure, wanda aka fassara azaman neman saduwa da abokin zama bayan sun ƙi da farko. An rarraba sikelin zuwa sassa huɗu wanda ke nuna matakai daban-daban na yin amfani da jima'i: (1) dabarun tayar da sha'awa ta hanyar jima'i (abubuwa uku, misali, "sumbatar juna da taɓawa"); (2) dabarun yaudara da dabarun yaudara (abubuwa takwas, misali, “Barazanar rabuwa”); (3) amfani da kayan maye (abubuwa biyu, misali, "Da gangan a bugu su"), da (4) amfani da ƙarfi ko barazanar (abubuwa shida, misali, "yingulla su"). An zana abubuwa 1 (Ee) ko 0 (a'a), tare da maki mafi girma wanda ke nuna mafi yawan amfani da tilasta mata. Amintaccen ciki ga kowane ƙaramin yanki an gauraya a cikin binciken da ya gabata (misali, Khan, Brewer, Kim, & Centifanti, ), wanda aka nuna a cikin wannan binciken: tashin hankali mara amfani da jima'i (α = .81); magudi da yaudara (α = .39); amfani da maye (α = .38); da amfani da ƙarfi ko barazanar (α = .00).

Amfani da Batsa: Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI, Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, )

An yi amfani da ƙididdigar CPUI guda uku: sha'awa (abubuwa biyu, watau, "Ina da wasu shafukan yanar gizo na batsa da aka sanya alama" kuma "Ina kashe sama da 5 h a kowane mako ta amfani da batsa"), ƙoƙarin shiga cikin batsa (abubuwa biyar, misali, "Ina da sake tsara jadawalin na yadda zan iya kallon hotunan batsa ta yanar gizo ba tare da damuwa ba "kuma" Na ƙi fita tare da abokaina ko halartar wasu ayyuka na zamantakewa don samun damar kallon hotunan batsa "), da kuma tilasta (abubuwa 11, misali, "Lokacin da na kasa samun damar kallon hotunan batsa ta yanar gizo, sai in ji damuwa, bacin rai, ko takaici" kuma "Ina jin ba zan iya daina amfani da batsa ba"). Abu na ƙarshe "Na yi imani na kamu da batsa ta Intanit" ba a haɗa shi ba saboda yanayin rikice-rikice na kalmomin "jarabar jima'i" da "jarabar batsa" (Schneider, ). Dangane da sha'awar da ƙoƙari, mahalarta sun nuna martani a matsayin "gaskiya" (an yi nasara akan 2) ko kuma "arya" (wanda aka ci 1), yayin da yake raunin ƙaddamarwa, an rubuta martani akan sikelin-7-(1 = ƙin yarda da 7 = da ƙarfi yarda), tare da mafi yawan maki wanda ke nuna babban matakin sha'awar batsa, ƙoƙari, da tilastawa. Dogaro sun kasance: sha'awa α = .40; ƙoƙari α = .58; da tilastawa α = .75.

Narcissistic da Tarihin Rashin Tsarin Mutuncin Jiki Tarihi: Tambayar alitywararrun Binciken alityarfin ,an Adam, Tsarin 4th (PDQ-4: Hyler, )

Abubuwan da ke cikin PDQ-4 Narcissistic da ƙananan rabe-raben Tarihi sun dogara ne akan ka'idodin ganewar asali na DSM-IV don rikicewar Axis II kuma an yi amfani da su a cikin nazarin kwatankwacin bincike don gano halayen halayen halayen mutum da amfani da tilastawa na jima'i a cikin mata (misali, Khan et al., ; Muñoz et al., ). Sakamako a kan ragin narcissistic (abubuwa tara, misali, “Wasu mutane suna tsammanin na ci ribar wasu”) da rakodin Tarihi (abubuwa takwas, misali, “Ni mai ban mamaki ne fiye da yawancin”) an samo su ta hanyar taƙaita "arya" (ƙwallo 0 ) ko "gaskiya" (aka yiwa 1) martani, tare da sakamako mafi girma wanda ke nuna babban matakin halayen da suka danganci narcissistic da yanayin tarihin. Abin dogaro sun kasance: narcissistic α = .63 da tarihi α = .47.

results

Tsarin tilastawa na jima'i (35.2%) shine mafi yawan nau'in rahoton tilastawa na jima'i, bin amfani da magudi da yaudarar mutum (15.5%), da kuma amfani da maye (4.9%). Kamar yadda mace ɗaya kawai ta ba da rahoton amfani da karfi na zahiri ko barazanar, wannan ƙungiyar ba a haɗa ta cikin binciken da zai biyo baya ba. Nazarin daidaituwa (Tebur 1) nuna ingantattun ƙungiyoyi tsakanin yanayin rashin azama ta hanyar tilasta yin jima'i, da sha'awar batsa da ƙoƙari, da halayen HPD. Duk amfani da magudin hankali da yaudara don tilasta wa abokin tarayya da kuma lalata abubuwan maye sun kasance da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin batsa da lalata, da kuma dabi'un HPD. An gano ƙarin halayen tsakanin masu canji da kuma tsakanin nau'ikan halayen tilasta yin jima'i.

Tebur 1

Reayuwa tsakanin sha'awar batsa, ƙoƙari, da haɓakawa, narcissistic da tarihin yanayin halin ɗabi'a, da tilastawa jima'i

POI

POE

POC

NPD

HPD

NVA

EMD

EXI

POI

POE

.36 **

POC

.13

.38 **

NPD

.01

.15

-.05

HPD

.04

.28 **

.18 *

.45 **

NVA

.17 *

.27 **

.06

.09

.22 **

EMD

.14

.38 **

.24 **

.12

.25 **

.34 **

EXI

.11

.22 **

.20 *

-.02

.29 **

.33 **

.27 **

M

2.04

5.29

17.01

1.75

2.49

.58

.21

.06

SD

.18

.70

5.39

1.72

1.61

.93

.54

.26

range

2-4

5-10

11-77

0-9

0-8

0-3

0-8

0-2

POI labarin batsa, POE kokarin batsa, POC labarin batsa, NPD narcissistic cuta cuta halaye, HPD tarihin rikicewar halayen mutum, NVA ba na jima'i ba, EMD juyayi na ruhi da yaudara, EXI amfani da abubuwan maye

*p <.05, **p <.01

An gudanar da jerin shirye-shirye masu yawa don sanin ko sha'awar batsa, ƙoƙari, da gamsuwa har ma da NPD da halayen HPD sun kasance masu tsinkayewa ta hanyar tilasta yin jima'i (hana fasikanci, hankulan mutane da yaudarar su, da kuma amfani da abubuwan maye) (duba Tebur 2). Tsarin juyayin ya kasance babban tsinkaye game da sha'awar jima'i, F(5, 136) = 3.28, p = .008, yana bayanin 10.8% na bambancin tilasta jima'i (R2 = .11, Adj R2 = .08). Effortoƙarin batsa shi ne kawai mai hangen nesa wanda ke da alaƙa da wannan nau'in tilasta jima'i (Β = .22, t = 2.29, p = .024). Juzu'i na biyu ya bayyana cewa samfurin shine mahimmancin annabta game da magudi da yaudara, F(5, 136) = 5.83, p <.001, yana bayanin 17.6%% na bambancin tilasta jima'i (R2 = .18, Adj R2 = .15). Effortoƙarin batsa shi ne kawai mahimmin mai hangen nesa na magudi da yaudara (Β = .29, t = 3.14, p = .002). A ƙarshe, tashin hankali na uku ya nuna cewa samfurin shine mahimmancin annabta game da amfani da abubuwan maye, F(5,136) = 4.47, p = .001, yana bayanin 14.1% na bambancin tilasta jima'i (R2 = .14, Adj R2 = .11). Halayen HPD sune kawai mahimman hangen nesa (Β = .32, t = 3.45, p = .001).

Tebur 2

Sakamakon rikice-rikicen layi da yawa don sha'awar batsa, ƙoƙari, da haɓakawa, narcissistic da halayen rashin lafiyar tarihin, da tilasta tilasta yin jima'i.

Halin tilastawa

ANOVA

R 2

Adji R2

Mutane masu hasashen annabta

Β

t

p

Maganin jima'i mara amfani

F(5, 136) = 3.28, p = .008

.11

.08

Interest

.09

1.05

.295

} o} arin

.22

2.29

.024

Compulsivity

- .07

- .81

.421

Narcissistic

- .03

- .29

.776

Tarihi

.18

1.87

.063

Yin amfani da tunanin mutum da ha'inci

F(5, 136) = 5.83, p <.001

.18

.15

Interest

.01

.17

.869

} o} arin

.29

3.14

.002

Compulsivity

.11

1.24

.217

Narcissistic

.01

.14

.888

Tarihi

.15

1.61

.111

Yin amfani da abubuwan maye

F(5, 136) = 4.47, p = .001

.14

.11

Interest

.05

.53

.596

} o} arin

.11

1.15

.253

Compulsivity

.08

.96

.337

Narcissistic

- .17

- 1.93

.056

Tarihi

.32

3.45

.001

tattaunawa

Tabbatar da tsammanin, ƙoƙarin batsa ya haɗu da amfani da mata na tayar da hankali ba da jima i ba da lalata ruɗu da nau'ikan yaudarar tilasta mata. Wannan binciken ya dace sosai da binciken da ya gabata wanda ya danganta amfani da batsa na mata tare da kewayon halayen jima'i, kamar tursasawa, tilasta magana, yin amfani da hankali, da yaudara (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ; Wright et al., ), kodayake ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don la'akari da dalilin da yasa sha'awar batsa da haɗaka ba a haɗa su da halin tilasta jima'i ba. Kamar yadda babu ƙarancin sharuɗɗan bincike, ana ba da bayani game da waɗannan binciken tare da taka tsantsan. Misali, kamar yadda binciken da ya gabata tare da mahalarta maza suka gano haramcin amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da amfani da tilastawa jima'i (misali, Gonsalves et al., ), wannan rarrabuwa na iya nuna bambancin jima'i. Koyaya, alfa coefficients na matakan tarawar jima'i da aka yi amfani da su a cikin karatun su sun kasance ƙasa kaɗan, babban ƙoƙari don kwatanta binciken. Yayin da wannan yankin ya cancanci ƙarin bincike, zai kasance mai hankali don bincike na gaba don bincika abubuwa daban-daban na amfani da batsa da bambance-bambancen jima'i.

Bincikenmu kuma ya gano cewa halayen HPD suna da alaƙa da amfani da abubuwan maye, wanda wallafe-wallafen ya nuna na iya nuna yawan motsin rai, buƙatu don kulawa, da kuma amfani da halayyar tsokanar mutane don amfani da wasu (misali, AlaviHejazi et al., ; Bornstein & Malka, ; Dorfman, ; Dutse, ). Lallai, mata na iya kasancewa suna iya tilasta wa abokin tarayya lokacin da suka ji an ƙi su (Wright, Norton, & Matusek, ). Ba kamar maza ba (waɗanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa sun fi mata ƙarfi da ƙarfin iko), ana bayar da rahoton tilastawa mata yin zina ta hanyar haɗin-kai (Zurbriggen, ), wanda za'a iya ƙara gishiri a cikin mata masu halayen HPD waɗanda ke nuna yawan damuwa na jima'i (Apt & Hurlbert, ). Yin amfani da halayyar tilastawa don yin amfani da jima'i ga wanda ke cikin maye zai iya nuna ƙananan matakan ƙarfin jima'i da aka ruwaito a cikin mata tare da HPD (duba Apt & Hurlbert, ), don haka hana amfani da wasu nau'ikan tilastawa na jima'i waɗanda ke buƙatar wani matakin tilastawa. Ba mu lura da tasirin halayen NPD akan tilastawa jima'i ba. An annabta wannan saboda ƙungiyoyi da aka ruwaito a baya tsakanin narcissism, cin zarafin jima'i (Zeigler-Hill et al., ), da kama-karya (Blinkhorn et al., ). Wannan binciken yana iya zama alamar kamance tsakanin NPD da halayen HPD (kamar yadda Apt & Hurlbert suka lura, ; Widiger & Trull, ); don haka, zai zama da fa'ida ga bincike na gaba don bincika wannan a bayyane.

Kamar yadda bincike mai zurfi ya kasance gurbatacce kuma binciken ya hade, ba mu sanya tsinkaya game da amfani da karfi ta zahiri ko barazanar tilasta abokin aiki ba, kuma a karshe, kamar yadda mahalarta daya kawai suka ruwaito wannan, ba a cire wannan kasala daga bincike ba. Karatun da bai ƙunshi amfani da batsa ba azaman yiwuwar haifar da tilasta yin jima'i ya ba da rahoton cewa mata ba su da ikon yin amfani da karfi na zahiri ko barazanar da za su yi amfani da wasu halaye na tilasta yin jima'i, kamar matsa lamba (Krahé et al., ), mai yiwuwa yana nuni da taka tsantsan ko tsoron ramuwar gayya. Tabbas, mata masu yin lalata da mata suna fuskantar mafi munin halayen da juriya daga waɗanda aka cutar fiye da masu aikata laifin maza (O'Sullivan, Byers, & Finkelman, ). Duk da haka, don rikitar da wannan ƙarin, binciken da yayi nazarin tasirin amfani da batsa a kan tilastawa jima'i ya ba da rahoton sabanin binciken. Alal misali, nazarin-meta na nazarin 22 ya gano cewa hotunan batsa na mata suna yin hasashen kowane nau'i na tilastawa na jima'i, gami da karfin jiki da barazanar (misali, Wright et al., ), yayin da wani binciken ya gano, akasin haka, cewa amfani da batsa na mata ba shi da alaƙa da tsoratarwa da ƙarfi (misali, Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ). Binciken gaba na gaba zai iya bincika waɗannan abubuwan gaba ɗaya don la'akari ko amfani da batsa ya shafi mata don amfani da karfi na jiki ko barazanar kawai lokacin da wasu nau'ikan tilastawa na jima'i suka kasa, ko kuma idan akwai takamaiman abubuwan da ke bayyana amfanin karfi da halin haɓaka.

Iyakokin da Direarin Jagorar Bincike

Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi na ɗaukar ƙarin mahalarta, wannan binciken ya iyakance ta amfani da ƙaramin samfurin da ba shi yiwuwa; ta haka ne, iyakantuwa ake iyakance. Kamar yadda aka fada a sauran karatun, amfani da matakan bayar da rahoton kai-kai don bincike kan batun batun cin zarafin zina (misali, Gonsalves et al., ) da halayen rashin mutunci (Hoffmann & Verona, ; Zaman Khan et al., ; Muñoz et al., ) na iya haifar da sha'awar zamantakewar jama'a ko kuma tuna son zuciya. Bugu da ari, alphas na Cronbach don wasu ƙananan lamura sun yi ƙasa. A wani bangare, wannan yana nuna yanayin ma'aunin. (Yin amfani da ƙananan abubuwan shaye-shaye da batsa suna ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu kowannensu.) Moreari mafi girma, cikakkun matakai ana ba da shawarar don binciken gaba. Musamman, ya kasance kulawa ne don kau da tasirin tasirin nau'ikan kayan batsa, yayin da mata ke fuskantar abubuwa da yawa na jima'i, gami da tashin hankali da batsa mara kyau (Mattebo, Tyden, Haggstrom-Nordin, Nilsson, & Larsson, ). Batsa na iya ƙunsar wuraren tashin hankali ko ƙasƙanci (Romito & Beltramini, ) ko zane-zane na mata (Zhou & Bryant, ), wanda ba a ruwaito mata sun fi ƙanƙanta su fiye da maza ba (Glascock, ). Hakanan mahimmancin bambance-bambance na iya faruwa tsakanin mai son sha'awa da batsa na batsa, dangane da matakin nuna bambancin jinsi da aka nuna (Klaassen & Peter, ). Kamar yadda mahimmancin bambance-bambancen jinsi ke iya faruwa dangane da yawan amfani da hotunan batsa (Bohm, Franz, Dekker, & Matthiesen, ; Hald & Stulhofer, ), zaiyi amfani ga karatu nan gaba don yin nazari kai tsaye game da tasirin nau'ikan batsa wadanda mata suka yi amfani da su ta hanyar tilasta su ta hanyar jima'i, maimakon fitarwa daga binciken da ake yi na maza.

Duk da kokarin da aka yi na daukar mahalarta mahalarta daban-daban, an takaita yawan abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin tambayoyin, wani bangare saboda tsauraran ka'idojin da'a; don haka, ba mu iya bincika bambancin launin fata dangane da tilasta yin jima'i ba. Wannan yana iya zama mai ban sha'awa don bincika kamar yadda binciken da ya gabata ya gano cewa mazajen Asiya suna ba da rahoton ƙarancin matakan tilasta yin lalata da jima'i idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na Black, White, da Latino (duba Faransanci, Tilghman, & Malebranche, ). Sauran abubuwan da binciken da suka gabata suka ba da labari a matsayin manyan abubuwan sasantawa don tilasta wa mata yin jima'i, kuma don haka suna iya haifar da sakamako mai mahimmanci a cikin binciken da za a yi nan gaba, sun haɗa da tasirin giya (Ménard et al., ) da tarihin cin zarafin jima'i (Anderson, ; Russell & Oswald, ; ). Amfani da barasa na iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci yayin da wannan binciken ya gano halayen HPD don haɗu da amfani da amfani da jima'i na abubuwan maye. Don haɗa kai da sauran binciken jama'a gaba ɗaya, wannan binciken ya yi nazari ne don gwada halayyar tilasta yin jima'i a cikin mata ba tare da tuhumar aikata laifin jima'i ba; duk da daukar dawainiyar mahalarta daga jama’ar gari da yawan daliban, wannan bajintar ba za a iya kawo ta ba yayin da ba a hada tambayoyin da za a yi amfani da su don bayar da tarihin abin da ya dace da jima'i ba. Don haka, karatun da za'a yi anan gaba tare da mace na iya auna matsayin mahalarta kai tsaye ko kuma daukar nauyin mahalarta tare da sanannun tarihin aikata lalata game da al'amuran asibiti ko na zamani.

Tilasta yawan tilasta wa mace yin fyade na maza galibi yana da karancin cutarwa ne daga yawan jama'a fiye da cin zarafin mata ta hanyar maza (Faransa et al., ; Huitema & Vanwesenbeeck, ; Gagarin-Johnson et al., ; Studzinska & Hilton, ). Kodayake maza da aka azabtar da su game da tilasta yin lalata da mata na iya bayar da rahoton amsoshi masu kyau game da tilasta yin jima'i, wasu nazarin sun bayar da rahoton cewa kashi 90% na maza kuma sun bayar da rahoton aƙalla mummunan martani ga tilastawa (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ) da kuma nuna mummunan yanayin damuwa da halayyar haɗari (Faransa et al., ; Turchik, ; Walker, Archer, & Davis, ). Ba a sami ɗan bincike kaɗan ba, don gano abubuwan da ke tasiri ga danganta zargi ga mata masu laifi. Binciken farko ya nuna cewa yayin da ake ganin masu yin hakan maza ne masu zafin rai, ana daukar masu cin zarafin mata a matsayin masu lalata (Oswald & Russell, ). Researcharin bincike zai zama da amfani don sanin abubuwan da ke haifar da tsinkaye daga azabtarwa, rahoton rahoton wanda aka cutar ko bayyana kansa a zaman mai cin zarafi ko wanda aka kama. Binciken tilastawa ta hanyar jima'i da mata suka bayyana a matsayin LGBTQ shine ma ya cancanci a ci gaba da bincike, kamar yadda binciken da aka yi a baya ya lura hakan yana iya kasancewa amma ba'a ruwaito shi ba (misali, Turell, ; Waterman, Dawson, & Bologna, ). A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa binciken na yanzu ya binciki yadda mata ke yin lalata da halayen lalata maimakon na maza bayan ƙin yarda da farko. Abubuwan da ke tattare da mutane da abubuwan da ke faruwa na iya hango hangen nesa game da halin tilastawa na jima'i kamar su lallashewa cewa yin jima'i abin sha'awa ne, yarda da jima'i da ba a so, ko dakatar da dangantaka (misali, Nurius & Norris, ). Matsayin da halayen tilasta mata ke haifar da saduwa ya kasance ba a sani ba, duk da haka, kuma bincike na gaba zai iya la'akari, alal misali, ko maza masu fuskantar tilasta yin jima'i daga baya sun shiga cikin jima'i da kuma yadda ba a so hakan. Hakanan, binciken da aka gabatar yanzu bai tantance martanin mata game da kin abokin tarayya ba. Duk da yake an bayar da rahoton cewa mata suna fuskantar mummunan halayen kin amincewa da jima'i fiye da maza (de Graaf & Sandfort, ), waɗancan dalilai da ke tasiri kan martanin ƙi biyun ba a sani ba.

Don gama magana, mun bincika abubuwan da suka danganci amfani da mace ta hanyar tilastawa jima'i. Abubuwan bincike sun nuna cewa ƙoƙarin mata don amfani da batsa ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ma'anar biyu na tilastawa jima'i: azabtar da jima'i mara amfani da hankali da kuma yaudarar kai ga tilasta yin jima'i, yayin da halayen HPD ke da alaƙa da amfani da abubuwan maye. Binciken gaba yakamata ya kara yin bincike game da tasirin kokarin batsa da dabi'un HPD akan halayen jima'i na kyamar juna da kuma irin yadda wadannan zasu iya sanarda shigar baki gaba.

Bayanan kalmomi

  1. 1.

    "Trending" yana nufin batun da ke fuskantar karuwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda kasuwancin e-commerce na iya fitar da abin da ke riƙe da sha'awar mabukaci.

Notes

Daidaitawa da ka'idodi

Rikici na sha'awa

Mawallafa sun furta cewa basu da rikici.

Bayanan Yayi

Kwamitin Ka'idodi na Jami'ar ya amince da wannan binciken ne daidai da ka'idojin Society Psychological Society na Birtaniya.

ƙididdigewa yarda

Mahalarta sun ba da izinin sanarwa don shiga cikin wannan binciken.

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