Kwayar cututtuka na yanar gizo na yanar gizo za a iya haɗuwa da su gaba ɗaya da kuma guje wa halayen batsa: sakamakon daga samfurin analog na masu amfani da cybersex na yau da kullum (2015)

Jan Snagowski¹ da kuma Matthias Brand^{1,2, *}

Babu wata yarjejeniya game da samfurin halitta, rarrabaccen tsari, da kuma nazarin dabi'un cybersex buri. Wasu hanyoyi suna nuna kusanci da mahimmancin abin da aka saba da su don abin da tsarin kulawa / tsayayya yake zama mahimmanci. Yawancin masu bincike sunyi jayayya cewa a cikin halin da ake ciki game da jita-jita, mutane na iya nuna nuna sha'awar kusanci ko kauce wa matsalolin da suka shafi rikitarwa. A cikin binciken na yanzu 123 mazaje maza da maza sun kammala aikin da ba a yarda ba. Rinck da Becker, 2007) an gyara shi tare da hotuna batsa. Yayin da mahalarta AAT sun kasance suna tura matsalolin batsa ko cire su zuwa ga kansu da farin ciki. Sanya hankali ga haɗakar jima'i, matsalolin jima'i da matsala, da kuma halin da ake ciki game da cin zarafin cybersex an gudanar da su tare da tambayoyi. Sakamako ya nuna cewa mutane da halayen haɗarin cybersex suna kula da su ko kuma su guje wa ciwon batsa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙididdigar rikicewar rikici ta bayyana cewa mutane da halayyar jima'i da matsalolin jima'i da suka nuna dabi'u mai kyau / tsai da hankali, ya ba da rahoton mafi yawan bayyanar cututtuka na cybersex. Ganin abubuwa masu mahimmanci, sakamakon yana bada shawara cewa duka biyan hankali da kuma kauce wa halayen zai iya taka rawar gani a cikin cybersex buri. Bugu da ƙari, haɗuwa tare da hankali ga haɗakar jima'i da matsala na rikice-rikice na iya haifar da tasiri game da mummunar gunaguni na yau da kullum a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum saboda amfani da cybersex. Sakamakon ya samar da ƙarin hujjoji game da kamance tsakanin jita-jitar cybersex da abin dogara. Irin wannan kamance za a iya komawa zuwa wani nau'i mai mahimmanci na aikin cybersex- da magungunan miyagun kwayoyi.

Hanyoyi masu guje-gujewa a Tsarin Dama

Bisa lafazin Breiner et al. (1999), halayen da za su kusanci ko kauce wa maganganun da suka shafi jaraba da alaka da jigilar jini da kuma sha'awar jiki, waɗanda ake bincike akai akai a cikin littattafan jaraba (don dubawa duba Tiffany da Wray, 2012). Cue-reactivity yana wakiltar mahimmancin ra'ayi da kuma ilimin lissafi ga maganganun da suka shafi jaraba (Drummond, 2001). Magangancin mahimmanci na sha'awar yana ɓacewa (don dubawa duba Skinner da Aubin, 2010). Mafi yawancin da ake magana a kai shi ne abin da ake nufi da shi don cinye magani (Sayette et al., 2000), yayin da wasu hanyoyi sunyi jayayya don sake tantance abubuwan halayen da ba a son su ba tare da matakan lissafin jigilar jini (Ooteman et al., 2006) ko halayyar halayyar kai ga yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi (Marlatt, 1985; Buydens-Branchey et al., 1997). Bugu da ƙari, ka'idojin neurophysiological suna nufin abubuwan da suka dace a cikin hanya ta hanyar maganin maganolimbic ta hanyar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi akai-akai kuma suna jayayya cewa sha'awar yana iya faruwa yayin da ba'a so ya cinye wani abu, wanda ake kira "so" (misali, Robinson da Berridge, 1993, 2001, 2008). Duk da haka, cue-reactivity da kuma craving ze zama masu dangantaka (Drummond, 2001), yayin da akwai cikakke shaida ga sakaci da wani girman girman definition na craving (Skinner da Aubin, 2010).

Ƙoƙari don ƙayyadaddun ma'anar sha'awar, Breiner et al. (1999) samar da samfurin nau'i mai yawa don maye gurbin shan giya da ke mayar da hankali akan rawar da wani wuri yayi nazari a cikin halin da ake ciki game da jaraba. Za'a iya rarraba sararin samaniya a cikin jihohi Kusanci, kaucewa, ambivalence, Da kuma rashin tunani. Approach da kuma kaucewa suna da gagarumin jihohi. Dogaro ya kamata a haifar da shan barasa yayin da kauce wa wakiltar wani tsari na hamayya wanda ake buƙatar yaƙarar cinye barasa. Bugu da ari, ambivalence da kuma rashin tunani za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin jihohi maras tabbas, wanda za a iya shigar idan an daidaita alamun yanayin da ake aiki da shi. A cikin wannan mahallin, ambivalence wakiltar babban kuma rashin tunani matsananciyar rashin matsala. Breiner et al. (1999) yana jayayya da cewa jihar ta shiga cikin yanayin yanke hukunci game da abin da ya shafi jaraba ya dogara ne akan duk wani abin da ya dace ko tsinkaye ga shan giya, wanda tarihi ya kasance mai tasiri (misali, tunanin tunanin mutum da kuma ilimin lissafi) da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (misali, ƙwararru ko ƙyama). Tsammani mai kyau ya inganta jihar Kusanci, yayin da tsammanin rashin fatawa zai iya haifarwa kaucewa. Game da bangarori daban-daban na sha'awar, Kusanci yana da ma'anar "mai so" wanda ba zai iya rinjaye shi ba kuma yana iya kawowa amsa ta atomatik. Sabanin haka, kaucewa ya kamata a zama tsari mai mahimmanci. Sakamakon haka, tsarin kulawa / kaucewa ya kasance daidai da tsarin aiwatarwa guda biyu da ke nuna muhimmancin tafiyar matakan sarrafawa da sarrafawa don bunkasawa da kulawa da halayen halayya (misali, Bechara, 2005; Wiers da Stacy, 2006). Ƙididdigar sauƙaƙe na tsarin kulawa / tsari ta hanyar Breiner et al. (1999), wanda muka sauya zuwa jima'i na cybersex, an taƙaita shi Figure Figure11.

 

FIGURE 1

Siffofin da aka sauƙaƙe na tsarin kulawa / kaucewa ta hanyar Breiner et al. (1999) wanda ya dace da jima'i na cybersex. Lines na tsaye suna wakiltar halayen da zasu iya haifar da halayen inganta amfani da cybersex yayin da aka sanya layi maimakon yin jigilar hanyoyi don guji ...

Hanyoyi masu guje wa juna a Cybersex Addiction

Bisa ga tsarin da aka saba da shi ta hanyar Breiner et al. (1999) da kuma alamomin da aka kwatanta tsakanin jita-jitar yanar gizo da abubuwan da suke dogara da shi yana da kyau wajen ɗauka alamu mai kyau a cikin mutane da halayen haɗarin cybersex. Dangane da halayyar da ake ciki da kuma sha'awar yin jima'i na cybersex, binciken ya riga ya bayar da hujjoji na farko ga irin waɗannan kamance (Brand et al., 2011; Laier et al., 2013a). Wadannan karatun sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke da halayen haɗarin cybersex sun nuna halayyar haɓakawa da kuma karuwa da sha'awar sha'awa yayin da suke fuskantar hotuna batsa. Bugu da ƙari, halayen jima'i da aka sani suna haifar da ayyukan da ke cikin jiki wanda ya kasance kamar wadanda suke da alamun da ake amfani da su don maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma suna da ka'ida kuma suna iya inganta daidaituwa a cikin hanyar da ake amfani da su na maganolimbic dopaminergic (Georgiadis da Kringelbach, 2012). Bugu da ƙari, Laier da Brand (2014) kwanan nan ya ba da wata ka'idodin ka'idojin cybersex buri wanda ya nuna wasu kamance tare da samfurin Breiner et al. (1999). Alal misali, abubuwan tarihi da aka nuna ta Breiner et al. (1999; misali, halaye na mutum, ƙarfafawa na baya, mayar da hankali akan ilimin lissafi) sunyi tasiri tare da tasiri na musamman game da jima'i da mahimmancin abin da ake nunawa na gishiri da aka tsara ta Laier da Brand (2014). Bugu da ari, Laier da Brand (2014) bayar da shawarar yin amfani da yanar-gizon yin amfani da yanar-gizon amfani da yanar-gizon yin amfani da cybersex, wadda za a iya kwatanta da rawar da ake bukata a cikin samfurin ta Breiner et al. (1999).

Game da shaidun da ke ciki game da matsalolin / tsayar da hankulan jita-jitar cybersex, Schiebener et al. (2015) gudanar da wani binciken da mahalarta ke da shi don aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban a cikin tsari mai yawa. Wadannan ayyuka suna da alaƙa da ɗayan zane guda biyu, yayin da saitin hoto na farko ya ƙunshi tsaka tsaki kuma na biyu yana dauke da hotuna masu ban sha'awa. An umurci masu halartar su aiwatar da dukan ayyuka daban-daban a cikin ma'auni guda ɗaya, yayin da zasu iya canzawa a tsakanin ayyuka da hotunan hoto. An karkacewa daga mafi daidaitattun daidaitaccen ma'auni a matsayin mai dogara mai dogara, yana nuna ko dai zaɓi don aiki a kan tsaka tsaki ko batsa. Yin amfani da wannan ma'auni, mawallafa sun sami dangantaka tsakanin halayen haɗin gizon cybersex da kuma karkacewa daga daidaitaccen ma'auni, wanda ke nufin cewa mutane masu sha'awar haɗari na cybersex sun fi so su yi aiki a kan batsa (m) ko kuma a kan tsaka tsaki . Ya bambanta, masu halartar ƙananan halayen haɗin cybersex ba su fi son yin aiki a kan ɗayan hotunan hoto ba. Tun da yanayin da ake amfani dashi Schiebener et al. (2015) ba a tsara shi a hankali ba don auna dabi'u don kusanci ko kauce wa matsalolin batsa, yana da kyau a yi amfani da tsari mai tsabta don kauce wa wannan lamari.

Tsarin Riko / Tsarin Hanya

Wata hanya ta tantance abubuwan da ake nufi don kusanci ko kauce wa maganganun jaraba shi ne Taswirar Taswirar Taswirar (SRC; Field et al., 2006). A lokacin SRC dole ne a motsa wani manikin zuwa da kuma nesa daga alamomin da ake dashi akan ƙuƙwalwa guda biyu ta hanyar amfani da maɓallin rubutu. Bambanci tsakanin ma'anar lokutan lokuta (RTs) da aka rubuta a cikin sassan biyu shine ya kamata ya yi daidai da kusantar zumunta zuwa ko dai ya dace ko kauce wa alamu game da jaraba. Yawancin karatu da aka yi amfani da SRC sun nuna alamun da suka fi dacewa su kusanci fiye da guje wa maganganu da suka shafi jaraba a cikin masu shan taba (Mogg et al., 2003), masu amfani da cannabis na yau da kullum (Field et al., 2006), da kuma barazanar barasa da masu amfani da cannabis (Field et al., 2008; Cousijn et al., 2012). Game da dangantakar dake tsakanin sha'awace-sha'awacen mutum da sha'awar kusanci ko kauce wa matsalolin jaraba, sakamakon ya kasance ba daidai ba game da waɗannan dangantaka zasu iya zama haɗin linzamin kwamfuta ko haɓaka (Field et al., 2005a,b; Schoenmakers et al., 2008). A matsayin tsawo na SRC, Rinck da Becker (2007) gabatar da Taswirar Aiki-Aiki (AAT), wanda ya hada da motsi jiki don inganta illolin gabatowa da kuma guje wa matakan abubuwan da suka faru. Ta yin amfani da farin ciki, masu halartar suna cire matsalolin da aka gabatar a kan kwamfutar kwamfuta zuwa kansu (kusanci) ko kuma su tura su (kaucewa) daga kansu. Asali, an tsara AAT don bincika halin da ake ciki na tsoro (Rinck da Becker, 2007). Daga bisani, tun da yake zancen sha'awa don kusanci ko kauce wa halayen halayya ya kamata ya zama mahimmanci a cikin yanayin yanke shawara game da jaraba (Breiner et al., 1999), ana amfani da sifofin da aka gyara na AAT a cikin binciken game da shan taba (Wiers et al., 2013), mai amfani mai amfani da cannabis (Cousijn et al., 2011, 2013) da kuma maye gurbin shan giya (misali, Wiers et al., 2009; Sharbanee et al., 2013, 2014). A wannan mahallin, yawancin bincike na gwaji sun gano dangantaka tsakanin halayyar halayyar addictive da kuma halin da za a fuskanci matsalolin haɗari. Duk da haka, daidai da tsarin dual-model na jaraba (Bechara, 2005; Wiers da Stacy, 2006), akwai kuma hujjoji na tabbatar da zaton cewa mutanen da suka kamu da su na iya nuna halayen da za su guje wa maganganu da suka shafi jaraba, misali, saboda sakamakon shirye-shiryen ƙwarewar kwamfuta (Wiers et al., 2011; Eberl et al., 2013a,b). Bugu da ƙari, Spruyt et al. (2013) ya gano cewa kiyaye takalma masu shan barasa, idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawar da aka haɗu da su, haɓaka hankalin a cikin SRC, yayin da sake dawowa rates an hade da haɓaka da halayen haɓaka.

Bukatun da Haɗin kai

Manufar binciken yanzu shi ne bincika ko kusanci / kaucewa ra'ayi na iya zama ma'anar abubuwan da ake amfani da su a yanar gizo. Duk da yake dogara ga tsarin ka'idar ta hanyar Breiner et al. (1999) da kuma sakamakon da aka bayar Schiebener et al. (2015), muna sa ran ganin mutanen da suke da halayen haɗin cybersex ko nuna nuna kuskure ko kauce wa halayen halayen batsa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan halayen gaji na cybersex ya kamata ya kasance tare da halayen daidaito don kusanci ko kauce wa matsalolin batsa. A kan matakin da ake aiki, dangantakar dake tsakanin matsalolin kulawa / kaucewa da kuma cin zarafin cybersex ya kamata ya zama ba a layi ba amma haɓakacce. Bugu da ƙari, an ɗauka cewa ba za a kasance wani layi ba ko dangantaka tsakanin halayen da ake nufi don kusanci ko kauce wa matsalolin tsaka-tsaki da kuma halin da ake ciki game da cin zarafin cybersex. Bugu da ari, tun lokacin da aka lura da yadda ake yin jima'i da mawuyacin halin jima'i an nuna su don inganta cigaba da kuma kiyaye cigaba ta yanar gizo (cybersex addiction)Laier da Brand, 2014), muna tsammanin cewa haɗuwa da kusantar juna / kauce wa dabi'u ga hotunan batsa da kuma mummunar halayyar jima'i da hankali ga halayyar jima'i ya kamata ya sami tasiri a kan ƙananan gunaguni na rai a rayuwar yau da kullum saboda amfani da ayyukan cybersex.

Wanda su ka Halarta

A cikin binciken da aka yi a yanzu haka an bincika dukkanin mahalarta maza da mata mazaunin 123 a kan su (M_shekaru = 23.79 shekaru, SD = 5.10). Matsayin shekaru na farko na amfani da cybersex shine 15.61 (SD = 4.01) shekaru. A matsakaici, mahalarta suna amfani da shafukan yanar gizo cybersex 3.66 (SD = 3.52) sau ɗaya a kowane mako, yayin da suke ciyarwa M_lokaci = Mintuna 22.25 (SD = 14.22) ta ziyarar. Sai kawai masu halartar shekaru na shari'a (akalla 18 shekarun da suka wuce) an tattara su. An yi amfani da tallan ta hanyar tallan tallace-tallace a Jami'ar Duisburg-Essen (Jamus) da kuma dandamali na kan layi. An bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace da za a gabatar da batutuwan batsa. Daliban zasu iya tara kuɗi, waɗanda aka ba wa dalibai sun biya $ 10 don sa hannu. Duk mahalarta sun ba da sanarwar izini kafin gwaji kuma an yanke musu bayani a ƙarshen binciken. An amince da wannan binciken ta kwamiti na ka'ida.

Matakan

Tasiri-Kariya-Ɗawainiya

Masu halarta sunyi fasali na AAT (Rinck da Becker, 2007), wanda hotunan da aka gabatar a kan kwamfutar kwamfuta ko dai ya kamata a jawo su zuwa (kusantar) ko kuma a kange su daga jikin su da farin ciki. Kowane gwaji ya kamata a fara tare da mai shiga tare da hannu ta danna maballin a kan farin ciki, yayin da farin ciki ya kasance a matsayi na asali. Bayan bin 500 ms tsakanin tsangwama na gwaji (ITI), an gabatar da wani hoto. Dangane da motsi na farin ciki, haɓakar zuwan aiwatarwa ya karu (motsi-motsi) ko rage (motsi-motsi) girman girman. Daidai da Rinck da Becker (2007), dole ne a motsa da farin ciki na'30 'a daya hanya domin ya ƙare gwaji. Bugu da ari, an yi amfani da aikin ci gaba na logarithmic don ƙara ko rage girman girman don ya ba da damar mahalarta su fuskanci canje-canje a cikin girman girman matsayin halayen gaggawa ga ƙungiyarsu masu farin ciki. Dukkan bayanai suna da girman farko na 700 × 500 pixel kuma an gabatar su akan allo na 15.6. Saboda motsawar farin ciki na ~30 ° zuwa daya shugabanci, girman girman ya canza zuwa ƙananan 2100 × 1500 pixel (motsi-motsi), daidai da 233 × 166 pixel (tura-motsi). A karshen kowace gwaji, an gabatar da wani 500 ms ITI. RTs masu mahalarta sun rubuta a kowace gwaji. Bisa ga binciken da aka rigaya, an raba abubuwan da suka shafi jaraba da jituwa (Wiers et al., 2009, 2013; Cousijn et al., 2011). Kamar yadda shafukan da aka tsaida, 40 hotuna na Ƙungiyar Hotuna ta Duniya (IAPS; Lang et al., 2008) an yi amfani dashi. Hotuna sun nuna mutum ɗaya ko biyu a cikin yanayi masu tsayayya. Yayin da muka yi amfani da jita-jita, mun yi amfani da 40 hotuna hotuna daga sassa huɗu, wanda Laier et al. (2013a) an gano su kasancewa ne ga maza da mata maza (jima'i da jima'i da jima'i da fellatio, jima'i tsakanin mata biyu a cikin nau'i na kabilanci da jima'i). Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da hotuna biyar da hotuna guda biyar, waɗanda ba a ɗauka don gwajin gwaji, a cikin gwaji. Overall, da AAT da kuma hotuna hotunan da aka yi amfani da su daban-daban na batsa.

A lokacin koyarwa, mahalarta sun kammala gwajin gwaji na 30, wanda aka raba su cikin hudu (turawa, cirewa, zane-zane / tsaka-tsaki, tsoma baki / tsaka-tsalle). Bayan kowace zagaye, ana sanar da mahalarta game da adadin daidai halayen kuma zasu iya yanke shawarar sake maimaita zagaye. An gwada gwaje-gwajen gwaji a cikin nau'i hudu tare da gwajin 80 kowace, wanda ya haifar da gwajin 320. Kowane motsawar da aka gabatar sau daya a yayin wani akwati a cikin tsari na bazara (an ba da izinin sau uku samfurori guda iri ɗaya a cikin jere). An ba da kyauta ga wadanda suka halarci daya daga cikin yanayin gwaji guda biyu, wanda ya bambanta game da umarnin a cikin sashi na farko (zane-zane / tsaka-tsaki / tsalle-tsalle ko tsoma-tsaka / tsoma-tura). A cikin wadannan shafuka an cire umarnin. An yi jigilar gwaji a cikin mahalarta. Ta hanyar rarrabe irin umurni (kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye), binciken da ya gabata ya yi amfani da iri daban-daban na AAT. Ƙidodi tare da umarnin kai tsaye (misali, Rinck da Becker, 2007) sun hada da nau'i biyu na motsa jiki, yayin da AATs na kai tsaye (misali, Wiers et al., 2009) sunyi amfani da wasu nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i biyu kuma sun umurci mahalarta su matsa ko cire abin farin ciki wanda ya dogara da hoton hoton (a kwance vs na tsaye). Saboda haka, AAT na kai tsaye yana wakiltar kayayyaki-waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci kayayyaki, yayin da AATs masu kai tsaye suna nuna abubuwan da suka dace. A cikin wannan binciken, an yi amfani da AAT mai amfani da aikin, tun lokacin da aka yi nazari ta hanyar Phaf et al. (2014) ba zai iya bayar da shaida ga wani amfani da aiki-marasa amfani ba.

Don nazarin bayanan AAT, an ƙidaya yawan ƙididdigar RT da aka ƙidaya tun lokacin da mutane da yawa ba su da kyau a game da RT masu ƙananan ra'ayi fiye da ƙananan ƙira (Palfai, 2006; Wiers et al., 2009; Cousijn et al., 2013). RTs <200 ms,> 2000 ms da kuma RTs daga martani na karya an jefar dasu. Kuskuren kuskure> 25% ya haifar da cikakken cirewa daga nazarin bayanan. Ga kowane ɗan takara sakamakon aiki na daidaito (Rinck da Becker, 2007) saboda duka batsa (batsa / cin zarafi) da kuma tsaka tsaki (tsaka-tsakin tsaka tsaki / tsai da hankali) an ƙayyade ma'anar ƙwararrawa ta hanyar cirewa daga tsakiya tsakanin ɗawainiya ta tura RT (median RT push - median RT pull). Bisa lafazin Rinck da Becker (2007, shafi. 110), sakamakon tasirin dacewa yana wakiltar "ƙarfin dangi na kusanci da halayen kauce wa" yayin da kyawawan dabi'u ke nuna kusanci (median RT push> median RT pull) da kuma kaucewa ƙimar dabi'u (median RT push <median RT pull). Babban ra'ayin waɗannan ƙididdigar shine gwajin da ya dace (misali, kusanci hotunan batsa) yana haifar da saurin RTs idan aka kwatanta da gwajin da bai dace ba (misali, guji hotunan batsa). Bugu da ƙari, kallon batsa / cin nasara shine babban abin dogaro, yayin da tsaka tsaki / kaucewa ci gaba yana wakiltar mai canzawa ne, tun da kusanci da guje wa matsaloli na tsaka tsaki bai kamata a haɗa su da wasu masu canji masu dogaro ba kamar halaye na jarabar cybersex.

Bugu da ƙari, an ƙididdige sakamakon sakamako gabaɗaya (gabaɗaya sakamakon RT) ta hanyar rage RT ɗin na tsakiya don duk wata matsala ta tsaka tsaki daga median RT don duk matsalolin batsa (median RT porn - median RT neutral). Duk da yake ba a yin la'akari da jagorancin motsi a cikin takamaiman gwaji don wannan ma'aunin, ƙimomin da ba su da kyau sun nuna cewa mahalarta sun fi sauri don amsa matsalolin batsa (median RT porn <median RT neutral), yayin da kyawawan dabi'u ke nunawa a hankali RTs don matsalolin batsa (matsakaici) RT batsa> matsakaici RT tsaka tsaki). Don haka, jimlar RT gabaɗaya daidai take da ƙididdigar son zuciya kai tsaye game da rikicewar amfani da abu (Field da Cox, 2008; Coskunpinar da kuma yan kasuwa, 2013; Field et al., 2014) fiye da la'akari da matakan damuwa / kaucewa dabi'un da suka shafi nau'in kwarewa (pornographic vs. neutral). Idan aka kwatanta da bincike mai zurfi, dabi'u masu mahimmanci na duka RT score ya nuna cewa kasancewa da sha'awar kai tsaye ga hotunan batsa (halayyar RTs a kan batsa idan aka kwatanta da matsalolin tsaka). Binciken gaba ɗaya na dukkanin masu dogara na AAT an taƙaita shi Table Table11. An tsara shirin AAT ta amfani da Presentation®software (Shafin 16.5, www.neurobs.com).

 

Table 1

Kira da fassarar ƙimar AAT.

Matakan Tsayi da Tsayi

Kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken yanzu na iya raba su cikin gajeren lokaci (bayanin hoto na batsa, sha'awar Δ jima'i / masturbation, AAT) da kuma ma'auni na tsawon lokaci (s-IATsex, HBI, SES). A wannan mahallin, ma'aunin lokaci na taƙaitawa suna nufin amsoshin amsawa (nan da nan), wanda abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi zasu iya rinjayar, kamar su amfani da cybersex. Sabanin haka, ma'aunin lokaci yana kama da halaye na mutum, wanda ya kamata ya zauna a cikin tsawon lokaci.

Nazarin ilimin lissafi

An yi nazarin bayanai ta hanyar amfani da IBM, SPSS Statistics Version 22.0. An danganta dangantaka tsakanin mabudai biyu tare da hulɗar Pearson. An bambanta bambancin dake tsakanin mabudai biyu tare da samfurin daya t-tests. An bayar da rahoton yadda aka fi girma Cohen (1988) ta amfani da Pearson's r (r = 0.10, ƙananan; r = 0.30, matsakaici; r = 0.50, manyan) da kuma Cohen d (d = 0.20, ƙananan; d = 0.50, matsakaici; d = 0.80, babban). An yi la'akari da dangantaka tsakanin haɗaka biyu tsakanin masu amfani da tsarin nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar layi. Bugu da ƙari, haɗuwa tsakanin maɓamai biyu kamar yadda masu hango ido na ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdiga guda ɗaya aka bincikar su tare da nazarin gyaran gyare-gyare na gyare-gyare na tafiyar duniyar (duk waɗanda suka riga sun gani a tsakiya; Cohen et al., 2003). Matsayin muhimmancin duk gwaje-gwaje na lissafi ya kasance p = 0.05. Bugu da ari, don bincika ko masu rikitarwa ya saba wa zaton cewa al'ada, skewness, da kurtosis an ruwaito su a cikin Table Table22. Bisa lafazin West et al. (1995), rashin kunya <| 2.00 | da kurtosis <| 7.00 | nuna cewa ana rarraba mai canzawa koyaushe. Anan, dukkanin masu canjin da aka yi amfani dasu don layin layi da daidaitawa na rikitarwa sun cika waɗannan ƙa'idodin (sha'awar s-IATsex, Rashin ikon HBI, SES, batsa / tsaka-tsaki / tsaurara ra'ayi / kaucewa ci). Koyaya, idan wasu masu canji, waɗanda aka yi amfani dasu don ƙarin ƙididdiga, suka keta zato na ƙa'ida, ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen ƙididdiga duk da haka, tunda an nuna cewa hanyoyin ƙididdigar ƙirar suna da ƙarfi kan wannan ƙeta (Rasch da Guiard, 2004).

 

Table 2

Ma'anar ma'anar s-IATsex, HBI, SES, hoton hoto da kuma ra'ayoyin ra'ayi na jima'i da mahimmanci don magance ta da yawancin AAT.

Hoto Hotuna na Hotuna

Wani samfurin t-test aka lasafta don kwatanta ratings ga namiji da ɗan kishili hotuna, t(122) = 32.79; p <0.001; d = 4.11, yana nuna cewa hotunan 'yan uwanci an kiyasta kamar yadda ya fi dacewa da sha'awar jima'i. Game da kimantawa game da jima'i da jima'i da kuma bukatar buƙatarwa kafin (t1) da kuma bayan (t2) bayanin hoton batsa, biyu t-iyyata ga samfurori da aka dogara da su sun nuna mahimmancin jima'i na jima'i, t(122) = -9.05; p = 0.001; d_z = 0.85, da kuma mafi girma da ake buƙata don ingantawa, t(122) = -7.30; p <0.001; d_z = 0.61, a t2 daura da t1 (don nufin dabi'u suna kallo Table Table22). Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa saboda kallon hotunan hotuna, mahalarta sun sami labarin kasancewa da jima'i kafin farawa AAT. Wannan yana da mahimmanci tun lokacin tunatar da jima'i da kuma bukatar yin amfani da su kamar yadda ake bukata, wanda ya kamata a danganta da halayen da za a kusanci ko kauce wa matsalolin batsa.

Tasiri-Kariya-Ɗawainiya

Abinda ke bayani, zane-zane mai ban tsoro / ci gaba (M = -1.09, SD = 72.64) da kuma tsauraran hanya / tsai da hankali (M = -56.91, SD = 55.03) yana da dabi'u masu ma'ana. Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna halin da ake ciki don kauce wa matsalolin batsa da tsaka tsaki a cikin AAT, yayin da wannan sakamako ya fi karfi ga matsalolin tsaka baki, t(122) = 8.52; p <0.001; d = 0.87. Ya bambanta, cikakken RT score (M = -37.79, SD = 42.74) yana da tasiri mai ma'ana, wanda ya nuna cewa mahalarta a matsakaici ba su da tsauraran ra'ayi ga batutuwa na batsa (irin wannan tsinkaya zai nuna ta hanyar RTs mai hankali don hotuna batsa kuma sabili da haka kyakkyawar ma'ana ta RT, wanda ba haka ba ne, tun da mun lura da sauri RTs ga batsa idan aka kwatanta da tsoma baki).

Sa'idodin tsakanin matakan AAT da zaɓuɓɓukan da aka zaɓa an taƙaita a cikin Table Table33. Game da batsa da kuma tsauraran matakai / rashin cin zarafi babu matakan muhimmanci tare da wasu matakan. Duk da haka, haɗin RT cikakke ya haɓaka da muhimmanci tare da hankali ga haɗarin jima'i, ɓataccen HBI na ma'aunin sarrafawa da kuma sha'awar Δ jima'i da jima'i Δ ya kamata ya yi amfani da ita.

 

Table 3

Abubuwan hulɗar da ke tsakanin matakan AAT da zaɓuɓɓukan da aka zaɓa.

Hanyar Labaran Labaran Labaran Layi

Don gwada ko dangantakar dake tsakanin tsauraran batsa / rashin cin nasara da kuma s-IATsex abubuwan da ke sha'awar ba layin linzamin kwamfuta ba ne, amma an ƙididdige bincike-bincike na layi. A cikin mataki na farko an shigar da batutuwan batsa / rashin cin zarafin amma bai bayyana mahimmancin bayanin s-IATsex ba, R² = 0.003, F(1,122) = 0.33, p = 0.567, wanda ke nuna cewa babu dangantaka tsakanin linzami tsakanin ƙananan lambobi biyu a cikin bayanan. A mataki na biyu an ƙunshi jimlar zane-zane / zane-zane, wanda ya haifar da wani bayani mai mahimmanci na 23.7% na s-IATsex craving variance, ΔR² = 0.234, F(1,122) = 18.80, p <0.001. Wannan ƙididdigar ƙirar (duba Figure Figure22) ya nuna cewa mutane masu sha'awar s-IATsex masu kyau suna kula da koyayyun hanyoyi (dabi'u mai kyau) ko kuma kaucewa (ƙananan ra'ayoyin da ba zato ba tsammani) sha'awar abubuwan da ke faruwa a batsa. Ƙarin dabi'u na ƙuntatawa suna taƙaita a cikin Table Table44.

 

FIGURE 2

Dangantakar tsakanin sakamako mai kwakwalwa don hotuna hotuna (bambance-bambance / tsaikowa) kuma s-IATsex factor craving.

 

Table 4

Darajar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙirar layi tare da s-IATsex factor craving kamar yadda dogara dogara.

A matsayin bincike na magudi, an yi nazari na biyu don bincika dangantakar tsakanin s-IATsex da sha'awar rashin daidaituwa / rashin daidaituwa. A nan, ba za a iya samo dangantaka tsakanin haɓaka ba (p = 0.239).

Bayanan Tsare-gyaren Yanci

Don bincika dangantakar dake tattare da hankali ga yin jima'i (SES), dabi'a don kusanci ko kauce wa hadarin batsa (lalata batsa), da kuma halin da ake ciki game da jima'i na cybersex, nazarin gyaran gyare-gyare na gudanarwa da aka tsara tare da s-IATsex da ke da sha'awar yin amfani da shi kamar yadda ya dogara. ƙididdige (duk masu canji a tsakiya; Cohen et al., 2003). A mataki na farko, shine SES ya bayyana 13.5% na s-IATsex sha'awar bambancin juna, F(1,121) = 18.83, p <0.001. A mataki na biyu, da batsa na batsa / rashin ci gaba ya haifar da ƙarin bayani game da bambancin bambanci, ΔR² = 0.029, ΔF(2,120) = 4.19, p = 0.043. A mataki na uku, hulɗar da SES da batsa na batsa / rashin ci gaba ya haifar da ƙarin bayani game da bambancin bambanci, ΔR² = 0.044, ΔF(3,119) = 6.62, p = 0.011. Yawanci, samfurin gyare-gyare na da muhimmanci kuma ya bayyana 20.8% rashin amincewa da s-IATsex sha'awa, F(3,122) = 10.41, p <0.001.

Don bincika tasirin gyare-gyare da aka lura a cikin daki-daki, an gwada hanyoyi masu sauki (duba Figure Figure3A3A). Gangar layin layin da ke wakiltar tsarin kulawa (Ƙananan daidaiton 1 a sama da ma'anar) ba ya bambanta da siffar siffar ba, t = 1.71, p = 0.090. Ya bambanta, gangaren layin layin da ke wakiltar hankalin hankalin (1 daidaitattun daidaituwa a ƙasa da ma'anar) yayi muhimmiyar bambanta daga sifilin, t = 5.50, p <0.001, yana nuna cewa a high SES, tare da hankalin hankalin ya haifar da wani ci gaba mai tsanani na IATsex. Lokacin amfani da hanyoyi don kusanci ko kauce wa matsaloli masu tsaka-tsakin (tsauraran kai tsaye / tsai da hankali) a matsayin mai gudanarwa, ba za'a iya samun hulɗa mai mahimmanci ba (p = 0.196).

 

FIGURE 3

Misali na zane-zane mai sauƙi dangane da hulɗar tsakanin haɗakarwa da tasirin hotuna (batsa mai cin hanci da rashawa / tsaikowa) kuma (A) da hankali game da halayyar jima'i (SES) da (B) matsaloli ...

Wani samfurin na biyu ya lasafta don bincika dangantakar dake tsakanin maɓallin kulawa da matsala na rikice-rikice (HBI hasara na kulawa), halayen da za su kusanci ko kauce wa hadarin batsa (matsin batsa), da kuma halayyar gamsuwar abubuwa a cikin tsangwama na cybersex. A mataki na farko, shine HBI hasara na iko ya bayyana 22.2% na s-IATsex sha'awar bambancin juna, F(1,121) = 34.52, p <0.001. A mataki na biyu, da batsa na batsa / rashin ci gaba bai kai ga karuwar ƙarin bayani ba, ΔR² = 0.017, ΔF(2,120) = 2.70, p = 0.103. A mataki na uku, hulɗar da HBI hasara na iko da batsa na batsa / rashin ci gaba ya haifar da ƙarin bayani game da bambancin bambanci, ΔR² = 0.037, ΔF(3,119) = 6.02, p = 0.016. A takaice dai, samfurin gyare-gyare yana da muhimmanci yayin da yake bayanin 25.7% rashin amincewa da s-IATsex sha'awa, F(3,122) = 15.10, p <0.001. Valuesarin dabi'u don duka nazarin gyaran gyaran gyare-gyare an taƙaita su a cikin Table Table55.

 

Table 5

Bayanan nazarin gyaran gyaran gyare-gyare da aka yi da s-IATsex da ke da sha'awa kamar yadda ya dogara.

Kamar misali na farko, an gwada hanyoyi masu sauki (duba Figure Figure3B3B). Gangar layin layin da ke wakiltar tsarin kulawa (Ƙananan daidaiton 1 a sama da ma'anar) ya bambanta da siffar siffar, t = 2.85, p = 0.005. Gangar layin layin da ke wakiltar hankalin hankalin (1 daidaitattun daidaituwa a ƙasa da ma'anar) ma ya bambanta da siffar zero, t = 6.14, p <0.001, yana nuna cewa duka Kusanci da kuma kaucewa zuwa hotuna batsa, tare da high HBI hasara na iko ya haifar da wani ci gaba mai tsanani na IATsex. Hakazalika na farko da aka tsara na gyare-gyare, ta yin amfani da hanyoyi don kusanci ko kauce wa matsaloli masu tsaka-tsakin (tsaka tsaki / tsai da hankali) kamar yadda mai gudanarwa bai nuna wani muhimmiyar hulɗa ba (p = 0.166).

Bugu da ƙari, bincika ko HBI na asarar iko, SES, da kuma batsa na cin hanci da rashawa da ci gaba da yin amfani da su akan halayen cybersex, zane-zane na yin amfani da layi tare da s-IATsex da ke da sha'awa yayin da aka ƙidaya asusun. A mataki na farko, shine HBI hasara na iko ya bayyana 22.2% na s-IATsex sha'awar bambancin juna, F(1,121) = 34.52, p <0.001. A mataki na biyu, da SES ya haifar da ƙarin bayani game da bambancin bambanci, ΔR² = 0.052, ΔF(2,120) = 2.63, p = 0.004. A mataki na uku, shine batsa na batsa / rashin ci gaba ya haifar da ƙarin bayani game da bambancin bambanci, ΔR² = 0.024, ΔF(3,119) = 4.47, p = 0.037. Yawanci, samfurin gyare-gyare na da muhimmanci kuma ya bayyana 30.1% rashin amincewa da s-IATsex sha'awa, F(3,122) = 17.04, p <0.001. Summarin dabi'un sake komawa baya an taƙaita su a cikin Table Table55.

Abota tsakanin Tsarin Mulki da Tsarin Jima'i

Don bincika yiwuwar dangantaka tsakanin ainihin amfani da cybersex da ma'aunin da ake danganta da jita-jita na cybersex, an ƙayyade ƙarin haɓaka ƙarin. Akwai dangantaka mai kyau a tsakanin s-IATsex factor craving kuma duka biyu na mako-mako cybersex amfani (r = 0.227, p = 0.011) da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake amfani dashi a shafukan yanar gizo cybersex yayin ziyarar daya (r = 0.198, p = 0.028). Duk da haka, babu dangantaka mai mahimmanci tsakanin mita ta amfani da cybersex mako-mako da hasara na HBI (r = 0.136, p = 0.133), SES (r = 0.119, p = 0.190) kazalika da sha'awar Δ jima'i / tsauraran matsala da nau'in AAT (duk ps > 0.400). Hakanan, babu manyan alaƙa tsakanin matsakaicin lokacin da aka kashe akan shafukan yanar gizo yayin ziyarar guda ɗaya da asarar ikon HBI (r = 0.025, p = 0.781), SES (r = 0.161, p = 0.076) kazalika da sha'awar Δ jima'i / tsauraran matsala da nau'in AAT (duk ps > 0.500).

Bayanin Gabatarwa

Binciken na gaba zai iya ci gaba da fadada mayar da hankali ga sha'awa ta hanyar haɗakar da jirage mai kyau da kuma mummunar yiwuwar hangen nesa don kusantarwa / kaucewa dabi'u don kwatanta tsarin da aka tsara Breiner et al. (1999). Sabili da haka, jirage masu tsammanin ya kamata su bunkasa sha'awar yin kusanci da halayen haɗari, yayin da tsammanin fata zai iya kawar da irin waɗannan matsalolin da kuma haifar da halayen haɓaka. A cikin haɗin yanar gizo na cybersex, amfani da amfani da yanar gizo na yanar gizo zai iya samun irin wannan tasiri akan matsalolin / kusantar da hankali tun lokacin an riga an nuna cewa amfani da amfani da yanar gizo haɗe da buri na intanet (Brand et al., 2014a). Baya ga wanzuwar ƙaddamarwa / tsauraran hankalin, irin wannan tsinkaye zai iya bayyana shi game da abin da sha'awa zai iya zama rinjaye a cikin halin da ake ciki game da buri.

Bugu da ƙari, zai iya zama da amfani a bincika idan harkar cibiyoyin ƙirar keɓaɓɓu suna da hannu wajen haɓaka / kaucewa halayen. A wannan yanayin, nazarin ya riga ya nuna daidai da tsarin tsari biyu Bechara (2005) tun da yake an riga an nuna cibiyoyin sadarwa daban-daban don kusanci (ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayar cuta ta farko) da kuma kaucewa (amygdala, tsinkayyi na farko) a cikin masu shan barasa (Ernst et al., 2012; Wiers et al., 2014b). Ta ƙarfafa wannan binciken, Schlund et al. (2011) an bayar da rahoto da aka daidaita na waɗannan cibiyoyin don dacewa / kauce wa halayen mutane masu lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, za a iya nuna cewa gyaran haɓakawa na ƙin yarda ya rage yawan abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka dace a cikin magunguna na farko da kuma amygdala (Wiers et al., 2014a, 2015). Bisa ga waɗannan sakamakon, yana da kyau a yi la'akari da cewa AAT zai iya auna dukkan kusanci-da kuma kaucewa. Sakamakon haka, binciken nan gaba ya kamata a magance binciken da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin hanyoyi da aka haɗa da tsarin kulawa / kaucewa ta hanyar yin amfani da cybersex don maganin binciken da ake ciki yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, dukkanin abin dogara da jigilar yanar gizo na cybersex zai iya amfana daga aikace-aikace na hanyoyin nazari mai mahimmanci (alal misali, nazarin bin). Saboda haka, irin wannan hanyoyi na iya samar da ƙarin shaida ga zaton cewa AAT yayi la'akari da kusanci-da kaucewa-haɗuwa.

Ƙarin tunani, karatun da suka gabata sunyi nazarin dangantaka tsakanin linzami tsakanin tsarin kulawa / tsai da hanzari da ma'anar jaraba, yayin da irin wannan tsarin bazai iya rufe rikitarwa na al'ada ba. Duk da haka, shahararren imani yana da cewa kawai kusanci-haɗin kai suna haɗuwa da ci gaba da kuma kula da halin lalata, kodayake wannan zato ba'a tallafawa duk bayanan da aka samu. Alal misali, wasu nazarin sun ruwaito rahoton da ake nuna wa mutane da ke da matsala masu amfani (misali, Cousijn et al., 2012), alhali kuwa ba a bin ka'idodi ba a cikin abubuwanda ba su da mahimmanci ko neman maganin maganin (Eberl et al., 2013a). Bugu da ƙari, Wiers et al. (2013) samo takaddama-masu tsinkaye a cikin masu shan taba, amma ba a cikin masu shan taba ba. Bugu da ƙari, dangantaka tsakanin tsarin kulawa / rashin gujewa da jinsin da suka shafi jaraba kamar ƙin juyayi na jiki ko sake koma baya ba daidai bane tun da tabbatacce (misali, Mogg et al., 2005) da kuma ƙungiyoyi marasa kyau (misali, Cousijn et al., 2011; Spruyt et al., 2013) an ruwaito. Sabili da haka, yana da kyau a ɗauka cewa ba kawai kusanci ba, amma kuma kauce wa halayen na iya kasancewa muhimman abubuwa a cikin al'ada. Saboda haka, nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar layi na linzamin kwamfuta, wanda ya ba da izinin yin nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da juna a cikin samfurin guda, yana iya ba da amfani kawai don bincika jita-jitar cybersex ba, amma har ma don nazarin tsarin zane / zubar da hankali a cikin wasu abubuwan da ake yi wa halayyar halayyar mutum.

A ƙarshe, yana iya zama da amfani a bincika yadda zatowa / tsayar da hankali zai haifar da cigaba da kuma kiyaye cigaba ta yanar gizo. A nan, zane na bincike na tsawon lokaci zai iya zama da amfani. Bugu da ƙari, irin wannan tsari ya zama abin ƙyama saboda sakamakon binciken da aka yi a yanzu ya ba da shawara ga AAT don auna sakamakon saboda amfani da cybersex tsawon lokaci, yayin da ƙarin bincike ya zama dole don tabbatar da wannan zato.

gazawar

Da farko, dole a lura cewa binciken da aka yi amfani da shi na bincike na layi na amfani da shi don jarraba dangantakar da ke tsakanin tsarin kulawa / tsai da hankalin da ake nunawa game da halayen cybersex yana iya zama la'akari da hanyar bincike. Bugu da ƙari, sakamakon baya jaddada dangantaka ta daidaituwa. Saboda haka, dole ne a fassara ma'anar tare da taka tsantsan kuma bukatar buƙata. Duk da haka, waɗannan sakamakon shine akalla nunawa ga rashin daidaituwa tsakanin dangantakar dake tsakanin matsalolin / kusantarwa da kuma cin zarafin cybersex. Tun da mun hada da mahalarta maza da mata, zamu iya samun cikakkiyar sakamako akan mata ko 'yan luwaɗi. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawan samfurin ya ƙunshi masu amfani da yanar gizo na yau da kullum, yayin da 'yan tsirarun sun ruwaito asali na rayayyu a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum saboda amfani da su na yanar gizo. Kodayake, bincike na rashin lafiya tare da samfurori analog yana bada dama (Abramowitz et al., 2014), bincikenmu baza a iya canjawa wuri ba a cikin asibiti tun lokacin da ba a gano wani daga cikin mahalarta kamar yadda ake yin cybersex ba. Sabili da haka, nazarin gaba zai iya amfana daga binciken mutane a cikin asibiti, ko da yake ya kamata a lura cewa ma'aunin bincike ba zai iya da wuya a kwatanta ƙungiyar mai kula da cybersex-likitanci tare da ƙungiyar kulawa ta hanya ta al'ada. Duk da haka, irin wannan tsarin zai iya zama mai amfani saboda ana iya amfani da AAT don ƙwarewar gyare-gyaren haɓaka (Wiers et al., 2011) a cikin maganin jarabacin cybersex.

Muna gode wa Dr. Christian Laier da Dokta Johannes Schiebener don gudunmawar da suke bayarwa ga binciken. Sun taimaka mana sosai tare da gudanar da gwajin kuma inganta rubutun. Bugu da ƙari kuma, muna gode wa Michael Schwarz don taimakon da ya taimaka game da aiwatar da AAT.

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