Hotunan batsa "sake sakewa" Kwarewa: Nazarin Inganci na Mujallar Abstinence akan Dandalin Abstinence na Yanar Gizo (2021)

Amfani da batsa aiki ne na gama gari a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, tare da nazarin wakilcin ƙasa wanda ya nuna cewa kashi 76% na maza da 41% na mata a Ostiraliya sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da batsa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata (Rissel et al., 2017), da kuma cewa 47% na maza da 16% na mata a Amurka sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da batsa a kowane wata ko mafi girma (Grubbs, Kraus & Perry, 2019a). PornHub (daya daga cikin manyan gidajen yanar sadarwar batsa) ya ruwaito a cikin bita na shekara-shekara cewa sun karbi ziyarar biliyan 42 a cikin 2019, tare da kimanin yawan ziyartar miliyan 115 a rana (Pornhub.com, 2019).

Matsalar Matsalar Batsa

Dangane da yawan amfani da batsa, tasirin tasirin tasirin batsa da ake amfani da shi na batsa ya zama batun haɓaka hankalin kimiyya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Shaidun da ke akwai a koyaushe suna nuna cewa kodayake yawancin mutanen da ke amfani da batsa na iya yin hakan ba tare da fuskantar mummunan sakamako ba, rukunin masu amfani na iya haifar da matsaloli dangane da amfani da batsa (misali, Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics , 2020; Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017).

Aya daga cikin matsalolin fahimtar kai na farko da ke da alaƙa da batsa ta amfani da damuwa game da alamomin alaƙa. Wadannan alamun sun hada da rashin kulawa, damuwa, sha'awar, amfani dashi azaman tsarin maganin rashin aiki, janyewa, juriya, damuwa game da amfani, rashin aikin aiki, da ci gaba da amfani duk da mummunan sakamako (misali, Bőthe et al., 2018; Kor et al., 2014). Amfani da batsa na matsala (PPU) galibi ana fahimtarsa ​​a cikin wallafe-wallafen azaman halayyar ɗabi'a duk da "jarabar batsa" ba a yarda da ita a matsayin cuta ba (Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Koyaya, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) kwanan nan ta haɗa da ganewar asali na halayen halayen jima'i (CSBD) azaman cuta mai rikitarwa a cikin bita na goma sha ɗaya na Kayan Kayan Ƙasa na Duniya (ICD-11; Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, 2019), a ƙarƙashin abin da ake tilasta yin amfani da batsa ta batsa. A lokaci guda, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bincike (Grubbs & Perry, 2019; Gububbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2019b) ya nuna cewa fahimtar kai game da yin lalata da batsa na iya zama dole ya zama dole ya nuna ainihin jarabar ko tilasta amfani da batsa. Misali wanda ke bayanin matsalolin batsa (Grubbs et al., 2019b) ya ba da shawara cewa kodayake wasu mutane na iya fuskantar ainihin abin da ya dace na rashin iya sarrafawa dangane da amfani da batsa, wasu mutane na iya ganin kansu suna yin lalata da batsa saboda rashin halaye na ɗabi'a (in babu tsari na gaske na rashin ƙarfi). Rashin halayyar ɗabi'a na faruwa yayin da mutum ya ƙi yarda da batsa amma duk da haka yana amfani da batsa, yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin halayensu da ɗabi'unsu (Grubbs & Perry, 2019). Wannan rashin daidaito zai iya haifar da lalacewar amfani da batsa (Grubbs et al., 2019b). Koyaya, ya kamata kuma a sani cewa wannan ƙirar ba ta hana yiwuwar cewa rashin halaye na ɗabi'a da rashin kulawa na gaskiya na iya kasancewa lokaci ɗaya (Grubbs et al., 2019b; Kraus & Sweeney, 2019).

Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa wasu masu amfani da batsa na iya ganin hotunan batsa suna amfani da matsala saboda sakamakon mummunan sakamako da aka danganta da amfani da hotunan batsa (Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009). An kuma ambaci PPU a cikin wallafe-wallafen a matsayin duk wani amfani da batsa wanda ke haifar da alaƙar mutum, ko sana'a, ko wahalar mutum (Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015). Bincike game da tasirin tasirin batsa na batsa ya nuna cewa wasu mutane suna ba da rahoton fuskantar baƙin ciki, matsalolin motsin rai, raguwar aiki, da lalacewar dangantaka sakamakon amfani da hotunan batsa (Schneider, 2000). Kodayake ƙungiyoyi masu haɗaka tsakanin amfani da batsa da lalatawar jima'i galibi basu cika ba (duba Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019b), wasu masu amfani da batsa sun ruwaito shi game da tasirin tasirin jima'i, gami da matsalolin matsaloli, rage sha'awar yin jima'i, raguwar jima'i, da dogaro da batutuwan batsa yayin jima'i da abokin tarayya (misali, Dwulit & Rzymski , 2019a; Kohut, Fisher, & Campbell, 2017; Sniewski & Farvid, 2020). Wasu masu bincike sunyi amfani da kalmomi kamar su "lalata batsa ta hanyar lalata" (PIED) da kuma "lalata batsa ta haifar da mummunan libido" don bayyana takamaiman matsalolin jima'i da ake dangantawa da yawan amfani da batsa (Park et al., 2016).

Abstin daga batsa a matsayin Tsoma baki don Matsalar Batsa mai Matsala

Aya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka saba bi don magance PPU ya haɗa da ƙoƙari don kaucewa kallon hotunan batsa. Yawancin ƙungiyoyi masu saurin 12 waɗanda aka daidaita don matsalolin halayen jima'i suna ba da shawarar yin ƙaura zuwa ga takamaiman nau'in halayen jima'i da ke da matsala ga mutum, gami da amfani da batsa (Efrati & Gola, 2018). A tsakanin maganganun asibiti don PPU, wasu masu amfani da batsa suna zaɓar ƙauracewa azaman manufa mai mahimmanci azaman madadin rage / rage amfani da burin (misali, Sniewski & Farvid, 2019; Twohig & Crosby, 2010).

Wasu iyakantattun bincike sun nuna cewa akwai fa'idodi ga ƙaurace wa batsa. Karatu uku da suka gwada kauracewa batsa daga hotunan batsa a cikin samfuran da ba na asibiti ba sun nuna cewa akwai wasu sakamako masu kyau na gajere (makonni 2-3) kamewa daga batsa (Fernandez, Kuss, & Griffiths, 2020), gami da sadaukar da zumunci mafi girma (Lambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2012), rage ragi mai ragi (watau nuna fifiko ga karami da lada kai tsaye maimakon samun lada mai girma amma daga baya; Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016), da kuma fahimta game da tsarin tilastawa a cikin halayen mutum (Fernandez, Tee, & Fernandez, 2017). Har ila yau, akwai rahotanni kaɗan na asibitoci inda aka nemi masu amfani da batsa su kaurace wa batsa don sauƙaƙe abubuwan lalata da ake dangantawa da amfani da batsa, gami da ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i yayin jima'i (Bronner & Ben-Zion, 2014), lalacewar erectile (Park et al., 2016; Porto, 2016), da wahalar cimma burin inzali yayin jima'i (Porto, 2016). A mafi yawan waɗannan sharuɗɗan, kauracewa batsa yana ba da taimako daga lalatawar jima'i. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan binciken sun ba da wasu shaidu na farko da ke nuna cewa kamewa na iya zama amfani mai amfani ga PPU.

“Ungiyar "Rebooting"

Hakanan, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an sami ƙaruwar yawan masu amfani da batsa suna amfani da majalisun kan layi (misali, NoFap.com, r / NoFap, Sake yi Nation) yunƙurin kaurace wa batsa saboda matsalolin da ake dangantawa da yawan amfani da batsa (Wilson, 2014, 2016).^{Ƙarin bayani 1} "Rebooting" kalma ce wacce ake amfani da ita wacce wad'annan al'ummomi ke amfani da ita wacce ke nuni ga tsarin kauracewa hotunan batsa (wani lokacin ma tare da kaurace wa al'aura da / ko samun wani inzali na wani lokaci) domin murmurewa daga mummunan tasirin batsa ( Tsammani, 2014b; NoFap.com, nd). Ana kiran wannan tsari "sake kunnawa" don haɗuwa da hotunan kwakwalwa da aka dawo da su zuwa "saitunan masana'anta" na asali (watau, kafin mummunan tasirin batsa; 2014b; NoFap.com, nd). An kafa dandalin kan layi wanda aka keɓe don “sake sakewa” tun a shekarar 2011 (misali, r / NoFap, 2020) da kuma kasancewa membobi a wadannan majalisun suna ta bunkasa cikin sauri tun. Misali, daya daga cikin mafi girman tattaunawar "sake kunnawa" a cikin Ingilishi, subreddit r / NoFap, yana da kusan membobi 116,000 a cikin 2014 (Wilson, 2014), kuma wannan lambar ta girma sama da mambobi 500,000 kamar na 2020 (r / NoFap, 2020). Koyaya, abin da har yanzu ba za a iya magance shi ba a cikin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen shine ainihin matsalolin da ke haifar da yawan masu amfani da batsa a cikin waɗannan tarurruka don ƙaurace wa batsa tun da farko, kuma abin da batsa “sake fasalin” kwarewa yake ga waɗannan mutane .

Karatuttukan da suka gabata na amfani da samfuran samfuran daban-daban na iya ba da ɗan haske game da motsawa da gogewar waɗanda suke ƙoƙarin kamewa daga batsa da / ko al'aura. Dangane da dalilai na ƙauracewa, kamewa daga batsa ya nuna sha'awar sha'awar tsarkakewar jima'i a cikin ƙwarewar nazarin maza Kiristoci (watau Diefendorf, 2015), yayin da ake nazarin ingancin maza na Italiyanci akan dandalin dawo da “larurar batsa” ta hanyar yanar gizo ya nuna cewa kauracewa batsa ya samu ne ta hanyar fahimtar jaraba da kuma mummunan sakamako mara kyau da ake dangantawa da amfani da hotunan batsa, gami da nakasa a cikin zamantakewa, sana'a, da kuma yin jima'i (Cavaglion , 2009). Dangane da ma'anonin da ke tattare da ƙauracewa, binciken ƙwararru na kwanan nan game da labaran addinan batsa maza ya nuna cewa sun yi amfani da addini da kimiyya don yin azanci game da abin da suka fahimta game da batsa, da kuma kamewa daga batsa don waɗannan mutane na iya zama fassara a matsayin aiki na “fansar namiji” (Burke & Haltom, 2020, shafi na. 26). Dangane da dabarun magancewa don kiyaye kamewa daga batsa, binciken da aka samu daga karatuttukan kwarewa uku na maza daga bangarori daban-daban na murmurewa, wadanda mambobin tattaunawar kan layi na Italiyanci da aka ambata (Cavaglion, 2008), mambobin kungiyoyin-mataki-mataki 12 (Ševčíková, Blinka, & Soukalová, 2018), da Krista maza (Perry, 2019), ya nuna cewa baya ga yin amfani da dabaru masu amfani, wadannan mutane galibi sun fahimci cewa samar da taimakon juna ga juna a tsakanin kungiyoyin tallafi na su ya taimaka matuka wajen iya kauracewa. Nazarin adadi na kwanan nan na maza daga ladabi r / EveryManShouldKnow (Zimmer & Imhoff, 2020) ya gano cewa dalili don kauce wa al'aura yana da kyakkyawan hangen nesa ta hanyar fahimtar tasirin zamantakewar al'aura, hangen nesan al'aura a matsayin rashin lafiya, rage karfin al'aura, da kuma wani bangare na halayyar luwadi (watau dyscontrol). Duk da yake yana da amfani, binciken daga waɗannan karatun an iyakance shi ne ta hanyar canzawa zuwa ga masu amfani da batsa suna kaurace wa batsa a yau a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsi "sake kunnawa" saboda sun fi shekaru goma da haihuwa, kafin fitowar motsi (watau, Cavalgion, 2008, 2009), saboda an tsara su musamman a cikin matakan dawo da matakai 12 (Ševčíková et al., 2018) ko mahallin addini (Burke & Haltom, 2020; Diefendorf, 2015; Perry, 2019), ko kuma saboda an tattara mahalarta daga wani dandalin ba da “sake kunnawa” (Zimmer & Imhoff, 2020; duba kuma Imhoff & Zimmer, 2020; Osadchiy, Vanmali, Shahinyan, Mills, da Eleswarapu, 2020).

Babu ɗan bincike na yau da kullun game da motsawar kamewa da gogewa tsakanin masu amfani da batsa akan dandalin "sake kunnawa" kan layi, ban da karatu biyu na kwanan nan. Nazarin farko (Vanmali, Osadchiy, Shahinyan, Mills, da Eleswarapu, 2020) sun yi amfani da hanyoyin sarrafa harshe na asali don kwatanta abubuwan da aka rubuta akan r / NoFap subreddit (wani dandalin "sake sakewa") wanda ya ƙunshi rubutu mai alaƙa da PIED (n = 753) zuwa sakonnin da basuyi ba (n = 21,966). Mawallafin sun gano cewa kodayake duka tattaunawar PIED da wadanda ba na PIED ba sun ba da jigogi da suka shafi bangarori daban-daban na dangantaka, kusanci da motsawa, tattaunawar PIED kawai ta jaddada jigogin damuwa da libido. Hakanan, sakonnin PIED sun ƙunshi ƙananan “kalmomin banbanci,” suna ba da shawara “ingantaccen salon rubutu” (Vanmali et al., 2020, shafi na. 1). Abubuwan binciken wannan binciken sun nuna cewa damuwa da damuwar mutane akan tattaunawar "sake kunnawa" na musamman ne dangane da takamaiman matsalar da take da alaƙa da batsa, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don ƙarin fahimtar dalilai daban-daban na mutanen da suke amfani da waɗannan majallu. . Na biyu, Taylor da Jackson (2018) sun gudanar da bincike na ƙididdigar ofisoshin daga mambobin r / NoFap subreddit. Koyaya, manufar karatunsu ba wai ta maida hankali ne ga abubuwan mamakin mambobi na kauracewa cutar ba, amma don amfani da tabarau mai mahimmanci ta amfani da nazarin lafazi, don kwatanta yadda wasu membobin ke amfani da “maganganun da aka tsara game da mazan da suke buƙata da kuma buƙatar“ ainihin jima'i ”don ba da dalilin juriya ga amfani da batsa da al'aura "(Taylor & Jackson, 2018, shafi. 621). Duk da yake irin waɗannan ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci suna ba da fa'idodi masu amfani game da halayen wasu mambobi na dandalin, nazarin ƙwarewar ƙwarewar abubuwan mambobin da ke “ba da murya” ga ra'ayoyinsu da ma'anonin su ana buƙatar su (Braun & Clarke, 2013, p. 20).

Nazarin Yau

Dangane da haka, mun nemi cike wannan gurbi a cikin adabin ta hanyar gudanar da bincike na ƙwarewa game da ƙwarewar abubuwan da suka shafi halittu na ƙauracewa tsakanin membobin rukunin yanar gizon "sake sakewa". Mun yi nazarin jimillar samfuran hana mutane 104 na mambobin majalissar "sake fasalin" ta hanyar amfani da jigogi, ta yin amfani da manyan tambayoyin bincike guda uku don jagorantar bincikenmu: (1) menene dalilan membobin don kauce wa batsa? da kuma (2) menene kwarewar kamewa kamar membobi? da (3) yaya suke fahimtar abubuwan da suka samu? Sakamakon binciken na yanzu zai kasance da amfani ga masu bincike da likitoci don samun zurfin fahimta game da (1) takamaiman matsalolin da ke haifar da yawan mambobi a kan “sake kunnawa” don tattauna batutuwan batsa, wanda zai iya ba da sanarwar ƙwarewar asibiti na PPU; da (2) yadda kwarewar “sake sakewa” take ga mambobi, wanda zai iya jagorantar ci gaban ingantattun magunguna ga PPU da sanar da fahimtar ƙauracewa azaman sa baki ga PPU.

batutuwa

Mun tattara bayanai daga dandalin "rebooting" na kan layi, Sake yi Nation (Sake yi Nation, 2020). Sake yi Nation an kafa shi a cikin 2014, kuma a lokacin tattara bayanai (Yuli 2019), dandalin yana da mambobi sama da 15,000 da suka yi rijista. A kan Sake yi Nation shafin farko, akwai alamomin bidiyo na bayani da kuma labarai wadanda ke bayanin illolin batsa da kuma dawowa daga wadannan tasirin ta hanyar "sake kunnawa." Don zama memba mai rijista na Sake yi Nation forum, mutum yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar sunan mai amfani da kalmar wucewa kuma ya samar da ingantaccen adireshin imel. Mambobin da suka yi rajista nan da nan za su iya fara aika rubuce rubuce akan dandalin. Wannan dandalin ya samar da wani dandamali ga mambobi don yin cudanya da juna da tattaunawa kan farfadowa daga matsalolin da suka shafi batsa (misali, raba bayanai masu amfani da dabarun "sake farfadowa," ko neman tallafi). Akwai bangarori biyar a kan dandalin da aka rarraba ta hanyar taken: "jarabar batsa," "batsa ta haifar da lalacewar aiki / jinkirin kawo maniyyi," "abokan hulɗa na sake yi da jaraba" (inda abokan haɗin gwiwa tare da mutane tare da PPU na iya yin tambayoyi ko raba abubuwan da suka samu), " labaran nasara ”(inda mutanen da suka sami nasarar cimma nasarar kaurace wa na dogon lokaci za su iya raba tafiyarsu ta baya), da kuma“ mujallu ”(wanda ke ba mambobi damar rubuta abubuwan da suka samu na“ sake fasalin ”ta amfani da mujallu a ainihin lokacin).

Matakan da Tsarin aiki

Kafin fara tattara bayanai, marubucin na farko ya tsunduma cikin binciken farko na "mujallu" ta hanyar karanta kasidu daga farkon rabin shekarar 2019 don zama sananne game da tsari da abubuwan da ke cikin mujallu a dandalin. Membobin suna fara mujallu ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabon zare kuma galibi suna amfani da farkon post ɗinsu don yin magana game da asalinsu da burin kamewa. Wannan zaren sannan ya zama mujallar su ta sirri, wacce sauran membobi ke da damar dubawa da yin tsokaci akai don bada kwarin gwiwa da tallafi. Waɗannan mujallolin tushe ne na wadataccen cikakken bayani game da abubuwan mambobi na ƙauracewa, da yadda suke fahimta da fahimtar abubuwan da suka samu. Amfani da tattara bayanai ta wannan hanyar da ba ta da tsari (watau amfani da mujallu da ake da su azaman bayanai sabanin yadda suke tunkarar membobin a zauren don shiga cikin binciken) an ba da damar lura da abubuwan mambobin a zahiri, ba tare da tasirin mai bincike ba (Holtz, Kronberger, & & Wagner, 2012). Don kauce wa yawan bambanci a cikin samfurinmu (Braun & Clarke, 2013), mun zaɓi ƙuntata bincikenmu ga membobin majalisan maza masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama.^{Ƙarin bayani 2} Dangane da bincikenmu na farko na mujallolin, mun ƙaddara ƙa'idodi biyu na haɗawa don mujallu waɗanda za a zaɓa don nazari. Na farko, abin da ke cikin mujallar zai buƙaci wadatacce kuma mai ba da kwatanci don kasancewa batun ƙimar cancanta. Littattafan da suka yi bayani akan dalilai na fara ƙauracewa kuma suka bayyana dalla-dalla game da abubuwan da suka samu (watau tunani, fahimta, ji, da halayya) yayin yunƙurin ƙauracewa cika wannan ƙa'idar. Na biyu, tsawon lokacin ƙauracewa ƙaura da aka bayyana a cikin mujallar zai buƙaci aƙalla kwanaki bakwai, amma bai fi watanni 12 ba. Mun yanke shawara a kan wannan lokacin don yin la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru na farkon ƙaura (<3 months; Fernandez et al., 2020) da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo baya na tsawon lokacin kamewa (> watanni 3).^{Ƙarin bayani 3}

A lokacin tattara bayanai, akwai adadin zaren 6939 a cikin sashen mujallar maza. Filin tattaunawar yana rarrabe mujallu ta hanyar shekaru (watau matasa, 20s, 30s, 40s, da sama). Tun da babban manufarmu ita ce gano halaye na yau da kullun na kwarewar ƙauracewa, ba tare da la'akari da rukunin shekaru ba, mun tashi don tattara irin wannan mujallu a cikin ƙungiyoyin shekaru uku (18-29 shekaru, 30-39, da ≥ 40 shekaru). Marubucin na farko ya zaɓi mujallu daga shekarun 2016-2018 ba zato ba tsammani kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da ke cikin mujallar. Idan ya cika ka'idojin hadawa biyu, an zabe shi. Duk cikin wannan tsarin zaɓin, an tabbatar da cewa koyaushe akwai adadin adadin mujallu daga kowane rukuni. Duk lokacin da aka zabi wata jarida, sai marubucin na farko ya karanta ta a matsayin wani bangare na aiwatar da masaniyar bayanai (wanda aka bayyana a baya a sashen “nazarin bayanai”). An ci gaba da wannan tsari a tsari har sai an tabbatar da cewa bayanan bayanan sun isa. Mun ƙare lokacin tattara bayanai a wannan wurin cikawa. Jimlar zaren 326 aka tantance kuma aka zaɓi mujallu 104 waɗanda suka haɗu da ƙa'idodin haɗuwa (shekaru 18-29 [N = 34], shekaru 30-39 [N = 35], da ≥ shekara 40 [N = 35]. Matsakaicin adadin shigarwar kowace jarida ya kasance 16.67 (SD = 12.67), kuma adadin adadin amsoshi a kowace jarida ya kasance 9.50 (SD = 8.41). Bayanai na alƙaluma da mahimman bayanai game da membobi (watau, tsinkaye kai tsaye game da batsa ko wasu abubuwa / halaye, matsalolin jima'i, da matsalolin lafiyar hankali) an samo su daga mujallar su duk inda aka ruwaito. An taƙaita halaye samfurin a cikin Tebur 1. Daga bayanin kula, membobin 80 sun ba da rahoton lalata da batsa, yayin da membobin 49 suka ba da rahoton samun wahalar jima'i. Jimlar membobin 32 sun ba da rahoton duka biyun suna lalata da batsa da kuma samun matsala ta jima'i.

data Analysis

Mun binciko bayanan ta hanyar amfani da cikakken bayani game da ilimin tauhidi (TA; Braun & Clarke, 2006, 2013). Nazarin jigo shine hanya mai sauƙin fahimta wanda zai bawa masu bincike damar gudanar da cikakken bayani, gamsassun bayanai game da ma'anar ma'ana a cikin bayanan. Idan aka ba mu tsarin yanayin halittu game da nazarin bayanai, manufar mu ita ce "samo cikakkun bayanai game da gogewa kamar yadda waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar suka fahimta don fahimtar ainihinta" (Coyle, 2015, shafi na. 15) - a wannan yanayin, kwarewar “sake yi” kamar yadda membobin “sakewa” suka fahimta. Mun sanya nazarinmu a cikin tsarin ilimin kimiya na hakika, wanda "yake tabbatar da kasancewar gaskiya… amma a lokaci guda ya gane cewa wakilcinsa yana da alaƙa da sulhu ta hanyar al'ada, yare, da sha'awar siyasa waɗanda suka samo asali daga dalilai kamar launin fata, jinsi, ko zamantakewar jama'a "(Ussher, 1999, shafi na. 45). Wannan yana nufin mun ɗauki asusun membobin da darajar fuska kuma muka ɗauke su a matsayin cikakkun wakilai na gaskiya game da gaskiyar abubuwan da suka samu, tare da yarda da tasirin tasirin yanayin zamantakewar al'adun da suke faruwa. Saboda haka, a cikin binciken da muke yi yanzu, mun gano jigogi a matakin ma'anar (Braun & Clarke, 2006), fifikon ma'anoni da fahimtarsu.

Munyi amfani da software na NVivo 12 a duk cikin aikin binciken data kuma muka bi tsarin binciken bayanai da aka bayyana a cikin Braun da Clarke (2006). Da farko, marubucin na farko ya karanta mujallu akan zaɓi sannan kuma ya sake karantawa don sanin bayanan. Abu na gaba, marubutan farko sun tsara dukkanin bayanan a tsari, tare da shawarwari da marubuta na biyu da na uku. An samo lambobi ta amfani da tsari na ƙasa, ma'ana cewa ba a sanya nau'ikan kodin bayanan da aka ƙaddara akan bayanan ba. An tsara bayanai a matakin asali (Braun & Clarke, 2013), wanda ya haifar da lambobi 890 na musamman waɗanda aka samo bayanai. Waɗannan lambobin sun haɗu sau ɗaya a yayin da alamu suka fara kunno kai don ƙirƙirar rukunin manyan matakai. Misali, ka'idoji na yau da kullun "gaskiya tana 'yantarwa" da kuma "bada lissafi yana sa kauracewa abu mai yuwuwa" an hade su zuwa wani sabon rukuni, "lissafi da gaskiya," wanda aka juya shi cikin "dabarun magance matsaloli da albarkatu." Bugu da ƙari, bayanan kwatanci daga kowace mujallar da ta shafi yunƙurin ƙauracewa gaba ɗaya (ma'ana, burin yin kauracewa da ƙarancin lokacin ƙauracewa hancin) an kuma fitar da su cikin tsari. Da zarar an tsara dukkan bayanan bayanan, an sake duba lambobin sannan a ƙara ko sabunta su kamar yadda ya cancanta don tabbatar da daidaitattun lambobi a cikin jerin bayanan. Daga nan aka ƙirƙira jigogin ɗan takarar daga lambobin ta marubucin na farko, wanda tambayoyin bincike na binciken suka jagoranta. An sake fasalta jigogi bayan bita ta marubuta na biyu da na uku kuma an kammala su da zarar dukkanin masanan uku sun sami yarjejeniya.

da'a sharudda

Kwamitin da'a na jami'ar ƙungiyar bincike ya amince da binciken. Daga mahangar ɗabi'a, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari ko an tattara bayanan ne daga wani filin yanar gizo da aka ɗauka a matsayin "sararin jama'a" (British Psychological Society, 2017; Eysenbach & Har sai, 2001; Farar fata, 2007). The Sake yi Nation ana samun saukin tattaunawa ta hanyar amfani da injunan bincike, kuma ana iya samun sakonni akan dandalin don kallo ga kowa ba tare da buƙatar rajista ko memba ba. Sabili da haka, an yanke shawarar cewa taron ya kasance "jama'a" a yanayi (Whitehead, 2007),, kuma ba a buƙatar izini daga membobin kowane ɗalibai ba (kamar yadda kwamitin ɗabi'ar marubutan ya buƙata). Koyaya, don ƙara kiyaye sirrin membobin taron, duk sunayen masu amfani da aka ruwaito a cikin sakamakon an ɓoye su.

Don ba da mahallin don nazarinmu, an bayar da taƙaitaccen halayen halaye na ƙauracewa a cikin Tebur 2. Dangane da burin kame-kame, mambobi 43 sun yi niyyar kaurace wa batsa, al'aura, da inzali, mambobi 47 sun yi niyyar kaurace wa batsa da al'aura, kuma mambobi 14 sun yi niyyar kaurace wa batsa. Wannan yana nufin cewa girman samfurin (aƙalla 86.5%) yana da niyyar kaurace wa al'aura baya ga guje wa batsa. Koyaya, a farkon yunƙurin ƙauracewa su, kusan dukkanin membobin ba su ayyana wani takamaiman lokacin da za su yi burin ƙauracewar ba ko nuna ko suna da niyyar daina ɗayan waɗannan halayen har abada. Sabili da haka, ba mu iya tantance ko membobin suna da sha'awar ƙauracewa na ɗan lokaci ko daina halayen har abada. Mun ƙaddamar da tsawon lokacin ƙoƙari na ƙaura don kowace jarida bisa lafazin bayanan membobin (misali, “a ranar 49 na sake yi”), ko kuma babu bayyanannu bayyanannu, ta hanyar ragi bisa ga kwanakin ayyukan membobin. Yawancin yawancin abubuwan da aka ƙayyade na ƙauraran ƙaura sun kasance tsakanin kwanaki bakwai da 30 (52.0%), kuma matsakaiciyar ƙayyadaddun lokacin da aka yi ƙoƙari na ƙauracewa shine kwanaki 36.5. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa membobin ba lallai ne su daina yunƙurin kaurace wa bayan waɗannan lokutan ba - waɗannan tsawan kawai suna nuna tsawon lokacin ƙoƙari na ƙauracewa da aka rubuta a cikin mujallar. Membobin za su iya ci gaba da yunƙurin ƙauracewar, amma sun daina aika rubuce rubuce a cikin mujallu.

An gano jigogi huɗu tare da raƙuman raɗaƙa tara daga nazarin bayanai (duba Tebur 3). A cikin binciken, ana ba da rahoton ƙididdigar mitar ko sharuɗɗan da ke nuna mita a wasu lokuta. Kalmar "wasu" tana nufin kasa da kashi 50% na mambobi, "da yawa" yana nufin tsakanin 50% da 75% na mambobi, kuma "mafi yawan" yana nufin fiye da 75% na mambobi.^{Ƙarin bayani 4} A matsayin ƙarin mataki, mun yi amfani da aikin "crosstab" a cikin NVivo12 don bincika idan akwai wasu bambance-bambance sananne a cikin yawan abubuwan ƙwarewar ƙauracewa a cikin ƙungiyoyin shekaru uku. Waɗannan an sanya su a cikin nazarin murabba'i ɗaya don tantance idan waɗannan bambance-bambance na da mahimmin lissafi (duba Karin Bayani A). Bambance-bambancen da suka shafi shekaru ana haskakawa a ƙarƙashin taken da yake daidai a ƙasa.

Don haɓaka kowane jigogi, ana ba da zaɓi na ƙididdigar zane, tare da rakiyar lambar memba (001-104) da shekaru. An gyara kurakurai marasa ma'ana da ba daidai ba don taimakawa sakewarwar abubuwan cirewa. Don fahimtar ma'anar wasu yare da membobin suke amfani da su, taƙaitaccen bayani game da kalmomin da aka saba amfani dasu ya zama dole. Takaddun kalmomin "PMO" (hotunan batsa / al'aura / inzali) galibi mambobi suna amfani da shi don komawa ga tsarin kallon hotunan batsa yayin al'aura zuwa inzali (Deem, 2014a). Membobi suna haɗuwa da waɗannan halaye guda uku tare saboda yawan amfani da hotunan batsa tare da lalata al'aura zuwa inzali. Lokacin da ake tattauna waɗannan halayen daban, mambobi galibi suna kallon kallon batsa kamar "P," al'aurawa azaman "M" kuma suna da inzali kamar "O." Abubuwan haɗuwa na haɗuwa da waɗannan halayen ma galibi ne (misali, “PM” tana nufin kallon hotunan batsa da al’aura amma ba har zuwa inzali ba, kuma “MO” na nufin al’aura har zuwa inzali ba tare da kallon hotunan batsa ba). Hakanan wasu lokuta ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomin a matsayin fi'ili (misali, “PMO-ing” ko “MO-ing”).

Abstinence shine Magani ga Matsalolin da ke da Alaƙa da Batsa

Shawarar farko da mambobi suka yi don “sake sakewa” an kafa ta ne bisa imani cewa kauracewa hanya ce ta hankali don magance matsalolin batsa. Abstinence an fara ne saboda akwai imani cewa yin amfani da batsa yana haifar da mummunan sakamako a cikin rayuwarsu-sabili da haka, cire amfani da batsa zai sauƙaƙe waɗannan tasirin ta hanyar "sake" kwakwalwa. Saboda yanayin kallon batsa da ake amfani da shi na batsa, ba a duba ragin / amfani da hanyar amfani da halayyar a matsayin ingantacciyar dabara don dawowa.

Abstinence Motsa Kai ta Tasirin Illolin da Aka Haɗa Ga Amfani da Batsa

Babban sakamako guda uku da aka danganta da amfani da batsa da yawa sun kasance membobin sun faɗi azaman motsawa don fara ƙaura. Na farko, don yawancin mambobi (n = 73), ƙauracewa ya motsa ta hanyar sha'awar shawo kan ƙirar kallon batsa da ake amfani da su (misali, "Ina 43 a yanzu kuma na kamu da batsa. Ina tsammanin lokacin tserewa daga wannan mummunar jarabar ya isa" [098, shekaru 43]). Asusun jaraba ya kasance da ƙwarewar tilastawa da asarar iko (misali, "Ina ƙoƙarin tsayawa amma yana da wahala ina jin cewa akwai wani abu da yake tura ni zuwa batsa" [005, shekaru 18]), lalata hankali da haƙuri ga tasirin batsa akan lokaci (misali, "Ba na jin komai kuma yayin kallon batsa. Abin baƙin ciki ne cewa har ma batsa ta zama ba ta da ma'ana kuma ba ta da daɗi" [045, shekaru 34]), da damuwa na damuwa na rashin ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi ("Na ƙi cewa ba ni da ƙarfin JUST STOP… Na ƙi cewa ba ni da ƙarfi a kan batsa kuma ina so in sake dawowa da tabbatar da iko na" [087, shekara 42].

Na biyu, ga wasu mambobi (n = 44), ƙaura don kauce wa matsalolin jima'i, wanda ya dogara da imanin cewa waɗannan matsalolin (matsalolin da ba su dace ba) ne ya motsa su.n = 39]; rage sha'awar yin jima'in = 8]) sun kasance (mai yiwuwa) ana haifar da batsa. Wasu membobin sun yi imanin cewa matsalolin su tare da yin jima'i sun kasance ne sakamakon kwaskwarimar da suka yi na jima'i galibi ga abubuwan da ke cikin batsa da ayyukan su (misali, "Na lura da yadda na rasa sha'awar jikin ɗayan… Na sanya sharadin kaina don jin daɗin jima'i da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka" [083, shekaru 45]). Daga cikin mambobi 39 da suka ba da rahoton matsalolin wahala a matsayin dalilin fara kame-kame, 31 sun kasance sun tabbata cewa suna shan wahala daga "hotunan batsa da ke haifar da lalata erectile" (PIED). Wasu (n = 8) ba su da tabbaci sosai game da lasafta matsalolin su na yau da kullun kamar yadda ake "haifar da batsa" saboda son yin sarauta ga wasu bayanai masu yuwuwa (misali, damuwar aiki, abubuwan da suka shafi shekaru, da dai sauransu), amma sun yanke shawarar fara kamewa idan har hakika suna da alaƙa da batsa.

Na uku, ga wasu mambobi (n = 31), ƙaura don ƙaura don rage sauƙaƙan halayen halayyar halayyar halayyar mutum da ake dangantawa da amfani da batsa. Waɗannan abubuwan da aka gano sun haɗa da ƙara baƙin ciki, damuwa da ƙarancin motsin rai, da rage kuzari, himma, natsuwa, bayyananniyar hankali, yawan aiki, da ikon jin daɗi (misali, "Na san yana da tasiri mara kyau a hankali na, motsawa, girman kai, matakin kuzari" [050, shekaru 33]. " Wasu membobin sun fahimci tasirin tasirin batsa game da aikin zamantakewar su. Wadansu sun bayyana yanayin raguwar alaka da wasu (misali, “(PMO)… ya sa na kasa da sha'awar mutane da abokantakarsu, ya fi daukar hankali, ya ba ni damuwar zamantakewar mutane kuma ya sanya ni ba komai game da wani abu da gaske, ban da zama a gida ni kadai da yin birgima zuwa batsa ”[050, shekaru 33]), yayin da wasu suka ba da rahoton lalacewar takamaiman dangantaka tare da mahimman mutane da danginsu, musamman ma abokan soyayya.

Hakanan, karamin rabo na membobi (n = 11) ya ruwaito cewa ba su yarda da batsa ba ta hanyar ɗabi'a, amma kaɗan daga waɗannan (n = 4) a bayyane ya nuna rashin yarda da ɗabi'a a matsayin dalilin fara "sake kunnawa" (misali, "Zan bar batsa saboda wannan abin ƙyamar abin ƙyama ne. Ana lalata da andan mata ana azabtar da su kuma ana amfani da su azaman abubuwa masu banƙyama a cikin wannan shit" [008, 18 years] ). Koyaya, ga waɗannan membobin, ba a lasafta halaye na ɗabi'a a matsayin kawai dalili na fara ƙauracewa ba amma yana tare da ɗayan sauran manyan dalilai guda uku na ƙaura (watau, tsinkayen da ake ji, matsalolin jima'i, ko kuma mummunan sakamako na psychosocial).

Abstinence Game da "Sake" Brain

Wasu membobin sun kusanci ƙauracewa bisa ga fahimtar yadda amfani da hotunan batsa na iya yin tasiri ga kwakwalwar su. Abstinence an kalleshi azaman mafita mai ma'ana don sake jujjuya tasirin batsa, a matsayin tsari wanda zai "sake sake" kwakwalwa (misali, "Na sani dole ne in kauracewa don barin hanyoyin na su warke kuma in daidaita kwakwalwata" [095, 40s]). Manufar rashin daidaituwa musamman ya kasance tushen fata da ƙarfafawa ga wasu mambobi, wanda ya sa suka yi imani da cewa mummunan tasirin hotunan batsa na iya zama mai juyawa ta hanyar ƙauracewa (misali, “Filayen Brain shine ainihin aikin ceton da zai sake sabunta kwakwalwarmu” [036, shekaru 36]). Wasu mambobin sun bayyana ilmantarwa game da mummunan tasirin batsa da kuma “sake kunnawa” ta hanyar bayanan bayanai ta hanyar manyan mutane masu mutuntawa da "sakewa" al'umma, musamman Gary Wilson, mai masaukin gidan yanar gizon yourbrainonporn.com. Na Wilson (2014) littafi (misali, "Littafin Brainka a kan batsa na Gary Wilson… ya gabatar da ni game da ra'ayin sake yi, wannan dandalin kuma da gaske ya bayyana wasu abubuwan da ban sani ba" [061, 31 shekaru]) da 2012 TEDx magana (TEDx Tattaunawa, 2012; Misali, “Na kalli BABBAR BATSA A JIYA, mai ban sha'awa da kuma bayani” [104, 52 shekaru]) sun kasance albarkatun da membobin membobin suke yawan ambatawa kamar yadda suke da tasiri ƙwarai da gaske wajen tsara abubuwan da suka gaskata game da mummunan tasirin batsa a kwakwalwa da kuma “sakewa ”Kamar yadda ya dace bayani don juyawa wadannan tasirin.

Kasancewa azaman Hanya ce Kaɗai Mai Sauƙi

Ga wasu membobin da suka ba da rahoton cewa suna batsa batsa, ana ganin kamewa ita ce kawai hanyar da za a iya dawowa, galibi saboda imanin cewa yin amfani da duk wani batsa a yayin ƙaura zai iya haifar da yanayin da ya shafi jaraba a cikin kwakwalwa kuma ya haifar da sha'awa da sake dawowa. Sakamakon haka, ƙoƙarin shiga tsaka-tsaki maimakon kauracewa gaba ɗaya an gan shi azaman dabarun da ba za a iya bi ba:

Ina buƙatar dakatar da kallon batsa da kowane abu mai mahimmanci game da wannan lamarin saboda duk lokacin da na kalli kowane nsfw [ba amintacce ba don aiki] abun ciki ana ƙirƙirar hanya a cikin kwakwalwata kuma lokacin da na sami ƙarfafawa kwakwalwa ta tilasta ni kallon batsa ta atomatik. Saboda haka, barin p da m turkey mai sanyi shine hanya daya tilo da za a warke daga wannan shirmen. ” (008, shekaru 18)

Wasu lokuta Rashin Bayyano yana da Alaka

Jigo na biyu yana nuna alama mafi kyawun fasalin abubuwan da mambobin 'sake sakewa' ke fuskanta - yadda wahalar gaske ta samu nasarar aiwatarwa da kiyaye ƙauracewar. A wasu lokuta, ana ganin kamewa yana da matukar wahala har ya zama kamar ba zai yiwu a cimma ba, kamar yadda wani memba ya bayyana:

Na dawo kan Struggle St., bayan tarin dawowar da na samu. Ban tabbatar da yadda za a samu nasarar dainawa ba, wani lokacin ma kamar ba zai yiwu ba. (040, 30s)

Babban dalilai guda uku sun bayyana don ba da gudummawa ga wahalar cimma nasarar kamewa: zirga-zirgar jima'i a lokacin “sake yi,” alamun rashin alamun alamun amfani da batsa, da kuma sake dawowa da aka samu a matsayin wayo da dabara.

Neman Jima'i Yayin "Sake yi"

Yanke shawara mai wahala da membobi zasuyi a farkon tsarin kauracewar shine game da yarda da jima'i a yayin "sake yi": shin yakamata a taba al'aura ba tare da hotunan batsa da / ko kuma samun wata matsala ta hanyar yin jima'i a cikin gajeren lokaci ba? Ga membobi da yawa, babban burin ba shine kawar da ayyukan jima'i kwata-kwata ba, amma don sake tsarawa da koyon sabon “lafiyayyen jima'i” (033, 25 shekaru) ba tare da batsa ba. Wannan yana iya nufin haɗawa da jima'i (misali, "Abin da muke so shine lafiyayyen yanayin jima'i tare da abokin aikinmu, daidai ne? ” [062, shekaru 37]) da / ko al'aura ba tare da batsa ba (misali, "Ina lafiya da tsohuwar al'ada MO. Ina tsammanin yana yiwuwa a gudanar da hakan ta hanyar lafiya ba tare da munanan abubuwan da jarabar batsa ke haifarwa ba" [061, shekaru 31]). Koyaya, abin da ya buƙaci ƙarin la'akari shine ko barin waɗannan halayen a cikin gajeren lokaci zai taimaka ko hana ci gaba tare da kamewa daga batsa. A bangare guda, kyale wadannan ayyukan a matakin farko na kauracewa wasu mambobi sun hango su na iya zama wata barazana ga kauracewa, da farko saboda abin da suka kira shi da sunan “tasirin tasiri.” “Tasirin chaser” yana nufin ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar PMO wanda ke tashi bayan aikin jima'i (Deem, 2014a). Wasu sun ba da rahoton fuskantar wannan tasirin bayan duk al'aura (misali, "Na ga yadda na fi son MO fiye da yadda na ke sha'awar ta da batsa" [050, shekaru 33]) da kuma yin jima'i tare (misali, "Na lura cewa bayan yin jima'i da matar arfafawa sun fi ƙarfi daga baya "[043, shekaru 36]). Ga waɗannan membobin, wannan ya haifar da shawarar dakatar da al'aura na ɗan lokaci da / ko yin jima'i na wani lokaci. A gefe guda, ga sauran membobin, an ba da rahoton ƙauracewa daga yin jima'i don haifar da haɓaka sha'awar jima'i da sha'awar batsa. Sabili da haka, ga waɗannan membobin, samun hanyar jima'i a lokacin "sake yi" bai hana ci gaba ba, amma a zahiri ya taimaka ikonsu na kaurace wa batsa (misali, "Ina gano cewa idan na fitar da ɗaya lokacin da na ji tsananin damuwa, to Ba ni da wataƙila in fara neman uzuri don neman batsa ”[061, 36 years]).

Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa a rikice, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na membobin sun ba da rahoton cewa maimakon fuskantar ƙarar sha'awar jima'i, sun sami raguwar sha'awar jima'i yayin ƙaura, wanda suke kira "layin layi." "Lissafin layi" kalma ce da membobi ke amfani da ita don bayyana raguwa ko asarar libido yayin ƙauracewar (kodayake wasu sun bayyana suna da cikakkiyar ma'ana don wannan kuma sun haɗa da rakiyar ƙarancin yanayi da ma'anar ɓatarwa gaba ɗaya: (misali, " Ina jin kamar na kasance a cikin layi ne a yanzu kamar yadda sha'awar yin kowane irin nau'in jima'i kusan babu shi "[056, 30s]). Rashin samun tabbaci game da lokacin da sha'awar jima'i za ta dawo ya kasance damuwa ga wasu (misali, "Da kyau, idan ba zan iya samun inzali na yau da kullun ba lokacin da na ga dama, menene ma'anar rayuwa?" yayin “layin waya” (misali, “mummunan abu duk da cewa na fara mamakin ko komai yana aiki yadda ya kamata a wando na” [089, 42 years]).

Rashin ofididdigar Lissafi don Amfani da Batsa

Abin da kuma ya sanya kaurace wa batsa musamman ƙalubale ga membobi da yawa shi ne bayyanar rashin iya fahimtar alamun da ke haifar da tunanin batsa da / ko sha'awar amfani da batsa. Na farko, akwai alamun da ke ko'ina don amfani da batsa. Tushen da ya fi haifar da hargitsi daga waje shi ne kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki (misali, “Shafukan sada zumunta, Instagram, Facebook, fina-finai / TV, YouTube, tallace-tallace na kan layi duk na iya haifar da sake dawowa gareni” [050, 33 years]). Rashin tabbas na abubuwan da ke tayar da sha'awa ta hanyar jima'i wanda ke bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin ko abincin mutum na yanar gizo yana nuna cewa bincika yanar gizo na yau da kullun na iya zama haɗari. Ganin mutane masu sha'awar yin jima'i a cikin rayuwa ta yau da kullun ya haifar da wasu mambobi (misali, "Ni ma na bar wurin motsa jiki da zan je a yau saboda akwai hanya da yawa da za a leka can ta hanyar mace a cikin su wando mai wando na yoga" [072, 57 years ]), wanda ke nufin cewa kallon duk wani abu da ke tayar da sha'awa ta hanyar jima'i, walau kan layi ko kuma wajen layi, na iya haifar da hakan. Har ila yau, gaskiyar cewa membobin suna yawan yin amfani da batsa yayin da suke kadai a cikin ɗakin kwanan su yana nufin cewa yanayin da suke ciki yanzu ya riga ya kasance alama ce ta amfani da batsa (misali, “kwanciya a gado lokacin da na farka kuma ba ni da wani abin da zai iya haifar da matsala” [ 021, Shekaru 24]).

Abu na biyu, akwai alamomi da yawa na ciki don amfani da batsa (da farko jihohi marasa tasiri). Saboda membobin sun taɓa yin amfani da batsa ta amfani da su don daidaita tasirin mummunan tasiri, motsin zuciyar da ba ta da kyau ya zama alama ce ta sharaɗi don amfani da batsa. Wasu mambobin sun ba da rahoton cewa sun sami mummunan tasiri yayin ɓarna. Wasu sun fassara waɗannan jihohin marasa tasiri yayin ƙauracewa kasancewa ɓangare na janyewa. Negarancin tasiri ko jihohi na jiki waɗanda aka fassara a matsayin kasancewa (mai yuwuwa) "bayyanar cututtuka" sun haɗa da baƙin ciki, sauyin yanayi, damuwa, "hazowar ƙwaƙwalwa," gajiya, ciwon kai, rashin bacci, rashin nutsuwa, kadaici, takaici, bacin rai, damuwa, da rage himma. Sauran membobin ba su sanya mummunan tasiri ga cirewa ba ta atomatik amma sun lissafa wasu abubuwan da ke iya haifar da mummunan tunanin, kamar abubuwan rayuwa mara kyau (misali, “Na ga kaina cikin damuwa cikin sauƙi cikin waɗannan kwanaki uku da suka gabata kuma ban sani ba idan aiki ne takaici ko janyewa ”[046, 30s]). Wasu mambobin sunyi tunanin cewa saboda suna amfani da batsa a baya don lalata mummunan yanayin, waɗannan motsin zuciyar suna jin daɗi sosai yayin ƙaura (misali, "Wani ɓangare na yana al'ajabi idan waɗannan motsin zuciyar suna da ƙarfi saboda sake yi" [032, shekaru 28]). Hakanan, waɗanda ke cikin shekarun shekarun 18-29 sun fi bayar da rahoton mummunan tasiri yayin ƙauracewa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙungiyoyin shekaru biyu, kuma waɗannan shekarun 40 zuwa sama ba su da wataƙila su bayar da rahoton alamun alamun "janyewa-kamar" yayin ƙauracewa idan aka kwatanta da wasu kungiyoyin shekaru biyu. Ba tare da la'akari da asalin waɗannan mummunan motsin zuciyar ba (watau janyewa, al'amuran rayuwa mara kyau, ko haɓakar yanayin yanayi), ya zama yana da ƙalubale ga membobin su jimre da mummunan tasiri yayin kauracewa ba tare da yin amfani da batsa don neman maganin wannan mummunan ji ba. .

Rashin Amincewa da Tsarin Rushewa

Fiye da rabin samfurin (n = 55) ya ruwaito aƙalla sau ɗaya a yayin ƙoƙarin kamewa. Arin membobi a cikin ƙungiyar shekara ta 18-29 sun ba da rahoton akalla sake dawowa (n = 27) idan aka kwatanta da sauran kungiyoyin shekaru biyu: 30-39 shekaru (n = 16) da shekara 40 zuwa sama (n = 12). Rushewa yawanci yayi kama da tsari mai ɓarna wanda sau da yawa yakan kame membobinshi kuma ya barsu cikin damuwa nan da nan. Ya kasance akwai hanyoyi biyu gaba ɗaya wanda lapses ke faruwa. Na farko shine lokacin da sha'awar yin amfani da batsa ta haifar da dalilai daban-daban. Kodayake sha'awar wani lokacin ana iya sarrafashi, a wasu lokuta sha'awar tana da tsanani sosai har ya zama abin birgewa da rashin iya sarrafawa. Lokacin da sha'awar ta kasance mai tsanani, wasu membobin sun ba da rahoton cewa wani lokacin yakan kasance tare da dabaru masu mahimmancin ra'ayi don sake dawowa, kamar dai "ruɗin ƙwaƙwalwa" ya yaudare su don sake dawowa:

Na kasance da karfi da karfi na neman kallon batsa, kuma na ga kaina na jayayya da kaina a kan waƙar: “wannan na iya zama lokaci na ƙarshe…,” “zo, shin kuna tunanin cewa ɗan ƙaramin leke zai daɗi sosai,” “Yau kawai, kuma daga gobe na sake tsayawa,” “Dole ne in daina wannan ciwo, kuma hanya guda ce kawai yadda za a iya yin hakan”… saboda haka, da rana na sami damar yin aiki kadan, kuma a maimakon haka na yi yaƙi da arfafa ci gaba. (089, shekara 42)

Hanya ta biyu wacce rashin gaskiyar aikin sake komowa ya bayyana shine, koda babu buƙatu mai ƙarfi, laps wani lokacin yakan zama kamar "yana faruwa ne kawai" a kan "autopilot," zuwa wani wuri inda wani lokacin yake ji kamar sake dawowa yana faruwa zuwa gare su (misali, "yana kama da ina cikin motsa jiki ko wani lokaci '. Na tsaya kawai ina kallon kaina daga waje, kamar na mutu, kamar ba ni da iko ko kaɗan" [034, shekaru 22]). Hakanan wasu lokuta ana lura da wannan ta atomatik lokacin da membobin suka sami kansu suna neman abubuwa masu motsa sha'awa ta hanyar layi (misali, bidiyo mai tayar da hankali akan jima'i YouTube) wanda bai dace da fasaha ba a matsayin "hotunan batsa" (wanda membobin suke kira shi da "maye gurbin batsa"). Lilo da waɗannan "maye gurbin batsa" galibi ƙofa ce ta hankali zuwa ɓata lokaci.

Abstinence Yana da Nasara tare da Abubuwan Dama

Duk da kaucewa kasancewa mai wahala, mambobi da yawa sun gano cewa hanawa ana iya cimmawa tare da albarkatun da suka dace. Haɗuwa da albarkatun waje da na ciki sun zama mabuɗin don bawa mambobi damar samun nasarar ci gaba da kiyaye ƙauracewar.

Kayayyakin waje: Taimako na zamantakewar jama'a da shinge don samun damar batsa

Tallafawar zamantakewar jama'a babbar hanya ce ta waje don membobi da yawa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a gare su wajen kiyaye ƙauracewa. Membobin sun bayyana karɓar taimako mai taimako daga tushe daban-daban, gami da dangi, abokan tarayya, abokai, ƙungiyoyin tallafi (misali, rukunin matakai 12), da masu ba da magani. Koyaya, dandalin kan layi ita kanta tushen tallafi ne ga membobin. Karanta wasu mujallu na mujallu (musamman labaran nasara) da karɓar saƙonni na tallafi a cikin mujallar mutum sun kasance tushen tushe na ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafawa ga mambobi (misali, "Ganin wasu mujallu da sauran sakonni suna motsa ni kuma suna sa ni jin kamar ba ni kaɗai ba" [032, shekaru 28]). Wasu membobin sun nemi ƙarin tallafi ta hanyar neman wani memba na majalissar ya zama abokin haɗin gwiwar su, kodayake ga sauran membobin, riƙe mujallar a kan dandalin kawai ya isa ya ji ƙarin ƙarfin halin yin lissafi. Rarraban gaskiya da ba da lissafi wasu membobin sun bayyana su da cewa suna da mahimmanci ga ikon su na ci gaba da motsawa don kasancewa masu kamewa (misali, "Rantsuwar jama'a da alƙawarin jama'a shine ya bambanta a yanzu. Amincewa. Wannan shine asalin da aka rasa a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata" [089, shekaru 42]).

Wata hanyar waje ta yau da kullun da mambobi ke amfani da ita yayin ƙauracewar shine shingen da ke aiki a matsayin cikas ga sauƙin samun damar yin amfani da batsa. Wasu membobin sun ba da rahoton shigar da aikace-aikace a kan na’urorin su waɗanda suka toshe abubuwan batsa. Wadannan aikace-aikacen galibi ana samun su da iyakancewa saboda galibi akwai hanyoyin ketare su, amma suna da amfani don kirkirar wani karin shamaki wanda zai iya shiga tsakani a wani lokaci na yanayin rauni (misali, "Ina so in sake shigar da K9-toshewar yanar gizo. Zan iya kewaye shi, amma har yanzu yana zama tunatarwa" [100, shekaru 40]). Sauran dabarun sun haɗa da amfani da na'urorin lantarki na mutum kawai a cikin ƙananan mawuyacin yanayi (misali, ba sa amfani da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka a cikin ɗakin kwana, kawai amfani da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka a wurin aiki), ko ƙuntata amfani da na'urorin lantarki gaba ɗaya (misali, barin wayoyinsu na ɗan lokaci tare da abokinsu, bayar da wayoyin su don wayar hannu ba ta wayo ba). Gabaɗaya, mambobi suna ganin shingen waje suna da amfani amma basu isa ba don kiyaye ƙauracewa saboda rashin hankali ne don kaucewa samun damar amfani da na'urorin lantarki, kuma saboda ana buƙatar albarkatun ciki suma.

Abubuwan Cikin gida: Arsenal na Dabarun-Halayyar Dabaru

Yawancin membobi sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da albarkatu na ciki daban-daban (watau, fahimi da / ko dabarun ɗabi'a) don taimakawa ƙauracewar su. Dabarun halayyar yau da kullun (misali, motsa jiki, yin bimbini, zamantakewa, shagaltuwa, fita sau da yawa, da samun kyakkyawan yanayin bacci) an haɗa su a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin canjin rayuwa gabaɗaya don rage yawan mawuyacin yanayi da sha'awa. Memberswararru da / ko dabarun halayyar membobi sun tara su a kan yunƙurin hanawa, sau da yawa ta hanyar gwaji-da-kuskure gwaji, don daidaita yanayin motsin rai wanda zai iya haifar da ɓarna (watau, sha'awar lokaci da mummunan tasiri). Hanyar halayya don ka'idojin motsin rai ya ƙunshi tsunduma cikin wani aiki mara cutarwa maimakon bayarwa cikin jaraba ta amfani da batsa. Wasu mambobin sun ba da rahoton cewa yin wanka yana da tasiri musamman wajen yaƙi da buƙatun (misali, "Yau da daddare na ji matuƙar jin tsoro. Don haka na yi wanka mai sanyi sosai da ƙarfe 10 na dare a cikin yanayi mai tsananin sanyi da bunƙasa!" [008, shekara 18]). Oƙarin kawar da tunanin batsa wata dabara ce ta yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da ita, amma wasu membobin sun fahimci a tsawon lokaci cewa tunanin kawar da ita ba shi da amfani (misali, "Ina tsammanin zan bukaci samin dabaru daban da, 'kar kuyi tunanin PMO, kar kuyi tunanin PMO, kar kuyi tunanin PMO.' Wannan ya sa ni hauka kuma ya sa ni tunani game da PMO" [099, shekaru 46]). Sauran dabarun fahimtar juna da mambobi ke amfani da su sun haɗa da fasahohi masu alaƙa da tunani (misali, karɓa da “hawa” sha'awar ko motsin rai) da sake tsara tunaninsu. Rubutawa a cikin mujallolin su yayin da suke fuskantar sha'awar ko kuma nan da nan bayan ɓacewa ya bayyana don samar da wata fa'ida ta musamman ga membobin su shiga motsa magana ta kai tsaye da kuma hana tunani mara taimako.

Rashin kamewa yana da lada idan aka dage da shi

Membobin da suka dage da ƙauracewa galibi sun same shi ya zama abin yabo, duk da matsalolin ta. Jin zafi na kauracewa ya zama abin ƙima saboda ladarsa, kamar yadda memba ɗaya ya bayyana: "Bai kasance tafiya mai sauƙi ba, amma ya cancanci daraja" (061, shekaru 31). Takamaiman fa'idodi da aka bayyana sun haɗa da ƙara ƙarfin ikon sarrafawa, da haɓakawa cikin halayyar mutum, zamantakewar jama'a, da jima'i.

Sake Kulawa

Babban mahimmancin fa'idar ƙaura da wasu membobin suka bayyana sun kasance game da sake dawo da ikon sarrafawa akan amfani da batsa da / ko rayukansu gaba ɗaya. Bayan tsawon lokacin abstinence, waɗannan membobin sun ba da rahoton raguwar jin daɗi, sha'awar, da / ko tilastawa game da amfani da batsa:

Burina na batsa ya ragu kuma yana da sauƙi don yaƙi da buƙata ta. Na ga da wuya na yi tunani game da shi a yanzu. Na yi matukar farin ciki cewa wannan sake yi ya yi tasiri a kaina na so sosai. (061, shekaru 31)

Cigaba da nisanta daga batsa har zuwa wani lokaci an kuma bayar da rahoton haifar da karin ikon kame kai game da amfani da batsa da batsa nisantar tasirin kai (misali, "Da alama na haɓaka kamewa mai kyau don guje wa abubuwan batsa ”[004, shekaru 18]). Wasu mambobin sun ji cewa sakamakon nuna kamewa kan amfani da hotunan batsa, wannan sabon yanayin kamun kai ya fadada zuwa wasu bangarorin rayuwarsu kuma.

Jerin Abubuwan Ilimin halin Ilimin, Ilimin Zamani, da Jima'i

Yawancin membobi sun ba da rahoton fuskantar ɗimbin abubuwan da suka shafi hankali-da / ko tasirin jiki waɗanda suka danganta da ƙauracewa. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na yau da kullun masu alaƙa da haɓakawa a cikin aikin yau da kullun, gami da haɓaka yanayi, ƙaruwar kuzari, bayyananniyar hankali, mayar da hankali, amincewa, himma, da yawan aiki (misali, "Babu batsa, babu tsoma baki kuma ina da karin kuzari, karin haske game da hankali, karin farin ciki, rashin kasala" [024, shekaru 21]). Wasu membobin sun fahimci cewa nisantar hotunan batsa ya haifar da jin ƙarancin motsin rai da kuma ikon jin motsin zuciyar su sosai (misali, "Ina kawai 'jin' a matakin zurfi. tare da aiki, abokai, lokutan baya, akwai raƙuman motsin rai, mai kyau da mara kyau, amma babban abu ne" [019, shekaru 26]). Ga wasu, wannan ya haifar da ingantattun abubuwan gogewa da haɓaka ƙarfi don jin daɗi daga abubuwan yau da kullun na yau da kullun (misali, “Kwakwalwata na iya samun farin ciki sosai game da ƙananan abubuwa da abubuwan da ba tsarkakakken nishaɗi ba… kamar zamantakewa ko rubuta takarda ko yin wasanni" [024, shekaru 21]). Bayanin kula, yawancin mambobi a cikin rukunin shekaru 18-29 sun ba da rahoton sakamako mai tasiri yayin ɓarna (n = 16) idan aka kwatanta da sauran kungiyoyin shekaru biyu, 30-39 (n = 7) da ≥ 40 (n = 2).

Hakanan an bayar da rahoton sakamako mai kyau na ƙauracewa kan alaƙar zamantakewa. Membersarin mambobi ne ya ba da rahoton ƙara yawan zamantakewar jama'a, yayin da wasu ke bayanin ingantaccen dangantaka da haɓaka haɗin kai da wasu (misali, "Ina jin kusancin matata fiye da yadda nake yi a cikin dogon lokaci" [069, 30s]). Wani fa'idar gama gari da aka danganta ga ƙauracewa da ke kan abubuwan da aka inganta game da aikin jima'i. Wasu mambobin sun ba da rahoton karuwar sha'awar yin jima'i, wanda ke wakiltar sauyawa maraba daga kawai sha'awar yin lalata da batsa (misali, "Na kasance mai matukar damuwa amma kyakkyawan abu shine na kasance mai matukar damuwa don sanin jima'i da wani ɗan adam. Ba sha'awar batsa ta haifar da inzali ba" [083, shekaru 45]). Membersara ƙarfin haɓaka jima'i da amsawa daga wasu mambobi. Daga mambobi na 42 da suka ba da rahoton matsalolin wahala a farkon yunƙurin ƙaura, rabi (n = 21) ya ruwaito aƙalla wasu haɓakawa a cikin aiki bayan an kaurace wa na wani lokaci. Wasu mambobin sun ba da rahoton dawo da aikin juzu'i (misali, "Abin kawai game da 60% erection, amma abin da ke da muhimmanci shi ne ya kasance a can" [076, 52 shekaru]), yayin da wasu suka ba da rahoton cikakken dawo da aiki mara kyau (misali , "Na yi jima'i da matata a daren Juma'a da daren jiya, kuma dukansu lokutan 10/10 erections ne wanda ya daɗe sosai" [069, shekaru 30]). Wasu mambobin kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa jima'i ya fi daɗi da gamsarwa fiye da da (misali, "Ina da sau biyu (Asabar da Laraba) mafi kyau jima'i a cikin shekaru huɗu" [062, 37 shekaru]).

Nazarin ingantaccen halin yanzu ya bincika abubuwan da suka faru na ban mamaki game da ƙauracewa tsakanin membobin gidan batsa na batsa "sake kunnawa". Nazarin zane-zane game da kaurace wa mujallu a dandalin ya samar da manyan jigogi guda hudu (tare da kalmomi tara): (1) kamewa ita ce mafita ga matsalolin da suka shafi batsa, (2) wani lokacin kamewa kamar ba zai yuwu ba, (3) kauracewa abu ne mai yiwuwa tare da madaidaitan albarkatu, kuma (4) kamewa yana da lada idan aka dage da shi. Babban mahimmin gudummawar wannan bincike shi ne cewa yana ba da haske kan dalilin da ya sa membobin dandalin "sake fasali" suka shiga cikin "sake sakewa" da farko, kuma abin da kwarewar "sake sakewa" yake kama da mambobi daga ra'ayoyinsu.

Dalili don "Sake sakewa"

Na farko, bincikenmu yana ba da haske kan abin da ke motsa mutane don fara "sakewa" da fari. Barin kallon batsa an kalle shi azaman hanyar warware matsalar su (Jigo 1) saboda an lura cewa amfani da hotunan batsa ya haifar da mummunan sakamako a rayuwarsu. Nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan da ba a san su ba na amfani da batsa sune dalilan da aka ambata sau da yawa don "sakewa": (1) tsinkayen da ake ganin = 73), (2) matsalolin jima'i da aka yi imani da su zama (mai yuwuwa) haifar da hotunan batsa (n = 44), da kuma (3) mummunan sakamako na halayyar mutum da zamantakewar da aka danganta da amfani da batsa (n = 31). Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa waɗannan motsawar ba lallai bane su kasance masu haɗin kai. Misali, mambobi 32 sun ba da rahoton cewa suna da jarabar batsa da matsalar jima'i. A lokaci guda, wannan yana nufin cewa akwai adadin mambobi (n = 17) bayar da rahoton yiwuwar batsa ta haifar da matsalolin jima'i ba tare da bayar da rahoto game da jarabar batsa ba.

Membobin sun yi imanin cewa nisantar yin amfani da batsa ta hanyar amfani da batsa na iya kawar da mummunan tasirin tasirin batsa a cikin kwakwalwa, kuma wannan imanin an gina shi ne bisa tsarin fahimtar ilimin kimiyya, irin su neuroplasticity. Kodayake yin amfani da yaren kimiyyar kimiyya don fahimtar ma'anar gwagwarmayar da ke da alaƙa da batsa ba abu ne na musamman ba, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ƙididdigar ƙwarewar da ta gabata tare da samfurin addini (Burke & Haltom, 2020; Perry, 2019), yana iya kasancewa halayyar musamman ta "sake kunnawa", an ba da al'adun "sake kunnawa" wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga (kuma an tsara shi ta hanyar) yaɗuwar shafukan yanar gizo na yau da kullun game da watsa labarai game da mummunan tasirin tasirin batsa akan kwakwalwa (Taylor , 2019, 2020) musamman ta hanyar manyan mutane masu mutunci da girmamawa ga waɗanda suke cikin al'ummar "sake sakewa" (Hartmann, 2020). Saboda haka, motsawar membobin don yunƙurin “sake yi” a matsayin magani ga PPU kuma wataƙila “sake sakewa” al’adu da ƙa’idojin da suka haɓaka sakamakon tasirin haɗin kai na (musamman manyan) fellowan uwan ​​mambobi da gogewa, da ra'ayoyi, kuma tasirin mashahuran mutane waɗanda suka yi tasiri game da motsin "sake sakewa".

Na bayanin kula, rashin halaye na ɗabi'a (Grubbs & Perry, 2019) ya kasance dalilin da ba'a cika ambata ba na "sakewa" a cikin wannan samfurin (n = 4), wanda ke nuna cewa (gabaɗaya) membobi a kan "sake sakewa" dandalin na iya samun dalilai daban-daban don ƙauracewa amfani da batsa idan aka kwatanta da masu addini waɗanda ke yin hakan da farko don dalilai na ɗabi'a (misali, Diefendorf, 2015). Duk da haka, yiwuwar rashin halaye na ɗabi'a na iya rinjayar yanke shawara don ƙaurace wa yin amfani da batsa ba za a iya hana shi ba tare da bin diddigin bincike a bayyane ya tambayi membobin idan sun ƙi yarda da batsa. Hakanan, binciken da muke yi yanzu yana nuna cewa wasu membobin a dandalin "sake kunnawa" na iya yanke shawarar ƙauracewa al'aura (cf. Imhoff & Zimmer, 2020) da farko don ainihin dalilin taimakawa kansu kamewa daga yin amfani da batsa (saboda sun fahimci cewa taba al'aura yayin "sake yi" yana haifar da sha'awar batsa), kuma ba lallai ba ne saboda imani game da fa'idodi na asali na riƙe maniyyi (misali, "masu ƙarfi" kamar su yarda da kai da jin daɗin jima'i), wanda wasu masu bincike suka lura ya zama asalin akidar NoFap (Hartmann, 2020; Taylor & Jackson, 2018).

Kwarewar "Rebooting"

Na biyu, bincikenmu ya nuna yadda kwarewar “sake kunnawa” take daga ra’ayoyin membobinsu - nasarar cimma nasara da kiyaye kamewa daga batsa yana da matukar wahala (Jigo na 2), amma ana iya samun nasara idan mutum ya sami damar yin amfani da haɗin da ya dace na albarkatu (Jigo na 3). Idan kaurace wa haƙuri tare da shi, yana iya zama mai lada da darajar ƙoƙari (Jigo na 4).

Rashin fahimtar batsa yana da wuyar gaske saboda hulɗar yanayin da yanayin muhalli, da kuma bayyanar da jaraba-kamar abubuwan mamaki (watau, fitowar-kamar bayyanar cututtuka, sha'awar, da asarar iko / sake dawowa) yayin ƙaura (Brand et al ,, 2019; Fernandez et al., 2020). Fiye da rabin mambobi sun yi rubuce rubuce aƙalla sau ɗaya a yayin yunƙurin hana su. Lapses ko dai sakamakon tasirin ɗabi'a ne (misali, samun hotunan batsa akan "autopilot"), ko kuma haɗuwa da tsananin sha'awar da ke damun su da wahalar tsayayya. Abubuwa uku masu mahimmanci sun ba da gudummawa ga yawan ƙarfi da tsananin sha'awar da mambobi ke fuskanta: (1) yawan bayyane na alamun waje don amfani da batsa (musamman alamun gani na jima'i ko alamun yanayi kamar kasancewa ɗaya a cikin ɗakin mutum), (2) alamun ciki don batsa amfani (musamman mummunan tasiri, wanda batsa ta taɓa amfani dashi don maganin kansa kafin "sake yi"), da kuma (3) "tasirin chaser" - ƙira wanda ya kasance sakamakon duk wani aikin jima'i da aka shiga yayin ƙaura. Membersarin membobi a cikin ƙaramin rukuni (18-29 shekaru) sun ba da rahoton fuskantar mummunan tasiri kuma aƙalla sau ɗaya a yayin kauracewa idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙungiyoyin shekaru biyu. Explanationaya daga cikin mahimman bayani game da wannan binciken shi ne saboda libido yana da girma a wannan rukunin idan aka kwatanta da sauran rukunin shekaru biyu (Beutel, Stöbel ‐ Richter, & Brähler, 2008), yana iya zama mafi wahala a guji yin amfani da batsa a matsayin hanyar jima'i. Wani bayani mai yuwuwa shine cewa kauracewa yin amfani da batsa ya zama da wahalarwa ta yadda mutum ya fara kallon hotunan batsa saboda dogaro da halayen da ke bunkasa. Wannan bayanin ya tsawaita tare da binciken kwanan nan cewa shekarun farko da aka fara kallon batsa yana da alaƙa da alaƙar da kai da kai ga batsa (Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019b), kodayake ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance yiwuwar haɗuwa tsakanin shekarun farkon bayyanar hotuna da batsa da PPU.

Mahimmanci, abubuwan mambobin sun nuna cewa kamewa, kodayake yana da wahala, ana samun nasara tare da haɗin haɗin albarkatu na ciki da na waje. Membobin kungiyar gaba daya suna da kwarewa wajen gwaji da dabaru daban-daban na magancewa da albarkatu don hana sake dawowa. Mafi yawan lokuta, membobin sun gina manyan faifai na ingantattun kayan cikin gida (watau, dabarun halayyar hankali) akan lokacin ƙauracewa. Fa'idar wannan tsarin gwajin-da-kuskure shine cewa membobin sun sami damar tsarawa, ta hanyar gwaji-da-kuskure, shirin dawo da aiki wanda yayi masu aiki. Koyaya, wani ɓangaren gwaji-da-kuskure na gwaji shine cewa wani lokacin yakan haifar da aiki da dabarun hana cutar sake dawowa mara tasiri. Misali, yunƙurin danne tunanin batsa wata dabara ce ta cikin gida wacce aka yi amfani da ita don magance tunanin lalata na batsa da sha'awar batsa. An nuna danniyar tunani ya zama tsarin dabarun sarrafa tunani wanda ba shi da wani amfani domin hakan yana haifar da sakamako mai karfi, watau karuwar wadancan tunanin da aka danne (duba Efrati, 2019; Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & Fari, 1987). Gaskiyar cewa wannan wata dabara ce ta yau da kullun ta nuna cewa mutane da yawa waɗanda suke ƙoƙari su kaurace wa batsa, musamman a waje da mahallin kula da ƙwararrun masanan, na iya shiga cikin dabaru marasa amfani kamar su danniya tunani, kuma za su fa'idantu da ilimin ƙwarewa game da yadda za a iya sarrafa buƙatun yadda ya kamata kamewa. Wannan takamaiman misali (da kuma kalubale iri daban-daban da mambobi ke fuskanta yayin "sake sakewa") ya nuna mahimmancin tallafi don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaba, tsaftacewa, da watsawa ta filin don taimakawa mutane tare da PPU ta yadda za su iya sarrafa tasirin batsa. Ayyukan da ke koyar da ƙwarewar hankali, alal misali, sun dace da dacewa don magance yawancin ƙalubalen da membobin suka fuskanta (Van Gordon, Shonin, & Griffiths, 2016). Koyo don yarda da rashin yarda da kwarewar sha'awar sha'awa tare da son sani maimakon danneta zai iya zama hanya mai ma'ana don magance sha'awar (Twohig & Crosby, 2010; Witkiewitz, Bowen, Douglas, & Hsu, 2013). Samun nutsuwa cikin nutsuwa zai iya taimakawa rage halayen matukin jirgi kai tsaye wanda zai haifar da laps (Witkiewitz et al., 2014). Yin aiki tare da yin jima'i (Blycker & Potenza, 2018; Hall, 2019; Van Gordon et al., 2016) na iya ba da damar daidaita yanayin yadda ake yin jima'i ba tare da alamun batsa ba saboda a iya jin daɗin yin jima'i ba tare da dogaro da batsa da abubuwan da suka shafi batsa ba (misali, tsoma baki ba tare da bukatar yin tunanin abubuwan batsa ba).

Dangane da albarkatun waje, aiwatar da shinge don samun damar batsa, kamar aikace-aikacen hanawa, an bayyana shi da ɗan amfani. Koyaya, tallafi na zamantakewar al'umma da lissafin kuɗi sun kasance albarkatun waje waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci ga ikon membobin don ci gaba da ƙauracewa. Wannan binciken yana cikin layi tare da ƙididdigar ƙimar cancantar da ta gabata wacce ta ƙunshi samfuran da yawa (Cavaglion, 2008, Perry, ya 2019; Ševčíková et al., 2018) waɗanda suka nuna mahimmancin rawar taimakon zamantakewar al'umma wajen taimakawa ci gaban ƙauracewar. Taron "sake sakewa" shi kansa ya kasance mafi mahimmancin albarkatu da membobin ke amfani da su wanda ya basu damar nasarar kiyaye ƙauracewar. Gaskiya suna faɗar abubuwan da suka faru a cikin mujallu, karanta sauran mujallu, da karɓar saƙonni masu ƙarfafawa daga wasu membobin sun ba da damar samar da ƙarfin jin daɗin zamantakewar jama'a da lissafin kuɗi duk da rashin hulɗar ido da ido. Wannan yana nuna cewa ingantaccen ma'amala akan dandalin kan layi na iya samar da madaidaicin madaidaicin fa'ida ga ƙungiyoyin tallafi na cikin mutum (misali, ƙungiyoyi masu matakai 12) Rashin sunan da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon kan layi suka bayar na iya zama ma fa'ida saboda yana iya zama da sauƙi ga mutane da ke da matsala ko matsalolin abin kunya su amince da matsalolin su kuma karɓar tallafi ta kan layi sabanin mutum (Putnam & Maheu, 2000). Samun dama na dandalin na yau da kullun ya tabbatar da cewa membobin zasu iya sanyawa a cikin mujallolin su duk lokacin da buƙata ta taso. Abin ban mamaki, halaye (amfani, rashin sani, da kuma iyawa; Cooper, 1998) wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin batsa na membobin da ke amfani da su a farkon shine halaye iri ɗaya waɗanda suka haɓaka darajar maganin taron kuma yanzu suna sauƙaƙe murmurewa daga waɗannan matsalolin sosai (Griffiths, 2005).

Membobin da suka dage tare da kauracewa yawanci sun sami kamera don zama kyakkyawar kwarewa kuma sun ba da rahoton yawancin fa'idodi da aka fahimta wadanda suka danganta da kaurace wa batsa. Abubuwan da aka fahimta kamar hotunan batsa hana amfani da kai (Kraus, Rosenberg, Martino, Nich, & Potenza, 2017) ko karin karfin kame kai gaba daya (Muraven, 2010) wasu mambobin sun bayyana bayan nasarar nasarar abstinence. An kuma inganta ci gaban da aka samu a cikin halayyar mutum da zamantakewar sa (misali, ingantaccen yanayi, karin kwarin gwiwa, inganta dangantaka) da kuma yin jima'i (misali, karin halayyar jima'i da ingantaccen aiki).

Abstinence a matsayin Tsoma baki don Matsalar Batsa

Yawancin labaran da aka ruwaito game da ƙaura daga mambobi suna ba da shawarar cewa ƙauracewa batsa na iya zama amfani mai amfani ga PPU. Koyaya, ko kowane ɗayan waɗannan fa'idodi da aka fahimta ya haifar musamman daga cire batsa ta amfani da kanta ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba tare da karatun bibi ba ta amfani da zane mai tsawo da gwaji. Misali, wasu abubuwan tsoma baki yayin kauracewa kamar yin sauye-sauye masu kyau a rayuwa, karbar tallafi a dandalin, ko neman karin horo kai tsaye gaba daya na iya taimakawa ga tasirin halayyar kirki. Ko kuma, canje-canje a cikin masu canjin yanayi (misali, raguwa a cikin damuwa ko damuwa) da / ko canje-canje a cikin aikin jima'i (misali, raguwa a cikin yawan al'aura) yayin ƙaura na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka aikin jima'i. Gabatarwar karatun da bazuwar gaba wanda ke keɓance sakamakon kamewa daga batsa (Fernandez et al., 2020; Wilson, 2016) musamman ana buƙatar don tabbatar da ko kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙididdiga masu amfani na musamman za a iya sanya su ta hanyar amfani da batsa ta amfani da su musamman, kuma don kawar da yiwuwar bayani na uku na canji game da waɗannan fa'idodi da aka fahimta. Hakanan, ƙirar binciken na yanzu yana ba da izini mafi yawa don lura da abubuwan da aka sani na ƙaura, kuma ƙasa da haka don tasirin mummunan sakamako. Wannan saboda wataƙila samfurin ya fi ƙarfin mambobin da suka sami ƙauracewa da hulɗar dandalin kan layi don zama masu fa'ida, kuma saboda hakan na iya kasancewa mai yiwuwa ya ci gaba da kamewa da ci gaba da aikawa a cikin mujallu. Membobin da suka sami ƙaura da / ko hulɗar dandalin kan layi don ba za su taimaka ba sun iya dakatar da aikawa a cikin mujallolin su maimakon bayyana abubuwan da suka faru da ra'ayoyin su, sabili da haka ƙila za a iya bayyana su cikin binciken mu. Don kamewa (da “sake kunnawa”) don a kimanta su da kyau azaman shiga tsakani don PPU, yana da mahimmanci a fara bincika ko akwai wasu cutarwa ko sakamako masu illa na ƙauracewa azaman makasudin shiga tsakani da / ko kusantar burin ƙauracewa hanya ta wata hanya . Misali, yawan shagaltar da makasudin guje wa batsa (ko wani abu da zai iya haifar da tunani da / ko sha'awar hotunan batsa) na iya haifar da damuwa da yawan kallon batsa (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Moss, Erskine, Albery, Allen, & Georgiou, 2015; Perry, 2019; - Wegner, 1994), ko ƙoƙarin ƙaura ba tare da koyon ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don ma'amala da janyewa ba, sha'awar ko lapses, na iya yin lahani fiye da kyau (Fernandez et al., 2020). Binciken bincike na gaba game da ƙauracewa azaman kusanci ga PPU yakamata yayi lissafin abubuwanda zasu haifar da illa baya ga sakamako mai kyau.

Aƙarshe, gaskiyar cewa kauracewa yin abu mai wuyar gaske ya haifar da wata muhimmiyar tambaya ga masu bincike da likitoci suyi la’akari-shin ƙauracewa batsa koyaushe ya zama dole don magance PPU? Abin lura ne cewa akwai alamun rashin kulawa tsakanin membobi don rage / amfani da hanyar amfani da shi don dawowa daga matsalolin batsa (a maimakon tsarin kamewa) saboda imanin cewa sarrafa sarrafawa ba zai yiwu ba saboda yanayin batsa na batsa —Wanda yake tuno da hanyar 12-mataki na amfani da batsa / tilascin amfani da batsa (Efrati & Gola, 2018). Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin tsoma bakin asibiti don PPU, raƙuman / amfani da makasudin amfani ana ganin su a matsayin madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya ga burin kamewa (misali, Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Wasu masu binciken sun gabatar da damuwa kwanan nan cewa kamewa ba zai iya zama manufa mafi dacewa ba ga wasu mutane tare da PPU, a wani bangare saboda irin wahalar da aikin da za a iya fahimta ya kasance, da kuma gabatar da fifikon manufofi kamar yarda da kai da kuma yarda da batsa amfani da kauracewa (duba Sniewski & Farvid, 2019). Abubuwan da muka gano suna ba da shawara cewa ga mutanen da ke da hanzari don su daina kamewa daga batsa, ƙauracewar, kodayake suna da wahala, na iya samun lada idan aka nace da su. Bugu da ƙari kuma, karɓa da kauracewar ba sa bukatar cin maƙasu ɗaya - mai amfani da batsa zai iya koyon yarda da kansu da halin da suke ciki yayin da yake son ya kame kansa idan rayuwar da ba tare da batsa ta kasance mai daraja ba (Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Koyaya, idan rage / sarrafawa ta amfani da batsa abu ne mai yuwuwa kuma zai iya samar da sakamako mai fa'ida haka zuwa ƙauracewa, to ƙaura bazai zama dole a kowane yanayi ba. Binciken bincike na yau da kullun da ke kwatanta ƙauracewa tare da raguwa / sarrafawa amfani da buƙatun saƙo ana buƙata don bayyana fa'idodi da / ko rashin fa'idar ko wacce hanya ta dawowa daga PPU, kuma a wane yanayi mutum zai iya fifitawa akan ɗayan (misali, kamewa na iya haifar da mafi alheri sakamako don mafi tsanani lokuta na PPU).

Arfin Nazari da ituntatawa

Ofarfin binciken da aka gabatar yanzu ya haɗa da: (1) tattara bayanai mara izini wanda ya kawar da tasiri; (2) nazarin mujallu maimakon asusun ajiyar hankali wanda ya rage ambaton son zuciya; da (3) ƙididdigar haɗakarwa ciki har da yawancin rukunin shekaru, tsauraran ƙoƙari na ƙaurace wa hanu, da manufofin ƙaura waɗanda suka ba da izinin tsara taswira daga abubuwan gama gari na ƙwarewar ƙauracewa a cikin waɗannan masu canji. Koyaya, binciken kuma yana da ƙarancin garantin yarda. Na farko, tattara bayanai mara izini ya nuna cewa baza mu iya yiwa membobinmu tambayoyi game da abubuwan da suka samu ba; sabili da haka, nazarin namu ya iyakance ne kawai ga abubuwan da membobin suka zaɓa su rubuta game da su a cikin mujallu. Na biyu, kimantawa na mutum game da bayyanar cututtuka ba tare da amfani da daidaitattun matakan iyakance amincin rahoton kai na membobin ba. Misali, bincike ya nuna amsoshin tambayar "Shin kuna ganin kuna da matsalar rashin karfin kafa?" Kullum kada kuyi daidai da Fassarar Internationalasashen Duniya na Ayyukan Erectile (IIEF-5; Rosen, Cappelleri, Smith, Lipsky, & Pena, 1999) maki (Wu et al., 2007).

Kammalawa

Binciken na yanzu yana ba da haske game da abubuwan da suka faru na ban mamaki na masu amfani da batsa wani ɓangare na motsi na "sake kunnawa" waɗanda ke ƙoƙari su kaurace wa batsa saboda matsalolin da suka shafi batsa. Sakamakon binciken na yanzu yana da amfani ga masu bincike da likitoci don samun zurfin fahimta game da (1) takamaiman matsalolin da ke haifar da yawan masu amfani da batsa don ƙaurace wa batsa, wanda zai iya ba da sanarwar ƙwarewar asibiti na PPU, kuma (2) menene kwarewar "sake sakewa" kamar, wanda zai iya jagorantar ci gaban tasiri mai tasiri ga PPU da sanar da fahimtar ƙauracewa azaman sa baki ga PPU. Koyaya, duk wani ƙarshe daga binciken mu yakamata a zana shi da taka tsantsan saboda iyakokin da ke tattare da shi a cikin tsarin binciken (watau, ƙwarewar kimantawa na tushe na biyu). Karatuttukan bin diddigi wadanda ke daukar 'yan kungiyar "sake sakewa" da yin amfani da tsarin bincike / tambayoyin tambayoyi ana bukatar su don tabbatar da binciken wannan bincike da kuma amsa karin takamaiman tambayoyin bincike game da kwarewar kauracewa batsa a matsayin hanyar dawowa daga PPU.

1. 1.

   Ana san sanannun dandalin da ke da “prefix“ r / ”a matsayin" ƙididdigar kuɗi, "al'ummomin kan layi a kan gidan yanar gizon kafofin watsa labarun Reddit waɗanda aka keɓe don takamaiman batun.

2. 2.

   Kodayake akwai keɓaɓɓen sashe a kan dandalin tattaunawar don mambobin majalissar mata, yawancin majallar sun kasance daga membobin majalissar maza. Wannan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin maza da mata suna nuna madubin binciken da ya gabata wanda ya nuna cewa maza suna bayar da rahoton yawan batsa masu amfani da yawa (misali, Hald, 2006; Kvalem et al., 2014; Regnerus et al., 2016), PPU (misali, Grubbs et al., 2019a; Kor et al., 2014), da kuma neman magani don PPU (Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017) idan aka kwatanta da mata. Bai wa rahoton binciken da ya gabata sanannen bambancin jinsi a cikin masu hangen nesa na neman magani ga PPU (misali, yawan amfani da hotunan batsa da addini sun kasance masu hangen nesa game da neman magani ga mata, amma ba ga maza ba-Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Lewczuk da al., 2017), Hakanan yana iya zama muhimmin bambance-bambance a cikin motsawar kamewa da gogewa tsakanin maza da mata kan tarurrukan "sake kunnawa".

3. 3.

   Mun zabi batun yanke hukunci na tsawon watanni 12 saboda ana iya sa ran cewa mafi tasirin tasirin "sake kunnawa" zai zama abin lura a cikin shekarar farko ta yunkurin kauracewa. Mujallolin da ke bayanin ƙoƙarin ƙaurace wa dogon lokaci (> watanni 12), saboda tsawon lokaci da cikakkun bayanai, za su buƙaci bincike na daban don nazarin ƙaramin adadin mujallu, da kyau tare da tsarin wayo don nazarin bayanai.

4. 4.

   Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa saboda membobin ba su amsa tambayoyin da aka tsara ba, ba zai yiwu a tantance ko sauran samfurin da aka raba (ko ba su raba ba) ƙwarewar ɗaya idan ba su ba da rahoton ba. Sakamakon haka, inda aka ba da rahoton ƙididdiga ko sharuɗɗan da ke nuna mita, an fi fahimtar su azaman mafi ƙarancin mambobi a cikin samfurin da suka ba da rahoton ƙwarewa, amma ainihin adadin mutanen da ke da kwarewar na iya zama mafi girma.

Ƙulla dangantaka

1. Sashen Ilimin halin dan adam, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK

   David P. Fernandez, Daria J. Kuss & Mark D. Griffiths

Adalci ga David P. Fernandez.

Rikici na sha'awa

Mawallafa sun furta cewa basu da rikici.

ƙididdigewa yarda

Yayin da wannan binciken ya yi amfani da bayanan da ba a sani ba, bayanan da aka samu a fili, an ga ya keɓe daga izinin da aka ba da sanarwar ta kwamitin ɗabi'ar bincike na Jami'ar Nottingham Trent.

Tabbatar da Haɓaka

Duk hanyoyin da aka gabatar a cikin karatun da suka shafi mahalarta ɗan adam sun kasance daidai da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a na kwamitin bincike na hukuma da / ko na ƙasa da kuma sanarwar 1964 na Helsinki da gyare-gyarenta daga baya ko ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a.

Editan Edita

Halittar Halitta ya kasance tsaka tsaki game da ƙididdigar shari'a a taswirar da aka buga da kuma ƙungiyoyi.

Dubi Table 4.

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