Jeremy Prichard ne adam wata | Oktoba 28, 2019 |
Labarin batsa na yara yana fashewa a intanet. Yana fuskantar wahalar 'yan sanda da fasahar zamani. Amma gano mafita yana buƙatar mu fahimci dalilin da yasa mutane suke samun wannan nau'in kayan mugunta da fari. MercatorNet ta tattauna da masanin ilimin game da batun, Dokta Jeremy Prichard.
********
Da alama batsa na yara yana fashewa, abar intanet ta karu.
Jeremy Prichard ne adam wata: Pointaramin ma'ana akan magana. Yawancin hukumomi sun fice daga amfani da kalmar "yaro batsa ” saboda yuwuwar iya al'ada abun ciki ta hanyar ɗaukar shi azaman wani nau'in nishaɗin lalata. “Abubuwan amfani da yara” (CEM) da makamantansu an fi son su. Zan dawo kan wannan batun a kasa.
Daga mahangar masu aikata laifi, me ke faruwa? Shin adadin hotunan yana ƙaruwa, ko adadin masu samarwa, ko adadin masu amfani - ko duka su?
Ba mu da madaidaitan matakan awo, amma a sarari yake cewa akwai masu amfani da yawa. Misali, a cikin 1980 an kiyasta cewa mafi kyawun mujallar CEM ta sayar da kwafin 800 a Amurka. Ta hanyar 2000 an gano kamfanin CEM na intanet guda ɗaya yana da abokan ciniki da suka yi rijista fiye da 250,000. Kuma kamar yadda kwanan nan Jaridar New York Times ya nuna, kasuwar CEM ta ci gaba da hauhawa.
Ee, tabbas ƙarin hotuna ma, kamar yadda aka tattauna yanki na NYT. Producearin masu samarwa? Wataƙila. Wannan kuwa saboda wasu masu kera sun shigo kasuwa ne saboda ribar da suke samu, ba saboda bukatun son rai ba. Tabbas akwai kuɗin da za a yi a CEM akan sikelin wanda kawai bai wanzu shekarun da suka gabata ba. Estananan kimanta shine dala biliyan 4 biliyan a shekara.
Yawancin mutane sun yi imanin cewa sha'awar paedophilic halittar asali ce - ko dai kwayoyin halitta ce ko ta asali. Menene yarjejeniya tsakanin masana?
Ana ci gaba da yin bincike da yawa game da laifin masu laifi na yara da kuma ilimin ta'addanci. Wannan yanki ne mai cakuda.
Amma ban san wani tabbaci ba cewa pedophilia yana da asali. Kalmar pedophilia tana da matsala saboda, sabanin abin da jama'a ke ɗauka, manyan ɓangarorin maza waɗanda ke lalata yara ƙanana ba su cika ka'idodi don ganewar cutar ba. Idan mutane suka sami wannan da wuya a yi imani, yi tunanin fyaɗe da yara waɗanda sojoji suka aikata a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na yaƙi. Shin wadannan sojojin ba zato ba tsammani suka tara yawancin 'yan ta'adda?
Cibiyoyin bincike ku game da yadda mutane suke "kamu" akan batsa na yara? Me kuka koya?
An gano manyan alamomin uku na masu laifi a wannan filin: waɗanda kawai ke cutar da yara; wadanda kawai suke kallon CEM ('masu kallo); da waɗanda ke yin halayen guda biyu ('masu laifi biyu').
Masu kallo suna da bakon bayanin martaba daga mahangar masu aikata laifuka saboda suna da yawa. Ban da kasancewarsa namiji kuma a ƙarƙashin shekarun 40, sun bayyana sun fito ne daga kowane yanki na rayuwa a cikin tarihin tarihin aikata laifuka (da yawa suna da tsabtattun bayanan laifuka), aiki, ilimi, matsayin aure, asalin iyali da sauransu.
Richard Wortley, Shugaban Cibiyar rigakafin aikata laifi, Jill Dando Cibiyar Kwalejin Kwaleji ta London, ya bayyana cewa "kyawawan halayen" masu kallo shine "ladabirsu". Wadannan masu laifin sun bayyana sun dace da bayanan “masu laifin na saurin daukar lokaci”.
Sun fara kallon ba saboda sha'awar jima'i da suka gabata ba amma saboda an gabatar dasu akai-akai tare da wata dama mai sauƙi ta aikata laifi akan layi; sun fahimci wannan yana da haɗari da ƙananan haɗarin ganowa; sun kasance suna sha'awar wani nau'i na sakamakon jima'i; kuma wataƙila sun tsunduma cikin wani irin murdiya a lokacin yanke hukunci, kamar "hoto ne kawai ... menene bambanci idan na dube shi?"
Ta yaya masu kallo suka fara, ɗauki wancan matakin na farko? Ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki a nan saboda wannan yanki na laifi sabo ne sababbi. Amma malamai suna tunanin wasu cewa da farko kallo yana buƙatar ƙetaren mahimmancin ƙima na tunani. Ga wasu binciken sun nuna kallon farko an yi shi ne “saboda son sani” kuma ba tare da zurfin tunani ba.
Ko yaya yanayin yake, da alama alama fara (kallon farko) da alama zai iya faruwa ne yayin da masu amfani da yanar gizo suka shiga halin da jima'i suke so, misali daga kallon batsa ta doka. Wasu masu sharhi sun ba da shawarar cewa wasu masu kallo na iya farawa saboda sun gaji da nau'ikan batsa ta doka. Lokacin da damar da za a duba CEM ta bayyana, ainihin gaskiyar cewa doka ce kuma karkatacciyar hanya na iya ba da farin ciki da suka rasa.
Amma yaya game da zama 'ruɗe', kamar yadda kuka sa shi? Idan mutane suka ci gaba da kallon CEM to tabbas sha'awar kayan za ta iya zurfafa saboda haɗuwa da keɓaɓɓe ta hanyar lalata da farji.
Har ila yau, zan yi nuni da cewa ma'anar CEM (wanda ya bambanta sosai a cikin ƙasa) na iya haɗawa da dukkan zamanai har zuwa shekaru 17. Wannan yana nuna cewa abu maiyuwa ne masu kallo za su iya yana farawa tare da kayan kayan misali eg 15-shekara kuma sannu a hankali suna aiki ta hanyarsu zuwa shekaru.
Asalinsu, akwai wata babbar doka ta doka a cikin "saurayi" hotunan batsa. Rahoton shekara-shekara na Pornhub na 2018 ya nuna cewa a cikin 2018 suna da ziyarar biliyan biliyan 33.5, miliyan 92 kowace rana. A duniya “12th mafi shahararren lokacin bincike ya kasance" saurayi ". Bincike kan abin da aka nuna a zahiri na "batsa" na batsa yana nuna cewa mafi yawansu yana da jigogin '' matasa ', misali inda' yan wasan kwaikwayo manya ne amma ana amfani da kayayyaki da sauransu.
Koyaya, wani binciken ya nuna wasu batsa na "saurayi" na doka suna tafiya sosai don lalata lalata yara. Nazarin da Peters et al. (2014) ya nuna cewa dabarun da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da:
- 'yan wasan kwaikwayo tare da kananan physicalan wasa na jiki
- sutura (misali kayan makaranta, pajamas);
- hali irin na yara (misali giggling, kunya, kuka);
- abubuwan gani (kamar bayyanar jinin farji, abin wasa);
- jigogi (misali uba-uba, masu-kulawa, malamai);
- nassoshi game da karancin jima'i (misali “sabo”, “mara laifi”, “budurwa”); da
- sarrafawa daga ma'aurata maza.
Don haka abin da kuke faɗi shine cewa kowa zai iya samun dabi'ar kallon da tattara hotunan batsa na yara.
Kowa? Wannan babbar kira ce. Muna buƙatar zama gilashi-rabi cike kuma ku lura cewa yawancin maza basa kallon CEM.
Amma mun sani cewa mahalli na iya zama na laifi - suna iya haɓaka damar yanke hukunci game da aikata laifuka ko da ta masu bin doka da oda ne. Mun san cewa ana iya aikata laifi yayin da akwai lada da aka haɗa da halayyar, inda akwai tsinkaye mai ƙarancin ganowa, inda aikata saurin ya kasance mai sauƙi, kuma lokacin da mutane zasu iya yin rikice-rikice na hankali waɗanda ke ba da izinin aikata laifin. . Ana ɗaukar wannan bayanan ne ta hanyar kowane nau'in aikata laifuka daban-daban ... fatarar haraji, kuɓutar da jirgi a kan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da dai sauransu.
Yanar gizo ta tanadi ingantacciyar guguwa ga “talakawa” suyi wani laifi a da ba zasu taɓa tunanin su ba. Intanet yana sauƙaƙe duk abubuwan da ke haifar da aikata laifuka
Wannan tunani ne mai kyau. Don haka mai shan sigarin batsa na yara zai iya zama kowa - ma'aikacin banki ko kanikanci ko ɗan jarida ko direban bas - duk wanda ya bar sha'awar sa ta fi shi nasara? Menene shawararku daga hangen nesan jama'a? Ta yaya gwamnatoci za su magance matsalar lalata yara?
Manufofin jama'a suna buƙatar zama mafi haɓaka yayin amsawa ga kasuwar CEM. (Abin farin ciki shine wanda ke faruwa a Ostiraliya.) Muna buƙatar kayan aiki masu yawa da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa a ciki da waje tsarin shari'ar masu laifi.
Assoc. Farfesa Jeremy Prichard ne adam wata is masaniyar masu aikata laifuka a Jami'ar Tasmania
;