Abubuwa na kwakwalwa na matasa da kuma ƙwarewa ta musamman ga kayan aiki na jima'i (2019)

Haɗa zuwa m - J Adolesc. 2019 Feb 9; 72: 10-13. doi: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2019.01.006.

Kawa JA1, Wisco JJ2.

Abstract

GABATARWA: Babban abin da aka takaita na wannan taƙaitaccen rubutun wallafe-wallafen shine bincika ko akwai wata alaƙa tsakanin alamarin ilimin halin rai da ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa na ƙuruciya da haɓaka haɓaka kayan lalata.

DALILAI: An bincika tushen bayanan bincike na EBSCO ta amfani da kalmomin mabuɗan masu zuwa: balaga, haɓakar kwakwalwa, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, kayan bayyane, jima'i, da batsa.

TATTAUNAWA: Littattafan sun yi bayanin wasu bangarori na kwakwalwar yarinyar da ta bambanta da kwakwalwa mai girma. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: baƙi prefrontal bazuwar tsufa da ƙwayar cuta mai ɗaukar hankali da da'irori, lokacin haɓaka don ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayar dopamine mai ƙarfi, ƙirar HPA mai ƙarfi, matakan girma na testosterone, da kuma tasirin musamman na kwayoyin steroid. Amsar kimiyyar lissafi a bayyane kayan jima'i. Theaƙƙarfan wurare masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwar samari na musamman da kayan jima'i abin lura ne. Takaitaccen tsarin tsarin aiki wanda yayi kwatancen martanin saurayi da saurayi zuwa ga abinda ya dace da jima'i a bayyane.

TATTAUNAWA: Littattafan bayanai sun nuna cewa kwakwalwar saurayi na iya zama mai hankali ga abin da ya kunsa na jima'i, amma saboda karancin nazarin ilimin kimiyya wannan tambayar ba za a iya amsa ta haƙiƙa ba. Shawarwari don bincike na gaba ana ba da damar ci gaba da aikin a wannan fagen na yau.

KEYWORDS: Budurwa; Ci gaban kwakwalwa na matasa; Neuroplasticity; Labarin Batsa; Hadin gwiwa; Jima'i bayyananne kayan

PMID: 30754014

DOI: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2019.01.006

Misalai na musamman na kwakwalwar yarinta

Mayar da hankali game da wannan taƙaitaccen nazarin wallafe-wallafen shi ne bincika ko akwai dangantaka tsakanin halaye na musamman na tsarin ilimin lissafi da na ilimin halittar kwakwalwa na ƙuruciya da haɓaka ƙwarewa ga abubuwan bayyane na jima'i. An bincika bayanan bayanan bincike na EBSCO ta amfani da mahimman mahimman kalmomin nan: samartaka, ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar ƙuruciya, ƙarancin jijiyoyin jiki, bayyanannen abu na jima'i, yin jima'i, batsa. Samartaka shine lokacin tsakanin yarinta da girma wanda canje-canje a cikin jiki, halayyar mutum, da zamantakewar su suka ƙunsa (Ernst, Pine, & Hardin, 2006).

Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwakwalwar yara sun hada da masu zuwa: 1) Girman farko wanda bai balaga ba kuma mai saurin wuce gona da iri (Dumontheil, 2016; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011; Van Leijenhorst et al. , 2010; Vigil et al., 2011); 2) Wani lokaci mai tsawo don neuroplasticity (McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Schulz & Sisk, 2006; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011); 3) Tsarin dopamine mai aiki (Andersen, Rutstein, Benzo, Hostetter, & Teicher, 1997; Ernst et al., 2005; Luciana, Wahlstrom, & White, 2010; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Wahlstrom, White, & Luciana, 2010) ; 4) Harshen HPA da aka ambata (Dahl & Gunnar, 2009; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Romeo, Lee, Chhua, McPherson, & McEwan, 2004; Walker, Sabuwalla, & Huot, 2004); 5) Matakan girma na testosterone (Dorn et al., 2003; Vogel, 2008; Mayo Clinic / Mayo Medical Laboratories, 2017); da kuma 6) Tasiri na musamman na hormones na steroid (cortisol da testosterone) akan ci gaban kwakwalwa yayin taga taga lokacin samartaka (Brown & Spencer, 2013; Peper, Hulshoff Pol, Crone, Van Honk, 2011; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011).

Blakemore da abokan aiki sun jagoranci filin a cikin ci gaban kwakwalwar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun yara kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa an yi la'akari da shekarun matasa kamar wani lokaci mai mahimmanci saboda ƙaddamarwar kwakwalwa da ke faruwa (Blakemore, 2012). Hanyoyin kwakwalwa da ke shafar mafi yawan canji a lokacin samartaka sun hada da kulawa na gida, daɗaɗɗa da tsarawa (Blakemore, 2012).

Blakemore da Robbins (2012) sun danganta yarinta zuwa yanke shawara mai haɗari kuma sun danganta wannan halayyar zuwa rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin jinkirin, layin ci gaba mai tasiri da hanawar amsawa yayin samartaka sabanin ci gaban da ba na tsarin sakamako ba, wanda galibi yana da martani ga lada cikin samartaka.

Abubuwan da ke cikin jima'i

Abubuwan da aka bayyana ta hanyar jima'i suna kunna amygdala na tsarin limbic (Ferretti et al., 2005; Karama et al., 2002; Redoute et al., 2000; Walter et al., 2008). Kunna amygdala a hankali yana gabatar da masu zuwa: 1) hypothalamus yana kunna jijiyoyi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa da igiyar kashin baya suna farawa da juyayin juyayi na tsarin juyayi mai cin gashin kansa wanda ke haifar da sakin tsari na epinephrine da norepinephrine; 2) hypothalamus yana ƙarfafa ƙwayar pituitary, yana haifar da sakin cortisol ta hanyar hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal (HPA), da sakin testosterone ta hanyar hypothalamic – pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (Viau, 2002); 3) ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyi suna aiki ta hanyar dopamine. Don cikakken nazarin amygdala da ciki da kuma tsarin yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan somatic duba Mirolli, Mannella, da Baldassarre (2010). Ayyukan cortex na prefrontal cortex yana raguwa, kuma aikin basal ganglia yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙaddamar da neurotransmitters (Arnsten, 2009; Hanson et al., 2012; Radley, 2005).

Dukansu mahimmancin amfani da shafukan yanar gizo na batsa suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da zamantakewar al'umma tsakanin samari na Girka (Tsitsika et al., 2009). Yin amfani da batsa ya ba da gudummawa don jinkirta ragi, ko halin mutum don rage sakamako na gaba don samun lada nan take (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Negash da abokan aiki sun yi amfani da samfurin da ke da kimanin shekaru 19 da 20, wanda marubucin ya ba da alama har yanzu ana ɗaukan samari da ɗabi'a. Sun sake maimaita cewa samfuransu ba su bayar da rahoton cewa masu amfani da jaraba ko masu tilastawa ba ne, amma har yanzu ana nuna canje-canje a cikin matakan yanke shawara.

Amfani da batsa yana da alaƙa da motsawa da ƙarancin ladabi na tsarin sakamako na mesolimbic dopaminergic (Hilton, 2013). Binciken MRI ya samo babbar ƙungiya mara kyau tsakanin rahoton hotunan batsa a kowane mako da ƙarar ƙararrawa a cikin madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya da haɗin aiki tare da kututture na farko (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014). Batsa na iya zama sanadin wannan matsalar ta nakasassu, amma ba za a iya cire sharadin da ke ba da damar yin amfani da batsa ta hanyar ba da lada ba.

Takaita tsarin aiki

Muna ba da shawara na taƙaitaccen aiki, la'akari da abubuwan da ke tattare da kwakwalwa na matasa da kuma halaye na abubuwan da ke tattare da jima'i. Cigaban wuraren da ke da alaƙa da kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa da kuma abubuwan da ba a jima'i ba ne abin lura.

Bayan an nuna shi ga abin da ke bayyane na jima'i, motsawar amygdala da HPA axis za a haɓaka a cikin saurayi, idan aka kwatanta da baligi. Wannan zai haifar da taƙaitaccen takunkumi na kwastomomi na gaba da haɓaka haɓakar basal ganglia a cikin matashi. Saboda haka, wannan yanayin, zai daidaita aikin zartarwa, wanda ya haɗa da hanawa da kamun kai, kuma yana haɓaka impulsivity. Saboda kwakwalwar saurayi har yanzu tana ci gaba, ya fi dacewa da yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar jiki. Gwanin farko yana zuwa “kashe-layi,” don a iya magana, yana tafiyar da dabarun sake sakewa wanda yake son ci gaban subcortical. Idan rashin daidaituwa na rashin daidaituwa ya ci gaba a kan lokaci, wannan na iya haifar da raunin daɗaɗɗen keɓaɓɓiyar hanya don neman madaidaiciyar kewaya, wanda zai iya sa matashi ya ci gaba da gamsuwa da son rai. Yarinyar da ke kara girma, ko kuma cibiyar jin daɗin kwakwalwa, za su sami karin kuzari idan aka kwatanta da baligi. Levelsara yawan matakan dopamine zai fassara cikin haɓakar motsin rai da ke haɗuwa da dopamine, kamar jin daɗi da sha'awa (Berridge, 2006; Volkow, 2006).

Saboda yawan balaga na testosterone, shima matakin nasa zai kara idan aka kwatanta shi da baligi. Wannan haɓaka a cikin testosterone na iya haifar da halayen zalunci (Banks & Dabbs, 1996; Goetz et al., 2014; Nelson, Leibenluft, McClure, & Pine, 2005; Schulz & Sisk, 2006) da kuma tsammanin jima'i (Amstislavskaya & Popova, 2004; Bonilla – Jaime, Vazquez-Palacios, Arteaga-Silva, & Retana-Marquez, 2006; Exton et al., 1999; Redoute et al., 2000; Stoleru et al., 1999;).

Saboda taga tsarin ci gaba a lokacin samartaka, cortisol da testosterone zasu sami tasiri na musamman akan kungiyar kwakwalwa ko kuma damar da take tattare da wasu layukan jijiyoyi. Ba za a sami wannan tasirin a cikin baligi ba saboda wannan takamaiman taga ƙungiyar ta rufe. Bayyanar da kai tsaye ga cortisol yana da damar, yayin lokacin ƙungiyar samartaka, don fitar da ƙarancin nakasa wanda ke haifar da aiki mai lahani da ƙarfin juriya har ma ta hanyar girma (McEwen, 2004; Tsoory & Richter-Levin, 2006; Tsoory, 2008; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; 2010). Ofarfin ƙarfin amygdala bayan balaga, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, ya dogara da girman tasirin tasirin testosterone a yayin taga mai tasowa mai mahimmanci (De Lorme, Schulz, Salas-Ramirez, & Sisk, 2012; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013; Neufang et al., 2009; Sarkey, Azcoitia, Garcia- Segura, Garcia-Ovejero, & DonCarlos, 2008). Amygdala mai ƙarfi yana da alaƙa da haɓakar ƙawancin halayyar ɗabi'a da daidaita tsarin kai tsaye (Amaral, 2003; Lorberbaum et al., 2004; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013).

Tattaunawa da shugabanci na gaba

Wannan takarda tayi ƙoƙarin fara tattaunawar ilimi: Shin ƙwararrun matasa zasu iya samun cikakkiyar kulawa ga kayan bayyane saboda ƙirar ilimin halittar mutum da ilimin halittar mutum na kwakwalwa? Rubuce-rubucen na halin yanzu sun nuna cewa kwakwalwar yarinyar na iya zama mai hankali ga kayan bayyane na jima'i, amma saboda ƙarancin nazarin kimiyya wannan tambayar ba za a iya amsa ta tabbatacce ba. Kalubalen yin aiki ta hanyar la’akari da nahawu na karatuttukan ma wani muhimmin abu ne, kodayake za a iya fahimta, yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban kimiyya a wannan fannin.

A matsayin farawa, muna ba da shawarar gudanar da nazarin yawan jama'a ta amfani da binciken ƙididdigar kai wanda ke bincika halayyar halayya kafin farawar farko ga kayan bayyanar jima'i, da kuma bayan matakan digiri daban daban. Hakanan za'a iya baiwa iyayen don gudanar da bincike don gano ko dangantakar iyaye da yara muhimmin abu ne ga lafiyar kansa na yara (da kuma karatun ilimi).

Wata hanyar bincike da za a yi la’akari da ita ita ce rawar da fasaha ta zama ƙofa don matasa su fallasa abubuwan bayyane. Tunda za a iya bin sahun amfani da kafofin watsa labarun na zahiri kuma idan aka kwatanta da amfani da aka sani, binciken da ya nemi mahalarta su gwada kansu da amfani da fasaharsu da kuma fallasa abubuwan da ke bayyane ta hanyar jima'i zai zama ingantaccen nazari kai tsaye don gudanarwa.

Daga qarshe, babbar gudummawa ga wannan fanni na iya zama dogon nazari wanda zai qunshi bin wani rukuni na yara ta hanyar balaga da shiga girma tare da tattara bayanan tarihin likitanci da kuma samo asali, ilmin halayyar dan Adam, da kuma bayanan tunanin dan Adam daga tsarin da aka tsara a kai a kai da kuma MRI mai aiki, da / ko hoton PET.

Yin kirkirar hankali, nazarin dabi'un don yin bincike game da tasirin bayyanar kayan jima'i a kwakwalwar matashi muhimmin mataki ne na fahimtar bambance-bambancen balagaggu na kayan jima'i.

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