Me yasa nau'in tamarin da ke tsakanin juna da nau'ikan ya bambanta da hawaye?
Hanyar da ba ta da hankali don kasancewa cikin soyayya ya nuna cewa mutane abubuwan ban mamaki ne guda biyu, tare da kebantaccen ikon ƙarfafa alaƙar soyayya a lokacin da take so. Muna yin hakan ne ta hanyar yin amfani da keɓaɓɓun sigina na ƙwaƙwalwa, ko kuma “halayyar haɗin kai”
Wadannan dabi'un (a zahiri, alamomin da aka makala) sun hada da saduwa da fata zuwa fata, sumbatar sha'awa, motsa jiki a hankali, sautuka mara dadi na gamsuwa da annashuwa, runguma ko cokali mara sauti, murmushi tare da hada ido, shayar kirji, rike azzakari, kawancen wasa, annashuwa ma'amala, da sauransu. Amfani dasu kowace rana, suna ƙara haɓaka gamsuwa saboda ba sa barin yakety-yak na kwakwalwarmu kuma suna zama ginshiƙan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwarmu. Sabanin haka, magana ba ta da arha. Ba wannan kadai ba, ana tace shi ta cibiyoyin nazari na kwakwalwa inda muke kokarin kara kowane irin juyawa ga abinda muke ji. Wata mace da ta yi gwaji game da halayen haɗin kai na yau da kullun ta ce:
Wadannan dadi masu dumi suna narkewa (wanda zai baka damar tafiya mmmm, ahhh, da ohhhh) wadanda ada zasu dauki lokaci dan kunna (ta hanyar sumbatar juna, shafawa, jima'i), yanzu suna nan suna jira, kuma basa bukatar wani lokaci a duk a sake farka. Kirji na, kunnena da wuyan hannu na yanzu sun zama kamar maɓallan 'kashewa'.
Kamar kowane dabbobi, mutane suna da fifiko don hango alamun da ke nuna ko wani ba shi da isasshen aminci don shakatawa tare da shi. Idan waɗannan sigina na aminci ba su zuwa, wata dabara ta kariya tana haifar da tausayawa. Wannan na iya faruwa koda kuwa akwai abubuwa da yawa a baya. Halin haɗin kai yana isar da saƙo zuwa aminci ta hanyar hutawa tsarin kariya na kwakwalwa (musamman amygdala), amma suna buƙatar faruwa akai-akai.
Aya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa waɗannan ayyukan soyayya ke ƙara sha'awar haɗuwa da abokiyar aure ita ce, suna haifar da kwararar iskar oxytocin (“hormone mai cuddle”). Oxytocin lowers tashin hankali, ƙara ƙarfafawa, da rikice-rikice ciki. A takaice, mu ji da kyau hulɗa da wannan mutumin; yana da lada a matakin neurochemical, ko kuma tunanin-kai, matakin. Ba abin mamaki bane, a farkon wannan shekarar masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa waɗanda ke cikin haɗin kai suna haɓaka Ƙananan matsaloli masu dangantaka da cortisol. Mutane macizai kuma rayuwa tsawon lokaci, kuma suna da ƙananan ƙananan damuwa na zuciya. Akwai ma babbar shaidar da ke nuna cewa maye gurbi (ko halayyar samar da iska) na iya zama mai tasiri kariya daga jaraba a cikin 'yan biyun. (Alas, abokan hulɗa biyu na iya zama ƙari yiwuwa ga buri fiye da sauran mambobi, saboda ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa wanda zai sa haɗin kai zai yiwu.) A gare mu, haɗin gwiwa yana da magani mai kyau.
Binciken kwanan nan akan tamarin birai ya tabbatar da iko da sauƙin halayyar wannan nau'in don saki ƙarancin iska da kuma kiyaye ƙaunar-soyayya da rai. Tamarins, kamar mutane, suna da haɗin kai guda biyu da ke haɗaka ɗayan su tare.
Sabanin haka, chimps da bonobos ba su samar da ma'aurata biyu. Ba su canza kayan aikin jijiyoyin shi ba. Ka tuna cewa, kodayake chimps na iya zama mafi kusa da mu rai 'yan uwan dangi, hanyoyinmu sunyi watsi da shekaru miliyan shida da suka wuce. Abokanmu na ainihin danginmu sun kasance a kan mu reshe koda sun kasance basa kusa. Wani wuri tare da reshe mun samo asali ne a cikin takwarorinsu biyu, kamar yadda tamarins, gibbons da titi birai suke. Jima'i yana da lada ga dukan mambobi, amma ga abokan hulɗa guda biyu, tuntuɓar maƙwabci guda ɗaya na iya yin rijista a matsayin mai kyauta. (Don ƙarin bayani game da magunguna na haɗin kai na juna, duba bayanin Larry Young a karshen wannan labarin.)
Ma'anar ita ce cewa mu wani ɓangare ne na ƙaramin kulab na jinsin halittu da aka haɗu don ikon iya soyayya da zama tare da ɗayan mahimmin abu, ko mun zaɓi mu amfanar da wannan zaɓi. Ba a tsara mu don mu zama “masu auren mace da miji ba.” Babu jinsin da yake. Amma mu ne "Zamantakewar auren mata daya," wato, iya daidaitawa. Gaskiyar cewa wani lokaci muna fuskantar sha'awar idan babu haɗuwa ba ya sanya mu zama masu kwalliya ba, ko kuma yana nufin za mu fi farin ciki da tsarin da bai dace ba game da jima'i.
Mai kula da soyayya-soyayya
Sanin hanyar haɗin tsakanin haɗin da aka haɗe da haɓakawa, Jami'in Wisconsin mai bincike Chuck Snowden ya yanke shawarar auna duka biyu a cikin nau'in nau'i nau'i na tamarin wanda ya kasance tare domin akalla shekara guda. Sakamakonsa ya nuna nau'i nau'i na oxytocin tsakanin nau'i-nau'i. Duk da haka, cikin kowane ma'aurata, matayen suna da matakan da suka dace. Abin da suka kasance suna aikatawa ya amfana duka.
Anan ga maɓallin binciken: Ma'aurata tare da mafi girman matakan oxytocin da ke tsunduma cikin mafi alaƙa da halayen jima'i. Waɗannan halayen sune sifofin tamarin na halayen haɗin kai: haɗuwa tare da wutsiyoyi masu haɗewa, ado, lafazin harshe da ƙamshin alama / bincike, ƙaurace-roƙe, roƙo (yin jima'i ta kowane jinsi), binciken al'aura, da duk hawa da mace ta karɓa, ko ko a'a dutsen ya kai ga ainihin kwafin halitta - ko fitar maniyyi. Babu damuwa game da tamarins!
Tamarins suna hawa kusan kowace rana, ba tare da la'akari da inda mace take a cikin yanayin ta ba, don haka samun sa bawai kawai game da takin rai ba. A cikin wasiƙu na sirri game da rawar da jima'i mara ma'amala a cikin alaƙar ma'aurata, Snowden ya ce, "Saduwa ta zahiri da yin soyayya [tana da muhimmanci] [kuma] inzali wani abu ne mai daɗi da nishaɗi idan ya faru." (Ga littafin kwanan nan wanda ya tabbatar da fa'idar wannan sassauƙan ra'ayi cikin kusancin ɗan adam duba Tantric Yin jima'i ga maza.)
Masu bincike sun kammala cewa matakan oxytocin zai iya nuna gaskiyar haɗin kai, kuma ana iya kiyaye su ta hanyar halin da suka gani. Said Snowdon, "Anan muna da wani tsari irin na ɗan adam wanda ba na ɗan adam ba wanda zai magance irin matsalolin da muke yi: don kasancewa tare da kula da alaƙar auren mace ɗaya, don renon yara, kuma oxytocin na iya zama wata hanyar da suke amfani da ita don kiyaye dangantakar."
Snowungiyar ta Snowdon ta ba da shawarar cewa kusanci da halayen rashin jima'i na jima'i na iya hango inganci da tsawon dangantakar ɗan adam. Abin ba in ciki, mu mutane galibi ba mu kula da mahimmancin waɗannan siginar ta'aziya.
Ma'aurata nawa ne, bayan amarcin amarci ya huce, suna yin jima'i lokaci-lokaci amma da kyar suke shiga cikin saduwa, ta sha'awa (amma ba ta da manufa). Oraura inzali na lokaci ɗaya bazai isa ya kiyaye oxygen ɗin su ba ko kuma ƙarfin haɗin su. Jima'i lokaci-lokaci kamar juya bututun ruwa yake kan on sannan kashewa. Halin haɗin kai na yau da kullun suna kama da ruwan kwalliya wanda yake hana bututunki yin sanyi. Gaskiya ne, wasu ma'aurata suna ƙoƙari su tabbatar da haɗin kansu tare da motsawar jima'i mai ƙarfi a cikin imanin cewa yawan inzali shine mafi kyawu. Amma duk da haka yana iya zama cewa wannan ɗan gajeren hankalin ya sa su shawo kan saurin saukake na soyayya-biyu ko kuma, sabanin haka, Sakamakon yardar su.
In Labarin Monogamy David Barash ya nuna cewa a cikin dangantakar dabbobi masu shayarwa ba “musamman mai daɗi ba ne.” (Aƙalla ba bayan haushi na farko ba.) Hulɗa da yawa tsakanin ma'aurata na ɗaukar nauyin hutu tare, gyaran jikin juna, da nishadi.
Batu mai ban sha'awa shi ne cewa masoyan ɗan adam suna da zaɓi. Ba kamar sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, zamu iya haɓaka ƙwarewa da gamsuwa ta ƙungiyoyinmu ta hanyar haɓaka matakan haɓakar haɗin kanmu tare da sauƙi, kusan sigina marasa ƙarfi. Muna amfani kawai da haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa. Wataƙila kashi goma sha uku cikin ma'aurata wanda ke kula da kyawawan shaidu ko ta yaya za su yi tuntuɓe a kan wannan sirri a farkon kungiyar su ba tare da fahimta ba.
Yayinda romance ya kasa ku a baya? Shin, kun bai wa mahaɗan kuɗin haɗin da kuka haɗu da alamar haɗin kai don ku ci gaba da fahimtar juna da juna, ya ba ku damar kauce wa kurakurai, kuma ya kara zurfafa zumunci tsakaninku? Idan ba haka ba, yi koyi daga 'yan uwanku biyu masu haɗin kai.
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[Daga Saratu Summary of magana da Larry Young, PhD mai taken, “Neurobiology of Social Bonding and Monogamy…”]
Prairie voles, kamar mutane, suna da kyakkyawar zamantakewa da kuma samar da jimillar dogon lokaci tsakanin mata. Wannan ya bambanta da nau'in 95 na dukan nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe, wanda ba zai iya samar da wata dangantaka tsakanin maza da mata ba. Nazarin nazarin kwakwalwa da kwayoyin halittu masu dangantaka da juna sun bayyana muhimmiyar rawa ga wasu magungunan sinadaran a cikin kwakwalwa don kafa dangantakar zamantakewa. Oxytocin da vasopressin sun kasance sun mayar da hankali ga hankalin kwakwalwa ga sakonnin zamantakewa a cikin yanayin. Yayin da aka samu takaddun takarda, waɗannan sunadarai suna hulɗa da tsarin tsarin layin kwakwalwa (misali dopamine) don kafa ƙungiya tsakanin alamomin zamantakewa na abokin tarayya da yanayin ladabi. To, me yasa wasu nau'ikan zasu iya samar da zamantakewar zamantakewar yayin da wasu ba haka ba? Bincike da aka kwatanta da ƙwayar magunguna guda daya da wadanda ba na daya ba sun nuna cewa wannan wuri ne na masu karɓa da ke amsawa da maganin gurguntaccen abu da kuma maganin maganin maganin ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke ƙayyade ko mutum zai iya haɗuwa. Alal misali, ƙwararrun mazaje na maza guda ɗaya suna da babban karfin masu karɓar mahaifa a cikin cibiyar kula da labaran da ke cikin kwakwalwa ta tsakiya wanda kuma yake cikin jaraba. Gidajen da ba a da guda ɗaya ba yana da karɓar masu karɓa a can. Duk da haka, idan an saka masu karɓa a cikin wannan gidan sakamako a cikin gandun daji ba tare da guda ɗaya ba, waɗannan maza ba zato ba tsammani sun haɓaka damar yin ƙira. Wadannan nazarin kuma sun nuna cewa haɗin haɗin kai ɗaya daga cikin nau'o'in kwakwalwa guda ɗaya ne kamar jaraba. Nazarin halittu sun nuna cewa DNA jerin bambanci a cikin jigon halittar da ke karɓar mai karɓar maganin farfadowa ya shafi matakin karɓar maganin mai karɓa a wasu yankuna da kwakwalwa kuma yayi la'akari da yiwuwar cewa namiji zai samar da wata dangantaka ta zamantakewa tare da mace.
Karatuttukan kwanan nan a cikin mutane sun bayyana kamanceceniya mai ban mamaki a cikin matsayin aikin oxytocin da vasopressin wajen tsara fahimtar zamantakewar al'umma da halayyar mutum da ta mutum. Bambanci a cikin jerin DNA na kwayar halittar mai karɓa vasopressin ɗan adam yana da alaƙa da bambancin matakan matakan ƙawancen soyayya. A cikin mutane, isar da ciki na oxytocin yana haɓaka amintaka, yana ƙara duban ido, yana ƙaruwa da juyayi kuma yana haɓaka ilmantarwa ta hanyar zamantakewa. Tabbas ya bayyana cewa motsa yanayin tsarin oxytocin a cikin mutane yana ƙara da hankali ga alamun zamantakewar muhalli….
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