COV LUS QHIA: Qhov no los pab Dr. Hilton cov Pornography Addict: A Neuroscience Perspective (2011), uas pom muaj nyob hauv tib seem no. Nws yog ntseeg, raws li peb yog, hais tias ntuj ntshaw tuaj yeem ua kom muaj yees thiab ua rau tib lub hlwb hloov li siv yeeb siv tshuaj. Nws qhov tseeb daim ntawv pom zoo yog Kev saib duab liab qab - ib qhov kev xav zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm neuroplasticity | Hilton | Kev txhim kho lub hlwb & Lub hlwb (2013).
Lub ib hlis ntuj 20, 2011
Donald L. Hilton, Jr. MD, FACS
Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Texas Health Sciences Center ntawm San Antonio
Tib neeg lub hlwb yog programmed rau incentivize tus cwj pwm uas pab txhawb kom muaj kev ciaj sia. Mesolimbic dopaminergic system muab nuj nqi noj mov thiab kev ua plees ua yi nrog kev lom zem ua kom muaj zog. Cocaine, opioids, cawv, thiab lwm yam tshuaj subvert, lossis thawb hle, cov txheej txheem lom zem no, thiab ua rau lub hlwb xav tias kev siv yeeb tshuaj siab yog tsim nyog muaj sia nyob. Cov puav pheej tam sim no muaj zog tias cov khoom plig hauv ntiaj teb xws li zaub mov thiab kev sib deev cuam tshuam rau cov khoom plig xws li cov tshuaj cuam tshuam rau lawv, yog li qhov tam sim no txaus siab rau 'ntuj quav.' Kev quav, tsis hais rau hauv yeeb dawb, khoom noj, lossis kev sib deev tshwm sim thaum cov haujlwm no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev kev mob hauv tsev, thiab hloov mus rau qhov tsis zoo. Piv txwv li, thaum noj zaub mov ua rau cov rog rog rog rog ob peb leeg yuav hais tias tus kab mob muaj nyob hauv qhov tsis muaj mob. Ib yam li ntawd, cov duab liab qab ua rau muaj kev phom sij thaum nws ua tsis zoo lossis ua rau tib neeg lub peev xwm txhim kho kev sib raug zoo.
Ib xyoo caum dhau los cov pov thawj tau pib taw tes rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm kev haus ntau dhau ntawm kev coj cwj pwm uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig dopaminergic kom paub txog lub hlwb. Piv txwv li Dr. Howard Shaffer, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Harvard University, tau hais tias xyoo 2001, "Kuv tau muaj kev nyuaj ntau nrog kuv tus kheej cov npoj yaig thaum kuv qhia tias ntau yam kev quav yeeb yog los ntawm kev paub dhau los ... rov ua dua, siab zoo, siab dua -Thov kev paub. Tab sis nws pom tseeb tias neuroadaptation – uas yog, hloov pauv hauv neural Circuitry uas pab ua kom muaj tus cwj pwm tsis xwm yeem tshwm sim txawm tias thaum tsis siv tshuaj "[1] Nyob rau xyoo kaum xyoo txij li nws tau hais txog qhov no, nws tau tsom nws cov kev tshawb fawb ntau thiab ntau ntxiv rau lub hlwb cov teebmeem ntawm kev quav yeeb yam xws li kev twv txiaj. Nco ntsoov cov hauv qab no los ntawm qhov no Science ntawv los ntawm 2001
Cov kws txawj paub zoo tshaj qhov hais tias qhov kev tiv thaiv no tshwm sim thaum tus cwj pwm "hijacks" hlwb circuits uas hloov los ua kom tau tus cwj pwm zoo ntawm kev noj qab haus huv xws li noj mov thiab kev pw ua ke. "Nws yog vim li cas yog tias koj tuaj yeem hloov tau cov circuits nrog cov tshuaj, koj tuaj yeem ua nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo tib yam," observes Stanford University psychologist Brian Knutson. Yog li, cov tshuaj tsis nyob hauv plawv ntawm qhov teeb meem. "Yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim ceev ceev yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem ... yog qhov ua rau tus cwj pwm phem ua rau tus kheej tsis zoo rau lwm tus, txawm li cas los xij," Steven Grant ntawm NIDA.[2]
Lub kaum xyoo dhau los txij li cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm tsam no tau piav qhia ua ntej, cov pov thawj rau lub txiaj ntsig ua kom lub txiaj ntsig tsuas tau ntxiv dag zog. Nyob rau xyoo 2005 Dr. Eric Nestler, tam sim no yog tus thawj coj ntawm neuroscience ntawm Mount Sinai Medical Center hauv New York luam tawm daim ntawv sau keeb kwm nyob rau hauv Qhov Nature Neuroscience lub ntsiab lus “Puas Muaj Ib Yam Tseem Ceeb rau Kev Qhia?” Nws tau hais tias: "Cov pov thawj nce ntxiv qhia tias VTA-NAc txoj hauv kev thiab lwm qhov chaw muaj pov thawj nyob rau sab saum toj zoo sib xws, tsawg kawg ntawm qee qhov, muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau lub txiaj ntsig ntuj tsim, xws li zaub mov, kev sib deev thiab kev sib raug zoo. Cov cheeb tsam no tib yam kuj tau cuam tshuam txog qhov hu ua 'kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj' (uas yog kev noj cov khoom plig ntuj tsim) xws li muaj cov kab mob kev noj kev haus, kev twv txiaj thiab twv txiaj kev sib deev. Kev tshawb pom ua ntej pom tau hais tias txoj kev sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem koom nrog: [ib qho piv txwv yog] kev sib tham sib pom uas tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom plig hauv ntiaj teb thiab cov tshuaj ntawm kev tsim txom. "[3]
Hauv 2002 txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev tiv thuas yeeb cawv yog luam tawm uas pom tau tias qhov ntsuas tau poob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb, nrog rau cov teebmeem hauv pem teb.[4] Cov txheej txheem yog siv MRI-raws li cov txheej txheem hu ua voxel-based morphometry (VBM), qhov twg ib millimeter cubes ntawm lub hlwb yog suav thiab sib piv. Lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb VBM tau luam tawm nyob rau xyoo 2004 txog tshuaj methamphetamine nrog kev tshawb pom zoo sib xws.[5] Thaum uas nthuav, cov kev tshawb pom no tsis tsim ua rau tus kws tshawb fawb los yog tus neeg ua haujlwm, raws li cov no yog "cov tshuaj tiag."
Cov dab neeg no tau nthuav ntau thaum peb saib ntawm kev quav yeeb yam xws li kev ua ntau dhau los ua rau kev rog. Hauv 2006 ib txoj kev tshawb VBM tau luam tawm nrhiav tshwj xeeb ntawm kev rog, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo ib yam li kev tshawb fawb cocaine thiab methamphetamine.[6] Kev rog rog qhia txog ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov ntim poob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab pem hauv ntej lobes, thaj chaw cuam tshuam nrog kev txiav txim siab thiab tswj. Thaum txoj kev tshawb fawb no tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom pom pom kev puas tsuaj rau qhov kev quav yeeb tshuaj ib txwm muaj, uas tawm tsam rau txoj kev quav tshuaj muaj yees, nws tseem yooj yim los lees txais intuitively vim tias peb tuaj yeem saib qhov tshwm sim ntawm overeating nyob rau hauv rog neeg.
Yog li ntawd hais txog kev ua niam txiv yees? Nyob rau xyoo 2007 kev tshawb VBM tawm ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees tau saib tshwj xeeb rau pedophilia, thiab qhia tau tias yuav luag tshawb pom txog cov yeeb dawb, tshuaj tua kab mob siab, thiab kev rog rog.[7] Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no hauv kev sib txuas nrog cov lus sib tham no muaj feem xyuam ntau hauv qhov ntawd Nws qhia tau hais tias kev yuam deev yuav ua rau lub cev, hloov lub cev hauv lub hlwb, piv txwv li, kev ua kom raug mob. Qhov xav tau, daim ntawv nyuam qhuav dhau los pom qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm kev saib duab liab qab thiab ua nkauj ua nraug rau menyuam yaus.[8] Qhov sau tseg no, daim ntawv yog tsom rau pawg neeg nrog nrog, ntawm lwm cov teeb meem, kev quav yeeb yaj kiab phem heev. Txawm hais tias peb yuav kos kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev cai lij choj sib txawv ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus cov duab liab qab, lub hlwb yuav tsis zoo li muaj lub hnub nyoog ntsig txog cov ntsiab lus hais txog kev txiav txim siab dopaminergic txo qis thiab cov tshuaj muaj yees tsis txaus ntim. Lub hlwb puas saib xyuas seb tus neeg puas tau ntsib kev sib daj sib deev, lossis ua nws los ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm kev sib deev, piv txwv li, duab liab qab. Cov iav tsom iav ntawm lub hlwb tig qhov tseeb ntawm kev saib duab liab qab mus rau qhov kev paub dhau los, kom deb li deb ntawm lub hlwb muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Qhov no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tsis ntev los no los ntawm Fabkis qhia kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cheeb tsam cuam tshuam nrog tsom iav neurons hauv tib neeg lub hlwb hauv cov txiv neej saib duab liab qab. Cov kws sau ntawv xaus lus, "peb xav hais tias ... daim iav-neuron system txhawb cov neeg soj ntsuam kom rov zoo siab nrog lwm lub zog ntawm lwm tus neeg uas pom hauv kev piav qhia txog kev sib daj sib deev."[9] Txoj kev tshawb fawb ua ntej txhawb nqa kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv cov neeg mob uas tswj tsis tau lawv tus cwj pwm kev sib deev.[10] Txoj kev tshawb no siv cov diffusion MRI txhawm rau ntsuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev sib kis los ntawm cov teeb meem dawb, qhov twg cov axons, lossis cov xov hlau txuas rau cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub hlwb. Nws pom tias kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv thaj tsam ntawm pem hauv ntej zoo dua, thaj tsam cuam tshuam nrog kev txuam nrog, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj.
Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb qhia kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev neurochemistry raws li lub hlwb "paub" los ua cov neeg quav. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv dopamine cov nqi zog kuj tseem tuaj yeem raug ntsuas nrog lub hlwb scans xws li cov haujlwm MRI, PET, thiab SPECT scans. Thaum peb xav kom lub hlwb tshawb nrhiav kom pom qhov txawv txav hauv dopamine metabolism hauv kev quav yeeb dawb,[11] tej zaum peb yuav xav tsis thoob kom paub tias txoj kev tshawb no tsis ntev los no tseem qhia tau hais tias muaj cov kev lom zem ntawm cov chaw no nrog kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev twv txiaj.[12] Overeating ua rau kev rog, lwm qhov kev tiv thaiv ib qho, kuj pom tias muaj ntsis zoo li pathology.[13]
Tsis tas li ntawd yog ib daim ntawv los ntawm Mayo Clinic rau kev kho mob ntawm kev saib xyuas pornography hauv Internet nrog naltrexone, uas yog ib tug kws kho mob rau tus kws kho mob.[14] Drs. Bostsick thiab Bucci ntawm Mayo Clinic kho tus neeg mob uas tsis muaj peev xwm tswj nws cov duab liab qab siv Internet.
Nws tau muab tso rau ntawm naltrexone, ib qho yeeb tshuaj uas ua rau ntawm opioid lub cev kom txo qis dopamine lub peev xwm ua kom lub hlwb nyob hauv lub hlwb tsis muaj mob. Nrog cov tshuaj no nws muaj peev xwm tau txais kev tswj hwm nws lub neej kev sib deev.
Cov sau phau ntawv xaus:
Hauv kev xaus, kev hloov kho ntawm tus kheej hauv qhov kev tiv thaiv tus PFC ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej cawv, tsis tshua mob ntawm kev noj tshuaj, thiab tsis txaus siab rau kev ua raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm lub hom phiaj kev lag luam. Ntxiv rau qhov naltrexone kev pom zoo los ntawm Food and Drug Administration rau kev kho cov dej cawv, ntau cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm tau qhia tias nws muaj peev xwm ua rau kev kho tus kab mob kev twv txiaj, tus kheej raug, kleptomania, thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev. Peb ntseeg tias qhov no yog thawj qhov kev piav qhia ntawm nws kev siv los tiv thaiv kev sib deev hauv Internet.
Lub Koom Txoos uas muaj koob muaj npe ntawm London tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1660 lub, thiab tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntev tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv ib qhov teeb meem tsis ntev los no ntawm Cov Kev Lag Luam ntawm Philosophical Lub Tsev Neeg muaj koob muaj npe, lub xeev tam sim no ntawm kev nkag siab txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj tau raug tshaj tawm raws li nws tau tham los ntawm qee lub ntiaj teb cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub Koom Haum. Lub npe ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm sau qhia lub rooj sib tham yog "Lub neurobiology ntawm kev quav - vistas tshiab." Zoo li, ntawm 17 kab lus, ob qhov tshwj xeeb tau txhawj xeeb nrog kev quav tshuaj: kev twv txiaj pathologic[15] thiab ib daim ntawv los ntawm Dr. Nora Volkow ntawm kev sib luag ntawm lub hlwb tsis ua hauj lwm hauv kev quav yeeb tshuaj thiab nyob rau hauv overeating[16]Cov. Daim ntawv thib peb los ntawm Dr. Nestler hais txog tsiaj qauv ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj nrog rau DFosB.[17]
DFosB yog ib yam tshuaj uas Dr. Nestler tau kawm, thiab zoo li pom muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov quav cov quav. Nws zoo nkaus li muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub cev kev kho mob tau zoo, tab sis qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau qhov muaj yees nthuav tau nthuav, nws tau pom thawj zaug hauv lub hlwb lub hlwb ntawm cov tsiaj tau kawm txog kev quav yeeb tshuaj, tab sis tam sim no tau pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb cov hlwb hauv nucleus accumbens ntsig txog kev noj ntau dhau ntawm tej txiaj ntsig qub.[I] Ib daim ntawv nyuam qhuav tshawb nrhiav DFosB thiab nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm ob qho kev ntshaw nyiaj, kev noj haus thiab kev sib deev, xaus:
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev los, cov hauj lwm uas tau muab nthuav tawm no muab pov thawj tias, ntxiv nrog rau kev siv yeeb tshuaj ntawm kev tsim txom, kev txais txiaj ntsim qis qis rau DFOSB theem hauv Nac ... peb tau nce ntxiv tias DFOSB induction nyob rau hauv NAc tej zaum yuav tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev quav tshuaj, sib nrauj ntawm thiaj li hu tias ntuj kev siv nrog kev sib txeeb ntawm kev tsim txiaj.[18]
Nora Volkow yog lub taub hau ntawm lub koom haum National of Drug Abuse (NIDA), thiab yog ib tus kws tshaj tawm txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Nws tau lees paub qhov kev hloov pauv no hauv kev nkag siab txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab txhawb kev hloov lub npe ntawm NIDA rau National Institute ntawm Kab Mob ntawm Kev quav. Cov phau ntawv ceev xwm txheej Science ceeb toom: "NIDA tus thawj coj Nora Volkow kuj xav tias nws lub koom haum lub npe yuav tsum encompasskev siv duab liab qab, kev twv txiaj, thiab khoom noj, hais tias NIDA tus pab tswv yim Glen Hanson. 'Nws xav xa cov lus qhuab qhia [peb yuav tsum] saib tag nrho thaj teb.' "[19] (ntau ntxiv).
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, hauv 10 lub xyoo dhau los cov pov thawj tau txhawb nqa tam sim no kom zoo ntxiv rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev saib xyuas ntuj tsim. Cov Drs. Malenka thiab Kauer, hauv lawv daim ntawv sau txog ntawm kev hloov tshuaj uas tshwm sim hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov neeg quav ntawm lub xeev, "kev quav cawv sawv cev rau hauv txoj kev kawm, tseem muaj zog ntawm kev kawm thiab cim xeeb."[20] Tam sim no peb hu cov kev hloov hauv lub hlwb cov hlwb "kev siv zog ntev" thiab "kev nyuaj siab mus ntev," thiab hais txog lub hlwb ua cov yas, lossis raug hloov thiab rov txuas xov tooj. Dr. Norman Doidge, tus kws kho mob hlwb ntawm Columbia, hauv nws phau ntawv Lub Hlwb Tias Hloov Lub Neej piav qhia txog kev saib duab liab qab ua rau kev rov txuas xov tooj ntawm cov hluav taws xob neural. Nws sau txog txoj kev kawm txog cov txiv neej saib duab liab qab Is Taws Nem uas lawv ntsia "tsis huv" zoo li nas thawb tus pas mus txais yeeb dawb nyob hauv Skinner thawv. Ib yam li cov nas quav, lawv yog cov xav nrhiav kom tau kho tom ntej, nyem nas raws li tus nas thawb lub zog. Kev saib duab liab qab yog frantic kev kawm, thiab tej zaum qhov no yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj ntau tus uas muaj kev tawm tsam nrog ntau yam kev quav yeeb tshuaj hais tias nws yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws rau lawv kom kov yeej. Kev quav yeeb tshuaj, thaum muaj zog, muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev "xav", thaum kev saib duab liab qab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv Is Taws Nem, yog qhov kev coj ua sai dua. Qhov tas mus li nrhiav thiab ntsuas txhua cov duab los yog cov duab yeeb yaj kiab tsim tawm rau qhov muaj peev xwm thiab cov txiaj ntsig yog ib ce hauv cov neuronal kev kawm thiab kev rov ua haujlwm.
Tib neeg kev sib daj sib deev siv tib lub nqi zog raws li cov kev koom tes thaum lub sij hawm tus heroin rush.[21] Yog tias peb tsis nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev saib duab liab qab lub peev xwm rov qab ua rau lub hlwb qauv, neurochemically, thiab metabolically, peb doom peb tus kheej los txuas ntxiv tsis ua tiav rau kev kho tus kab mob no. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb ua raws li lub txiaj ntsim loj no lub txiaj ntsig tsim nyog lub hom phiaj thiab qhov tseem ceeb peb tuaj yeem pab coob leej tam sim no poob rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab poob siab nrhiav kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev cia siab.
[1] Constance Holden, "Cwj Pwm Cuam Tshuam: Lawv Puas Muaj? Science, 294 (5544) 2 Kaum Ib Hlis 2001, 980.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Eric J. Nestler, "Puas muaj ib qho chaw uas muaj ntsis zoo rau txoj kev tiv thaiv?" Qhov Nature Neuroscience 9(11):1445-9, Nov 2005
[4] Teresa R. Franklin, Paul D. Acton, Yauxej A Maldjian, Jason D. Grey, Jason R. Croft, Charles A. Dackis, Charles P. O'Brien, thiab Anna Rose Childress, "Txo Cov Ntaus Nrig Grey Matter Concentration hauv Insular, Orbitofrontal, Cingulate, thiab Temporal Cortices of Cocaine Patients, " Txheeb Lawm Psychology (51) 2, Lub Ib Hlis 15, 2002, 134-142.
[5] Paul M. Thompson, Kikralee M. Hayashi, Sara L. Simon, Jennifer A. Geaga, Michael S. Hong, Yihong Sui, Jessica Y. Lee, Arthur W. Toga, Walter Ling, thiab Edythe D. London, "Cov qauv kev txawv txav nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tib neeg cov kawm uas siv Tshuaj Methamphetamine, " Cov Tsab Ntawv Teev Tseg (Neuroscience), 24 (26) Lub Xya hli ntuj 30 2004; 6028-6036.
[6] Nicola Pannacciulli, Angelo Del Parigi, Kewei Chen, Dec Son NT Le, Eric M. Reiman thiab Pietro A. Tataranni, "Hlwb txawv txav ntawm tib neeg rog: Pom kev vomel-based morphometry." Neuroimage 31 (4) Xya hli 15 2006, 1419-1425.
[7] Boris Schiffer, Thomas Peschel, Thomas Paul, Elke Gizewshi, Michael Forshing, Norbert Leygraf, Manfred Schedlowske, thiab Tillmann HC Krueger, "Cov Hloov Pleev Hloov Hauv Lub Hauv Pem Hauv Ntej thiab Lub Hauv Pem Hauv Tebchaws Pedophilia," Ntawv Tshaj Lij Txog Cov Psychology (41) 9, Kaum Ib Hlis 2007, 754-762.
[8] M. Bourke, A. Hernandez, Txoj Kev Kawm "Kawm Butner" Redux: Daim Ntawv Tshaj Qhia txog Kev Sib Haum Rau Cov Me Nyuam Los Ntawm Cov Me Nyuam Los Ntawm Tus Menyuam Ntxub Laus. Phau ntawv ntawm Tsev Neeg Kev Ua Phem 24(3) 2009, 183-191.
[9] H. Mouras, S. Stole4ru, V. Moulier, M Pelegini-Issac, R. Rouxel, B Grandjean, D. Glutron, J Bittoun, Kev ua ntawm daim iav-neuron system los ntawm erotic video clips predicts degree ntawm kev ntxias erection: kev tshawb fMRI . NeuroImage 42 (2008) 1142-1150.
[10] Michael H. Miner, Nancy Raymond, BryonA. Meuller, Martin Lloyd, Kelvin O Lim, "Thawj qhov kev tshawb nrhiav txog qhov kev xav tsis zoo thiab kev nyuab siab ntawm kev sib daj sib deev ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev." Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging Volume 174, Qhov Xwm Txheej 2, Kaum Ib Hlis 30 2009, Nplooj 146-151.
[11] Bruce E. Wexler, Christopher H. Gottschalk, Robert K. Fulbright, Isak Prohovnik, Cheryl M. Lacadie, Bruce J. Rounsaville, thiab John C. Gore, "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ntawm Cocaine Craving," American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 2001, 86-95.
[12] Jan Reuter, Thomas Raedler, Michael Rose, Iver Hand, Jan Glascher, thiab Christian Buchel, "Cov kab mob kev twv txiaj yog txuas rau kev txo qis dua ntawm kev them nqi zog ntawm mesolimbic system," Qhov Nature Neuroscience 8, Lub Ib Hlis 2005, 147-148.
[13] Genre-Jack, Nora D. Volkow, Jean Logan, Naomi R. Pappas, Christopher T. Wong, Wei Zhu, Noelwah Netusil, Joanna S Fowler, "Lub paj hlwb dopamine thiab rog," Lancet 357 (9253) Lub Ob Hlis 3 2001, 354-357.
[14] J. Michael Bostwick thiab Jeffrey A. Bucci, "Kev sib deev hauv Internet nrog Kho Naltrexone." Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2008, 83(2):226-230.
[15] Marc N. Potenza, "Lub neurobiology ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab kev quav yeeb tshuaj: tus txheej txheem cej luam thiab tshawb pom tshiab," Cov Kev Lag Luam ntawm Philosophical Lub Tsev Neeg muaj koob muaj npe, 363, 2008, 3181-3190 ..
[16] Nora D. Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, Joanna S. Fowler, Frank Telang, "Overlapping neuronal circuits hauv kev quav tshuaj thiab kev rog: cov pov thawj ntawm lub system pathology," Cov Kev Lag Luam ntawm Philosophical Lub Tsev Neeg muaj koob muaj npe, 363, 2008, 3191-3200.
[16] Eric J. Nestler, "Hloov kho kev ywj pheej: lub luag haujlwm ntawm DFosB," Cov Kev Lag Luam ntawm Philosophical Lub Tsev Neeg muaj koob muaj npe, 363, 2008, 3245-3256.
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