Kev Hloov Ntawm Txoj Haujlwm ntawm Kev Raug Txom: Liking, Xav, thiab Kawm (2010)

Muab nqi zog: Cov lus - Cov pab pawg no muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev soj ntsuam tshuaj xyuas cov neural substrates ntawm kev xav vs nyiam. Cov kev tshawb xav tam sim no hais tias cov tshuaj dopamine nyiam thiab opioid mechanism yog xav. Kev muaj yees yog xav tau ntau heev uas koj tseem siv tau txawm tias muaj qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo.

Cov Kawm Tshaj Tawm: Kev nyiam ntawm lub nqi zog: 'nyiam', 'xav', thiab kawm

Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009 Lub Ob Hlis; 9 (1): 65-73.

Luam tawm hauv internet 2009 Lub Ib Hlis 21. doi: 10.1016 / j.coph.2008.12.014.

Kent C Berridge, Terry E Robinson, thiab J Wayne Aldridge

Chaw nyob ntawm Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-1043, Tebchaws USA

Tus neeg sau xov xwm: Berridge, Kent C (Email: [email tiv thaiv])

Abstract

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no tseem muaj kev kawm tau zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom plig ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab lawv cov tswv yim zoo. Ntawm no peb tau nthuav luv luv los tshawb pom txog peb qhov kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub luag haujlwm:nyiam'(hedonic feem),'xav'(kev siab dawb siab), thiab kev kawm (cov kev sib tw tswv yim thiab kev paub zoo). Kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov nqi zog, thiab lawv cov neurobiological substrates, tuaj yeem pab tsim kho kev kho mob rau kev mob siab thiab kev txhawb zog, xws li kev nyuab siab rau kev noj qab haus huv, kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, thiab kev sib txeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Mus rau:

Introduction

Liking

Rau feem ntau tus neeg lub luag haujlwm yog ib yam uas xav tau vim nws tsim kom muaj kev paub txog kev txaus siab - thiab yog li lub sijhawm yuav siv los xa mus rau cov txheej xwm puas hawv thiab kev ua paj hlwb uas ua rau kev tsim kev zoo siab. Tab sis cov pov thawj pom tias qhov kev zoo siab ntawm lub siab yog tiam sis ib qho ntawm kev muab nqi zog, thiab qhov kev ntshaw ntawd yuav cuam tshuam tus cwj pwm txawm tias thaum tsis muaj kev paub txog lawv. Xwb, kev qhuab ntuas tuaj yeem ua rau qee zaum ua rau tsis meej pem txog qhov twg qhov kev ntshaw nyiam, qhov kev cuam tshuam tam sim ntawd yuav yog ntau dua [1].

Hauv cov huab, txawm tias tsis nco qab los yog piv rau 'kev nyiam' kev cuam tshuam rau kev xav ntawm lub zog (hedonic stimuli) tuaj yeem ntsuas hauv tus cwj pwm lossis lub cev nqaij daim tawv yam tsis muaj kev paub txog kev lom zem (piv txwv li tom qab subliminally qhia txog lub ntsej muag zoo siab los yog qhov qis ntawm cov yeeb dawb)2,3]. Yog li, tab sis, tej zaum kuj ceeb tias, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev 'liking' kev tig cev rau kev ntshaw tej zaum kuj muab ntau txoj kev nkag tau mus rau cov kev siv nyiaj (hedonic) dua cov lus tshaj tawm.

Ib lub hom phiaj loj rau kev sib raug zoo neuroscience yog kom paub qhov twg lub hlwb substrates ua rau kev lom zem, txawm tias qhov subjective los yog lub hom phiaj. Neuroimaging thiab kev tshawb fawb cov neural uas tau pom tias cov kev zoo siab ntawm kev coj los ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo mus rau cov neeg siv yeeb yaj kiab, nyiaj muag los sis lub ntsej muag luag nyhav ntau lub paj hlwb, nrog rau cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob, cov pob cij plab, pob caws sab nrauv, thiab cov khoom siv hauv subcortical xws li nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, ventral tegmentum, thiab mesolimbic dopamine projections, amygdala, lwm yam zoo li [4 •,5,6,7 ••,8,9 •,10 •,11-13].

Tab sis qhov twg ntawm cov hlwb system ua rau zoo siab qhov khoom plig? Thiab qhov kev ua si twg hloov tsuas yog sib txheeb (piv txwv li vim kev sib koom tes ntawm kev sib koom tes hauv pawg) lossis qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lom zem (kev sib kho tsis yog lwm qhov kev txawj ntse, kev txhawb zog, lub cev muaj zog, thiab lwm yam. Peb thiab lwm tus tau tshawb fawb txog kev lom zem hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tsiaj los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas lub hlwb kev siv uas ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov nyom zoo li [6,14 ••,15,16,17 •,18-22].

Yog xav kawm txog cov khoom plig ntawm cov txiaj ntsig, peb thiab lwm tus tau siv lub hom phiaj 'nyiam' cov kev xav ntawm lub qab zib saj ntshaw, xws li lub ntsej muag zoo ntawm lub ntsej muag tshiab ntawm cov me nyuam mos liab thiab homologous lub ntsej muag ntawm cov txiv kab ntxwv, chimpanzees, liab, thiab txawm nas thiab nas [4 •,18,23,24]. Cov khoom qab zib yog cov ntsej muag zoo li cov lus hais ("lip licking, rhythmic tongue protrusions, thiab lwm yam.), Qhov iab tastes es tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis zoo 'tsis nyiam' cov kab lus (gapes, etc .; Daim duab 1; Supplemental Movie 1). Cov 'liking' - xws li 'tsis nyiam' cov kev xav tau saj yog tswj hwm los ntawm lub cev ntawm lub hlwb ntawm kev siv nyiaj rau lub forbin thiab brainstem, thiab cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb uas hloov kev zoo siab, xws li kev tshaib plab / satiety thiab kev kawm siab nyiam lossis aversions.

Daim duab 1

Piv txwv li tus cwj pwm 'liking' reactions thiab hlwb hedonic hotspots rau lub suab paj nruag. Sab saum toj: Zoo hedonic 'liking' tshua yog elicited by sucrose saj los ntawm tib neeg mos thiab tus laus laus (xws li tus nplaig protrusion). ...

Tsuas yog ob peb lub nruab paj hlwb muaj nyob rau hauv kom deb li 'txhawm' haum rau lub qab zib saj nyob rau hauv cov nas, thiab tsuas yog hauv ob peb lub circumscribed hlwb xwb. Opioid, endocannabinoid, thiab GABA-benzodiazepine neurotransmitter systems yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom haum siab [14 ••,15,16,17 •,25,26], tshwjxeeb nyob rau ntawm tej qhov chaw hauv cov qauv kev limbic (Daim duab 1 thiab Daim duab 2) [15,16,17 •,21,27]. Peb tau hu cov chaw no 'hedonic hotspots' vim lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev nce qib hauv 'liking' haum, thiab los ntawm inference, Library. Ib qho khoom plig hedner rau opioid li ntawm lub suab paj nruag Library nyob hauv lub nucleus accumbens li hauv rostrodorsal quadrant ntawm nws lub plhaub medial, txog lub cubic millimeter hauv ntim [14 ••,15,28].

Ntawd yog, lub hotspot tsuas yog 30% ntawm lub plhaub ib pliag nruab nrab, thiab tsawg dua 10% ntawm tag nrho nucleus accumbens. Nyob hauv lub thaj chaw ntawd ua rau thaj chaw tsis haum xeeb, lub ntsiab ntawm mu opioid agonist, DAMGO, ob npaug lossis peb npaug tus lej 'kev nyiam' kev cuam tshuam los ntawm sucrose saj [14 ••,28]. Lwm hedonic hotspot muaj nyob rau hauv cov posterior ib nrab ntawm cov ventral pallidum, qhov twg dua DAMGO potently nce 'liking' haum rau cov tsos [17 •,21,28]. Hauv ob qho chaw hotspots, tib lub microinjection kuj tau muab ob npaug rau 'xav' rau zaub mov hauv txoj kev xav ntawm tus cwj pwm noj mov thiab kev noj zaub mov kom tsawg.

Daim duab 2

Kev nthuav dav ntawm cov pob huam sib tua hauv nucleus tuaj yeem nrog kev sib txuas ntawm 'liking' tiv thaiv 'zes'. Ntsuab: tag nrho nruab nrab ntawm lub plhaub nruab nrab ua rau opioid-stimulated nce hauv 'xav' rau nqi khoom plig. ...

Sab nrauv ntawm cov hotspots, txawm nyob hauv tib lub qauv, kev tsim kho opioid tsim cov teeb meem sib txawv heev. Piv txwv li, hauv NAc ntawm txhua qhov chaw DAMGO microinjections tseem ua kom 'xav' khoom noj khoom haus kom ntau li ntau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw hotspot, tiam sis tsis txhim kho 'liking' (thiab txawm suppress 'liking' tseem noj cov zaub mov noj kom txaus; Daim duab 2). Yog li, sib piv cov teebmeem ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau opioid hauv lossis sab nraum qhov chaw nyob hauv NAc medial plhaub txhais tias cov chaw opioid lub luag haujlwm rau 'liking' yog anatomically dissociable los ntawm cov neeg uas xav tau 'xav'14 ••,16].

Endocannabinoids txhim kho 'liking' kev sib tsoo hauv NAc hotspot uas overlaps qhov chaw opioid [16,27]. Microinjection ntawm anandamide nyob rau hauv endocannabinoid hotspot, kuj tshwm sim los ntawm stimulating CB1 receptors muaj, ntau dua doubles 'liking' haum rau sucrose saj (thiab ntau tshaj doubles zaub kom tsawg). Qhov hedonic endocannabinoid substrate no muaj feem xyuam rau kev noj tshuaj los ntawm kev noj tshuaj endocannabinoid antagonists thaum siv raws li kev kho mob rau kev rog lossis kev quav tshuaj [16,29,30].

Lub ventral pallidum yog lub hom phiaj rau cov nucleus accumbens outputs, thiab nws cov posterior ib nrab muaj ib qho kev xaiv thib ob ntawm opioid [17 •,21]. Hauv pallidum hotspot, microinjections ntawm DAMGO ob 'liking' rau sucrose thiab 'xav' rau zaub mov noj (ntsuas raws li tau txais). Ntawm qhov sib txawv, microinjection ntawm DAMGO anterior rau hotspot suppresses 'liking' thiab 'xav'. Npaum nws tus kheej, 'xav' yog stimulated nyias nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv ventral pallidum los ntawm blockade of GABAA receptors ntawm bicuculline microinjection, tsis muaj kev hloov 'liking' ntawm txhua qhov chaw [17 •,31].

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm ventral pallidum hauv 'liking' thiab 'wanting' ua rau nws muaj kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb rau cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm neural ua kom induced los ntawm nqi zog. Hauv tib neeg, yeeb yaj kiab, poj niam txiv neej, khoom noj khoom haus, los yog nyiaj rov qab txhua qhov qhib lub ventral pallidum, nrog rau cov posterior subgion uas sib raug rau lub hedonic hotspot hauv nas [9 •,10 •,11,21]. Hauv kev tshawb fawb ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov paj hlwb hauv cov posterior ventral pallidum encode hedonic tseg hauv cov nas, peb pom tau tias qhov hotspot neurons hluav taws ntau dhau mus rau lub qab zib saj ntawm sucrose tshaj rau qhov tsis kaj siab salty saj (triple concentration of seawater) [7 ••]. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm nws tus kheej qhov sib txawv hauv evoked faus nruab nrab ntawm sucrose thiab ntsev tsis ua pov thawj tias cov neurons encode lawv cov txheeb ze hedonic cuam tshuam ('nyiam' tiv tiag 'tsis nyiam') ntau dua li, hais, tsuas yog qhov kev xav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev xav (qab zib thiab qab ntsev )).

Txawm li cas los xij, peb ntxiv pom tias neuronal kev ua si taug qab qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm thaj chaw muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov stimuli no thaum kev zoo siab ntawm NaCl saj tau xaiv los ntawm kev ntxias lub cev kev xav noj ntsev. Thaum cov nas yog sodium depleted (los ntawm mineralocorticoid hormone thiab diuretic cov thawj coj), cov ntsev uas muaj ntsev ntau dhau los ua tus cwj pwm 'nyiam' ntau li ntau sucrose, thiab cov neurons hauv ventral pallidum tau pib tua hluav taws kub kom muaj ntsev raws li sucrose [7 ••] (Daim duab 3). Peb xav tias tej kev soj ntsuam no qhia tau tseeb tias, qhov tseeb, qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov ventral pallidal neurons encoded hedonic 'liking' rau qhov qab ntxiag nov, qhov yooj yim ntes ntses nta [21,32].

Daim duab 3

Neuronal coding ntawm 'liking' rau lub sensory Library ntawm qab zib thiab salty tastes. Neuronal firing cov lus teb tau qhia los ntawm ventral pallidum cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv electrode rau tastes ntawm sucrose thiab khaus ntsev kis mus rau hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus nas. Ob ...

Hedonic hotspots faib thoob lub paj hlwb yuav tsum ua haujlwm txuas ua ke rau hauv ib qho kev sib txuas hierarchical uas muab ntau yam forbain thiab brainstem, akin rau ntau Islands tuaj ntawm ib lub koomhaum uas luam ua ke [21,24,27]. Nyob rau theem siab ntawm kev limbic hauv ventral forebrain, qhov zoo li 'liking' los ntawm hotspots nyob rau hauv accumbens thiab ventral pallidum yuav ua ke ua ib qho kev sib koom tes uas sib koom ua ke, xav tau unanimous 'votes' los ntawm ob lub hotspots [28]. Piv txwv, hedonic amplification ntawm stimulate opioid ntawm ib hotspot yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm opioid receptor blockade nyob rau lwm hotspot txawm tias 'xav' amplification los ntawm NAc hotspot muaj ntau robust, thiab persisted tom qab VP hotspot blockade [28].

Cov kev sib raug zoo sib thooj sib xws 'nyiam' tau pom tom qab opioid thiab benzodiazepine manipulations (tej zaum muaj feem xyuam ntawm cov hlwb ntawm cov hlwb ntawm lub hlwb los ntsuas) [27]. Qhov 'liking' li uas ua los ntawm benzodiazepine cov kev coj ua rau nkawd kom yuav tsum tau kom tau txais kev xaiv ntawm cov kev tsim opioids, vim hais tias nws yog tiv thaiv los ntawm naloxone administration [33]. Yog li ib qho nyiaj muag khoom plig hedonic nkaus xwb yuav ua ke ntau hom paj hlwb thiab neuro-chemical mechanisms kom muaj peev xwm 'nyiam' kev xav thiab kev lom zem.

'Xav'

Feem ntau ib lub paj hlwb 'nyiam' lub txiaj ntsim uas nws xav tau. Tab sis qee zaus nws tsuas yog xav tau lawv. Kev tshawb fawb tau tsim tias 'liking' thiab 'xav' khoom plig yog cov suab paj nruag thiab cov paj hlwb. Los ntawm 'xav', peb txhais tau tias kev txhawb siab, ib hom kev txhawb siab uas txhawb nqa txoj kev mus rau thiab kev xav tau ntawm kev ntshaw, thiab cov uas muaj cov kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab cov nyom neurobiological. Piv txwv, kev siab zoo siab yog qhov txawv ntawm ntau yam kev xav ntawm lub siab xav los ntawm lo lus tseem ceeb, xav, uas hais txog cov hom phiaj ntawm kev tshaj tawm lossis kev xav kom ua tiav ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau yav tom ntej, thiab cov uas tau txais kev cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm kev hloov qoob loo [34-37].

Los ntawm kev sib piv, kev siab xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo yog kev sib kho los ntawm ntau subcortically weighted neural systems uas muaj xws li mesolimbic dopamine projections, tsis xav tau kev nkag siab zoo lub peev xwm thiab yog tsom ncaj qha rau cov khoom plig ntsig txog khoom plig [34,35,38]. Thaum muaj kev tiv thiav, kev txhawb siab, kev txhawb siab, kev sib txawv ntawm kev siab ntsws xav thiab kev xav ntau yuav ua rau qee zaum yuav hu ua irrational 'wanting': uas yog, xav tau kev pab rau yam tsis muaj cognitatively xav tau, tshwm sim los ntawm ntau kev ua siab dawb siab ntsws [39 •,40 •,41].

'Xav' tuaj yeem thov rau cov stimulate innate incentive (unconditioned stimuli, UCSs) lossis rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv kawm tsis tau zoo dua tab sis tam sim no kwv yees qhov muaj nqi zog UCSs (Pavlovian conditioned stimuli, CSs) [38,40 •]. Ntawd yog, CSs tau txais kev txhawb zog siab thaum lub CS ua ke nrog tau txais ib qho khoom plig los yog 'natural' khoom plig ntawm Pavlovian stimulus-stimulus koom haum (S-S kev kawm). Kev txhawb siab ua tau los ntawm cov CSs los ntawm kev limbic mechanisms uas kos rau cov koom haum thaum lub sijhawm ntawm 'xav', ua CS txaus nyiam, thiab zog thiab guiding motivated tus cwj pwm mus rau lub nqi zog [35].

Thaum ib tug CS yog ntaus nqi nrog kev txhawb siab nws feem ntau acquires cov thiab qhov ntsuas 'xav' zog [35,42], uas tuaj yeem tau txhais tau tias thaum CS rov los ntsib nws (txawm tias muaj tiag tiag cov nqi zog ntawm cov nqi lus yuav tsim nyog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tib neeg). Cov 'xav' cov cuab yeej cuab tam tau ua los ntawm cov nqi them nqi xws li cov hauv qab no:

  1. Motivational nplhaib feature ntawm kev siab dawb siab ntsws. Ib tug CS ntaus nqi nrog kev siab ntsws ua kev txhawb zog tuaj txhawb zog siab, ib hom ntawm 'motivational magnet', uas yog approached thiab tej zaum txawm consumed (Zaj Dab Neeg Ntxiv 1) [43,44 •,45]. Lub motivational nplhaib feature ntawm CS incentives yuav ua tau li ntawd haib tias ib CS yuav txawm ua tau yuam kev mus kom ze [46]. Cov neeg siv yeeb-yaj-kiab muaj kev tiv thaiv, piv txwv, qee zaus maj mam 'chase ghosts' los yog scrabble tom qab cov xim dawb uas lawv paub tias tsis yog neeg muaj kabmob.
  2. Cue-triggered US 'xav' feature. Ib qho kev sib tham nrog CS rau ib qho khoom plig kuj ua rau 'xav tau' rau nws tus kheej UCS nrog, txawm ntawm kev hloov cov txiaj ntsim siab rau kev sib txuas lus los ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm kev tsis tuaj kawm ntawv [34,47,48]. Hauv kev ntsuam xyuas cov tsiaj kuaj, qhov no tshwm sim raws li lub phasic peak ntawm kev txiav txim siab ua kom nce ntxiv hauv kev ua hauj lwm rau cov nqi zog (feem ntau yog soj ntsuam cov kev xeem hu ua PIT los yog Pavlovian-Instrumental Hloov ua nyob rau hauv kev ploj tag lawm; Daim duab 4). Cov cue-triggered 'xav tau' yuav ua tau ib qho tseem ceeb rau tus nqi zog, lossis qee zaus txeej mus rau hauv txoj kev dav tshaj 'kom' rau lwm yam kev ntshaw thiab (xws li kab tias cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj los yog cov neeg mob dopamine-dysregulation muaj compulsive twv txiaj, kev sib deev tus cwj pwm, thiab lwm yam ntxiv, ntxiv nrog rau kev coj tus cwj pwm tshuaj yeeb tshuaj) [49,50]. Yog li, ntsib nrog stimulative stimuli tau dynamically nce kev txhawb siab nrhiav cov txiaj ntsig, thiab ua rau kom muaj kev vigor uas lawv nrhiav, tshwm sim uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog thaum cues ua rau rov tiv thaiv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj.

    Daim duab 4

    NAc amphetamine amplification ntawm cue-triggered 'xav.' Kev hloov ntawm 'xav' rau kev ua lag luam sucrose yog triggered los ntawm 30-s tshwm sim ntawm Pavlovian sucrose cue hauv Pavlovian-Instrumental Hloov cov xeem (CS +; txoj cai). ...
  3. Txuas ntxiv rau kev txhawb zog. Kev txhawb siab kuj ua rau CS txaus nyiam thiab 'xav' hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab tias tus neeg ntawd yuav ua hauj lwm kom tau CS xwb, txawm tias tsis muaj nyiaj hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas. Qhov no feem ntau hu ua instrumental conditioned reinforcement. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntxiv ib qho CS rau qhov uas tau ua thaum tus tsiaj ua haujlwm rau Asmeskas nqi xws li cocaine lossis nicotine, yuav ua li cas avidly lawv ua haujlwm, tej zaum vim CS ntxiv qhov ntxiv 'xav tau' lub hom phiaj [51]. Txawm li cas los xij, peb pom hais tias qhov kev txhawb zog yog nrug dua 'xav', xav tau cov tswv yim ntxiv rau kev nrhiav haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm qhov SR mechanisms tej zaum yuav kho kom haum xeeb rau lub caij nyoog tsis muaj kev txhawb siab rau txhua tus. Qhov no ua rau motivational magnet thiab cue-triggered 'xav' cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txheeb xyuas cov kev mob siab ntev heev.

Extensions ntawm incentive salience

  1. Kev ua siab zoo? Ua ntej peb tawm hauv lub siab lub ntsws ntawm 'xav', peb raug ntxias kom xav tias qee tus cwj pwm cov yeeb yam lossis kev tsav tsheb tej zaum kuj yog 'xav', yuav luag zoo li cov stimulent stimuli, los ntawm ib daim ntawv thov kev siab ntsws siv rau lub hlwb sawv cev ntawm sab hauv kev coj es sawv cev ntawm kev ua rau sab nraud. Peb hu qhov tswv yim no 'kev ua siab zoo' lossis 'xav' ua. Kev ua hauj lwm ua ke peb qhia tau tias yog lub zog sib npaug rau kev mob siab, thiab kho nruab nrab ntawm kev cuam tshuam lub hlwb (xws li dorsal nigrostriatal dopamine systems uas sib tshooj nrog cov ventral mesolimbic). Kev tsim kom muaj kev ywj siab ua, muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tsav tsheb thiab lub luag haujlwm txhawb zog hauv lub neostriatum (tus qauv kuj paub txog kev koom tes) zoo ib yam li ob peb kab kev xav txog kev ua haujlwm hauv basal ganglia [52,53,54 •,55].
  2. Muaj siab muaj feem xyuam nrog kev ntshai? Thaum kawg, peb nco ntsoov tias kev siab ntsws kev xav kuj tseem qhia tau tias tej zaum kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev cob qhia hauv mesocorticolimbic tswv yim nrog kev ntshai ua rau [56,57 •,58,59]. Piv txwv, dopamine thiab glutamate kev sib tshuam hauv nucleus accumbens circuits tsim tsis tsuas yog muaj siab, tab sis kuj dread, ib qho anatomically raws li cov keyboard khawm, uas cuam tshuam ntawm cov yuam sij uas tshwm sim hauv zos ua kom muaj qhov sib xyaw ua kom muaj zog ntawm kev ua siab phem rau tus cwj pwm ntshai [57 •]. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov yuam sij nyob hauv cov nucleus tuaj yeem tau ploj los ntawm kev tsim ib qho kev txhawb siab rau qhov kev xav tawm ntawm kev puas siab ntsws sab nraud (piv txwv li hloov ntawm thaj chaw zoo nyob hauv tsev kom muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab muaj cov suab paj nruag tocous)56].
    Cov kev tshawb pom tsis ntev los no qhia tau hais tias neurochemical tshwj xeeb lossis anatomical localizations ntawm 'liking' lossis 'xav tau' cov haujlwm tau piav qhia saum toj no yuav tsis tas muaj kev cuam tshuam tas mus li 'cov ntawv sau kab' kev ua haujlwm qhov twg 'ib qho chaw = ib qho haujlwm'. Theej lawv yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb hauv kev muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li thaj chaw hotspots) lossis kev txhawb siab-siab tawv kev tsis ncaj ncees (piv txwv li cov ntawv qaij-txaus ntshai) ntawm lawv cov neurobiological tshwj xeeb. Qee qhov ntawm cov substrates tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau hom kev ua haujlwm, nyob ntawm lwm qhov kev sib txig sib luag, kom lawv muaj peev xwm hloov ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob ua qhov sib txawv raws li muaj siab rau tiv tiag ntshai.

Neurobiological substrates rau 'xav'

Contrasting neurobiology ntawm 'xav' rau 'liking', peb nco ntsoov tias lub hlwb substrates rau 'xav' ntau lug faib thiab yooj yim dua tshuab ua ntej substrates rau 'liking' [38,53,60,61 •,62-65]. Neurochemical 'xav' mechanisms muaj ntau ntau thiab ntau hom neurochemical thiab neuroanatomical puav, uas yog kab tias lub hauv paus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm 'xav' ib yam khoom plig tsis muaj Attendance 'liking' tib nqi zog. Ntxiv nrog rau cov kab mob opioid, dopamine thiab dopamine cov kev sib tshuam nrog corticolimbic glutamate thiab lwm lub nruab paj hlwb nriochemical qhib lub siab ua rau 'xav'. Pharmacological manipulations ntawm qee lub tshuab yuav hloov tau 'xav' tsis hloov 'liking'. Piv txwv, kev pib ntawm dopamine neurotransmission endogenous thiaj li 'xav' tab sis tsis 'liking' [38,64].

Taug rov qab, kev nthuav dav ntawm 'xav tau' yam tsis tau 'nyiam' tau tsim los ntawm kev ua kom dopamine los ntawm amphetamine los yog zoo li catecholamine-ua kom cov tshuaj muab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm lossis microinjected ncaj qha mus rau hauv nucleus accumbens, lossis los ntawm kev hloov caj ces uas nce qib ntxiv ntawm dopamine (dhau ntawm kev tsis sib haum ntawm dopamine cov neeg thauj hauv cov lus sib dhos) hauv cov kab hluav taws xob mesocorticolimbic, thiab los ntawm qhov ze-mus tas li ntawm mesocorticolimbic-dopamine-cuam tshuam cov tshuab los ntawm kev rov ua cov thawj coj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo siab (Daim duab 3-Daim duab 5) [39 •,40 •,61 •,66]. Peb tau npaj siab hais tias cov neeg mob nyhav rau cov neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab yog kev ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo los ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb los ntawm kev ua txhaum yuav ua rau yuam kom siv tshuaj ntau dua, los yog tsis yog tib cov yeeb tshuaj zoo li 'nyiam', thiab yog li ua rau kev quav tshuaj [39 •,40 •,42] (Daim duab 5).

Daim duab 5

Kev pabcuam kev txhawb siab ntawm kev tivthaiv. Schematic qauv ntawm 'xav' tshuaj noj li cas yuav loj hlob thaum lub sij hawm ywj pheej ntawm 'liking' rau kev siv yeeb tshuaj raws li tus neeg los ua ib tus quav. Kev hloov los ntawm kev siv tshuaj ...

Kev tshem tawm kev kawm los ntawm 'xav': qhov kev twv ua ntej qhov kev txhawb zog ntawm cov nqi zog ntawm kev ua haujlwm

Thaum khoom plig uas tau hais txog cov cues tau kawm, cov cues twv seb lawv cov kev ntshaw nyiaj txiag thiab hauv ntxiv ua rau motivational 'xav' kom tau txais cov khoom plig. Yog twv ua ntej thiab 'xav' ib qho thiab tib yam? Los yog ua lawv koom nrog ntau lub tswv yim? Peb pom yog qhov kev kawm twv ua ntej thiab kev siab ntsws yuav ua parsed sib nrug, ib yam li 'liking' thiab 'wanting' can [37,38,39 •,41,46,61 •]. Parsing puas hlwb thiab lawv cov neurobiological substrates yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua qauv ntawm kev kawm nqi zog thiab kev txhawb siab, thiab muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau pathologies, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv. Peb yuav piav me ntsis txog cov pov thawj los ntawm peb cov chaw soj ntsuam uas qhia txog cov kev xav ntawm cov nqi zog ntawm kev ua nqi zog uas muaj nqi tshaj tawm.

Thawj qhov piv txwv los ntawm kev sim ua qauv qhia tau tias CSs tuaj yeem mus kom ze - uas yog, lawv ua tus 'motivational magnet', kos tus neeg ntawd rau lawv. Ntau yam kev sim tau tsim tau tias thaum lub cue los yog 'kos npe' (CS), xws li ntxig rau ntawm tus pas los ntawm phab ntsa, yog ua ke nrog kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib qho txiaj ntsig US, xws li cov zaub mov, tsiaj txhu yuav los mus sib txuas thiab koom lub cue [43,44 •]. Qhov tseem ceeb kom paub qhov twv ua ntej ntawm kev txhawb zog yog ib nrab ntawm ib tus neeg qhov kev teb (CR) [43].

Qee tus nas yuav txav mus ze rau kev nce qib sai sai thiab ntau dua thaum tuaj nthuav qhia thiab tuaj koom qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm kev hnia, nibbling, thiab txawm tias tom nws - zoo li sim ua 'noj' lub zogZaj Dab Neeg Ntxiv 1) [45]. Lub cue uas kwv yees hais tias nqi zog yeeb tshuaj yog qhov sib thooj thiab koom nrog nws tus qauv ntawm kev txaus siab hnia cov cwj pwm [44 •], uas tej zaum yuav suav tias kev siv cov khoom siv cuaj caum los ua neeg tsis paub, ua zoo rau cov neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Xws li cov CRs qhia ncaj qha mus rau CS yog muab hu ua "sign-tracking".

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog tag nrho cov nas tsuag tau kos npe rau CR. Txawm nyob hauv tib qhov kev sim no muaj qee tus nas tau tsim CR txawv - lawv kawm ua tus lej 'lub hom phiaj' (zaub mov tais), tsis yog lub khwb, thaum lub zog qib CS. Qhov no CR yog hu ua 'lub hom phiaj-nrhiav'. Yog li, nrog lub hom phiaj-trackers tuaj mus ua kom lub hom phiaj ntau dua sai dua txhua qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm qib zog-CS, thiab lawv pib tuav cov zaub mov avid avidly, nibbling, thiab txawm qua nws [43,44 •,45]. Rau txhua tus nas, CS (lub zog tso tawm) nqa qhov tseem ceeb kev twv tseem ceeb: nws ua rau ob qho tib si piav qhia txog CRs thiab CRs lub hom phiaj-taug qab.

Qhov txawv tsuas yog qhov chaw uas CR yog qhia. Qhov no qhia tau tias hauv kev kos npe-neeg taug qab lub zog-CS raug ntaus nqi nrog kev txhawb siab lub zog vim rau lawv nws txaus nyiam, thiab uas tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm kev soj ntsuam tias cov paib sau npe tshwj xeeb tseem yuav kawm ua qhov lus teb tshiab kom tau txais CS (ie instrumental conditioned) qhov cuab lub zog) [46]. Rau lub hom phiaj-trackers CS CS twv zaub mov, thiab ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug CR, tab sis CS nws tus kheej tsis zoo li yuav raug ntaus vim muaj kev siab zoo ntawm cov kev no (es tsis yog yog tias txhua yam, lub hom phiaj yog 'xav') [43,46]. Cov kev tshawb nrhiav tau zoo li peb cov lus pom zoo hais tias qhov nqi zog-twv los yog ib qho kev sib piv ntawm CS muaj peev xwm raug cais tawm ntawm nws qhov txiaj ntsim ntawm qhov muaj nqi, nyob ntawm seb nws puas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev txhawb siab kev siab ntsws [46].

Ib txoj kab thib ob ntawm cov pov thawj los ntawm kev twv ua ntej los ntawm kev siab zoo los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm 'kev xav' neural codes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab dopamine lub hlwb ua haujlwm (los ntawm amphetamine los yog ua ntej sensitization). Dopamine nce ua rau txoj kev txhim kho limbic neural firing rau cov cim tias encode maximal incentive salienceDaim duab 6) [61 •]. Los ntawm kev sib piv, kev ua kom dopamine tsis txhim khu neural ntsig txog txoj cai qhov kev twv maximal [61 •].

Daim duab 6

Sib cais ntawm CS qhov txiaj ntsig tus nqi (xav tau) los ntawm CS tus nqi kwv yees (kev kawm) los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm mesolimbic (vim tau ua los ntawm kev tswj kev tswj los yog cov neeg mob amphetamine). Qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov hlab neuronal firing nyob rau hauv ventral pallidum qhia tias hloov ...

Ib qho kab thib peb ntawm cov pov thawj los ntawm kev khiav nkaum rov qab 'xav' ntawm CS thaum tuav nws qhov kev paub tseeb tas li. Piv txwv, qhov kev txiav txim siab ua rau qhov kev mob ntsev heev yog qhov "tsis xav tau" tab sis yuav tsum tau thim rov qab rau hauv lub xav tau 'cue' thaum muaj kev sib ntsev ntawm lub cev muaj zog. Tsis muaj kev kawm tshiab, thiab yog li tsis muaj kev hloov hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm kev twv ua ntej, yuav tsum tau tshwm sim rau qhov kev txhawb zog kev hloov no tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub xeev tsis qab los noj qab haus huv yuav tsum tsis tau muaj kev paub ua ntej, thiab CS tsis tas yuav muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib qho 'nyiam' saj ua ntej. Tseem licas losxij, yav dhau los tsis pom zoo CS qhov kev dheev ua 'xav' nyob rau hauv lub xeev tshiab thiab tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws xob ua qauv uas yog kev txhawb siab. Nyob rau thawj zaug hauv lub ntsev ntawm lub ntsev qab lub ntsev, CS ua rau nws paub txog cov hlab ntsha neural uas tau ua kom zoo 'xav', ua ntej ua ntej lub ntsev UCS tau tsis tau li 'liked' [67]. Cov kev soj ntsuam no qhia tau tias qhov cue qhov kev twv nqi yog qhov txawv ntawm nws txoj kev peev xwm los ntawm kev xav 'xav,' raws li tom kawg yuav tsum tau siv ntau lub hlwb tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo siab thiab tus cwj pwm 'xav' rau lub hom phiaj.

Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yuav tsum tau txiav txim seb qhov kev xav li cas yog qhov txawv ntawm kev kawm thiab kev twv ua ntej parsed hauv lub hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov pov thawj pom tau ntau hais tias cov khoom no muaj cov cim kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev sib txawv ntawm neural substrates.

Mus rau:

xaus

Cov kev tshawb fawb neuroscience ntawm 'liking', 'wanting', thiab kev kawm ntawm cov khoom plig tau qhia tias cov txheej txheem kev puas siab puas ntsws los qhia rau lub hlwb cov paj hlwb thiab cov paj hlwb paj hlwb rau neuroanatomical thiab neurochemical rau cov cim degree. Qhov kev pom no tuaj yeem ua rau nkag siab zoo dua txog tias lub hlwb muaj peev xwm ua tau ib qho nqi zog, thiab mus rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm kev siab zog thiab xav li cas. Cov kev siv li no muaj xws li tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm mesolimbic yuav tsim tau kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev ntshaw hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj thiab lwm yam kev mob siab ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov "xav" rau nqi zog.

Mus rau:

Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ntxiv

Hedonic saj 'nyiam' yees duab

Mus rau:

Acknowledgements

Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm tus sau phau ntawv tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm National Institute ntawm Txoj Kev Tsim Tshuaj Yeeb Tshuaj thiab Lub Koom Haum Lub Tebchaws ntawm Kev Puas Siab Puas Ntsws (TEB CHAWS USA).

Mus rau:

Appendix A. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv

Ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv txuam nrog cov tshooj no tuaj yeem pom, hauv online version, ntawm doi: 10.1016 / j.coph. 2008.12.014.

Mus rau:

Cov lus nug thiab kev pom zoo

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev txaus siab, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, tau raug tseem ceeb raws li

• ntawm kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb

• qhov zoo siab

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