PLoS Ib. 2014 Feb 5; 9 (2): e87819. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0087819.
Heo J1, Oh J2, Subramanian SV3, Kim Y4, Kawachi Kuv3.
Abstract
KEV THOV:
Lub hlwb tsis zoo hu ua 'Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet' tau tshwm sim tshiab nrog kev nthuav dav zuj zus ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem thoob ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau siv cov qauv ntsuas pej xeem-qib tsis coj mus ua pov thawj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet.
COV TXUJ CI THIAB FINDINGS:
Peb tau txheeb xyuas 57,857 cov tub ntxhais kawm theem nrab thiab theem siab (Cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog 13-18 xyoo) los ntawm Kaus Lim Kauslim cov neeg sawv cev hauv tebchaws, uas tau tshawb fawb hauv 2009. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus txuam nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem kev siv Internet, ob-qib multilevel qauv tsim tawm tau haum nrog cov lus teb ib qib zuj zus (1st qib) zes hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv (qib 2nd) los kwv yees kev koom tes ntawm tus kheej thiab tsev kawm ntawv tus yam ntxwv ib txhij.
Cov tub los ntxhais sib txawv ntawm cov siv Is Taws Nem siv tau kwv yees nrog cov qauv uas raug tsim los ntawm poj niam txiv neej. Cov koom haum tseem ceeb tau pom ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem khov kho thiab tsev kawm ntawv qib, kev kawm niam txiv, kev haus cawv, kev haus luam yeeb, thiab siv tshuaj yeeb. Cov poj niam cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob hauv cov ntxhais tsev kawm ntawv nyiam siv Internet ntau dua li cov uas muaj tsev kawm ntawv.
Peb cov qhabnias kuj qhia tau pom tias pojniam sib txawv sib txawv ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem nyob rau hauv nws cov txuam- thiab tsev kawm ntawv-theem yam.
TXHEEJ XWM:
Peb cov txiaj ntsig pom tau tias ntau yam kev phom sij nrog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm poj niam txiv neej yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tiv thaiv cov hluas los ntawm kev siv Internet ntxiv.
Introduction
Kev siv Is Taws Nem yog kev lees paub tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej niaj hnub. Muaj lub vev xaib raws li thev naus laus zis thiab nce ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem hauv Latin America thiab Asia, kev siv Is Taws Nem tau nce ntau hauv ntiaj teb mus txog cov neeg siv Internet thoob ntiaj teb ntau dua 2.3 billion hauv 2011 [1].
Nyob rau sab nraud ntawm cov npe nrov no, qhov kev puas siab puas ntsws tshiab tau tawm los: "Kev quav rau Is Taws Nem", kuj tseem hu ua "kev siv Internet ntau dhau" [2], [3], “Siv Internet muaj teeb meem” [4], [5], “Kev vam khom siv Is Taws Nem” [6], [7], lossis "Siv internet pathological" [8], [9]. Qhov kev tsis sib xws no yog qhov ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus siab rau qhov kev txhais ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb uas tsom mus rau cov tsos mob sib txawv ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet. Hluas [3] sau tseg kev tiv thaiv Is Taws Nem raws li "kev hloov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem ua rau kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb hauv kev kho mob lossis kev ntxhov siab". Kandell [10] tom qab ntawd txhais tias "kev tso siab rau lub hlwb nyob hauv Is Taws Nem, tsis hais hom kev ua si ib zaug twg nkag rau" [11]Cov. Lwm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau txawm tias tsis muab nws txhais cov ntsiab lus meej. Txhawm rau ntsuas los yog kuaj cov tsos mob ntxiv ntsig txog kev siv Is Taws Nem, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tsim lawv cov cuab yeej kev ntsuas. Feem ntau ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem tau tsim cov kev ntsuas raws Diagnostic thiab Daim Ntawv Qhia ntawm Lub Cev Puas Hlwb (DSM) cov qauv [11]Cov. Cov Hluas [3] tsim cov 8-cov lus nug txog kev kuaj mob nrog kev hloov kho ntawm cov qauv rau kev twv txiaj kev twv txiaj (DSM-IV). Morahan-Martin thiab Schumacher [8] tom qab tsim cov kab mob Pathological Internet Siv teev ntawm 13-cov lus nug los ntawm rov tsim kho cov txheej txheem DSM-IV. Cov kev tshawb fawb nyuam qhuav pib tsim kev ntsuas tshiab ntawm nws tus kheej nrog DSM cov lus. Siv cov txheej txheem txheeb xyuas qhov ntsuas, Caplan [12] thiab Widyanto thiab Mcmurran [13] tsim lawv tus kheej ntsuas. Tao li al. [14] tsim kho lawv qhov ntsuas siv yam khoom teb. Cov kev pauv hloov hauv cov lus txhais thiab kev ntsuas tau ua rau cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb dua los ntawm kev suav nrog kev quav yeeb tshuaj hauv Internet hauv DSM [15], [16].
Txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev pom zoo ntawm nws txoj kev txhais thiab ntsuas, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet tau nce txij li ib nrab ntawm 1990s. Qhov xwm txheej thiab tshawb nrhiav pom tau hais tias kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm tib neeg kev noj qab nyob zoo [17], [18], kev kawm poob qab [17], [19], txo qis kev ua haujlwm [20] lossis haujlwm poob [21], pw tsis tsaug zog [22], kev tshem tawm hauv zej zog [21], [23], tsawg los tsis muaj kev ntseeg tus kheej [21], [24], kev noj haus tsis zoo [20], [25], teeb meem tsev neeg [21], [25], kev txij nkawm [21], thiab tseem muaj kev kub ntxhov uas cuam tshuam nrog kev nkag mus rau kev ua si online [26] lossis kev mob plawv ntsig txog kev tuag los ntawm kev siv ntau dhau [27], [28].
Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb no muaj qee yam kev txwv. Ua ntej thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev coj tus kheej vim kev yooj yim ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv me me uas lawv tau xaiv cov ncauj lus los ntawm Internet [3], [13], [24], [29]-[32]Cov. Inevitably, qhov piv txwv ntawm kev xaiv tus kheej koom nrog qhov tshwm sim sib xyaw lossis cov nyom ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb. Thib ob, txawm hais tias qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm tau tsim tau zoo [33], [34], feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv dhau los ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet tau tsom mus feem ntau yog koom nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog tus neeg tus kheejy xws li kev nyiam saib yus tus kheej qis [24], nkauj kho siab [8], qhia tawm tus kheej qis lossis tawm tsam kev coj noj coj ua [35], muaj zog tua tus kheej lub zog [36], thiab ncus-nrhiav [6], [7], [24]Cov. Tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj qhov kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb tau soj ntsuam cov koom haum ua ke nrog tsev neeg yam (piv txwv li tsev neeg cov nyiaj tau los lossis kev kawm paub txog niam txiv) thiab tsev kawm ntawv ib puag ncig txawm tias nws paub zoo tias niam txiv kev noj qab haus huv (SES) thiab tsev kawm ntawv tus yam ntxwv tau cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas kev coj cwj pwm [37]-[39]. Thaum kawg, txawm hais tias cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los muaj xwm txheej qhia qhov xwm txheej ntau ntxiv ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet rau cov tub [40], [41], ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau qhia qhov sib txawv poj niam txiv neej hauv kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet.
Txhawm rau ua kom cov khoob hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los nrog kev sib tham txog kev sib kis, peb soj ntsuam cov tib neeg- thiab cov ntsiab lus sib txheeb ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet nrog ntau hom lus suav uas yog siv cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam thoob teb chaws ntawm Kaus Lim Kaus Lim cov hluas. Vim tias qhov muaj ntau ntawm kev siv Internet ntau ntxiv hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas Kauslim yog cov neeg laus [42], peb tsom mus rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet ntawm cov hluas. Txoj kev kawm no tseem tshuaj xyuas cov tub los ntxhais sib txawv hauv kev muaj yees hauv Is Taws Nem ntawm cov neeg.
Sab qab teb Kauslim yog ib lub koom txoos uas muaj koob muaj npe tshaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Txoj kev sib nkag mus hauv Is Taws Nem nyob rau Kaus Lim Qab Teb Kaus dhau 75 feem pua nyob rau hauv 2011 [1]Cov. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm 50s hnub nyoog-pab pawg thiab yuav luag 100% ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tau siv Is Taws Nem nyob rau hauv lawv lub neej [43]Cov. Tom qab cov teeb meem txhaum cai ntau thiab tuag uas cuam tshuam nrog kev quav yeeb tshuaj Is Taws Nem, South Kauslim tau suav tias kev quav yeeb tshuaj Is Taws Nem yog qhov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv thiab pej xeem. Tsoomfwv tau pib tsim Kaus Lim-Kaus-naus-laus-thev naus-thoob hauv Internet txog kev ntsuas tshuaj (KS-scale) thiab tau qhia rau hauv tsev kawm theem nrab thiab theem siab rau kev soj ntsuam cov neeg siv Internet ntxiv [44]Cov. Ntxiv mus, txhawm rau txwv tsis pub dhau kev twv txiaj online online ntawm cov menyuam hluas, tsoomfwv tau siv txoj cai tswjfwm uas hu ua “Internet Shutdown” thiab “Cold Off” nyob rau xyoo 2011 thiab 2012 ntsig txog kev txwv cov hluas hauv online twv txiaj thaum ib tag hmo thiab cov sijhawm siv rau kev ua si online [45]Cov. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb thoob tebchaws tau teev tseg rau kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv 2010 pom tias 8.0% hauv tag nrho cov pej xeem tau quav tawm Internet; 12.4% ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tau siv Is Taws Nem siv tsis raug [42]Cov. Muab hais tias cov neeg siv Is Taws Nem tau nce coob zuj zus thoob ntiaj teb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj koob npe ntawm cov kev pab cuam social network (SNS), txoj kev tshawb fawb no tuaj yeem muab ntaub ntawv los tiv thaiv thiab cuam tshuam rau cov hluas kev tiv thaiv Internet rau lwm lub teb chaws uas nws tsis tau tshwm sim zoo li kev sib raug zoo thiab pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv.
Peb txaus siab yuav teb cov lus nug hauv qab no: 1) Puas yog SES cov niam txiv siab dua uas cuam tshuam nrog cov hluas ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem? 2) Puas yog hauv tsev kawm ntawv cuam tshuam nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas siv Is Taws Nem tsis raug siv tsis hais cov nyob qib ib leeg? 3) Cov koom haum ntawm tus kheej- thiab theem tsev kawm ntawv puas txawv ntawm poj niam txiv neej?
txoj kev
Qhov chaw ntawm Cov Ntaub Ntawv
Ntawm 75,066 qhov piv txwv los ntawm Thib Tsib Kaus Lim Cov Hluas Qhov Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) tau ua nyob rau xyoo 2009, peb tau txheeb 57,857 cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm 400 theem nrab thiab 400 cov tsev kawm theem siab tom qab tso cov qauv tsis muaj nuj nqis rau theem kev qhia niam txiv. KYRBWS yog qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam thoob ntiaj teb los tsim cov ntaub ntawv txhua xyoo los saib xyuas cov hluas (13-18 xyoo) kev coj cwj pwm noj qab haus huv. KYRBWS tau tsim los ntawm Kaus Lim Kauslim Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob (KCDC) thiab tau pom zoo los ntawm pawg thawj coj zoo ntawm KCDC. Daim ntawv sau qhia pom zoo tau txais los ntawm txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm niam txiv rau daim ntawv nug no. Txhawm rau kom muaj cov qauv sawv cev hauv lub tebchaws, qhov kev sojntsuam tau siv cov theem ob-theem nyob rau pawg kev sib piv. Tag nrho ntawm 800 lub tsev kawm theem nrab thiab theem siab (cov qauv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib) raug xaiv los ntawm kev xaiv ntawm cov qauv ntawm 135 pawg uas tau txheeb pom tias siv cheeb tsam tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv los ntawm tej lub tsev kawm ntawv xaiv. Txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawm cov chav kawm raug samfwm raug thov kom ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis pub npe hauv lub sijhawm thaum ib teev ntawm lawv lub sijhawm kawm hauv chav khoos phis tawj ntawm txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv xaiv. Cov hom phiaj kev tshawb fawb thiab tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev soj ntsuam tau piav qhia rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ua ntej ua qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Cov tub-ntxhais kawm ntawv yuav tsum nkag mus rau KYRBWS lub vev xaib uas muaj tus lej lej xaiv thiab teb daim ntawv nug tus kheej tus kheej. Qeb ntawm kev soj ntsuam tag nrho ntawm Thib Tsib KYRBWS kawm yog 97.6%.
ntsuas
Kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm qhov yooj yim Kaus Lim Kauslim Siv Is Taws Nem Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Yeeb (KS scale) (saib Cov lus S1), uas tau tsim los ntawm tsoomfwv Kauslim Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab siv thoob tebchaws hauv tebchaws Kaus Lim Tebchaws nrog cov lus txhais "muaj teeb meem hauv ib tus neeg lub neej txhua hnub vim tias rho tawm thiab kam rau ua kev siv Is Taws Nem tsis hais siv" [44]Cov. Kev ntsuam xyuas rau kev ntseeg tau thiab tsim qhov siv tau ntawm qhov ntsuas tau piav qhia ntau yam ntxiv rau lwm qhov chaw [44]Cov. Qhov kev ntsuas no tau raug coj los siv rau kev soj ntsuam kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv Internet thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev soj ntsuam txhua xyoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Kauslim [42]. Cov nplai muaj 20 cov lus nug uas nug txog 6 cov thawj: kev tab kaum ntawm kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, kev cia siab txog qhov zoo, thim rov qab, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub ntsej muag, kev coj tus cwj pwm txawv, thiab kev sib to taub. Cov lus teb tau muab qhab nia nrog 4 pawg ntawm "tsis tau" rau "ib txwm muaj". Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, dua li lees txais kev ntsuas nws tus kheej uas tau txiav-cov ntsiab lus ntawm peb pawg (kev quav, quav quav, thiab ib txwm ua), peb ntsuas qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem nrog qhov sib txawv tsis tu ncua los ntawm qhov xaus ntawm txhua qhov lus teb [ntawm 1 (yeej tsis) rau 4 (ib txwm yog)] nrog ntau ntawm 20 txog 80. Peb tau saib qhov qhab nia ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem kev siv txuas ntxiv ua qhov tshwm sim hauv kev kawm.
Raws li tau qhia nyob rau hauv rooj 1, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ib leeg rau ib qeb siv hauv qhov kev soj ntsuam suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg; ntsuas tus kheej ntsuas kev kawm tau zoo; niam txiv kev noj kev haus kev noj nyob zoo (SES); haus luam yeeb, haus dej cawv, thiab siv yeeb tshuaj; thiab lub cev ua si thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm lub hlwb. Kev ntsuas tus kheej qhov kev kawm tau yog tsib-theem categorised sib txawv ntawm qhov siab heev rau qis heev. Peb tau saib peb tus kheej-ntsuam xyuas kev kawm tau raws li kev hloov mus txuas ntxiv hauv kev txheeb xyuas lub ntsiab. Niam Txiv SES tau ntsuas los ntawm niam txiv txoj kev kawm paub thiab Tsev Neeg Kev Muaj Peev Xwm Lag Luam (FAS) [46]Cov. Niam thiab txiv txoj kev kawm tau muab faib ua peb theem (theem nrab-lossis tsawg dua, theem siab, thiab tsev kawm qib siab-lossis siab dua). FAS tau ntsuas los ntawm qhov xaus ntawm cov lus teb ntawm plaub yam: 1) muaj ib tus kheej chav pw (yog=1, tsis muaj=0); 2) ib qho zaus ntawm tsev neeg kev mus ncig ua si nyob rau ib xyoo; 3) tus naj npawb ntawm cov koos pij tawj hauv tsev; thiab 4) tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsheb uas yog tsev neeg yog tus tswv. Kev haus luam yeeb thiab dej cawv tau ntsuas los ntawm tus neeg haus luam yeeb nruab nrab thiab nruab nrab cov dej cawv uas tau haus hauv 30 hnub dhau los. Kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw raug cais rau hauv peb qib: tsis siv, dhau los, thiab siv tam sim no. Cov kev tawm dag zog yog cov kev tawm dag zog, kev tawm dag zog ib txwm, thiab kev tawm dag zog, uas tau kwv yees los ntawm cov hnub ntawm kev tawm dag zog ntau dua 30 feeb, 20 feeb, thiab hnub ntawm kev qhia ua hnyav, feem. Ntawm cov ntsiab lus mob hlwb, kev ntsuas tus kheej kev txaus siab pw tsaug zog tau muab faib ua tsib pawg los ntawm qhov zoo heev mus rau qhov tsis zoo. Cov tsos mob nyuab siab thiab kev tua tus kheej tau dichotomized uas yog lossis tsis yog rau cov lus nug seb tus menyuam kawm ntawv puas tau muaj kev nyuaj siab lossis kev xav tua tus kheej nyob rau kaum ob lub hlis dhau los. Peb tau muaj ob hom kev hloov pauv hauv tsev kawm ntawv: thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv thaj chaw (hauv nroog, nroog, thiab sab nraud) thiab hom tsev kawm ntawv los ntawm cov tub los ntxhais sib xyaw (tub hluas ', ntxhais', thiab sib koom kawm).
statistical Analysis
Ob-theem, kev cuam tshuam kev sib tw multilevel tus qauv tau tsim nrog cov neeg (qib 1) zes hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv (qib 2) los kwv yees cov koom haum ntawm cov neeg txiav txim siab thiab tsev kawm ntawv ib txhij siv MLwiN (kev loj hlob version 2.22). Chow qhov kev xeem tau thov kom paub txog qhov sib txawv poj niam txiv neej sib txawv hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov nqes hav thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm stratified regressions [47] Uas tau haum rau cov tub thiab ntxhais. Peb tau txais qhov siab tshaj plaws-kev kwv yees kwv yees los ntawm Iterative Generalized Least Squares (IGLS), thiab tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) muaj nuj nqi. MCMC tau coj los hlawv-hauv rau 500 simulations rau pib qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib tawm mus pov tseg, thiab tau ua raws 5,000 ntxiv kev sim kom tau txais qhov tseeb kwv yees thiab faib kev txaus siab. Thaum qhov kev kuaj mob sib xyaw tau paub tseeb, qhov tseem ceeb thiab 95% cov sij hawm ntseeg siab (CI) tau txais.
tau
rooj 2 qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thiab siv rau Internet siv ntawm kev kawm, raws li poj niam txiv neej hauv tsev kawm theem nrab thiab theem siab. Tsis hais lub tsev kawm, cov tub kawm lub hom phiaj thiab theem nrab ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem yog kev ua si online thiab tshawb cov ntaub ntawv, ua ntu zus mus. Cov ntxhais tau tshaj tawm blogging thiab hloov kho tus kheej lub vev xaib ntiag tug, tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, thiab siv cov neeg xa xov thiab sib tham raws li lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thiab theem nrab.
rooj 3 nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua qauv multilevel regression los twv kev siv yees hauv Is Taws Nem ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas. Cov ntxhais yog cov muaj tsawg dua kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet dua li cov tub. Cov qhab nia ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem kev sib txuas tau nce ntau zuj zus nyob rau xyoo kawm ntawv theem nrab, tab sis lawv kuj poob qis thaum xyoo kawm ntawv theem siab. Kev ntsuas tus kheej txoj kev kawm tau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv Internet ntxiv rau. Raws li theem kev kawm ntawm niam txiv thiab FAS nce ntxiv, cov qhab nia ntawm qhov kev siv Is Taws Nem txo qis heev. Kev siv luam yeeb muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem thaum kev haus cawv tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw pom cov muaj zog sib txuas nrog cov siv Is Taws Nem. Txhua yam kev hloov ntawm lub cev ua si tau qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem. Cov qhab nias siab dua ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem siv tau cuam tshuam nrog kev siab dua ntawm kev pw tsaug zog tsis txaus siab. Cov yam ntxwv puas siab puas ntsws xws li cov kev nyuaj siab ntxhov siab thiab kev xav tua tus kheej tau qhia txog kev sib raug zoo nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem. Hais txog cov cwj pwm hauv tsev kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm cov tsev kawm ntawv ntxhais nyiam kev siv Is Taws Nem ntau dua li cov uas mus kawm cov tsev kawm ntawv ua ke.
Nrog rau kev lees paub ntawm Chow test [F (17, 57,823)=163.62, p <0.001], poj niam txiv neej ua lub zog tsom xam pom cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov koom haum ntawm cov tub thiab cov ntxhais thoob plaws txhua qhov sib txawv (rooj 4). Lub koom haum ntawm kev ntsuas tus kheej tsis zoo qhov kev kawm tau zoo nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem khov kho muaj zog rau cov tub hluas ntau dua li cov ntxhais. Cov xwm txheej kev kawm txuj ci niam txiv tau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem ntawm cov tub hluas thaum tsis sib deev ntawm cov ntxhais. Kev haus luam yeeb thiab dej cawv tau qhia txog qhov sib txuam ntawm cov tub thiab ntxhais: 1) kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev haus luam yeeb thiab kev siv cawv hauv Is Taws Nem; 2) kev koom nrog tseem ceeb ntawm kev haus luam yeeb tsawg dua thiab siv tshuaj yeeb siv Is Taws Nem nyob hauv cov tub hluas tab sis tsis yog rau cov ntxhais. Cov tub hluas uas tau tshaj tawm txog kev siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj ntsuam xyuas muaj ntau dua kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem piv rau cov ntxhais. Cov neeg koom ua ke ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem siv nrog kev ua si lub cev thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hlwb zoo dua rau cov tub hluas dua ntxhais. Nrog rau kev hwm txog lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev hloov pauv, cov ntxhais kawm ntawv cov tsev kawm tau muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem; whereas, tub lub tsev kawm tsis muaj koom nrog. Kev nyob hauv tsev kawm hauv nroog qhia hais tias tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem.
kev sib tham
Txog peb txoj kev paub, qhov no yog thawj qhov kev kawm uas soj ntsuam cov koom haum sib txuas ua ke ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem siv nrog rau qee tus neeg thiab qib theem ib puag ncig ntawm tsev kawm uas siv cov kev soj ntsuam multilevel nrog lub teb chaws piv txwv. Peb qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab tau hais tias muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas txoj kev siv Is Taws Nem thiab kev siv tsev kawm ntawv txawm tias tom qab tau tswj hwm rau tus kheej qib theem: cov ntxhais hauv cov menyuam ntxhais cov tsev kawm ntawv nyiam siv tshuaj ntau dua hauv Internet ntau dua li cov nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv coeducational. Ib qho ntxiv, peb pom tias qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv sib txuas hauv Is Taws Nem siv los ntawm kev soj ntsuam los ntawm poj niam txiv neej: 1) kev kawm txuj ci niam txiv kom tsawg yog cuam tshuam nrog tub hluas siv kev siv Is Taws Nem, thiab 2) kev haus cawv yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem siv rau cov ntxhais nkaus xwb; Whereas, kev haus luam yeeb yog qhov phom sij rau cov tub hluas xwb.
Ua ntej, peb lub hierarchical kev ntsuas tshuaj ntsuam xyuas pom tias cov ntxhais hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntxhais nyiam quav hauv Is Taws Nem piv rau cov ntxhais hauv tsev kawm ntawv co tom qab tswj hwm rau qee yam ntawm tus kheej. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov menyuam ntxhais lub tsev kawm ntawv tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cov menyuam ntxhais hluas txoj kev siv Is Taws Nem nrog kev txhawb nqa lawv cov kev sib tham online raws li kev koom tes sib luag hauv chaw ntau hauv lawv cov tsev kawm. Cov tub ntxhais kawm Kauslim hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm sib deev hauv tsev kawm zoo li muaj cov phooj ywg sib deev ntau dua li cov tsev kawm ntawv sib deev vim lawv siv lawv lub sijhawm feem ntau hauv tsev kawm kom tau txais kev kawm zoo, thiab ua kev sib daj sib deev cov phooj ywg feem ntau tsis txais tos los ntawm cov niam txiv txhawj xeeb txog lawv cov menyuam txoj kev kawm. kev ua tiav [48]Cov. Muab hais tias cov menyuam ntxhais muaj tus yam ntxwv zoo siab rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov phooj ywg offline thiab feem ntau ceev faj hauv kev tsim kev sib raug zoo tshiab online [48]-[50], lawv tuaj yeem siv sijhawm cyberpace kom muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab txhawb lawv tus kheej tus kheej los ntawm kev sib txuas lus thiab sib qhia cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv cov kev nyiam uas nyiam los ntawm kev xa xov, sib tham, thiab mus saib cov phooj ywg lub vev xaib. [10], [48], [51]Cov. Qee tus ntxhais kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau tus hluas nkauj hauv online lossis offline; txawm li cas los xij, tej zaum nws yuav tsis pab txhawb kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv hauv Internet vim lawv yuav xav siv sijhawm ntau rau tim ntsej tim muag. Cov tub hluas nyob hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm tsev kawm ntawv yuav nyiam siv Is Taws Nem kev tiv thaiv raws li lawv cov kev sib txuas lus ua ke offline hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv hla online ua si. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li muaj nyob hauv tau, tsev kawm ntawv hom tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tub hluas siv Is Taws Nem siv tau qee zaum vim tias kev sib twv txiaj online yog ib txwm tsim thoob tebchaws lossis thoob ntiaj teb [52].
Ib qho kev tshawb pom tshiab hauv peb txoj kev kawm yog niam txiv SES tau cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg hluas txoj kev siv Is Taws Nem. Cov niam txiv ntawm kev kawm qib siab tuaj yeem coj lawv cov menyuam mus rau kev siv Is Taws Nem thiab saib xyuas cov menyuam siv Is Taws Nem raws li lawv kev paub ntawm Is Taws Nem thiab nws cov cuab yeej. Ntxiv mus, cov hluas uas lawv niam lawv txiv muaj SES siab dua yuav siv Is Taws Nem tsis tshua quav ntsej vim lawv qhov kev siab tus kheej siab dua [53]Cov. Pom zoo, poj niam txiv neej los ntawm qhov qhia tau tias cov niam txiv kev kawm ntawv qib siab tsuas yog muaj feem ua rau tus qhab nia qis hauv kev siv Is Taws Nem hauv cov tub (Daim duab 1-A thiab 2-A). Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm niam txiv kev saib xyuas tau tsom mus rau lawv cov tub. Cov niam txiv Kauslim feem ntau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntawm lawv cov tub cov tub ntxhais siv Is Taws Nem vim tias lawv tau nkag mus siv tau yooj yim thiab muaj kev phom sij hauv online games thiab cov duab kev sib daj sib deev [51].
Peb tseem pom ob peb lwm yam kev hloov txuam nrog kev siv Is Taws Nem siv ntawm ob tus poj niam txiv neej, tsis tau lawv cov lus qhia thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg tau sib txawv ntawm poj niam txiv neej stratification. Nyob hauv tsev kawm theem siab, cov qhab nia siv Internet tau poob qis. Qhov no yog sib piv nrog cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas qhia tias tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm hnub nyoog thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem [9], [54]Cov. Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg no zoo li qhov dag ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv kev ntsuas lossis kev kawm thiab kev coj noj coj ua (Taiwan thiab European lub teb chaws vs. Kauslim Teb). Tshaj siab rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev kawm hauv Kauslim Kauslim yuav txwv cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab 'online sib tham' thiab / lossis lub sijhawm siv rau kev ua si online [48].
Ntawm kev haus luam yeeb thiab haus dej haus cawv, peb cov txiaj ntsig pom tau tias cuam tshuam rau kev siv Is Taws Nem nrog kev haus luam yeeb thiab koom nrog kev haus luam yeeb tsis tseem ceeb; txawm li cas los xij, poj niam txiv neej lub zog qhia pom cov qauv nyuaj hauv cov koom haum ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem nrog kev haus thiab haus luam yeeb. Kev haus luam yeeb thiab haus luam yeeb zoo li ntxiv rau cov menyuam ntxhais nyiam siv Is Taws Nem, qhov kev haus luam yeeb yuav tau ua qhov hloov chaw rau tub. Cov tub hluas yuav muaj feem tsawg dua kev haus luam yeeb vim lawv feem ntau ua si online hauv tsev lossis Internet café qhov twg cov hluas txwv tsis pub haus luam yeeb. Qhov tsis sib xws, cyberspace yuav muab cov menyuam ntxhais ntau dua los txhawb txoj kev haus dej haus cawv thiab haus luam yeeb tiv thaiv kev ntxub ntxaug sib deev hauv zej zog rau cov poj niam [3], [48]Cov. Tej zaum cov menyuam ntxhais yuav raug txhawb kom haus cawv thiab haus luam yeeb los ntawm sib qhia cov kev paub lossis haus dej haus cawv nrog lawv cov phooj ywg online. Cov kev sib tham hauv online no tuaj yeem ua rau tsim kom muaj tus qauv zoo rau kev haus luam yeeb thiab haus cawv uas tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj kev sib tham tsis sib xws hauv kev nrhiav haus cawv lossis haus luam yeeb.
Peb qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm tus kheej ntsuas kev kawm tau zoo, ua si lub cev, thiab lub hlwb tau paub meej txog cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los [17], [22], [35]Cov. Kev ntsuas tus kheej qhov ua tau zoo tau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv Internet ntxiv, tsis li kev koom ua ke muaj zog dua hauv cov tub hluas. Qhov sib txawv tej zaum yuav yog los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ua rau muaj kev kawm tau zoo ntawm cov tub los ntxhais. Nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej ua thawj coj, xws li hauv cov zej zog Neeg Esxias nrog cov keeb kwm Confucian, niam txiv kev cia siab tseem tsom mus rau cov tub hluas nrog kev xav pom tus txiv neej li kev ua zaub ua mov noj, lub luag haujlwm tau txais nyiaj rau lawv tsev neeg. Raws li lawv cov kev kawm zoo tshaj cuam tshuam tom qab kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev noj qab haus huv, cov tub hluas uas kawm tsis tau ntawv zoo yuav muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau dua li lawv cov ntxhais. Qhov chaw nyob hauv zej tsoom tej zaum yuav ua rau cov tub hluas quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Is Taws Nem uas muab cov khoom zais ntawm qhov tseeb [3] los yog daws lawv cov kev ntxhov siab nrog kev xav ntawm kev ua tiav thiab kev ntseeg tus kheej [54]Cov. Cov tub muaj yees siv Is Taws Nem nyob rau hauv txoj kev no yuav nkim sij hawm rau txoj kev kawm ua ib qho kev kawm tsis tiav rau kev kawm tsis tau zoo (rov qab muaj kev cuam tshuam). Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tseem lees paub cov txiaj ntsig dhau los tshaj tawm qhia cov koom haum ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hauv Internet nrog kev nyuaj siab [17], yus tua yus tus kheej [55], txo qis nws tus kheej rated siab txaus siab [3], thiab kev quav yeeb tshuaj [56].
Qee qhov kev txwv ntawm qhov kev kawm no yuav tsum tau sau tseg. Firstly, txoj kev tshawb fawb no siv cross-sectional cov ntaub ntawv rau uas causal kev sib raug zoo tsis tuaj yeem raug. Thib ob, txawm tias daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas tswj hwm los lav txog qhov tsis qhia npe ntawm cov npe online, cov hluas yuav tsis dhau lossis tshaj-tshaj tawm raws li qhov xav tau. Thaum kawg, cov neeg tau teb raug kuaj piv txwv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas mus kawm ntawv. Txawm hais tias nws yog daim ntawv tshuaj ntsuam thoob hauv tebchaws thiab tus lej ntawm kev nkag hauv tsev kawm theem nrab thiab theem siab hauv Kauslim tau siab dua 99%, kev xaiv kev tsis ncaj ncees yuav muaj vim yog cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tsis tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tsis tuaj kawm ntawv, thiab cov menyuam tshwj xeeb.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, peb pom ntau lub koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv Is Taws Nem siv nrog rau qee tus- thiab tsev kawm ntawv theem yam tseem ceeb thiab poj niam txiv neej sib txawv. Peb qhov kev tshwm sim qhia tau hais tias kev tiv thaiv cov hluas siv tsis pub siv Is Taws Nem nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem theem yuav tsum ua tib zoo suav cov tub los ntxhais sib txawv thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tsev neeg thiab tsev kawm ntawv.
Cov Lus Qhia Txhawb
Cov lus S1
Nees nkaum cov lus nug ntawm cov qauv Kaus Lim Siv Internet Kuaj Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Tus Kheej (KS scale).
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Kev Qhia Nyiaj Txiag
References