Psychol pem hauv ntej. 2016 Tej zaum 4;7: 597. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00597. eCollection 2016.
Wang Y1, Zou Z1, Nkauj H1, Xu X1, Wang H1, d'Oleire Uquillas F2, Huang X1.
Abstract
Kev siv xov tooj ntawm kev txawb (MPD) yog tus cwj pwm coj cwj pwm uas tau ua teeb meem rau pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv. Txawm yav dhau los cov kev tshawb fawb tau tshawb nrhiav txog qee yam ntawm cov xwm txheej uas yuav muaj peev xwm kwv yees MPD, cov teeb meem hauv qab ntawm MPD tsis tau tshawb nrhiav. Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no los mus tshawb txog cov kev hloov ntawm microstructural txuam nrog MPD raws li ntsuas nrog lub cev muaj zog Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Grey teeb meem ntim (GMV) thiab dawb teeb meem (WM) ntseeg siab [plaub cim: fractional anisotropy (FA); txhais tias diffusivity (MD); axial diffusivity (AD); thiab radial diffusivity (RD)] tau muab xam ntawm voxel-based morphometry (VBM) thiab cov ntawv soj ntsuam raws li cov ntawv txheeb cais (TBSS), raws li. Rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv rau caum-yim (42 pojniam) tau kawm thiab muab faib ua ob pawg [MPD pawg, N = 34; tswj pab pawg (CG), N = 34] raws li Txawb Xov Tooj Ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse Index (MPAI). Kev tsim kev zoo siab tseem yog ntsuas los ntawm Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11).
Nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm qhov kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, qhov tshwm sim tau qhia tsawg GMV hauv MPD pab pawg ntawm thaj chaw xws li sab nraud frontal gyrus (sFG), txoj cai zoo ntawm frontal gyrus (iFG), thiab bilateral thalamus (Thal). Hauv MPD pawg, GMV cov cheeb tsam saum toj no tau hloov nrog cov qhab nia ntawm MPAI. Cov txiaj ntsim tau pom tias tseem ceeb dua FA thiab AD ntsuas ntawm WM ncaj ncees nyob hauv MPD pab pawg ntawm cov kev tswj ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm ob sab phais ob sab phais (CgH). Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, hauv MPD pawg, FA ntawm CgH kuj tsis sib haum nrog cov qhab nia ntawm MPAI.
Cov kev tshawb pom no yog thawj qhov tseeb ntawm qhov hloov ntawm lub hlwb nrog cov xov tooj txawb ntawm xov tooj, thiab yuav pab tau kom nkag siab txog cov tswv yim nruab nrab ntawm MPD nrog rau lwm cov kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj.
KEYWORDS:
Txawb Xov Tooj Ntawm Cov Xov Tooj; axial diffusivity; fMRI; fractional anisotropy; gray teeb meem ntim; impulsivity; txawb xov tooj dependence
Introduction
Raws li qhia los ntawm eMarketer.com, cov xov tooj ntawm universal smartphone cov neeg siv yuav ncav cuag 2,380 lab nyob rau hauv 2017, 672.1 lab uas yuav suav cov neeg tuaj yeem. Smartphones muaj ntau yam ntxim saib ntxim ua uas pab rau nws tus kheej siv nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov laus. Nws yog ib qho tsis txaus ntseeg kev lom zem thiab kev so, kev siv cuab yeej zoo rau kev tsim thiab tswj kev sib raug zoo, thiab nws yog ib txoj kev yooj yim rau kev zam kev tsis zoo siab lub xeev thiab lub sij hawm tua neeg (Choliz, 2010).
Nce, cov neeg pom lawv lub ntiaj teb ntawm no ntse, multifunctional, tshiab organ. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas siv cov smartphones hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, cov teeb meem muaj sia, kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev coj tus cwj pwm, thiab cov teeb meem ntawm kev txhawj xeeb muaj feem xyuam nrog ntau yam, tsis saib xyuas, thiab siv ntau ntawm cov khoom siv txawb, ua kom pom ntau ntau rau cov tsis zoo ntawm lub xov tooj txawb xov tooj (Roberts li al., 2015).
Txawb xov tooj thuam, raws li ib qho teeb meem, yuav suav tau tias yog kev tiv thaiv tus cwj pwm (Billieux, 2012). Tus qauv dav dav rau kev quav tshuaj yog los ntawm tus qauv kho mob uas hais txog lub cev thiab kev xav ntawm lub cev ntawm kev noj tshuaj xws li luam yeeb, dej cawv, lossis lwm yam tshuaj yeebMcMillan li al., 2001). Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg tshawb xyuas tau sib cav hais tias kev quav tshuaj yuav tsum muab nthuav dav ntxiv nrog rau cov kev coj tus cwj pwm coj uas zoo ib yam uas zoo ib yam rau lawv, thiab lawv tau muab cov no coj los ua cov 'cwj pwm coj cwj pwm' (Txiv qaub, 2002). Coj tus cwj pwm coj cwj pwm yog li hais txog kev coj cwj pwm, dhau ntawm kev xav tshuaj, uas tsim cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qhov nqi zog thiab ua rau tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntxiv txawm tias paub txog qhov tsis zoo. Cov cwj pwm no muaj xws li kev xav txog kev twv txiaj, kev tawv nqaij, kev sib tw, kev sib txeeb, thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib deev, kom muaj npe tsawg (Grant li al., 2010). Coj tus cwj pwm coj zoo nkaus li yeeb tshuaj quav hauv ntau qhov chaw, nrog rau keeb kwm ntuj tsim teb, phenomenology (Roberts li al., 2015), kam rau siab (Leung, 2008), overlapping genetic contributions (Billieux, 2012), cov txheej txheem neurobiological (Billieux li al., 2015a), comorbidity, teb rau kev kho (Billieux li al., 2015b), thiab feem ntau ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm (Walther et al., 2012). Nrog lub tswv yim thiab kev loj hlob ubiquitous kev siv tshuab xws li TV, computer gaming, thiab Internet, ib qho tshiab ntawm cov khoom coj cwj pwm uas tsis yog tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej, cov cuab yeej siv yees, tau raug coj los siv ua cov teeb meem siv ntau dua ntawm technology- tshuab kev sib tshuam (Griffiths, 1996).
Txawb lub xov tooj (MPD), lub koom txoos ntawm kev coj cwj pwm lossis kev siv technology, sib koom ntau ntau nta nrog lwm cov kev quav tshuaj muaj yees (Bianchi thiab Phillips, 2005; Billieux, 2012). Cov cwj pwm no tshwm sim tau los ntawm 'Brown tus cai cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm' (Xim av, 1993), thiab muaj xws li: kev paub lub siab, kev sib ceg nrog lwm tus neeg lossis kev ua ub no, kev zoo siab lossis kev pabcuam, kev tso siab lossis tswj kev tswj tus cwjpwm, tshem, rov qab, thiab rov ua haujlwm tshiab (Martinotti li al., 2011). Yam tag nrho, MPD tau pom tias siv lub xov tooj ntawm tes ntau dhau thiab tsis siv los xij rau nws tus kheej lub neej tiag tiag. Piv txwv, nco qab txog kev vam khom thiab tshem tawm, ib tug neeg muaj MPD yuav tsis xis nyob thiab tsis muaj mob thaum tsis muaj lawv lub xov tooj, nrog rau kev xav ntawm lub cev thiab lub hlwb tsis zoo ntawm lwm cov kev tshwm sim hauv kev tshem tawm (Ling thiab Pedersen, 2006).
Rau ntau tus neeg MPD, ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes yuav ua rau muaj kev txaus siab heev tias nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau lawv lub neej thiab kev txaus siab (Chóliz, 2012). Qhov tseeb tiag, kev tshawb nrhiav qhia tau hais tias MPD muaj feem xyuam rau kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, materialism (Beranuy li al., 2009), kev pom zoo kev pom zoo (Takao li al., 2009), leisure lom zem, xav nrhiav (Leung, 2008), impulsiveness (Billieux li al., 2007, 2008), thiab cov cwj pwm pheej hmoo xws li kev sib deev, kev siv tshuaj txhaum cai, haus dej cawv, raug rho tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab ua txhaum cai (Yang thiab al., 2010). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov koom haum tsis zoo yog nrhiav tau ntawm MPD thiab kev noj qab nyob zoo thiab kev pom zoo (Roberts li al., 2015), ua haujlwm (Billieux li al., 2008), kev ua haujlwm (Billieux, 2012), kev tswj tus kheej thiab kev saib xyuas tus kheej (Takao li al., 2009), thiab txawm tias nws tus kheej (Yang thiab al., 2010). MPD tseem tuaj yeem ua rau kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm, kev txhawb zog siab nrhiav tus cwj pwm, kev ua siab ntev rau xov tooj, thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws noj qab haus huv thiab ua rau txo kev ua haujlwm thiab txawm tias kawm tsis tiav (Billieux li al., 2015a), zoo ib yam li lwm cov kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Qhov tseem ceeb, kev tsim txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj tau pom tau los ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau hom kev mob siab nrog kev quav tshuaj yeeb (Moreno-López li al., 2012), teeb meem kev twv txiaj (Joutsa li al., 2011; Bickel li al., 2012), kev ua si hauv online (Han et al., 2012b), thiab txawm tias siv internet (Cao thiab lwm tus, 2007; Lin et al., 2012). Yog li, hauv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, peb pom tias qhov kev ntsuas muaj peev xwm pib ua kom tau zoo hauv MPD thiab.
Txawm tias muaj qee yam ntawm cov teeb meem uas muaj feem xyuam nrog MPD tau raug txheeb xyuas hauv cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los, tsis muaj kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev tshawb nrhiav cov teebmeem hauv lub hlwb los yog muaj peev xwm hloov lub hlwb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv MPD. Muaj kev cog lus zoo heev rau kev siv Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) los qhia txog MPD cov kev sib tw paj hlwb (Yuan et al., 2011), thiab cov txiaj ntsim yuav pab txhawb kev tsim kho cov kev coj tus cwj pwm los yog kev siv tshuaj yeeb tshuaj rau qhov no thiab lwm hom tshuaj tiv thaiv yav tom ntej (Hanlon thiab Canterberry, 2012). Yog li, hauv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tam sim no, peb tau tswj xyuas cov kev ntsuas ntawm lub hlwb lub cev nrog MRI rau cov tib neeg nrog MPD, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm vim tias muaj feem cuam tshuam ntxiv rau cov xov tooj ntawm tes ua hauv cov pejxeem no.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm MPD thiab lwm yam kab mob kev quav tshuaj yog qhov qhia tau tias los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov tswv yim hauv qab MPD, lwm yam kev tiv thaiv kuj yuav hais tau ib yam nkaus (Billieux li al., 2015a). Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev tiv thaiv hauv internet rau cov laus, Zhou li al. (2011) pom tias piv nrog cov pab pawg neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv, cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv internet muaj qhov qis dua qhov teeb meem nyob hauv sab laug sab laug cingulate cortex, sab laug posterior cingulate cortex, sab laug insula, thiab sab laug lingual gyrus. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm zoo sib xws saib hauv kev ua si hauv online ntawm cov hluas, Weng li al. (2013) pom muaj tsos nqaij ntawm atrophy hauv txoj cai orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ob sab phlu insula, thiab qhov muaj lub zog ntxiv, thiab poob qis anemotropy (FA) hauv txoj cai ntawm lub corpus callosum, bilateral front lobe white teeb meem (WM), thiab sab sab nraud muaj tshuaj nyob rau hauv online game addicted-cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb txhawj xeeb nrog txoj kev twv txiaj, muaj ntau dua qhov teeb meem ntawm grey (GMV) hauv lub ventral striatum thiab cov cai prefrontal cortex (Koehler li al., 2013), thiab ntau dua qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev (MD) hauv lub pob zeb hu ua corpus, lub cingulum, lub siab longitudinal fascicle, lub cev tsis zoo ntawm fronto-occipital fascicle, anterior limb ntawm lub hauv capsule, sab hauv thalamic radiation, inferior longitudinal fascicle , thiab ua kom tsis muaj zog / ua tsis zoo rau kev ua si hauv kev ua si hauv cov neeg mob pathological twv txiaj (Joutsa li al., 2011). Cov cheeb tsam tshaj tawm no muaj feem xyuam rau txoj kev tswj tsis pub leej twg paub, kev ua nqi zog, thiab kev lam ua (Romero li al., 2010; Li li al., 2015). MPD hauv kev xav kuj muaj kev puas tsuaj rau qee thaj tsam no (Hanlon thiab Canterberry, 2012), thiab tshawb txog qhov sib thooj thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm ntau qhov kev tiv thaiv yuav ua rau peb nkag siab txog cov tswv yim zoo ntawm MPD tus cwj pwm thiab tej zaum yuav pab tsim txoj hauv kev pab cuam rau nws.
Ntau hom kev siv tshuaj thiab cov hom phiaj MRI tau siv los piav txog lub hlwb zoo nkauj, xws li T1-weighted structural imaging thiab diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Hauv yav dhau los, GMV tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas thiab ntxiv los ntawm voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Raws li qhov kev ntsuam xyuas saum toj no, peb pom tau hais tias GMV tsawg dua nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm sab nrauv thiab thalamus hauv MPD pab pawg ntawm qhov kev tswj xyuas. Peb kuj xav hais tias MPD pawg yuav raug cuam tshuam nrog xiam oob qhab ntawm WM fibers txuas rau kev xav, kev tswj hwm, kev txiav txim siab, thiab kev paub tswj. Plaub feem ntau muaj kev ruaj ntseg surrogates xws li FA, MD, axial diffusivity (AD), thiab radial diffusivity (RD), xam ntawm kev soj ntsuam raws li qhov chaw soj ntsuam (TBSS)Yeh et al., 2009), yog nkag siab rau lub diffusion ntawm dej molecules nyob rau hauv lub hlwb (Basser li al., 1994), thiab yog cov tsim nyog biomarkers tsim nyog rau kev soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsim ntawm WM (Hasan li al., 2011).
Nyob hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb, GMV thiab WM ncaj ncees tau tshawb nrhiav siv cov kev ntsuas no kom qhia tau tias muaj cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau cov laus nrog MPD, nrog kom paub zoo txog nws cov tswv yim zoo.
Ntaub ntawv thiab kev
Nqe Kev Ncaj Ncees
Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau pom zoo los ntawm pawg Ethics Committee ntawm Southwest University, thiab tau txais daim ntawv pom zoo tau txais los ntawm txhua tus neeg koom. Txhua tus tuaj koom tau 18 lub hnub nyoog, thiab tau txais ntawv ceeb toom tias lawv qhov kev koom tes tau yeem siab yeem thiab tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua tsis tau txhua lub sijhawm.
Cov neeg koom
Peb puas muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab tau kawm los ntawm Southwest University (SWU, Chongqing, Suav) los ntawm phau ntawv thiab kev tshaj tawm hauv Internet. Lawv yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav cov ntawv xov tooj ntawm Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) raws li tus qhab nia saum 51 cais lawv li xov tooj txawb (MPD). Qhov stratification coj mus rau MPD ib pawg neeg 34 cov neeg (21 poj niam, ntau yam: 18-27 xyoo). Yuav kom haum MPD pawg, 34 uas tsis yog MPD cov menyuam kawm (21 poj niam, ntau yam: 18-27 xyoo) raug xaiv los ua pawg tswj hwm (CG). Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv nyiaj txhua hli, hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, lossis xyoo ntawm kev kawm ntawm pawg (saib Cov Lus 1).
ROOJ 1. Kev nyiaj txiag, kev qhia neeg, MPAI thiab BIS cov qhab nia ntawm cov neeg koom.
Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua tus neeg tuaj koom tsis muaj teeb meem txog kev puas hlwb, keeb kwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, lossis hlau qhov chaw, tattoos, los yog porcings irremovable ntawm lawv lub cev. Lawv txhua tus tau ua los yog kho kom pom kev zoo, raug cai, thiab yog cov neeg hais lus Suav.
Cov Lus Nug Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb
MPAI nplai (Leung, 2008), uas muaj 17 cov khoom, yog siv los kwv yees cov degree ntawm MPD. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tsib lub ntsiab lus piv txwv: 1 = 'tsis tag,' 2 = 'tsis tshua zoo,' 3 = 'qee zaus,' 4 = 'feem ntau,' 5 = 'ib txwm.' Tag nrho cov qhab nia ntawm 17 mus rau 85 nyob rau hauv uas raws li ib qho nruab nrab nruab nrab, 51 los yog ntau dua yog xam pom ntawm kev siv xov tooj (Martinotti li al., 2011). Qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm lub nplai raws li qhia los ntawm Cronbach's alpha yog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 0.90 (Leung, 2008).
Barratt Impulsiveness nplai (BIS-11) (Patton li al., 1995) tau muab rau ob pawg neeg los ntsuas qhov kev ua siab phem tsis zoo. BIS yog tsim los ntawm 30 cov khoom siv tsib-piv Likert nplai, qhov twg siab dua tus qhab nia, qhov muaj zog ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev xwm. Kev sib koom nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev rov ntsuam xyuas dua yog 0.89, thiab 0.91, feem (Li li al., 2011).
Kev Tshawb Fawb
Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau raug nrhiav tau siv 3T Siemens Scanner (Siemens Medical, Erlangen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) ntawm lub Brain Imaging Research Center ntawm Southwest University. High-Resolution T1-hnyav anatomical dluab tau txais nrog cov magnetization npaj tau sai gradient echo (MPRAGE) sib lawv liag [sij hawm rov qab (TR) = 1900 ms, ncha lub sij hawm (TE) = 2.52 ms, saib pom (FOV) = 256 mm, ntxeev kaum = 90 °, hauv-dav hlau matrix daws teeb meem = 256 × 256, daim thickness = 1 mm, slices = 176, voxel loj = 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm]. 12-direction diffusion tensor dluab (DTI) tau sau nrog ob zaug refocused spin echo pulse sib lawv liag, TR = 6000 ms, TE = 89 ms, FOV = 240 mm, matrix daws teeb meem = 128 × 128, daim thickness = 3 mm, slices = 45, b-value = 1000s / hli2.
Cov Qauv Ntsuas Cov Ntaub Ntawv Txog Cov Ntaub Ntawv
Txhua yam ntawm cov qauv kev ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau muab los soj ntsuam los ntawm Tsoomfwv Teebmeem (Parametric Mapping Software) (SPM81) hauv MATLAB R2014a (MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA), thiab tau muab tso tawm thawj zaug los tshawb xyuas cov artifacts thiab cov kev ntsuam xyuas lub cev tsis zoo. Scans tau manually co-registered thiab realigned rau sab nrauv commissure-posterior commissure kab, ces segmented rau grey teeb meem (GM), WM thiab cerebrospinal kua (CSF) (Yin li al., 2013). Thaum kawg, cov ntsiab lus tau raug sau npe, hloov cev, thiab hloov kho siv Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration los ntawm Exponentiated Lie algebra (DARTEL) toolbox, uas siv ntau dua kev sau npe algorithm kom ua tiav qhov kev sib tshuam hauv kev sib tham. Nws cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv tsis yog linear sau ntawv yog qhov zoo tshaj qhov ntawm lwm cov khoom sib xws uas zoo sib xws.
Tom qab cov kauj ruam ua ntej no, qhov kev tshawb nrhiav txog lub hlwb tau tsim los ntawm tag nrho cov duab (piv txwv, duab qub), thiab cov duab siv ntawm txhua voxel yog hloov los ntawm cov neeg txiav txim siab Jacobic kom yooj yim rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov txawv ntawm thaj tsam ntawm tus nqi GM . Cov duab tso rau ntawd tau hloov mus rau Montreal Neurological Lub Chaw (MNI) qhov chaw, thiab thaum kawg, cov normalized thiab modulated dluab tau txuam nrog 10 mm puv ntoob ntawm ib nrab-qhov siab tshaj (FWHM) Gaussian ntsiav kom muaj suab sib-sib-ua suab.
Qhov sib txawv hauv GMV ntawm MPD thiab CG pawg raug soj ntsuam los ntawm ob tus qauv t-tsis siv SPM8 nyob rau hauv uas tag nrho GM ntim raws li BIS cov qhab nia tau ntxiv rau covariance, raws li cov kev tsim kev kub ntxhov yuav yog ib yam tseem ceeb. Lub voxel teeb liab khov kho siv khes taub rau ntawm 0.2 los txo cov ciam teb GM (Duan et al., 2012). Qhov theem tseem ceeb tau teem rau p <0.01 nrog kev hloov kho Alpha-Sim, suav daws siv DPABI software2 (Chao-Gan thiab Yu-Feng, 2010). Cov duab tau tshwm sim tau pom tau nrog BrainNet tuav (Xia li al., 2013).
Yuav kom pom zoo sib txawv ntawm MPD los ntawm kev tswj, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pawg GMV sib txawv ntawm ob pawg raug xaiv raws li cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev txaus siab (ROI), thiab GMV qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ROIs hauv MPD pawg ces muab rho tawm los ntawm REST3, thiab nkag mus rau Pearson correlation tsom xam nrog MPAI cov qhab nia ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm p <0.05 (Song et al., 2011).
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Data Analysis
Lub diffusion-weighted kev ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav hauv txoj kev hauv qab no uas siv lub raj xa khoom, PANDA4: kwv yees ntawm lub hlwb lub ntsej muag siv lub duab bxNUMX yam tsis muaj qhov hnyav zog, cropping ntawm qhov chaw tsis-lub hlwb nyob rau hauv cov dluab nyoos ntawm 0 [XIM QHIA 0.25 (0 → 1), qhov twg me qhov tseem ceeb muab qhov loj hauv lub paj hlwb kev kwv yees], eddy-tam sim no vim distortion distress thiab taub hau cov lus tsa suab thaum luam npe ntawm cov duab thaij duab (DWI) rau cov duab bxNUMX nrog ib qho affine transformation, non-linear cov ntawv sau npe ntawm txhua tus neeg FA daim duab nyob hauv ib qho chaw hauv FA daim qauv hauv lub koom haum Montreal Neurological MNI) qhov chaw hloov, siv cov duab ntawm cov diffusion metrics nrog 0 mm × 1 hli × 1 mm x XUMUM xiam phom, xauv cov txheej txheem TBSS uas txhua qhov kev txawj ntse tau tsim thiab txhua subregion's FA, MD, λ1 thiab λ23 tus nqi ntawm cov ntsiab lus 'skeletonized WM tau raug xam raws li Johns Hopkins stereotaxic WM atlas - uas muaj xws li 50 core regions (Mori li al., 2008) - ntxiv rau kev xam phaj raws ntau yam ntawm cov kev sib txawv ntawm ob pawg neeg thaum lub sij hawm hloov BIS cov qhab nias. Thaum kawg, qhov Pearson correlation analysis tau ua nyob hauv MPD pab pawg ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thaj tsam txawv thiab MPAI cov qhab nia muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm p <0.05 (Cui li al., 2013). Txoj kev no lub hwjchim tshwm sim tau raug kuaj xyuas tau zoo (Oishi li al., 2009; Faria li al., 2010). Qhov tshwm sim tau nthuav tawm nrog FSLView siv FSL toolbox (FSL 5.0.05), (Smith et al., 2006).
tau
Cov Lus Nug Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb
Pawg MPD tau qhab nia siab dua ntawm MPAI tshaj CG. Lawv tseem siv sijhawm ntau dua rau lawv lub xov tooj ntawm tes (saib Cov Lus 1). Raws li kev xav tau, BIS cov qhab nias tau siab dua hauv MPD pab pawg, thiab, pom tau tias MPD cov neeg muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev tswj ntawm kev tswj.
Grey Matter Volume Difference ntawm Pawg
Sib piv nrog cov CG, MPD pab pawg neeg tau pom GMV nyob rau hauv txoj cai superior frontal gyrus (sFG), txoj cai inferior frontal gyrus (iFG), bilateral medial frontal gyrus (mFG), txoj cai nruab nrab occipital gyrus (mOG), sab laug cingulate cortex (ACC), thiab ob leeg thalamus (Thal) (saib Cov Lus 2). Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv MPD pawg, GMV ntawm txoj cai sfG, txoj cai iFG thiab Thal tau tsis sib haum nrog MPAI cov qhab nia (saib daim duab 1).
ROOJ 2. Cov phom txaij sau sib txawv (GMV) sib txawv ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes (MPD) pab pawg thiab pawg pawg tswj (MPD pawg <tswj pawg).
DAIM NTAWV 1. Cov ntsiab lus sib txawv GMV sib txawv ntawm MPD pab pawg thiab pawg tswj hwm (CG> MPD), thiab qhov tsis sib thooj ntawm GMV thiab MPAI cov qhab nia hauv MPD pab pawg. Piv nrog rau pawg tswj hwm, MPD pawg tau txo GMV hauv txoj cai sFG, txoj cai iFG, bilateral mFG, txoj cai mOG, sab laug ACC, thiab ob sab Thal. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv MPD pawg, GMV ntawm txoj cai sfg, txoj cai iFG thiab Thal tau tsis zoo nrog MPAI cov qhab nia. sFG, superior frontal gyrus; iFG, inferior frontal gyrus; mFG, nruab nrab frontal gyrus; mOG, nruab nrab pas tw hauv plawv; ACC, sab qaum cingulate cortex; Thalus, thalamus; MPD, lub xov tooj ntawm tes; CG, pawg tswj hwm; MPAI, Txawb Xov Tooj Ntawm Xov Tooj; GMV, grey teeb meem ntim. L, sab laug; R, txoj caiDTI tsis sib xws ntawm pawg
Rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas atlas atlas, qhov FA thiab AD qhov tseem ceeb rau cov hippocampal cingulum nruas fibers (CgH) raug txo cov neeg nyob hauv MPD, raws li kev tswj hwm (saib Cov Lus 3). Txuas ntxiv, hauv MPD pawg, FA ntawm CgH tau tsis sib haum xeeb nrog MPAI cov qhab nia (saib daim duab 2).
ROOJ 3. Cov cim sib txawv sib txawv ntawm cov sib txawv (DTI) qhov sib txawv ntawm MPD pab pawg thiab pawg tswj hwm (MPD pawg <tswj pawg).
DAIM NTAWV 2. Txo FA thiab AD nyob rau ob tog CgH (subregions faib los ntawm Johns Hopkins stereotaxic atlases) hauv MPD pawg piv nrog pawg tswj (MPD <CG) thiab qhov tsis zoo sib cuam tshuam ntawm FA thiab MPAI cov qhab nia hauv MPD pawg. FA thiab AD qhov tseem ceeb ntawm CgH tau ho poob hauv MPD cov tib neeg, txheeb ze rau kev tswj hwm. Ntxiv mus, hauv MPD pawg, FA ntawm CgH tau tsis sib haum xeeb nrog MPAI cov qhab nia. CgH, cingulum nruas fibers nyob hauv lub hippocampus. FA, fractional anisotropy; AD, axial diffusivity; MPD, lub xov tooj ntawm tes; CG, pawg tswj hwm; MPAI, Xov Tooj Txawb Xov tooj ntawm tes.
kev sib tham
Raws li peb paub, qhov kev kawm tam sim no yog thawj zaug uas tau sim los tshawb txog kev hloov kho neural morphology hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab nrog MPD. Peb muab piv rau GMV thiab plaub lub cim ntawm WM kev ncaj ncees (FA, MD, AD, thiab RD) ntawm MPD cov tib neeg thiab kev tswj kev noj qab haus huv. Cov kev tshwm sim tau qhia hais tias MPD cov neeg tau txo GMV, txheeb ze ntawm kev tswj hwm, ntawm txoj cai sFG, txoj cai iFG, bilateral mFG, txoj cai mOG, sab laug ACC, thiab bilateral thalamus (Thal). Kom ua kom raws li WM kev ncaj ncees, MPD pab pawg tau pom tias tsis muaj FA thiab AD ntawm kev sib tw ob leeg sib txuas nrog cov kab mob hauv ob sab phlu (CGT). Txuas ntxiv, GMV qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cai sfG, txoj cai iFG, thiab kev sib tham ntawm ob sab sib txawv (Thal) tsis zoo nrog MPAI cov qhab nia hauv MPD pawg, zoo li FA qhov tseem ceeb ntawm CgH. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, peb tau lees paub tias MPD pawg tau muaj qhov kev tsim txiaj dua qub raws li ntsuas tau ntawm Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) (Patton li al., 1995).
Cov kev tshawb pom no qhia tau hais tias cov hauv paus hauv ntsis neurobiological hauv qab ntawm MPD, thiab ib txhij pab kom nkag siab zoo ntxiv ntawm qhov kev xav hauv kev ua tsis tau zoo nyob rau hauv hom kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo no. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem muaj kev pom zoo rau cov kev sib thooj thiab sib txawv ntawm MPD thiab lwm hom kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Txo Cov Khoom Txo (Gray Matter Volume) hauv MPD
Hauv kev tshawb xyuas tam sim no, peb pom GMV tsawg hauv pawg MPD, qhov kev tshawb pom raws li peb qhov kev xav tau raws li kev tshawb pom los ntawm lwm yam kev tshawb fawb tshuaj thiab kev coj cwj pwm kev coj tus cwj pwm uas qhov kev xav tau kuj tseem ceeb los ua lub luag haujlwm.
Kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj qhia tias kev quav yeeb tshuaj tsuas qhia tias kev siv yeeb tshuaj tsis tsuas muaj feem xyuam rau txoj kev tsim cov dopamine-richs subcortical xws li ventral tegmental (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAcc), caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus thiab amygdala, xws li prefrontal cortex (PFC), OFC, ACC thiab insula (Hanlon thiab Canterberry, 2012). Ib yam li kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, cov neeg uas muaj tus cwj pwm coj los ntawm kev quav yeeb tshuaj feem ntau yog qhov txawv txav hauv hlwb nruab nrab ntawm lub cheeb tsam uas muaj xws li prefrontal cortex, ACC (Grant li al., 2010), ventral striatal (Han et al., 2012a) thiab VTAs, NAcc (Grant li al., 2010), insula (Kuss thiab Griffiths, 2012) thiab thalamus (van Holst li al., 2010). Dhau li ntawm cov kev hloov kho hauv cov cheeb tsam no, nws tsim nyog teev tias hloov lub hlwb lub cev nyob hauv cov chaw no kuj tau raug qhia hauv Internet ntxiv nrog rau kev twv txiaj. Piv txwv, cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias tsis tau GMV hauv cov kev mob no hauv ACC sab laug, sab laug posterior cingulate cortex, sab laug plhub, sab laug lingual gyrus (Zhou li al., 2011), txoj cai OFC, bilateral insula, thiab cheeb tsam muaj lub zog ntxiv (Weng thiab al., 2013). Cov cheeb tsam no feem ntau sib tshooj nrog cov kab mob uas muaj feem xyuam rau kev tswj kev tiv thaiv (Ersche li al., 2011), kev muab nqi zog, kev txiav txim siab, thiab lwm yam kev ua haujlwm (Romero li al., 2010).
Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, tsawg ntim rau hauv peb qhov ROIs nyob hauv MPD pawg ntawm qhov kev tswj tau txuas nrog MPAI. Ntawd yog, sFG, txoj cai iFG, thiab thalamus. Lub SFG tau pom tias yuav tsum tau koom tes hauv ntau yam kev txawj ntse xws li kev tswj kev tiv thaiv, kev txiav txim siab kom ras txog, kev txiav txim, kev ua haujlwm nco (Chase li al., 2011), kev nrhav kev ywj pheej saum toj kawg nkaus-tswj kev tswj hwm (Hopfinger thiab al., 2000), thiab qauv thiab kev twv ua ntej ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm lwm tus neeg (piv txwv, kev xav ntawm lub hlwb) (Cui li al., 2012).
Txoj cai iFG yog xav tau los ua qhov chaw tswj hwm kev ua lag luam rau kev ua lag luam ntawm kev ua lag luam ua ke nrog kev faib khoom, kev xav, kev tswj tus kheej, thiab kev coj cwj pwm xyuas thiab kev ua haujlwm (Moreno-López li al., 2012). Nws qhov kev raug mob yog cuam tshuam nrog kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo, thiab tau pom tias ua rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tu thiab kev ntxiv dag zog ntawm kev coj cwj pwm (Grant li al., 2010; Kuss thiab Griffiths, 2012).
Cov thalamus, uas txuas tus cortical thiab subcortical lug ntawm kev sib txuas, ib qho kev sib cav yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub paj hlwb, thiab tau pom tias yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev txaus siab, kev xav, kev xav, kev nco (Minagar li al., 2013), thiab kev ua haujlwm (Tuchscherer li al., 2010). Txuas ntxiv, thalamic atrophy twb tau pom yav dhau los pom muaj kev txuam nrog kev paub tsis meej (Hanlon thiab Canterberry, 2012).
Contrary to peb tau, ib txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj kev ua si hauv online pom tias qhov thalamic ntim tau nce hauv pawg neeg quav, pom tau tias muaj ntau dua dopamine nyob ntawm qhov muag pom thiab hnov kev hnov lus uas nyob hauv online game play - altering qhov nyiaj tshuav ntawm mesolimbic circuits (Han et al., 2012b). Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no tseem tuaj yeem sawv cev rau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm coj ntawm cov neeg siv xov tooj thiab cov tub ntxhais uas siv computer.
Kev hloov tsis txav nrog Kev Ntsuas Dawb hauv MPD
Dhau ntawm GMV tsawg dua, peb pom tias tsawg FA thiab AD of hippocampal cingulum nras fibers (CgH) hauv MPD pawg.
Cov kabmob WM yog siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kab cingulate mus rau hippocampus, thiab yuav tsum tau cais ua ob seem ntawm cov kabmob ntawm lub cev ntawm lub corpus callosum: qhov cingulum nyob rau hauv lub cingulate gyrus saum lub splenium, thiab cov cingulum hauv thaj av hippocampal (CgH) hauv qab lub splenium (Mori li al., 2008). Kev ua haujlwm ntawm CgH yuav tau txais ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm kev xav, kev paub, thiab cov kev cai tswj kev xav. Nws muab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb rau cov hippocampus (Zhu li al., 2011), thiab txhawb kom muaj txiaj ntsig txoj hau kev, thiab kev tsim, kev saib xyuas thiab rov qab ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm (Yuan et al., 2011) - cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev tswj kev txawj ntse (Luck li al., 2010; Benedict et al., 2013). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv MPD yog tsis raws li qhov pom tshwm sim hauv kev haus cawv (Yeh et al., 2009). Qhov tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv sib kis ntawm cov cingulate gyrus thiab hippocampus, raws li tau pom los ntawm CgH FA nqi hauv MPD pab pawg, yuav yog ib qho kev ua qauv rau cov kev ua haujlwm uas ua rau muaj kev ua kom nco txog kev quav tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhov peb paub, FA tau poob rau hauv CgH tseem tsis tau raug tshaj tawm hauv kev tshawb xyuas tus cwj pwm coj. Peb cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias qhov txo ntawm FA nyob rau hauv txoj cai CgH ntawm MPD yog tau tsav los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm AD nqi, tsis muaj kev sib cais hauv kev ntsuas ntawm RD. AD ntsuas qhov loj ntawm diffusivity raws tus thawj xibfwb kev cob qhia ntawm diffusion, uas yuav qhia tau tias lub koom haum ntawm cov qauv fiber thiab axonal ntseeg siab (Qiu li al., 2008). Yog li, lub ntsiab mechanism ntawm WM raug mob nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam tam sim no nyob rau hauv MPD tej zaum yuav yog vim raug qis tshaj axonal kev raug mob es tsis yog kev txo tawm (Romero li al., 2010).
Impulsivity thiab Txawb Xov Tooj Ntawm Xov Tooj
Qhov kev tiv thaiv tsis tau yuav txhais tau tias kev ua tej yam uas tau hais tseg ntxov, uas tsis tshua muaj kev pheej hmoo, tsis xeeb tub, thiab uas yuav ua rau tsis zoo rau lub txim (Bickel li al., 2012). Nws muaj feem xyuam nrog feem ntau ntawm kev quav tshuaj muaj yees (Romero li al., 2010), xws li kev quav tshuaj yeeb (Moreno-López li al., 2012), kev quav twv txiaj (Joutsa li al., 2011), kev ua si hauv online (Han et al., 2012b), kev siv internet (Lin et al., 2012) thiab MPD (Billieux, 2012). Xwb, Walther li al. (2012) tshawb nrhiav kev sib raug zoo ntawm 12 tus cwj pwm txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab tsib yam cwj pwm coj cwj pwm xws li cawv, haus luam yeeb, thiab siv tshuaj cwj pwm, teeb meem kev twv txiaj, thiab teeb meem hauv computer, thiab pom tau hais tias kev siab tus kheej tsuas yog tus cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm xwb raug soj ntsuam.
Raws li kev xav tau, peb pom tau tias muaj kev nyuab siab dua hauv MPD cov tib neeg, raws li kev tshawb fawb dhau los. Impulsivity yuav yog qhov tseeb yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm MPD (Billieux li al., 2008). Nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tus neeg siv sijhawm ntev dua hauv lawv lub xov tooj, nws thiaj li ua rau MPD, thiab nws tig rov tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nws tus kheej thiab kev tswj tus kheej (Billieux li al., 2007). Txuas ntxiv, theem siab ntawm qhov kev sib haum xeeb ntawm qhov kev sib haum xeeb yog txuam nrog qis pob dopamine pib-receptor ruaj (Buckholtz li al., 2010). Raws li kev quav tshuaj quav yeeb quav tshuaj, siv cov stimulants ntxiv, piv txwv li, xav tias yuav ntxiv dag zog rau qhov tsis zoo (Moreno-López li al., 2012). Yog li, vim qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev quav tshuaj muaj yees, txhawm rau txhim kho cov kev pabcuam kev kho mob uas pab txhawb kev ywjpheej thiab txiavtxim siab txog kev txiavtxim siab, thiab kho tus peevxwm ntawm tus kheej, cov kws kho mob yuav xav txog kev txo cov kev coj uas muaj feem cuam tshuam txogLeung, 2008).
Txawm li ntawd los, vim muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib nrauj thiab MPD, qhov sib txawv ntawm BIS cov qhab nia ntawm MPD thiab CG yuav yog qhov txawv txav ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm kev siv xov tooj txawb. Yog li, hauv peb txoj kev tshawb, BIS tau raug tshem tawm raws li kev mob siab rau hauv GMV thiab FA pawg sib txawv, thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas tau tshwm sim ces tau nkag rau hauv kev sib piv nrog MPAI cov qhab nia hauv MPD pawg.
Cov kev txwv thiab Cov Ntawv Qhia Yav Tom Ntej
Txawm tias cov ntawv tshiab tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, muaj ntau qhov kev lees paub. Ua ntej, vim yog qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb, thiab tias cov tswv yim kev xav ntawm lub hlwb muaj ntau, peb tsis tuaj yeem xav tias qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes los sis kev hloov kho hauv MPD pawg. Yog li, cov kev tshawb kawm ntev ntev yuav pab tau zoo los ntawm kev pom tau tias cov tswv yim puas hlwb thiab lub cev muaj zog ntawm MPD, thiab muab lub peev xwm los ntsuas qhov ntev thiab kev loj hlob ntawm MPD cov neeg koom. Qhov thib ob, txawm peb pom lub hlwb txawv ntawm MPD thiab CG, peb tsis tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias tej yam kev paub txog lub peev xwm ua haujlwm muaj feem xyuam nrog cov kev txawv no. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav tsum sim sib tw GMV (los yog WM integrity) sib txawv hauv MPD rau qee qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb (piv txwv li, kev ua haujlwm kev paub cai) kom paub zoo txog kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tiv thaiv kev siv xov tooj txawb overuse thiab kev vam khom. Qhov kawg tab sis tsis tsawg, txawm tias muaj cov qhab nia tawm BIS thaum ua qhov kev sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm GMV thiab FA, qhov kev coj ua lwm tus neeg muaj peev xwm pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv no yog ib qho uas tsis txawv txav uas tsis tuaj yeem raug cais hauv txoj kev kawm tam sim no. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej uas muaj xws li kev sib piv ntawm MPD cov neeg uas muaj kev siab luv thiab lwm tus neeg tsis muaj peev xwm MPD cov neeg yuav pab tau kev tawm tsam MPD los ntawm qhov tsis zoo.
Sau cov tswv yim
YW yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov qauv kev sim, kev ua haujlwm, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev sau ntawv. ZZ yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sim, kev sau cov ntaub ntawv, thiab sau ntawv. HS yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sim siv thiab kev soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv. XX yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov lus nug txog kev coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev npaj xyaum ua. HW yog lub luag haujlwm rau daim duab thiab daim phiaj teeb duab, suav nrog Cov Nuj Nqis 1 thiab 2, kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kev sau ntaub ntawv sau tseg. FdU yog lub luag haujlwm sau ntawv, kev piav qhia ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm lub cheeb tsam hauv hlwb, luam tawm, thiab cov ntsiab lus tsim kho, thiab kev pom zoo ntawm qhov kawg version yuav tsum luam tawm. XH yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsim qauv thiab kev taw qhia thoob plaws.
Teebmeem ntawm Cov Lus Qhia Txaus
Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tias qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua thaum tsis muaj kev lag luam los yog nyiaj txiag kev sib raug zoo uas yuav raug txwv tsis pub muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txaus siab.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Cov haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm cov nyiaj pab los ntawm Lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Nyiaj Rau Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Nruab Nrab ntawm Suav (SWU1509134) thiab Chongqing Educational Funds (2015-JC-005).
Tshooj ntawv
- ^ http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm
- ^ http://www.rfmri.org/dpabi
- ^ http://www.restfmri.net
- ^ http://www.nitrc.org/projects/panda/
- ^ http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/tbss
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Ntsiab lus: txawb xov tooj ntawm kev sib txuas, Txawb xov tooj ntawm kev lag luam Index, fMRI, gray teeb meem ntim, fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity, impulsivity
Kev Yuam Sij Xeem: Wang Y, Zou Z, Nkauj H, Xu X, Wang H, d'Oleire Uquillas F thiab Huang X (2016) Kev Hloov Xeev Grey Matter Volume thiab Dawb Tseem Ceeb Hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab nrog Cov Tub Ntxhais Hluav Taws Xob. Pem hauv ntej. Psychol. 7: 597. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00597
Tau txais: 10 Lub Ib Hlis 2016; Tau txais: 11 Plaub Hlis 2016;
Luam tawm: 04 May 2016.
Edited by:
Snehlata Jaswal, Indian lub koom haum ntawm Technology Jodhpur, Is Nrias teb
Rov los:
Yu-Feng Zang, Beijing University University, Suav
Harold H. Greene, University of Detroit Mercy, USA
Copyright © 2016 Wang, Zou, Nkauj, Xu, Wang, d'Oleire Uquillas thiab Huang. Qhov no yog ib tsab xov xwm qhib-nthuav tawm raws li cov nqe lus ntawm Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY). Kev siv, faib los yog muab luam tawm hauv lwm lub rooj sab laj raug tso cai, yog tias tus thawj tus kws sau ntawv lossis tus muab ntawv pov thawj raug xa tawm thiab tias daim ntawv tshaj tawm thawj zaug hauv phau ntawv no yog raug teev lus, raws li kev lees paub kev kawm. Tsis pub siv, faib lossis muab luam tawm uas tsis ua raws li cov ntsiab lus no.
* Kev xa xov: Zhiling Zou, [email tiv thaiv]
†Cov sau phau ntawv no tau pab txhawb rau txoj haujlwm no thiab qhia thawj tus neeg sau npe.
;